Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. It is normal for activities on the critical path to be delayed without delaying the entire project.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
2. PERT and CPM are applicable only when there is no dependence among activities.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
5. When activity times are uncertain, an activity's most likely time is the same as its expected time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
6. The final activity's earliest finish time is the anticipated project duration.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
7. The length of time an activity can be delayed without affecting the project completion time is the slack.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
8. When activity times are uncertain, total project time is normally distributed by considering the overall mean being
equal to the sum of the means of all of the critical activities.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
9. Crashing refers to an unanticipated delay in a critical path activity that causes the total time to exceed its limit.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.03 - 9.3
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.3 Considering Time–Cost Trade-Offs
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
10. Constraints in the LP models for crashing decisions are required to compare the activity's earliest finish time with the
earliest finish time of each predecessor.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.03 - 9.3
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.3 Considering Time–Cost Trade-Offs
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
11. The project manager should monitor the progress of any activity with a large time variance even if the expected time
does not identify the activity as a critical activity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
12. The variance in the project completion time is the sum of the variances of all activities in the project.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
13. The latest finish time for an activity is the largest of the latest start times for all activities that immediately follow the
activity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
14. The earliest start time for an activity is equal to the smallest of the earliest finish times for all its immediate
predecessors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
15. Shortening activity times, which is usually accomplished by adding resources to the project, is called crashing.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.03 - 9.3
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.3 Considering Time–Cost Trade-Offs
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Remember
16. A key distinction of the critical path is that all activities on the critical path have zero slack time.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Easy
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
18. Precedence relationships among activities are critical in CPM analysis but not in PERT.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
19. The normal distribution tends to be a better approximation of the distribution of total time for shorter projects where
the critical path has relatively few activities.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
20. The earliest start time for an activity is equivalent to the latest of the earliest finish times for all its immediate
predecessors.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
Multiple Choice
27. Activities G, P, and R are the immediate predecessors for activity W. If the earliest finish times for the three are 12,
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
15, and 10, then the earliest start time for W
a. is 10.
b. is 12.
c. is 15.
d. cannot be determined.
ANSWER: c
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply
28. Activities K, M, and S immediately follow activity H, and their latest start times are 14, 18, and 11. The latest finish
time for activity H
a. is 11.
b. is 14.
c. is 18.
d. cannot be determined.
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Apply
34. For an activity with more than one immediate predecessor activity, which of the following is used to compute its
earliest finish (EF) time?
a. the largest EF among the immediate predecessors
b. the average EF among the immediate predecessors
c. the largest LF among the immediate predecessors
d. the difference in EF among the immediate predecessors
ANSWER: a
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
36. For an activity with more than one immediate successor activity, its latest finish time is equal to the
a. largest latest finish time among its immediate successors.
b. smallest latest finish time among its immediate successors.
c. largest latest start time among its immediate successors.
d. smallest latest start time among its immediate successors.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
38. To calculate an activity’s latest finish time, you should consider its
a. predecessors’ latest finish times.
b. predecessors’ latest start times.
c. successors’ earliest start times.
d. successors’ latest start times.
ANSWER: d
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Reflective Thinking
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand
ANSWER:
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Create
43. From this PERT/CPM network, create a list of activities and their predecessors.
ANSWER:
Immediate
Activity Predecessor
A —
B —
C A
D A, B
E C, D
F D
G E
H F, G
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Create
45. A senior MIS design class project team has developed the following schedule of activities for their project, using their
best estimate of completion times. Both written and oral reports are required. Draw the project network. Can they
complete the project in the 38 class days remaining until the end of the semester?
Activity Time Immediate Predecessor
A. Find client. 4 —
B. Write prospectus. 2 A
C. Obtain approval from client and professor. 3 B
D. Complete programming. 12 C
E. Do industry background research. 10 —
F. Write final paper. 6 D, E
G. Write oral report. 5 D, E
ANSWER:
46. A project network is shown below. Use a forward and a backward pass to determine the critical path, and then fill out
the table below. Activity times are in weeks.
Now assume that the times listed are only the expected times instead of being fixed times. Is the probability of being
finished in fewer than 25 weeks more or less than 50%?
ANSWER:
Precedence Activity Critical
Activity ES LS EF LF Slack
Activities Time (weeks) Path?
A — 5 0 0 5 5 0 Yes
B — 4 0 1 4 5 1
C — 8 0 0 8 8 0 Yes
D A, B 4 5 5 9 9 0 Yes
E B, C 12 8 8 20 20 0 Yes
F D 10 9 9 19 19 0 Yes
G A, F 3 19 19 22 22 0 Yes
H E, F 2 20 20 22 22 0 Yes
I G, H 5 22 22 27 27 0 Yes
The probability is less than 50% because 25 weeks is less than the mean time of 27 weeks.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
47. A project network is shown below. Use a forward and a backward pass to determine the critical path, and then fill out
the table below. Activity times are in weeks.
Now assume that the times listed are only the expected times instead of being fixed times. Is the probability of being
finished in more than 28 weeks more or less than 50%?
ANSWER:
Precedence Activity Critical
Activity Activities Time (weeks) ES LS EF LF Slack Path?
A — 5 0 13 5 18 13
B — 4 0 14 4 18 14
C — 8 0 0 8 8 0 Yes
D A, B 4 5 18 9 22 13
E C 12 8 8 20 20 0 Yes
F C 10 8 10 18 20 2
G D, E 3 20 22 23 25 2
H E 2 20 23 22 25 3
I E, F 5 20 20 25 25 0 Yes
The probability is less than 50% because 28 weeks is more than the mean time of 25 weeks.
POINTS: 1
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
48. Use the following network of related activities with their duration times (weeks) to complete a row for each activity
under the column headings below.
ANSWER:
Precedence Activity Critical
Activity Activities Time (weeks) ES LS EF LF Slack Path?
A — 8 0 0 8 8 0 Yes
B — 2 0 1 2 3 1
C B 5 2 3 7 8 1
D A, C 3 8 8 11 11 0 Yes
E B 7 2 4 9 11 2
F B 5 2 7 8 13 5
G D, E 12 11 11 23 23 0 Yes
H F 10 8 13 18 23 5
49. Use the following network of related activities with their duration times (weeks) to complete a row for each activity
under the column headings below.
ANSWER:
Precedence Activity Critical
Activity Activities Time (weeks) ES LS EF LF Slack Path?
A — 2 0 0 2 2 0 Yes
B A 4 2 5 6 9 3
C A 3 2 3 5 6 1
D A 7 2 2 9 9 0 Yes
E B 6 6 10 12 16 4
F B 5 6 9 11 14 3
G C 8 5 6 13 14 1
H D 5 9 9 14 14 0 Yes
I E 4 12 16 16 20 4
J F, G, H 6 14 14 20 20 0 Yes
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.01 - 9.1
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.1 Project Scheduling Based on Expected Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Create
50. Use the following network with activities and times estimated in days to answer questions a through c.
Most
Activity Optimistic Pessimistic
Probable
A 2 5 6
B 1 3 7
C 6 7 10
D 5 12 14
E 3 4 5
F 8 9 12
G 4 6 8
H 3 6 8
I 5 7 12
J 12 13 14
K 1 3 4
a. What are the critical path activities?
b. What is the expected time to complete the project?
c. What is the probability the project will take more than 28 days to complete?
ANSWER:
a. and b.
Activity Expected Time Variance
A 4.67 0.44
B 3.33 1.00
C 7.33 0.44
D 11.17 2.25
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
E 4.00 0.11
F 9.33 0.44
G 6.00 0.44
H 5.83 0.69
I 7.50 1.36
J 13.00 0.11
K 2.83 0.25
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
51. The critical path for this network is A - E - F, and the project completion time is 22 weeks.
52. For the project represented below, determine the earliest and latest start and finish times for each activity as well as the
expected overall completion time.
53. Consider the following PERT/CPM network with estimated times in weeks. The project is scheduled to begin on May
1.
The three-time estimate approach was used to calculate the expected times and the following table gives the variance for
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
each activity:
Activity Variance Activity Variance
A 1.1 E 0.3
B 0.5 F 0.6
C 1.2 G 0.6
D 0.8 H 1.0
a. Give the expected project completion date and the critical path.
b. By what date are you 99% sure the project will be completed?
ANSWER:
a. 16 weeks = August 21
b. About September 22 (20.66 weeks from May 1)
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
54. A project consists of five activities. Naturally, the paint mixing precedes the painting activities. Also, both ceiling
painting and floor sanding must be done prior to floor buffing.
Optimistic Most Probable Pessimistic
Activity Time (hr.) Time (hr.) Time (hr.)
Floor sanding 3 4 5
Floor buffing 1 2 3
Paint mixing 0.5 1 1.5
Wall painting 1 2 9
Ceiling painting 1 5.5 7
a. Construct the PERT/CPM network for this problem.
b. What is the expected completion time of this project?
c. What is the probability that the project can be completed within nine hours?
ANSWER:
a.
b. 8 hours
c. 0.8264
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
ANSWER:
a.
Joe is not a wealthy man and would like to organize a 16-week campaign at minimum cost. Write and solve a linear
program to accomplish this task.
s.t. XA ≥ 0 + (6 − YA)
XB ≥ 0 + 3
XC ≥ XA + (9 − YC)
XD ≥ XA + (4 − YD)
XE ≥ XB + (2 − YE)
XF ≥ XB + (3 − YF)
XG ≤ 16
XG ≥ XC + (5 − YG)
XG ≥ XE + (5 − YG)
XH ≥ XD + (7 − YH)
XH ≥ XF + (7 − YH)
XH ≤ 16
YA ≤ 2
YC ≤ 3
YD ≤ 2
YE ≤ 1
YF≤2
YG ≤ 1
YH ≤ 2
Xi, Yj ≥ 0 for all i
57. Marcy Fetter, a staff analyst at the Los Angeles plant of Computer Products Corporation, is assigned to the team that
is developing the process design for producing an RFID sensor. The corporate planning group in San Jose, California, has
contacted her and asked how confident the design group is about completing the project in 60 days. She has developed the
following estimated time durations in days for the project:
ANSWER:
a.
Activity
Optimistic Most Likely Pessimistic Activity
Expected
Activity Time (to) Time (tm) Time (tp) Variance (Vt)
Time (te)
A 10 12 15 12.17 0.694
B 6 10 14 10.00 1.778
C 10 15 20 15.00 2.778
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
D 9 10 14 10.50 0.694
E 5 6 8 6.17 0.250
F 10 12 13 11.83 0.250
G 12 14 16 14.00 0.444
H 18 21 24 21.00 1.000
I 10 15 20 15.00 2.778
J 8 10 14 10.33 1.000
b.
Path Length of Path (days)
A-C-F-J 12.17 + 15 + 11.83 + 10.33 = 49.33
A-B-E-F-J 12.17+ 10 + 6.17 + 11.83 + 10.33 = 50.50
A-B-G-J 12.17 + 10 + 14 + 10.33 = 46.50
A-B-H-J 12.17 + 10 + 21 + 10.33 = 53.50
A-B-I 12.17 + 10 + 15 = 37.17
A-D-H-J 12.17 + 10.5 + 21 + 10.33 = 54.00
A-D-I 12.17 + 10.5 + 15 = 37.67
58. A project has the following activities, precedence relationships, and time estimates in weeks:
A — 15 20 25
B — 8 10 12
C A 25 30 40
D B 15 15 15
E B 22 25 27
F E 15 20 22
G D 20 20 22
b.
Path Length of Path (weeks)
B-D-G 10 + 15 + 20.33 = 45.33
B-E-F 10 + 24.83 + 19.5 = 54.33*
A-C 20 + 30.83 = 50.83
59. Three paths of a PERT network have these mean durations and variances in weeks:
Mean
Path Duration Variance
1 45 2.75
2 44 5.50
3 46 1.20
Which path offers the greatest risk of overrunning a contract deadline of 48 weeks?
ANSWER:
Path 1: st = 1.658; z = 1.809; P(D > 48) = 3.5%
Path 2: st = 2.345; z = 1.706; P(D > 48) = 4.4%
Path 3: st = 1.095; z = 1.826; P(D > 48) = 3.4%
Path 2 offers the greatest risk (but only by a small margin).
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.02 - 9.2
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.2 Project Scheduling Considering Uncertain Activity Times
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
60. A project has the following activities, durations, costs, and precedence relationships:
Accelerated Immediate
Present Duration Present Accelerated
Duration Predecessor
Activity (Weeks) Cost Cost
(Weeks) Activities
A 10 9 — $11,000 $15,000
B 15 13 — 20,000 25,000
C 10 6 A 9,000 20,000
D 20 18 A 25,000 30,000
E 15 10 C 20,000 35,000
F 17 15 B 20,000 30,000
G 12 10 B 15,000 25,000
H 9 8 D, F 12,000 18,000
I 7 6 G, H 10,000 15,000
Develop a time-cost trade-off analysis. Detail the steps that you would use to accelerate or crash the project to its
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
minimum duration at the lowest cost. Determine each step's cost and the duration of the project.
ANSWER:
Length of Path
Path
(weeks)
10 + 10 + 15
A-C-E 35 35 35 35 35 35 35
=
A-D-H- 10 + 20 + 9
46 46 46 45 44 43 42
I +7=
15 + 17 + 9
B-F-H-I 48 47 46 45 44 43 42
+7=
15 + 12 + 7
B-G-I 34 33 32 31 31 31 31
=
Activity Crashed B B I H D, F D, F
Additional Cost for Crashing 2,500 2,500 5,000 6,000 7,500 7,500
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.03 - 9.3
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.3 Considering Time–Cost Trade-Offs
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
61. National Oil Company (NATOCO) must plan the shutdown of its Houston refinery for routine preventive
maintenance. Each hour of downtime is lost production time and is very costly, so NATOCO wants the maintenance
project completed in 22 hours. The PERT network below shows the precedence relationships of the activities involved in
the project. The table gives the activity times and costs under normal operations and maximum crashing.
NATOCO wants to know the minimum cost of completing the maintenance project within the 22-hour period. Formulate
and solve a linear program that will yield this information.
Activity Normal Normal Crash Crash
Time (hr.) Cost Time (hr.) Cost
A 2 $2,000 1.5 $3,000
B 4 3,000 3 3,500
C 1 1,500 1 1,500
D 4 5,300 2.5 8,000
E 6 5,400 5 7,000
F 10 6,000 8 9,000
G 8 4,800 5 9,900
H 2 2,800 1 2,900
I 5 4,500 4 5,000
J 12 6,000 6 9,600
K 7 7,000 4 9,700
L 11 8,800 9 9,200
M 4 1,000 1 7,000
ANSWER:
m = Normal time – Time under maximum crashing
k = (Cost under maximum crashing – Normal cost)/m
Activity m k
A 0.5 2000
B 1 500
C 0 0
D 1.5 1800
E 1 1600
F 2 1500
G 3 1700
H 1 100
I 1 500
J 6 600
K 3 900
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CH 09 - Project Scheduling: PERT/CPM
L 2 200
M 3 2000
LP Formulation
Let xA= earliest finish time for activity A
yA = amount of time activity A is crashed
Subject to:
(1) The project must be completed within 22 hours: xK < 22, xL < 22, xM < 22
(2) The amount an activity is crashed cannot exceed its maximum crashing:
yA < 0.5
yB < 1
yD < 1.5
yE < 1
yF < 2
yG < 3
yH < 1
yI < 1
yJ < 6
yK < 3
yL < 2
yM < 3
(3) For each activity:
Earliest finish time > Earliest finish time of preceding activity
+ (Normal activity time) − Amount of time the activity is crashed)
Solution
OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE = 4700.000
VARIABLE VALUE REDUCED COSTS
XA 5.000 0.000
XB 3.000 0.000
XC 1.000 0.000
XD 9.000 0.000
XE 9.000 0.000
XF 18.000 0.000
XG 11.000 0.000
XH 13.000 0.000
XI 18.000 0.000
XJ 13.000 0.000
XK 22.000 0.000
XL 22.000 0.000
XM 17.000 0.000
YA 0.000 2000.000
YB 1.000 0.000
YD 0.000 1800.000
YE 0.000 100.000
YF 1.000 0.000
YG 0.000 1500.000
YH 0.000 100.000
YI 0.000 500.000
YJ 0.000 600.000
YK 3.000 0.000
YL 0.000 0.000
YM 0.000 2000.000
Summary:
Crash activity B one hour, activity F one hour, and activity K three hours. The preventive
maintenance project will be completed in 22 hours at a crashing cost of $4700.
POINTS: 1
DIFFICULTY: Challenging
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: IMS.ASWC.19.09.03 - 9.3
NATIONAL STANDARDS: United States - BUSPROG: Analytic
TOPICS: 9.3 Considering Time–Cost Trade-Offs
KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Evaluate
Language: Italian
VOLUME SECONDO
1873
MILANO — F. SANVITO, EDITORE.
NAPOLI — DETKEN E ROCHOLL.
Proprietà letteraria.
Legge 25 Giugno 1865. Tip. Guglielmini.
INDICE
CAPITOLO XII.
I Teatri — Teatro Comico.
Tal cortina veniva adoperata nei teatri greci e romani per lo stesso
uso che i nostri siparii, a fine di nascondere il palco scenico prima
del principio della rappresentazione e negli intermezzi. Questa
cortina, scrive De Rich [11], non era però sospesa come i siparii e
non scendeva giù dall’alto; ma tutt’al contrario, quando cominciava la
rappresentazione, si lasciava cadere la cortina entro l’incavo
suddescritto, e per conseguenza, finito l’atto, si tirava su dallo
stesso; quindi l’espressione aulæa premuntur [12] di Orazio, cala il
sipario, significa che la rappresentazione sta per incominciare ed
aulæa tolluntur di Ovidio [13], il sipario si alza, che l’atto o la
rappresentazione è finita. Questo incavo entro cui scendeva
l’aulæum, per essere sotto il proscenium, appellavasi con altro nome
hyposcenium.
Del resto v’han di coloro che l’aulæum pretendono fosse proprio del
teatro tragico soltanto, e che la commedia si servisse del siparium,
che il succitato De Rich definisce una scena o paravento, adoperato
nei teatri, e consistente in più spicchi, che potevano essere aperti o
ripiegati l’uno sull’altro, come si fa ne’ paraventi che usiamo ora. Se
non che Apulejo ha questo passo: Aulæo subducto et complicatis
sipariis scena disponetur [14]; e si vede così usar egli de’ due
vocaboli promiscuamente; quantunque il suo linguaggio implichi che
l’aulæum era fatto calare (subductum) sotto la scena, quando lo
spettacolo principiava, e il siparium era invece ripiegato in su
(complicatum) nello stesso momento. Pare poi che questo ufficio di
abbassare gli aulei, o siparii, de’ teatri spettasse specialmente a’
Britanni, cioè agli schiavi fatti nelle guerre della Britannia e condotti,
secondo il costume, a Roma, se questi versi Virgilio pose in una sua
Georgica, che vi fanno non dubbia allusione: