Test Bank For Statistics For The Behavioral Sciences 5th Edition

Test Bank for Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th Edition
Test Bank for Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences,

5th Edition
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1. How do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research?
a. Only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between variables.
b. Only experiments involve comparing two or more groups of scores.
c. Only experiments can describe the relationship between variables.
d. Only experiments can demonstrate a bi-directional relationship between variables.
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Moderate
REFERENCES: 7.1 Cause-and-Effect Relationships
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.01 - Describe the general purpose of an experimental research study,
differentiate experiments from other types of research, and identify examples of experiments.
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Understand
2. If a study finds that there is a strong relationship between two variables, this means that ____.
a. the first variable causes a change in the second variable
b. the second variable causes a change in the first variable
c. you can draw the conclusion that each variable causes the other variable to change
d. there is a relationship between the variables but causality has not been established
ANSWER: d
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Analyze
3. Dr. Jones systematically varies the temperature in the laboratory (70, 80, and 90 degrees Fahrenheit) while holding
other variables constant, and observes that the participants’ activity level decreases as the temperature increases. This
illustrates ____.
a. a non-causal relationship between temperature and activity level
b. a causal relationship between temperature and activity level
c. no relationship between temperature and activity level
d. a nonsystematic relationship between temperature and activity level
ANSWER: b
KEYWORDS: Bloom’s: Apply
4. Dr. Hines is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter. A sample of
100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Hones
replaces all the lights with 100-watt bulbs. In the other 50 houses, all the lights are changed to 60-watt bulbs. After two
months, Dr. Hines measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this example, the level of
depression is the ____ variable.
a. dependent
b. extraneous
c. correlational
d. independent
ANSWER: a
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.02 - Define independent, dependent, and extraneous variables and
identify examples of each in an experiment.
5. Dr. Fowler is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter. A sample of
100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Fowler
months, Dr. Fowler measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. In this study, the independent
variable is the ____.
a. brightness of the lights
b. level of depression
c. houses with 100-watt bulbs
d. houses with 60-watt bulbs
ANSWER: a
6. Dr. Ramos is interested in studying how indoor lighting can influence people's moods during the winter. A sample of
100 households is selected. Fifty of the homes are randomly assigned to the bright-light condition where Dr. Ramos
months, Dr. Ramos measures the level of depression for the people living in the houses. Assuming that the study uses
people from different age groups, participant age would be a(n) ____ variable in the experiment.
a. dependent
b. independent
c. extraneous
d. confounding
ANSWER: c
7. The manipulated variable in an experiment is the ____ variable.

a. independent
b. dependent
c. extraneous
d. confounding
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
8. The measured variable in an experiment is the ____ variable.

a. independent
b. dependent
c. extraneous
d. confounding
ANSWER: b
DIFFICULTY: Easy
9. Dr. Nguyen is studying how the quality of breakfast influences academic performance for elementary school children.
A sample of 100 children is selected. Fifty children are provided with a nutritious breakfast when they arrive at school
each morning. The other 50 children are given a doughnut each morning. After three months, Dr. Nguyen records the
academic achievement level for each child and compares the two groups of scores. In this example, how many levels are
there for the independent variable?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 50
d. 100
ANSWER: b
10. The specific treatment conditions that are used in an experiment are called the ____.
a. levels of the independent variable
b. levels of the dependent variable
c. control groups
d. manipulation checks
ANSWER: a
11. A researcher is performing an experiment to determine whether eating protein causes a sad mood. Measurements of
mood in this experiment would be the ____ variable.
a. independent
b. dependent
c. experimental
d. controlled
ANSWER: b
12. In New York State, the winter months produce higher heating bills and higher levels of depression. Although the
numbers show that higher heating bills are related to higher levels of depression, what is the most likely explanation for
this relationship?
a. cause and effect
b. the directionality problem
c. the third-variable problem
d. the extraneous variable problem
ANSWER: c
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.03 - Describe the third-variable problem and the directionality problem,
identify these problems when they appear in a research study, and explain why they must be
eliminated before an experiment can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship.
13. A researcher has observed that children who eat more sugar tend to show a higher level of activity than children who
eat less sugar. However, the researcher suspects that the apparent relationship may be explained by the fact that some
children have a higher rate of metabolism, which causes them to eat more and to be more active compared to children
with a lower rate of metabolism who eat less and are less active. This is an example of the ____.
a. directionality problem
b. third-variable problem
c. extraneous variable problem
d. manipulation check problem
ANSWER: b
14. Research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. However, it is unclear
whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. This is an example of the ____.
a. directionality problem
b. third-variable problem
c. extraneous variable problem
d. manipulation check problem
ANSWER: a
15. In an experiment, the purpose for manipulating the independent variable is to help ____.
a. establish the direction of the relationship by showing that the dependent variable changes when you
manipulate the independent variable
b. eliminate the third variable problem because you decide when to manipulate rather than waiting for the
variable to change
c. establish the direction of the relationship and help eliminate the third variable problem
d. ensure that any effects of selection bias or other randomization failures are minimized
ANSWER: c
REFERENCES: 7.2 Distinguishing Elements of an Experiment
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.04 - Explain why manipulation of an independent variable is a critical
component of an experiment.
16. In an experiment, manipulation of the independent variable requires ____.

a. creating one treatment condition defined by one level of the independent variable
b. creating at least two treatment conditions defined by two different levels of the
independent variable
c. creating at least three treatment conditions defined by three different levels of the
independent variable
d. measuring two separate variables to determine how they are related
ANSWER: b
17. In order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible
influence of ____ variables.
a. extraneous
b. confounding
c. independent
d. dependent
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.05 - Explain why control of extraneous variables is a critical component
of an experiment.
18. In an experiment, any variable that varies systematically with the treatment conditions and might influence the
participants’ scores is called a(n) ____ variable.
a. matching
b. dependent
c. extraneous
d. confounding
ANSWER: d
of an experiment.
19. Why is a confounding variable unacceptable in a true experiment?

a. It can distort the effect of the independent variable.
b. It can disrupt the normal behavior of participants.
c. It threatens internal validity by providing an alternative explanation for the results.
d. It creates a directionality problem that undermines a cause-and-effect conclusion.
ANSWER: c
of an experiment.
20. A confounding variable is a variable that influences the ____.

a. dependent variable and varies systematically with the independent variable.
b. independent variable and varies systematically with the dependent variable.
c. dependent variable and varies randomly with the independent variable.
d. independent variable and varies randomly with the dependent variable.
ANSWER: a
of an experiment.
21. Which characteristic is necessary for an extraneous variable to become a confounding variable?
a. It must change systematically from one participant to the next.
b. It must change systematically when the independent variable is changed.
c. It must have no systematic relationship with the dependent variable.
d. It must have no systematic relationship to the independent or dependent variables.
ANSWER: b
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.06 - Explain how an extraneous variable can become a confounding
variable and identify confounding variables when they appear in a research study.
22. In an experiment, a confounding variable is a(n) ____.
a. example of the third-variable problem
b. example of the directionality problem
c. limitation on the ability to manipulate the independent variable
d. threat to internal validity
ANSWER: d
23. A researcher designs a study to determine whether female preschoolers prefer sweetened or unsweetened cereal. The
researcher uses a box of sweetened colorful cereal and a box of unsweetened tan colored cereal. The research finds that
the group of preschoolers ate more of the sweetened colorful cereal and therefore prefers the sweetened cereal. Which two
variables are confounded in this experiment?
a. color of the cereal and children’s gender
b. color of the cereal and sweetness of the cereal
c. sweetness of the cereal and amount of eating
d. children’s gender and amount of eating
ANSWER: b
24. In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each
condition has 15 seven-year-old children and 10 eight-year-old children. For this study, what method is being used to
control participant age?
a. randomization
b. matching
c. holding constant
d. limiting the range
ANSWER: b
REFERENCES: 7.3 Controlling Extraneous Variables
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.07 - Describe the three primary techniques for controlling extraneous
variables (holding constant, matching, and randomization), explain how each one works, and
identify these techniques when they appear in a research report.
25. A researcher decides to use only male participants in an experiment comparing two treatment conditions. For this
study, what method is being used to control participant gender?
a. randomization
b. matching
c. holding constant
d. limiting the range
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
26. What is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment?
a. Increase the ability to generalize the results.
b. Avoid selection bias.
c. Ensure that the individuals in the sample are representative of the individuals in the population.
d. Minimize the likelihood that a participant characteristic becomes a confounding variable.
ANSWER: d
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
27. Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ____ but it can limit the ____ of an experiment.
a. internal validity; external validity
b. external validity; internal validity
c. internal validity; reliability
d. external validity; reliability
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Difficult
28. In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to treatment conditions ____.

a. to help protect the internal validity of the study
b. to help protect the external validity of the study
c. to help protect both the internal and external validity
d. as an alternative to manipulation of variables
ANSWER: a
29. In an experiment, participants are usually assigned to treatments using random assignment. The reason for using
random assignment is ____.
a. to allow the experimenter to manipulate participant variables
b. to allow the experimenter to manipulate environmental variables
c. to help control extraneous variables
d. to increase the reliability of the outcome measures
ANSWER: c
30. What is the purpose for using a control group in an experiment?

a. It provides a baseline to evaluate the size of the treatment effect.
b. It minimizes the threat of a confounding variable.
c. It is necessary to ensure the internal validity of the study.
d. It is necessary to ensure the external validity of the study.
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 7.4 Control Groups and Manipulation Checks
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.08 - Describe the purpose for control groups in experimental research,
define the two basic types of control groups (no-treatment and placebo), and identify control
groups when they appear in research reports.
31. Dr. Kim varies the amount of caffeine given to three groups of participants (0, 100, and 200 mg) and then observes the
anxiety level for each group. The 0-mg condition represents the ____ group.
a. experimental
b. manipulation check
c. no-treatment control
d. waiting-list control
ANSWER: c
DIFFICULTY: Easy
32. An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control, and a placebo control. Which two conditions
should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment?
a. placebo versus treatment
b. placebo versus no-treatment
c. treatment versus no-treatment
d. placebo control only
ANSWER: a
33. A researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on
depressed mood. The researcher includes a measure of stress as a ____.
a. measure of the dependent variable
b. measure of extraneous variables
c. control for confounding variables
d. manipulation check
ANSWER: d
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.09 - Explain when a manipulation check is needed, describe what it is
intended to accomplish, and identify a manipulation check when one appears in a research
report.
34. Which technique provides useful information when there are small changes from one treatment condition to another,
when simulations are used or when a placebo is used?
a. random selection
b. random assignment
c. no-treatment controls
d. manipulation checks
ANSWER: d
report.
35. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates people’s mood to determine whether changes in mood cause changes in
memory performance. However, the researcher is not sure that the manipulation is really causing people’s mood to
change. In this case, what should the researcher do?
a. Control mood by holding it constant.
b. Control mood by matching it across treatment conditions.
c. Add a no-treatment control group in which mood is not manipulated.
d. Add a manipulation check by measuring mood.
ANSWER: d
report.
36. A researcher moves the real world into the laboratory. This type of research is called a ____.
a. simulation study
b. field study
c. transported study
d. quasi-experimental study
ANSWER: a
REFERENCES: 7.5 Increasing External Validity: Simulation and Field Studies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES: GRAV.METH.16.07.010 - Define field studies and simulation, explain why they are used as
alternatives to laboratory experiments, and identify these techniques when they appear in a
research report.
37. A researcher moves an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. This type of research is called a ____.
a. simulation study
b. field study
c. transported study
d. quasi-experimental study
ANSWER: b
research report.
38. Researchers often use simulation experiments in an attempt to obtain the ____ of an experiment and still keep much of
the ____ of research conducted in the real world.
a. external validity; internal validity
b. internal validity; external validity
c. experimental realism; mundane realism
d. mundane realism; experimental realism
ANSWER: b
research report.
39. Although field studies tend to have higher external validity that traditional laboratory studies, they also tend to have
____.
a. lower internal validity
b. lower reliability
c. an increased risk of confounding from history effects.
d. an increased risk of finding no effect of the manipulation
ANSWER: a
DIFFICULTY: Easy
research report.
40. What is the advantage of a simulation compared to a traditional laboratory study?

a. increased internal validity
b. increased external validity
c. increased reliability
d. elimination of history effects
ANSWER: b
research report.
41. If two variables are consistently related to one another, you can conclude that changes in one variable are causing
changes to occur in the other.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
42. The purpose of an experiment is to demonstrate that changes in one variable are responsible for causing changes in a
second variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
DIFFICULTY: Easy
43. Research results show that participants who shout their favorite curse words over and over can endure a painful
stimulus longer than participants who shout a neutral word. For this study, the dependent variable is the amount of time
that the pain is endured.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
44. A researcher reports that participants made fewer errors on a simulated air-traffic-control task when quiet background
music was playing than when there was no music. For this study, the number of errors is the independent variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
45. Results from a research study indicate that athletes who were given an electrolyte drink had better endurance scores on
a treadmill task than athletes who were given water. For this study, the independent variable is water versus electrolyte
drink.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
46. An experiment always involves comparing measurements obtained under one level of the independent variable with
measurements obtained under another level of the independent variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
DIFFICULTY: Easy
47. A recent study reports that the more sexual content that adolescents watch on TV, the more likely they were to engage
in sexual behaviors. However, it is unclear whether the sexual content on TV leads to sexual behavior or whether sexual
behavior leads to a preference for sexual content on TV. This is an example of the third-variable problem.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
48. In an experiment, the process of manipulation involves changing the value of the dependent variable from one
treatment condition to another.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
49. To demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, a researcher must make one of the variables
change rather than waiting for it to change naturally.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
50. In order to establish an unambiguous cause-and-effect relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate
the possible influence of extraneous variables.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
of an experiment.
51. A researcher intends to compare two different treatment conditions. Participants for the first treatment are selected and
tested early in the school semester, and participants for the second treatment are selected and tested late in the semester. In
this study, the time-of-testing represents a confounding variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
52. The possibility that an extraneous variable can become a confounding variable is eliminated completely by holding it
constant.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
53. Preventing an extraneous variable from becoming a confounding variable by holding it constant can result in a threat
to external validity.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
54. Randomizing a variable such as participant gender guarantees that it will not become a confounding variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
55. An experiment comparing a treatment group with a no-treatment control group has no independent variable.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
56. In an experiment examining how alcohol influences male judgments of female attractiveness, one group of
participants is given non-alcoholic beer before they make their judgments. This would be classified as a placebo control
condition.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
57. All experiments must have either a no-treatment control group or a placebo control group.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
58. Manipulation checks are particularly important for simulations to ensure that the simulation is effective.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
report.
59. Simulation and field studies are used to increase the external validity of experiments.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
research report.
60. Simulation involves bringing aspects of the real world into the laboratory.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
DIFFICULTY: Easy
research report.
61. Explain why manipulation of an independent variable is a necessary component of an experiment.

ANSWER: In an experiment, manipulation of the independent variable is necessary to avoid the
directionality problem and to establish the direction of the relationship. The intent is to
demonstrate that the manipulation of one variable (the independent variable) causes changes
to occur in a second variable (the dependent variable).
62. Explain why control of extraneous variables is a necessary component of an experiment.

ANSWER: In an experiment, control of extraneous variables is necessary to avoid the third-variable
problem. Specifically, the experiment must rule out the possibility that any variable, other
than the independent variable, is responsible for causing changes in the dependent variable.
of an experiment.
63. Describe the directionality problem and explain how researchers attempt to avoid this problem in an experiment.
ANSWER: It is possible to demonstrate a relationship between two variables by simply observing them.
However, simple observation cannot establish the direction of the relationship. For example,
you may observe that two variables change together consistently: as variable A increases,
variable B also increases. However, you cannot determine whether changes in A are causing
changes in B, or whether changes in B are causing changes in A. To avoid this problem in an
experiment, the researcher takes charge and manipulates one of the variables. For example,
the researcher increases the value of variable A and then observes variable B to see if it is
affected by the increase. If B also increases, then the researcher can conclude that changing
variable A has caused changes in variable B.
64. Describe and differentiate the three methods to control extraneous variables.
ANSWER: Extraneous variables can be controlled by holding them constant, or by matching them across
treatment conditions, or by randomizing them across treatment conditions. If a variable is
held constant, then it is the same for all treatment conditions and cannot be responsible for
differences between treatments. Similarly, if a variable is matched across treatments, then it
is the same for all treatment conditions and cannot be responsible for differences between
treatments. Finally, if a variable is randomized across treatments, then it should not change
systematically from one treatment to another, and it should not be responsible for differences
between treatments.
65. Explain the difference between a no-treatment control group and a placebo control group.
ANSWER: A no-treatment control group is simply left alone and literally does not receive any treatment.
A placebo control group, on the other hand, receives an artificial treatment that looks like a
real treatment but actually has no effect. Thus, the participants in a placebo control group
think that they are receiving a treatment when they really are not.
66. Describe one situation where a manipulation check might be appropriate and explain what the manipulation check is
intended to accomplish.
ANSWER: A manipulation check is used in situations where there is some doubt as to whether the
intended manipulation of the independent variable was successful. Common examples are (1)
manipulation of the participants’ feeling or attitudes, (2) subtle manipulations, and (3)
simulations that may not be perceived as “real” by the participants. In each case, the intent of
the manipulation check is to determine whether the original manipulation was successful.
report.
67. Explain how simulation and field studies increase external validity.
ANSWER: Research results obtained in an artificial laboratory environment may not generalize to real-
world situations. That is, results from a laboratory may have low external validity. To correct
this problem, researchers often try to create conditions in the laboratory that simulate the
natural environment, or they create a field study by moving the experiment out of the
laboratory and into the real world. In each case, the intent is to observe behaviors in the same
environment where they would occur naturally.
Test Bank for Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences, 5th Edition
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7. The manipulated variable in an experiment is the ____ variable.

8. The measured variable in an experiment is the ____ variable.

16. In an experiment, manipulation of the independent variable requires ____.

19. Why is a confounding variable unacceptable in a true experiment?

20. A confounding variable is a variable that influences the ____.

28. In an experiment, participants are randomly assigned to treatment conditions ____.

30. What is the purpose for using a control group in an experiment?

40. What is the advantage of a simulation compared to a traditional laboratory study?

61. Explain why manipulation of an independent variable is a necessary component of an experiment.

62. Explain why control of extraneous variables is a necessary component of an experiment.

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