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2 Mechanical Systems
2.1 The mass moment of inertia of the annular cylinder is obtained by subtracting the
moment of inertia of the hollow part from the moment of inertia of a solid cylinder.
I = Is − Ih (a)
The mass of a solid cylinder of radius r and length L is
( )
m = ρ πr 2 L (b)
The mass of the solid cylinder is
⎛ kg ⎞
ms = ⎜ 7600 3 ⎟π (0.4 m ) (1.2 m )
2
⎝ m ⎠
= 4.58 x103 kg (c)
The mass missing from the hollow part of the cylinder is
⎛ kg ⎞
msh = ⎜ 7600 3 ⎟π (0.3 m ) (1.2 m )
2
⎝ m ⎠
= 2.58 x10 3 kg (d)
The total mass of the cylinder is
m = ms − mh
= 2.01x10 3 kg (e)
(a) The mass moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about a centroidal axis parallel to the x
axis is obtained using Table 2.1 as
1
I xx = m(3r 2 + L2 ) (f)
12
The moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about the cetnroidal axis is
I xxs =
12
(
1
)[ ]
4.58 x10 3 kg 3(0.4 m) 2 + (1.2 m) 2
= 733.5 kg ⋅ m 2 (g)
The moment of inertia of the hollow part of the cylinder abut the centroidal x axis is
I xxh = ( 1
12
)[ ]
2.58 x10 3 kg 3(0.3 m) 2 + (1.2 m) 2
= 367.5 kg ⋅ m 2 (h)
The moment of inertia of the cylinder about the centroidal x axis is
I xx = I xxs − I xxh
= 366.0 kg ⋅ m 2 (i)
The parallel axis theorem is used to determine the moment of inertia about the x axis as
shown in Figure P2.1 is
27
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Chapter 2
2
⎛ L⎞
I xx = I xx + m⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
( )
= 366.0 kg ⋅ m 2 + 2.01x10 3 kg (0.6 m )
2
2.2 The total mass moment of inertia about an axis through A is the sum of the moments
of inertia of the plate, the bar, and the cylinder,
I A = I Ap + I Ab + I Ac (a)
(a) The moment of inertia of the thin plate about an axis perpendicular to the page
through its centroid is determined using Table 2.1 as
1
I zp = m( w 2 + h 2 )
12
1
[
= (4.1 kg ) (0.2 m ) + (0.4 m) 2
12
2
]
= 6.83 x10 − 2 kg ⋅ m 2 (b)
The parallel-axis theorem is used to determine its moment of inertia about an axis
through A as
I zAp = I zp + md 2
= (6.83 x10 − 2 kg ⋅ m 2 ) + (4.1 kg )(1.4 m )
2
= 8.10 kg ⋅ m 2 (c)
For the slender bar
28
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Chapter 2
1
I zb = mL2
12
1
= (0.8 kg )(1.1 m )
2
12
= 8.07 x10 − 2 kg ⋅ m 2 (d)
I zAb = I zb + md 2
( )
= 6.67 x10 − 2 kg ⋅ m 2 + (0.8 kg )(0.75 m) 2
= 0.531 kg ⋅ m 2 (e)
I zAc = I zc + md 2
( )
= 2.80 x10 −2 kg ⋅ m 2 + (2.8 kg )(0.15 m )
2
= 0.091 kg ⋅ m 2 (g)
The moment of inertia of the total assembly about an axis perpendicular to the page at A
is obtained using Equations (a), (c), (e), and (g) as
( ) ( )
I zA = 8.10 kg ⋅ m 2 + (0.531 kg ⋅ m 2 ) + 0.091 kg ⋅ m 2
= 8.73 kg ⋅ m 2 (h)
(a) A horizontal axis through A is a centroidal axis for each component. Thus application
of the parallel axis theorem is not required. Using Table 2.1 for the plate
1
I xp = mh 2
12
1
= (4.1 kg )(0.4 m )
2
12
= 0.0547 kg ⋅ m 2 (i)
The moment of inertia of the slender bar about a horizontal axis is approximately zero.
For the cylinder
1
I xc = mr 2
2
1
= (2.8 kg )(0.1 m )
2
2
= 0.014 kg ⋅ m 2 (j)
Thus the moment of inertia of the assembly about a horizontal axis through A is
29
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Chapter 2
( ) ( ) (
I x = 5.4 x10 −2 kg ⋅ m 2 + 0 kg ⋅ m 2 + 1.4 x10 −2 kg ⋅ m 2 )
= 0.0687 kg ⋅ m 2
(k)
2.3 The total moment of inertia of the assembly of Figure P2.3 about an axis through O is
the sum of the moment of the inertia of the bar about O and the moments of inertia of the
particles about O.
I O = I Ob + I Op1 + I Op 2 (a)
The moment of inertia of the bar about its own centroidal axis is
1
I b = mL2
12
1
= (20 kg )(4 m) 2
12
= 26.7 kg ⋅ m 2 (b)
The parallel axis theorem is used to calculate the moment of inertia of the bar about O as
I Ob = I b + md 2
= 26.7 kg ⋅ m 2 + (20 kg )(1 m) 2
= 46.7 kg ⋅ m 2 (c)
The moment of inertia of a particle about its own centroidal axis is zero. The parallel axis
theorem is used to calculate the moment of inertia of a particle about another axis. For the
5-kg particle
I Op1 = (5 kg)(1 m) 2
= 5 kg ⋅ m 2 (c)
The moment of inertia of the 10-kg particle about O is
I Op 2 = (10 kg)(3 m) 2
= 90 kg ⋅ m 2 (d)
Combining Equations (a),(b),(c), and (d) leads to
I O = 46.7 kg ⋅ m 2 + 5 kg ⋅ m 2 + 90 kg ⋅ m 2
= 141.7 kg ⋅ m 2 (e)
30
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Chapter 2
t
r = ∫ vdt
0
t
= ∫ [2 sin(3t )i + 4 cos(3t ) j + 2k ]dt
0
t
⎡ 2 4 ⎤
= ⎢− cos(3t )i + sin(3t ) j + 2tk ⎥
⎣ 3 3 ⎦ t =0
⎧2 4 ⎫
= ⎨ [1 − cos(3t )]i + sin(3t ) j + 2tk ⎬ m (b)
⎩3 3 ⎭
(b) The acceleration of the particle at an arbitrary time is
dv
a=
dt
m
= [6 cos(3t )i − 12 sin(3t ) j] 2 (c)
s
(a) The velocity of the particle at t=1 is obtained from Equation (a) as
m
v (t = 1 s) = [2sin(3)i + 4 cos(3) j + 2k ]
s
m
= [0.282i − 3.96 j + 2k ] (d)
s
(b) The magnitude of the velocity at t=1 s is
[ ]
1
v(t = 1 s) = (0.282) + (− 3.96) + (2) 2
2 2 2
m
= 4.45 (e)
s
(c) The kinetic energy of the particle at t=1 s is
1 2
T = m v (t = 1 s)
2
2
1
(2 kg )⎛⎜ 4.45 m ⎞⎟
=
2 ⎝ s⎠
= 19.8 N ⋅ m (f)
(d) The linear momentum of the particle at t=1 s is
L = mv (t = 1 s)
⎡ m⎤
= (2 kg) ⎢(0.282i − 3.96 j + 2k ) ⎥
⎣ s⎦
= (0.564i − 7.92 j + 4k ) N ⋅ s (g)
2.5 (a) The velocity of the mass center of the bar at the instant shown is obtained using
the relative velocity equation
v G = v O + ω k × rG / O (a)
31
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Chapter 2
=
1
(6 kg )(5 m) 2 ⎛⎜10 r ⎞⎟
12 ⎝ s⎠
= 125 N ⋅ s ⋅ m (e)
2.6 Since the center of the fan is a fixed axis of rotation the kinetic energy of each blade
is
1
Tb = I O ω 2 (a)
2
The parallel axis theorem is used to determine the moment of inertia of each blade about
O
I O = I + md 2
= 0.4 kg ⋅ m 2 + (1.2 kg)(0.45 m) 2
= 0.592 kg ⋅ m 2 (b)
Using the result of Equation (b) in Equation (a) leads to
2
⎡⎛ rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞⎤
1
(
Tb = 0.592 kg ⋅ m 2
2
) rev ⎞⎛
⎢⎜ 250 min ⎟⎜ 2π rev ⎟⎜ 60 s ⎟⎥
⎣⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠⎦
= 202.9 N ⋅ m (c)
32
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Chapter 2
The fan consists of four blades, thus the total kinetic energy of the fan is
T = 4Tb
= 811.5 N ⋅ m (d)
2.7 (a) The total kinetic energy of the engine is the sum of the kinetic energies of the
components
T = Tcrsnk + Trod + T piston (a)
The crank rotates about a fixed axis at O, thus its kinetic energy is
1
Tcrank = I O ω crank
2
(b)
2
where I O = 0.4 kg ⋅ m 2 and
⎛ rev ⎞⎛ 2π rad ⎞⎛ 1 min ⎞
ω crank = ⎜ 250 ⎟⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
⎝ min ⎠⎝ rev ⎠⎝ 60 sec ⎠
r
= 26.2 (c)
s
Substituting these values into Equation (b) leads to
2
12
= 3.0 x10 −3 kg ⋅ m 2 (f)
Rigid-body kinematics is used to determine the angular velocity and velocity of the mass
center of the connecting rod. The angle made by the connecting rod with the vertical is
determined using the law of sines as illustrated below
sin(b) sin(10°)
=
0.3 m 0.1 m
sin(b) = 3 sin(10°)
= 0.5209
b = 31.4° (g)
Let A be point at which the crank is pinned to the connecting rod. Application of the
relative velocity equation leads to
33
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Chapter 2
v A = v O + ω crank k × rA / O
⎛ r⎞
= 0 + ⎜ − 26.2 ⎟k × (0.1 m )[− sin(31.4°)i + cos(31.4°) j]
⎝ s⎠
m
= (2.23i + 1.36 j) (h)
s
The piston, P, is constrained to move in the y direction. Application of the relative
velocity equation between A and P on the connecting rod gives
v P j = v A + ω rod k × rP / A
m
= (2.23i + 1.36 j) + ω rod k × (0.3 m )[sin(10°)i + cos(10°) j]
s
= (2.23 - 0.295ω rod )i + (1.36 + 0.0521ω rod ) j (i)
Equating the x components of the vectors on both sides of Equation (i) leads to
0 = 2.23 − 0.295ω rod
r
ω rod = 7.56 (j)
s
Equating the y components of the vectors on both sides of Equation (i) leads to
v P = 1.36 + 0.0521ω rod
m
= 1.76 (k)
s
The velocity of the mass center of the connecting rod is calculated using the relative
velocity equation on the connecting rod between A and the mass center
v rod = v A + ω rod k × rG / A
m ⎛ r⎞
+ ⎜ 7.56 ⎟k × (0.15 m )[sin(10°)i + cos(10°) j]
= (2.23i + 1.36 j)
s ⎝ s⎠
m
= (1.18i + 1.56 j) (l)
s
The magnitude of the velocity of the mass center of the connecting rod is
2 2
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞
v rod = ⎜1.18 ⎟ + ⎜1.56 ⎟
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s⎠
m
= 1.92 (m)
s
The use of Equations (f), (j), and (m) in Equation (e) gives
2 2
34
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Chapter 2
1 2
T piston = mv P
2
2
=
1
(0.3 kg )⎛⎜1.76 m ⎞⎟
2 ⎝ s⎠
= 0.465 kg ⋅ m 2 (o)
The total kinetic energy of the engine is calculated by substituting Equations (d), (n) and
(o) in Equation (a) leading to
T = 171.3 N ⋅ m + 0.823 N ⋅ m + 0.465 N ⋅ m
= 172.6 N ⋅ m (p)
(b) The acceleration of the piston is obtained using the relative acceleration equations.
The crank rotates with a constant angular velocity, thus its angular acceleration is zero.
Application of the relative acceleration equation between O and A on the crank leads to
a A = a O + α crank k × rA / O −ω crank2 rA / O
2
⎛ r⎞
= 0 + 0 − ⎜ 26.2 ⎟ (0.1 m )[− sin(31.4°)i + cos(31.4°) j]
⎝ s⎠
m
= (35.7 − 58.5 j) 2 (q)
s
Application of the relative acceleration equation on the connecting rod between A and P
leads to
a P j = a A + α rod k × rP / A − ω rod
2
rP / A
m
= (35.7i − 58.5 j) + α rod k × (0.3 m )[sin(10°)i + cos(10°) j]
s2
2
⎛ r⎞
− ⎜ 7.56 ⎟ (0.3 m )[sin(10°)i + cos(10°) j]
⎝ s⎠
= (32.7 − 0.295α rod )i + (− 75.4 + 0.0521α rod )j (r)
Equating x components of the vectors on both sides of Equation (r) leads to
32.7 − 0.295α rod = 0
r
α rod = 110.7 (s)
s2
Equating the y components of the vectors on both sides of Equation (r) leads to
a P = −75.4 + (0.0521)(110.7 )
m
= −69.6 (t)
s2
2.8 The total kinetic energy of the system is the sum of the kinetic energy of the three
system components
T = T1 + T2 + T3 (a)
where T1 is the kinetic energy of the 5-kg block, T2 is the kinetic energy of the disk and
T3 is the kinetic energy of the 10-kg block.
35
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Chapter 2
2
= 10 x& 2 (e)
Letting y be the upward displacement of the 10-kg block, its kinetic energy is
1
T3 = m3 y& 2 (f)
2
Using the same kinematic arguments as above
y& = (0.15 m)θ&
= (0.15)(10 x& )
= 1.5 x& (g)
Substitution of Equation (g) into Equation (f) leads to
1
T3 = (10 kg )(1.5 x& )
2
2
= 11.25 x& 2 (h)
Thus the total kinetic energy of the system is
T = 2.5 x& 2 + 10 x& 2 + 11.25 x& 2
= 23.75x& 2 (i)
(b) Substitution of Equation (d) Into Equation (i) leads to
(
T = 23.75 0.1θ& )
2
= 0.2375θ& 2 (j)
+
1
2
(
1 kg ⋅ m 2 + 6 kg ⋅ m 2 )⎜ 78.5 ⎟
⎛ r⎞
s⎠
⎝
= 2.67 x10 4 J (f)
37
Copyright © 2008 Nelson Thomson Learning. All rights reserved.
Chapter 2
1 N
k3 = = 3.08 x10 5
1 1 m
+
N N
5 x10 5 8 x10 5
m m
The remaining springs are in parallel leading to an equivalent stiffness of
k eq = k 2 + k 3
⎛ N⎞ ⎛ N⎞
= ⎜1.71x10 5 ⎟ + ⎜ 3.08 x10 5 ⎟
⎝ m⎠ ⎝ m⎠
N
= 4.79 x10 5
m
2.11 Define θ as the clockwise angular displacement of the bar, measured from its
equilibrium position. Let k t ,eq be the torsional stiffness of a torsional spring attached to a
particle on the bar such that the potential energy of the torsional spring is equal to the
potential energy of the system of springs at any instant assuming small θ . The potential
energy of the equivalent torsional spring at any instant is
1
V = k t ,eqθ 2 (a)
2
The total potential energy of the existing springs is
1 1 1
V = (4000 )(3θ ) + (3000 )(2θ ) + (1800 )θ 2
2 2
2 2 2
= (4.98 x10 4 )θ 2
1
(b)
2
Equating the potential energies of Equations (a) and (b) leads to
N⋅m
k t ,eq = 4.98 x10 4 (c)
r
2.12 Let θ be the clockwise angular displacement of bar AB and let φ be the
counterclockwise angular displacement of bar CD. It is desired to replace the springs by a
single spring of an equivalent stiffness located at A as illustrated.
38
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Chapter 2
V = ⎢5000(0.3) 2 + 8000⎜ ⎟ ⎥θ 2
2 ⎢⎣ ⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎥⎦
1
(
= 1.13x10 4 θ 2
2
) (d)
Equating the left-hand sides of Equations (a) and (d) leads to
1.13 x10 4 = .01k eq
N
k eq = 1.13 x10 6 (e)
m
Let x1 represent the change in length of the spring of stiffness k1 and let x 2 represent the
change in length of the spring of stiffness k 2 . The total potential energy of the two
springs is
1 1
V = k1 x12 + k 2 x 22 (a)
2 2
The displacement of the block, x, is the sum of the changes in length of the springs
x = x1 + x2 (b)
39
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Chapter 2
= ⎢ 1 2 ⎥x
2 ⎣ (k1 + k 2 )2 ⎦
1 ⎡ k k (k + k ) ⎤
= ⎢ 1 2 1 22 ⎥ x 2
2 ⎣ ( k1 + k 2 ) ⎦
1⎛ k k ⎞
= ⎜⎜ 1 2 ⎟⎟ x 2 (h)
2 ⎝ k1 + k 2 ⎠
The equivalent stiffness is obtained from Equation (h) as
k1k2
keq = (i)
k1 + k2
2.14 The spring of stiffness k1 is in series with the parallel combination of the spring of
stiffness k 2 and the viscous damper. The force in each series component is the same as F,
as illustrated below
40
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Chapter 2
Let x1 represent the change in length of the spring of stiffness k1 and let x 2 represent the
change in length of the parallel combination. Thus
F = k1 x1 (a)
and
F = k 2 x2 + cx& 2 (b)
The change in length of series components is the sum of the changes in lengths of the
individual components
x = x1 + x 2 (c)
Equating the force in Equations (a) and (b) leads to
k1 x1 = k 2 x 2 + cx& 2 (d)
Solving Equation (c) for x 2 and substituting into Equation (d) leads to
k1 x1 = k 2 ( x − x1 ) + c( x& − x&1 )
(k1 + k 2 ) x1 + cx&1 = k 2 x + cx& (e)
F
Noting from Equation (a) that x1 = , Equation (e) is rewritten as
k1
&
(k1 + k 2 ) F + c F = k 2 x + cx&
k1 k1
⎛ k2 ⎞ c
⎜⎜1 + ⎟⎟ F + F& = k 2 x + cx& (f)
⎝ k1 ⎠ k1
∑ F = ma
− F + P = ma (a)
Summing moments about the mass center of the disk leads to
∑ M G = Iα
1 2
Fr = mr α (b)
2
If the disk rolls without slip then
a = rα (c)
Substituting Equations (b) and (c) into Equation (a) leads to
1
− mrα + P = mrα
2
3
mrα = P
2
2P
α= (d)
3mr
Substitution of Equation (d) into Equation (b) gives
1 ⎛ 2P ⎞
F = mr ⎜ ⎟
2 ⎝ 3mr ⎠
2
= P (e)
3
(a) For the assumption of no slip to be valid, F < µmg . Thus the criterion for no slip is
2
P < µmg
3
3
P < µmg (f)
2
Substitution of given values into Equation (f) leads to the largest value of P such that the
disk rolls without slip as
3 ⎛ m⎞
Pmax = (0.25)(1.8 kg)⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟
2 ⎝ s ⎠
= 4.41 N (g)
(b) The angular acceleration of the disk is calculated using Equation (d) as
2P
α=
3mr
2(4.41 N)
=
3(1.8 kg)(0.2 m)
r
= 8.18 (h)
s2
42
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Chapter 2
2.16 Let θ be the counterclockwise angular rotation of the disk measured from the
system’s equilibrium position. The work done by a viscous damper of damping
coefficient ceq attached to the block of mass m A is
∫ ( )
W = − c rθ& d (rθ )
eq
= − ∫ (c r )θ&dθ
eq
2
(a)
It is shown in Example 2.4 that the two viscous dampers in series can be replaced by a
single viscous damper of damping coefficient
cc
c4 = 1 2 (b)
c1 + c 2
The work done by this equivalent viscous damper as the disk rotates through an angle θ
is
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
W = − ∫ c 4 ⎜ rθ& ⎟d ⎜ rθ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛9 ⎞
= − ∫ ⎜ c 4 r 2 ⎟θ&dθ (c)
⎝4 ⎠
The work done by the viscous damper of damping coefficient c3 as the disk rotates
through an angle θ is
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛3 ⎞
W = − ∫ c3 ⎜ rθ& ⎟d ⎜ rθ ⎟
⎝2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
⎛9 ⎞
= − ∫ ⎜ c3 r 2 ⎟θ&dθ (d)
⎝4 ⎠
The total work done by the attached viscous dampers is obtained by adding Equations (c)
and (d)
⎡9 ⎛ cc ⎞ ⎤
W = − ∫ ⎢ ⎜⎜ c3 + 1 2 ⎟⎟r 2 ⎥θ&dθ (e)
⎣4 ⎝ c1 + c 2 ⎠ ⎦
The equivalent viscous damping coefficient is obtained by requiring that the work done
by the equivalent viscous damper, Equation (a) is equal to the work done by that attached
viscous dampers, Equation (e), for all θ and θ& . Thus
9⎛ cc ⎞
ceq = ⎜⎜ c3 + 1 2 ⎟⎟ (f)
4⎝ c1 + c 2 ⎠
2.17 A free-body diagram of the block is illustrated below.
43
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Chapter 2
(a) In order to initiate motion the applied force P must be greater than the friction force
developed using the static coefficient of friction,
P > µ s mg
⎛ m⎞
= (0.30)(45 kg)⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟
⎝ s ⎠
= 132.4 N (a)
When motion occurs the friction force is
F = µ k mg (b)
Application of Newton’s second law to the free-body diagram leads to
P = F = ma (c)
The acceleration of the particle is obtained from Equation (c) as
1
a = (P − µ k mg )
m
1 ⎡ ⎛ m ⎞⎤
= ⎢132.4 N − (0.27)(45 kg)⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟⎥
45 kg ⎣ ⎝ s ⎠⎦
m
= 0.294 (d)
s2
44
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Chapter 2
dv
Noting that a = the velocity of the particle is obtained by integrating Equation (b)
dt
t t
Noting that
t t
2.20 The superposition of the displacement over one period is illustrated below
45
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Chapter 2
dx
v=
dt
= 0.02 + 0.02tδ (t ) − 0.02u (t − 0.1) + (0.002 − 0.02t )δ (t − 0.1)
− 0.02u (t − 0.3) + (0.006 − 0.02t )δ (t − 0.3) + 0.02u (t − 0.4)
− (0.008 − 0.02t)δ (t − 0.4) (b)
Note that the terms multiplying the unit impulse functions are zero at the times where the
impulses are applied and thus these terms are zero. Thus the velocity reduces to
v (t ) = 0.02 − 0.02u (t − 0.1) − 0.02u (t − 0.3) + 0.02u (t − 0.4) (c)
46
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Chapter 2
2.22 Let x be the distance traveled by the vehicle along the incline after the driver spots
the stalled car. Thus from the definition of x and the information given appropriate initial
conditions are
x(0) = 0 (a1)
m
x& (0) = 60 (a2)
s
A free-body diagram of the vehicle, drawn at an arbitrary instant after the braking force is
applied, is illustrated below.
Application of Newton’s second law to the free-body diagram of the vehicle in the
direction of motion leads to
∑ Fx = ma x
− FB + mg sin θ = m&x& (b)
Rearranging Equation (b) and substituting given values leads to
F
&x& = − B + g sin θ
m
F ⎛ m⎞
= − B + ⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟ sin(8°)
2000 ⎝ s ⎠
−4
= −5 x10 FB + 1.365 (c)
47
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Chapter 2
Since the braking force is constant, Equation (c) shows that the acceleration is a constant.
Integration of Equation (c) leads to the time-dependent velocity as
x& = (1.365 − 5 x10 −4 FB )t + C1 (d)
The constant of integration is evaluated through application of Equation (a2) leading to
m
C1 = 60 . Integration of Equation (d) then gives
s
x = (1.365 − 5 x10 − 4 FB )t 2 + 60t + C 2
1
(e)
2
Application of Equation (a1) leads to C 2 = 0 . Thus
( 1
)
x(t ) = 1.365 − 5 x10 − 4 FB t 2 + 60t
2
(f)
( )
x& (t ) = 1.365 − 5 x10 − 4 FB t + 60 (g)
The vehicle stops when its velocity is equal to zero. Thus the minimum braking force
required is the value of FB such that x& = 0 when x = 300 m . Define
a = 1.365 − 5 x10 −4 FB . The time required for the vehicle to stop is obtained from
Equation (b) as
60
ts = − (h)
a
Requiring x(t s ) = 300 , using Equation (h) in Equation (f) gives
2
1 ⎛ 60 ⎞ ⎛ 60 ⎞
300 = a⎜ − ⎟ + 60⎜ − ⎟
2 ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ a ⎠
1 3600
=− (i)
2 a
m
Equation (i) is solved giving a = −6 . Thus the minimum braking force is determined
s2
from
− 6 = 1.365 − 5 x10 −4 FB
FB = 1.47 x10 4 N (j)
48
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Chapter 2
As it turns the bolt rotates about a fixed axis through its center. Application of the
moment equation to the free-body diagram of the bolt, assuming positive moments
counterclockwise, leads to
∑ M O = I Oα
500 N ⋅ m − 480 N ⋅ m = (0.035 kg ⋅ m 2 )α
r
α = 571.4 2 (a)
s
The angular acceleration is constant. The angular velocity of the bolt at an arbitrary time,
noting that the angular velocity is zero at t=0, is
dω
t t
∫0 dt dt = ∫0 αdt
ω = 571.4t (b)
The angular displacement of the bolt is
dθ
t t
∫0 dt dt = ∫0 ωdt
θ = 285.7t 2 (c)
It takes 50 revolutions to remove the bolt, thus
(50 rev)⎛⎜ 2π r ⎞⎟ = 285.7t 2
⎝ rev ⎠
314.2 r = 285.7t 2
t = 1.05 s (d)
49
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Chapter 2
⎛ m⎞
x(81.9) = ⎜ 800 ⎟ cos(30°)(81.9 s)
⎝ s⎠
= 5.67 x10 4 m (e)
(b) The projectile achieves its maximum altitude when the y component of velocity is
zero,
0 = − gt + v0 sin θ
v0 sin θ
t=
g
⎛ m⎞
⎜ 800 ⎟ sin(30°)
s⎠
=⎝
m
9.81 2
s
t = 40.77 s (f)
The maximum altitude is the value of y at 40.77 s. From Equation (b)
1⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞
y (40.77) = − ⎜ 9.81 2 ⎟(40.77 s ) + ⎜ 800 ⎟ sin(30°)(40.77 s)
2
2⎝ s ⎠ ⎝ s⎠
= 8.15 x10 m
3
(g)
2.25 A free-body diagram of the projectile at an arbitrary instant shows the gravity force
and the drag force.
2.26 A free-body diagram of the disk, drawn at an arbitrary instant, is shown below
51
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Chapter 2
2.27 The free-body diagram of the system at an arbitrary instant is shown below.
52
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Chapter 2
2.28 Let y(t) represent the displacement of the center of the disk, measured downward
from the system’s equilibrium position. Let θ represent the clockwise angular rotation of
the disk, measured from the system’s equilibrium position
When the center of the disk has moved distance of y downward, the cable has decreased
in length by 2y. When the block has moved downward a distance x, the cable has
increased in length by x. Since the cable is inextensible,
x − 2y = 0
x
y= (a)
2
It is further assumed that there is no slip between the disk and the cable, thus
x − y = rθ
x
x− = rθ
2
x
θ= (b)
2r
Free-body diagrams of the disk and the block, drawn at an arbitrary instant are shown
below.
53
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Chapter 2
Application of Newton’s second law to the free-body diagram of the block leads to
∑ F = ma
− T2 − kx = m&x&
T2 = −m&x& − kx (c )
Application of Newton’s second law to the free-body diagram of the disk leads to
− ky + T1 + T2 = m&y& (d )
Application of the moment equation to the free-body diagram of the disk gives
∑ M G = Iα
T r − T r = Iθ&&
2 1 ( e)
Substitution of Equations (b) and (c) into Equation (e) leads to
(− m&x& − kx )r − T1r = I ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟
&&
⎝ 2r ⎠
⎛ I ⎞
T1 = −⎜ m + 2 ⎟ &x& − kx (f)
⎝ 2r ⎠
Substitution of Equations (a),(c), and (f) into Equation (d) gives
⎛ x⎞ ⎛ I ⎞ ⎛ &x& ⎞
− k ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ m + 2 ⎟ &x& − kx − m&x& − kx = m⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠ ⎝ 2r ⎠ ⎝2⎠
⎛5 I ⎞ 5
⎜ m + 2 ⎟ &x& + kx = 0 (g)
⎝2 2r ⎠ 2
2.29 A free-body diagram of the system at an arbitrary instant is shown below. Assuming
small θ the system is linear and the static spring forces cancel with the gravity forces and
neither are included on the free-body diagrams.
54
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Chapter 2
The bar rotates about a fixed axis through O, thus the moment equation may be applied as
∑ M O = I Oα (a)
with clockwise moments taken as positive. Application of Equation (a) leads to
− 2k (3lθ )(3l) − klθ (l) = I Oθ&&
I θ&& + 19kl 2θ = 0
O (b)
The mass moment of inertia of abut O is the sum of the moments of inertia of each of the
particles. The moment of inertia of a particle about an axis through the particle is zero.
The moment of inertia of each particle about O is then obtained using the parallel axis
theorem. The moment of inertia of the particle of mass 2m about O is
I P1 = 2m(3l) 2 = 18ml 2 (c)
The moment of inertia of the particle of mass m about an axis through O is
I p 2 = ml 2 (d)
Thus
I O = I p1 + I pw
= 19ml 2 (e)
Substitution of Equation (e) into Equation (b) leads to
19ml 2θ&& + 19kl 2θ = 0
mθ&& + kθ = 0 (f)
2.30 A free-body diagram of the system at an arbitrary instant is shown below. Assuming
small θ the system is linear and the static spring forces cancel with the gravity forces and
neither are included on the free-body diagrams.
The bar rotates about a fixed axis through O, thus the moment equation may be applied as
∑ M O = I Oα (a)
55
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Chapter 2
The moment of inertia of a particle about an axis through the particle is zero. The
moment of inertia of each particle about O is then obtained using the parallel axis
theorem. The moment of inertia of the particle of mass 2m about O is
I OP1 = 2m(3l) 2 = 18ml 2 (f)
The moment of inertia of the particle of mass m about an axis through O is
I Op 2 = ml 2 (g)
Substitution of Equations (e), (f), and (g) into Equation (c) gives
7
I O = ml 2 + 18ml 2 + ml 2
3
64 2
= ml (h)
3
Use of Equation (h) in Equation (b) leads to
64 2 &&
ml θ + 19kl 2θ = 0 (i)
3
2.31 For the system shown in Figure P2.31, let θ be the counterclockwise angular
rotation of the disk, measured from the system’s equilibrium position, and let y be the
displacement of the particle on the outer radius of the disk. Kinematics is used to give
x
x = rθ ⇒ θ = (a)
r
⎛ x⎞
y = 3rθ = 3r ⎜ ⎟ = 3x (b)
⎝r⎠
56
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Chapter 2
Free-body diagrams of the disk and the block, drawn at an arbitrary instant are shown
below
Application of Newton’s second law to the free-body diagram of the block leads to
∑ F = ma
− T − 2kx = m&x& (c)
Application of the moment equation, assuming moments are positive counterclockwise,
to the free-body diagram of the disk gives
∑ M G = Iα
⎛ &x& ⎞
Tr − 3kx(3r ) = I ⎜ ⎟ (d)
⎝r⎠
Elimination of T between Equations (c) and (d) leads to
⎛ I⎞
⎜ mr + ⎟ &x& + 11krx = 0 (e)
⎝ r⎠
2.32 Define θ as the clockwise angular rotation of the upper bar measured from the
system’s equilibrium position and define φ as the counterclockwise rotation of the lower
bar, measured from its equilibrium position. The link connecting the two bars is rigid.
Thus the displacements of the particles on each bar where the link is attached must be the
same. Assuming small displacements this leads to
L 2L
θ= φ
2 3
3
φ= θ (a)
4
Free-body diagrams of each bar, drawn at an arbitrary instant, are shown below.
57
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Chapter 2
1
Noting that the centroidal mass moment of inertia of a slender bar is I = mL2 ,
12
application of the moment equation, assuming positive moments clockwise, to the upper
bar gives
∑ M A = Iα
⎛ L ⎞⎛ L ⎞ ⎛ L :⎞ 1
− ⎜ k θ ⎟⎜ ⎟ + F ⎜ ⎟ = mL2θ&& (b)
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 12
The parallel-axis theorem is used to determine the moment of inertia of the lower bar
2
1 ⎛L⎞ 1
about its pin support at B as I B = mL + m⎜ ⎟ = mL2 . Application of the moment
2
12 ⎝2⎠ 3
equation to the lower bar, assuming positive moments are clockwise, gives
∑ M B = I Bα
⎛3 ⎞ ⎛ 2L ⎞ 1 ⎛3 ⎞
− ⎜ cLθ& ⎟(L ) − F ⎜ ⎟ = mL2 ⎜ θ&&⎟ (c)
⎝4 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 ⎝4 ⎠
Equation (a) is used to solve for the force in the rigid link as
1 1
F = mL2θ&& + kLθ (d)
6 2
Substitution of Equation (c) into Equation (d) leads to
⎛1 1 ⎞⎛ 2 L ⎞ 1 3
− ⎜ mL2θ&& + kLθ ⎟⎜ ⎟ = mL2θ&& + cL2θ& (e)
⎝6 2 ⎠⎝ 3 ⎠ 4 4
Equation (e) is rearranged to give
13 2 && 3 2 & 1 2
mL θ + cL θ + kL θ = 0 (f)
36 4 3
58
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Chapter 2
Since the pin support is a fixed axis of rotation the appropriate form of the moment
equation is
∑ M O = I Oα (a)
where moments are taken positive counterclockwise to be consistent with the chosen
positive direction for θ . Application of Equation (a) to the free-body diagram, assuming
small θ , leads to
L
− k tθ − mg θ = I Oθ&& (b)
2
The moment of inertia of a slender bar about its centroidal axis is obtained from Table
2.1 as
1
I = mL2 (c)
12
Application of the parallel axis theorem leads to
2
1 ⎛L⎞
IO = mL2 + m⎜ ⎟
12 ⎝2⎠
1
= mL2 (d)
3
Use of Equation (d) in Equation (b) and subsequent rearrangement leads to
1 2 && ⎛ L⎞
mL θ + ⎜ k t + mg ⎟θ = 0 (e)
3 ⎝ 2⎠
2.34 Free-body diagrams of the blocks, drawn at an arbitrary instant, are illustrated below
59
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Chapter 2
2.35 Free-body diagrams of the bar and the block, drawn at an arbitrary instant are shown
below assuming small θ . Static spring forces and gravity cancel are not included as they
will cancel with each other in the governing equations.
Summing forces on the free-body diagram of the block assuming positive forces act
downward leads to
∑ F = ma
− k ( x − Lθ ) = m&x&
m&x& + kx − kLθ = 0 (a)
Since the bar rotates about a fixed axis through the pin support the appropriate moment
equation to be applied to the free-body diagram of the bar is
∑ M O = I Oα (b)
The moment of inertia of the slender bar about its own centroidal axis is obtained from
1
Table 2.1 as I = mL2 . Application of the parallel axis theorem gives
12
2
1 ⎛L⎞
I O = mL + m⎜ ⎟
2
12 ⎝2⎠
1
= mL2 (c)
3
60
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Chapter 2
Application of Equation (b) to the free-body diagram of the bar, taking clockwise
moments as positive, leads to
1
− kLθ ( L) + k ( x − Lθ )( L) = mL2θ&&
3
1 2 &&
mL θ − kLx + 2kL2θ = 0 (d)
3
Equations (a) and (d) provide the mathematical model for the system.
2.36 Free-body diagrams of each of the blocks at an arbitrary instant are illustrated.
Application of Newton’s second law to each of the blocks, assuming forces are positive
to the right, leads to
− kx1 + k ( x 2 − x1 ) = m&x&1 (a)
− k ( x 2 − x1 ) + 2k ( x3 − x 2 ) + c( x& 3 − x& 2 ) = 2m&x&2 (b)
− 2k ( x3 − x 2 ) − c( x& 3 − x& 2 ) + F (t ) = m&x&3 (c)
Equations (a), (b), and (c) are rearranged as
m&x&1 + 2kx1 − kx2 = 0 (d)
2m&x&2 + cx& 2 − cx& 3 − kx1 + 2kx2 − kx3 = 0 (e)
m&x&3 − cx& 2 + cx& 3 − kx2 + kx3 = F (t ) (f)
Equations (d), (e), and (f) are summarized in matrix form as
⎡m 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ &x&1 ⎤ ⎡0 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ x&1 ⎤ ⎡ 2k − k 0 ⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢ 0 2m 0 ⎥ ⎢ &x& ⎥ + ⎢0 c − c ⎥ ⎢ x& ⎥ + ⎢− k 2k − k ⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥ (g)
⎢ ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 m ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ &x&3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 − c c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x& 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 − k k ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ F (t )⎥⎦
2.37 Free-body diagrams of the link and the block are illustrated assuming small x.
Since the link is massless, application of the moment equation to its free-body diagram
leads to
61
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Chapter 2
∑M O =0
F (t )l + G (t )(3l ) = 0
1
G (t ) = − F (t ) (a)
3
Application of Newton’s second law to the free-body diagram of the block gives
G (t ) − kx − cx& = m&x&
1
m&x& + cx& + kx = − F (t ) (b)
3
2.38 Assuming small displacements and using similar triangles, as illustrated below, the
displacement of the end of the spring attached to the bar of length 3l is 2 y (t ) such that
the spring is stretched.
62
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Chapter 2
2.39 Define θ (t ) as the clockwise angular displacement of the crank from the aligned
position, as illustrated below.
Define x p (t ) as the distance between the piston and the center of the crank at any instant.
From the above diagram
x p = 0.3 sin θ + 0.1 cos θ (a)
The velocity of the piston is calculated as
x& p = 0.3θ& cosθ − 0.1θ& sin θ (b)
Noting that θ& = ω , which is a constant, differentiation of Equation (b) leads to
&x& = −0.3θ& 2 sin θ − 0.1θ& 2 cosθ
p (c )
(a) Since the angular velocity is constant and the system is aligned at t=0,
θ = ωt (d )
Use of Equation (d) in Equations (a), (b), and (c) leads to
x p = 0.3 sin(ωt ) + 0.1 cos(ωt ) ( e)
v p = 0.3ω cos(ωt ) − 0.1ω sin(ωt ) (f)
a p = −0.3ω 2 sin(ωt ) − 0.1ω 2 cos(ωt ) (g)
(b)Assume the inertia effects of the crank and connecting rod are negligible. A free-body
diagram of the engine, drawn at an arbitrary instant, is illustrated below
63
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Chapter 2
Application of Newton’s second law, in the form of D’Alembert’s principle to the free-
body diagram leads to
∑ Fext = ∑ Feff
− 9000 x − 1000 x& = 10 &x& + 0.3( &x& + &x&p )
10.3&x& + 1000 x& + 9000 x = 0.3&x&p ( h)
Use of Equation (g) in Equation (h) leads to
10.3&x& + 1000 x& + 9000 x = 0.3(− 0.3ω 2 sin(ωt ) − 0.1ω 2 cos(ωt ) ) (i )
Noting that ω = 250 rpm = 26.2 r / s , Equation (i) becomes
10.3 &x& + 1000 x& + 9000 x = −61.8 sin(ωt ) − 20.6 cos(ωt ) ( j)
64
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