José Rizal

José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso

Realonda[7] (Spanish: [xoˈse riˈsal, -ˈθal],
Tagalog: [hoˈse ɾiˈsal]; June 19, 1861 –
December 30, 1896) was a Filipino
nationalist, writer and polymath active at
the end of the Spanish colonial period of
the Philippines. He is considered a national
hero (pambansang bayani) of the
Philippines.[8][9] An ophthalmologist by
profession, Rizal became a writer and a
key member of the Filipino Propaganda
Movement, which advocated political
reforms for the colony under Spain.

He was executed by the Spanish colonial

government for the crime of rebellion after
the Philippine Revolution broke out; it was
inspired by his writings. Though he was not
actively involved in its planning or conduct,
he ultimately approved of its goals which
eventually resulted in Philippine
independence.

Rizal is widely considered one of the

greatest heroes of the Philippines and has
been recommended to be so honored by
an officially
José Rizal
empaneled National
Heroes Committee.
However, no law,
executive order or
proclamation has
been enacted or
issued officially Rizal c. 1890s
proclaiming any Born José
Filipino historical Protasio
figure as a national Rizal
hero.[9] He wrote the Mercado y

novels Noli Me Alonso

Realonda[1]
Tángere (1887) and
June 19,
El filibusterismo
1861[2]
(1891), which
together are taken Calamba,
as a national epic, in Laguna,

addition to Captaincy
General of
numerous poems
the
and essays.[10][11]
Philippines,

Early life Spanish

Empire[2]

Died December
30, 1896
(aged 35)[3]
José Rizal's baptismal register
Bagumbayan,
Manila,
Captaincy
General of
the
Philippines,
Francisco Rizal Mercado
(1818–1898) Spanish
Empire[3]

Cause of Execution
death by firing
squad
Teodora Alonso Realonda
(1827–1911)
Resting Rizal
Rizal's parents
place Monument,
Manila

Monuments Daet,
Camarin
José Rizal in ₱2 note
Norte
José Rizal was born Manila
on June 19, 1861 to Calamba
Francisco Rizal Laguna

Mercado y Other names Pepe, J

Alejandro and (nickna
Teodora Alonso Alma mater Ateneo
Realonda y Quintos Municipa
in the town of de Manil

Calamba in Laguna (BA)

Universit
province. He had
of Santo
nine sisters and one
Tomas
brother. His parents
Universid
were leaseholders Central d
of a hacienda and Madrid
an accompanying (MD)
rice farm held by the Organization(s) La
Dominicans. Both Solid
their families had La L
adopted the Filipi
additional surnames Notable work Noli Me
of Rizal and Tánger
Realonda in 1849 (1887)
after Governor El

General Narciso filibust

(1891)
Clavería y Zaldúa
decreed the Movement Propagan
Movemen
adoption of Spanish
surnames among Spouse Josephine Br
[6]
the Filipinos for
census purposes Parents Francisco

(though they already Rizal

Mercado
had Spanish
(father)
names).
Teodora

Like many families Alonso

Realonda
in the Philippines,
(mother)
the Rizals were of
mestizo origin. Relatives Saturnina
José's patrilineal Hidalgo
lineage could be (sister)

traced to Fujian in Paciano

Rizal
China through his
(brother)
father's ancestor
Trinidad
Lam-co, a Hokkien
Rizal
Chinese merchant (sister)
who immigrated to
Signature
the Philippines in the
late 17th
century.[12][13][note 1]
[14] Lam-co traveled to Manila from
Xiamen, China, possibly to avoid the
famine or plague in his home district, and
more probably to escape the Manchu
invasion during the transition from Ming to
Qing. He decided to stay in the islands as
a farmer. In 1697, to escape the bitter anti-
Chinese prejudice that existed in the
Philippines, he converted to Catholicism,
changed his name to Domingo Mercado
and married the daughter of Chinese friend
Augustin Chin-co.

On his mother's side, Rizal's ancestry

included Chinese and Tagalog. His
mother's lineage can be traced to the
affluent Florentina family of Chinese
mestizo families originating in Baliuag,
Bulacan.[15] He also had Spanish ancestry.
Regina Ochoa, a grandmother of his
mother, Teodora, had mixed Spanish,
Chinese, and Tagalog blood. His maternal
grandfather was a half-Spanish engineer
named Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo.[16] José
Rizal's maternal great-great-grandfather,
Eugenio Ursua, was of Japanese
ancestry.[17][18]

From an early age, José showed a

precocious intellect. He learned the
alphabet from his mother at 3, and could
read and write at age 5.[13] Upon enrolling
at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, he
dropped the last three names that made
up his full name, on the advice of his
brother, Paciano and the Mercado family,
thus rendering his name as "José Protasio
Rizal". Of this, he later wrote: "My family
never paid much attention [to our second
surname Rizal], but now I had to use it,
thus giving me the appearance of an
illegitimate child!"[19] This was to enable
him to travel freely and disassociate him
from his brother, who had gained notoriety
with earlier links to Filipino priests Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora
(popularly known as Gomburza), who had
been accused and executed for treason.

José, as "Rizal", soon distinguished

himself in poetry writing contests,
impressing his professors with his facility
with Castilian and other foreign languages,
and later, in writing essays that were
critical of the Spanish historical accounts
of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. By
1891, the year he finished his second novel
El filibusterismo, his second surname had
become so well known that, as he writes
to another friend, "All my family now carry
the name Rizal instead of Mercado
because the name Rizal means
persecution! Good! I too want to join them
and be worthy of this family name..."[19]
Education

Rizal, 11 years old, a

student at the Ateneo
Municipal de Manila

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino

Cruz in Biñan, Laguna, before he was sent
to Manila.[20] He took the entrance
examination to Colegio de San Juan de
Letran, as his father requested, but he
enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila. He graduated as one of the nine
students in his class declared
sobresaliente or outstanding. He continued
his education at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila to obtain a land surveyor and
assessor's degree and simultaneously at
the University of Santo Tomas, where he
studied a preparatory course in law and
finished with a mark of excelente, or
excellent. He finished the course of
Philosophy as a pre-law.[21]

Upon learning that his mother was going

blind, he decided to switch to medicine at
the medical school of Santo Tomas,
specializing later in ophthalmology. He
received his four-year practical training in
medicine at Ospital de San Juan de Dios in
Intramuros. In his last year at medical
school, he received a mark of
sobresaliente in courses of Patologia
Medica (Medical Pathology), Patología
Quirúrgica (Surgical Pathology) and
Obstretics.

Although known as a bright student, Rizal

had some difficulty in some science
subjects in medical school such as Física
(Physics) and Patología General (General
Pathology).[22]
 Rizal as a student at the
University of Santo Tomas

Without his parents' knowledge and

consent, but secretly supported by his
brother Paciano, he traveled alone to
Madrid in May 1882 and studied medicine
at the Universidad Central de Madrid.
There he earned the degree, Licentiate in
Medicine. He also attended medical
lectures at the University of Paris and the
University of Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was
inducted as a member of the Berlin
Ethnological Society and the Berlin
Anthropological Society under the
patronage of the famous pathologist
Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he
delivered an address in German in April
1887 before the Anthropological Society
on the orthography and structure of the
Tagalog language. He wrote a poem to the
city, "A las flores del Heidelberg", which
was both an evocation and a prayer for the
welfare of his native land and the
unification of common values between
East and West.

At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal

completed his eye specialization in 1887
under the renowned professor, Otto
Becker. There he used the newly invented
ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann
von Helmholtz) to later operate on his
mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote
his parents: "I spend half of the day in the
study of German and the other half, in the
diseases of the eye. Twice a week, I go to
the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak
German with my student friends." He lived
in a Karlstraße boarding house then moved
to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend
Karl Ullmer and stayed with them in
Wilhelmsfeld. There he wrote the last few
chapters of Noli Me Tángere, his first novel,
published in Spanish later that year.
Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both
science and the arts. He painted, sketched,
and made sculptures and woodcarving. He
was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist
whose most famous works were his two
novels, Noli Me Tángere (1887) and its
sequel, El filibusterismo (1891).[note 2]
These social commentaries during the
Spanish colonial period of the country
formed the nucleus of literature that
inspired peaceful reformists and armed
revolutionaries alike.

Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in

twenty-two languages.[note 3][note 4][23][24]
Rizal's numerous skills and abilities was
described by his German friend, Adolf
Bernhard Meyer, as "stupendous."[note 5]
Documented studies show Rizal to be a
polymath with the ability to master various
skills and subjects.[23][25][26] He was an
ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter,
educator, farmer, historian, playwright and
journalist. Besides poetry and creative
writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of
expertise, in architecture, cartography,
economics, ethnology, anthropology,
sociology, dramatics, martial arts, fencing
and pistol shooting. Skilled in social
settings, he became a Freemason, joining
Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his time in
Spain; he became a Master Mason in
1884.[27]

Personal life, relationships

and ventures

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived

during his self-imposed exile in Hong
Kong (photo taken in 2011)

José Rizal's life is one of the most

documented of 19th-century Filipinos due
to the vast and extensive records written
by and about him.[28] Almost everything in
his short life is recorded somewhere. He
was a regular diarist and prolific letter
writer, and much of this material has
survived. His biographers have faced
challenges in translating his writings
because of Rizal's habit of switching from
one language to another.

Biographers drew largely from his travel

diaries with his comments by a young
Asian encountering the West for the first
time (other than in Spanish manifestations
in the Philippines). These diaries included
Rizal's later trips, home and back again to
Europe through Japan and the United
States,[29] and, finally, through his self-
imposed exile in Hong Kong.

Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo

Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de
Manila University), Rizal (who was then 16
years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak,
visited Rizal's maternal grandmother in
Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his
sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year-old
Batangueña from Lipa, Batangas.

It was the first time Rizal had met her,

whom he described as
 "rather short, with eyes that
were eloquent and ardent at
times and languid at others,
rosy-cheeked, with an
enchanting and provocative
smile that revealed very
beautiful teeth, and the air of a
sylph; her entire self diffused a
mysterious charm."

His grandmother's guests were mostly

college students and they knew that Rizal
had skills in painting. They suggested that
Rizal should make a portrait of Segunda.
He complied reluctantly and made a pencil
sketch of her. Rizal referred to her as his
first love in his memoir Memorias de un
Estudiante de Manila, but Katigbak was
already engaged to Manuel Luz.[30]

Business card showing José Rizal is

an ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal

lived with his family in Number 2 of
Rednaxela Terrace, Mid-levels, Hong Kong
Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street,
Central district, Hong Kong Island, as his
ophthalmology clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. In
this period of his life, he wrote about nine
women who have been identified: Gertrude
Beckett of Chalcot Crescent, Primrose Hill,
Camden, London; wealthy and high-minded
Nelly Boustead of an English-Iberian
merchant family; Seiko Usui (affectionately
called O-Sei-san), last descendant of a
noble Japanese family; his earlier
friendship with Segunda Katigbak; Leonor
Valenzuela, and an eight-year romantic
relationship with Leonor Rivera, a distant
cousin (she is thought to have inspired his
character of María Clara in Noli Me
Tángere).
Affair

In one account detailing Rizal's 1887 visit

to Prague, Maximo Viola wrote that Rizal
had succumbed to a 'lady of the
camellias'. Viola, a friend of Rizal's and an
early financier of Noli Me Tángere, was
alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame
aux camelias, about a man who fell in love
with a courtesan. While noting Rizal's
affair, Viola provided no details about its
duration or nature.[31][32][note 6]
Association with Leonor Rivera

A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by

José Rizal

Leonor Rivera is thought to have inspired

the character of María Clara in Noli Me
Tángere and El Filibusterismo.[33] Rivera
and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera
was 14 years old and Rizal was 16. When
Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera
was 16 years old. Their correspondence
began after Rizal left a poem for her.[34]
Their correspondence helped Rizal stay
focused on his studies in Europe. They
employed codes in their letters because
Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. In a
letter from Mariano Katigbak dated June
27, 1884, she referred to Rivera as Rizal's
"betrothed". Katigbak described Rivera as
having been greatly affected by Rizal's
departure, and frequently sick because of
insomnia.

Before Rizal returned to the Philippines on

August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had
moved back to Dagupan, Pangasinan.
Rizal's father forbade the young man to
see Rivera in order to avoid putting her
family in danger. Rizal was already labeled
by the criollo elite as a filibustero or
subversive[34] because of his novel Noli Me
Tángere. Rizal wanted to marry Rivera
while he was still in the Philippines
because she had been so faithful to him.
Rizal asked permission from his father one
more time before his second departure
from the Philippines, but he never met her
again.

In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters

from Rivera for a year, although he
continued to write to her. Rivera's mother
favored an Englishman named Henry
Kipping, a railway engineer who fell in love
with Rivera.[34][35] The news of Leonor
Rivera's marriage to Kipping devastated
Rizal.

His European friends kept almost

everything he gave them, including
doodlings on pieces of paper. He had
visited Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y
Pérez, and impressed the man's daughter,
Consuelo, who wrote about Rizal. In her
diary, she said Rizal had regaled them with
his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand
tricks. In London, during his research on
Antonio de Morga's writings, he became a
regular guest in the home of Reinhold Rost
of the British Museum, who referred to him
as "a gem of a man."[28][note 7] The family of
Karl Ullmer, pastor of Wilhelmsfeld, and
the Blumentritts in Germany saved even
napkins that Rizal had made sketches and
notes on. They were ultimately bequeathed
to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove
of memorabilia.

Relationship with Josephine Bracken

Josephine Bracken was

Rizal's common-law wife
whom he reportedly married
shortly before his execution.
In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine
Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong.
She had accompanied her blind adoptive
father, George Taufer, to have his eyes
checked by Rizal.[36] After frequent visits,
Rizal and Bracken fell in love. They applied
to marry but, because of Rizal's reputation
from his writings and political stance, the
local priest Father Obach would hold the
ceremony only if Rizal could get
permission from the Bishop of Cebu. As
Rizal refused to return to practicing
Catholicism, the bishop refused
permission for an ecclesiastical
marriage.[6]
After accompanying her father to Manila
on her return to Hong Kong, and before
heading back to Dapitan to live with Rizal,
Josephine introduced herself to members
of Rizal's family in Manila. His mother
suggested a civil marriage, which she
believed to be a lesser sacrament but less
sinful to Rizal's conscience than making
any sort of political retraction in order to
gain permission from the Bishop.[37] Rizal
and Josephine lived as husband and wife
in a common-law marriage in Talisay in
Dapitan. The couple had a son, but he lived
only a few hours. Rizal named him after his
father Francisco.[38]
In Brussels and Spain (1890–
1892)

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as

he was preparing for the publication of his
annotations of Antonio de Morga's
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He
lived in the boarding house of the sisters,
Catherina and Suzanna Jacoby, who had a
niece Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16. Historian
Gregorio F. Zaide says that Rizal had "his
romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the
petite niece of his landladies." Belgian Pros
Slachmuylders, however, believed that
Rizal had a romance with the 17-year-old
niece, Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons
were all with young women.[39] He found
records clarifying their names and ages.

Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he

moved to Madrid, giving the young
Suzanna a box of chocolates. She wrote to
him in French: "After your departure, I did
not take the chocolate. The box is still
intact as on the day of your parting. Don't
delay too long writing us because I wear
out the soles of my shoes for running to
the mailbox to see if there is a letter from
you. There will never be any home in which
you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so,
you little bad boy, hurry up and come
back…"[39] In 2007, Slachmuylders' group
arranged for an historical marker honoring
Rizal to be placed at the house.[39]

He published Dimanche des Rameaux

(Palm Sunday), a socio-political essay, in
Berlin on 30 November 1886. He
discussed the significance of Palm Sunday
in socio-political terms:

"This entry [of Jesus into

Jerusalem] decided the fate of
the jealous priests, the
Pharisees, of all those who
believed themselves the only
ones who had the right to speak
in the name of God, of those who
would not admit the truths said
by others because they have not
been said by them. That
triumph, those hosannas, all
those flowers, those olive
branches, were not for Jesus
alone; they were the songs of the
victory of the new law, they
were the canticles celebrating
the dignification of man, the
liberty of man, the first mortal
blow directed against despotism
and slavery".[40]
Shortly after its publication, Rizal was
summoned by the German police, who
suspected him of being a French spy.[41]

The content of Rizal's writings changed

considerably in his two most famous
novels, Noli Me Tángere, published in Berlin
in 1887, and El Filibusterismo, published in
Ghent in 1891. For the latter, he used funds
borrowed from his friends. These writings
angered both the Spanish colonial elite
and many educated Filipinos due to their
symbolism. They are critical of Spanish
friars and the power of the Church. Rizal's
friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, a professor
and historian born in Austria-Hungary,
wrote that the novel's characters were
drawn from life and that every episode
could be repeated on any day in the
Philippines.[42]

Blumentritt was the grandson of the

Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former
Austro-Hungarian Empire and a staunch
defender of the Catholic faith. This did not
dissuade him from writing the preface of El
filibusterismo, after he had translated Noli
Me Tángere into German. As Blumentritt
had warned, these books resulted in Rizal's
being prosecuted as the inciter of
revolution. He was eventually tried by the
military, convicted, and executed. His
books were thought to contribute to the
Philippine Revolution of 1896, but other
forces had also been building for it.

Leaders of the reform movement in

Spain. Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, and
Ponce (c. 1890).

As leader of the reform movement of

Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed
essays, allegories, poems, and editorials
to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in
Barcelona (in this case Rizal used pen
names, "Dimasalang", "Laong Laan" and
"May Pagasa"). The core of his writings
centers on liberal and progressive ideas of
individual rights and freedom; specifically,
rights for the Filipino people. He shared the
same sentiments with members of the
movement: Rizal wrote that the people of
the Philippines were battling "a double-
faced Goliath"—corrupt friars and bad
government. His commentaries reiterate
the following agenda:[note 8]

That the Philippines be made a province

of Spain (The Philippines was a province
of New Spain – now Mexico,
administered from Mexico City from
 1565 to 1821. From 1821 to 1898, it was
administered directly from Spain.)
Representation in the Cortes
Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars
– Augustinians, Dominicans, and
Franciscans – in parishes and remote
sitios
Freedom of assembly and speech
Equal rights before the law (for both
Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines

did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish
intellectuals as Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y
Margall, and others did endorse them.
In 1890, a rivalry developed between Rizal
and Marcelo H. del Pilar for the leadership
of La Solidaridad and the reform
movement in Europe.[43] The majority of
the expatriates supported the leadership
of del Pilar.

Wenceslao Retana, a political

commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal
by writing an insulting article in La Epoca, a
newspaper in Madrid. He implied that
Rizal's family and friends had been evicted
from their lands in Calamba for not having
paid their due rents. The incident (when
Rizal was ten) stemmed from an
accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora,
tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but
she said she was trying to help. With the
approval of the Church prelates, and
without a hearing, she was ordered to
prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was
forced to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-
a-half years of appeals to the highest
court.[26] In 1887, Rizal wrote a petition on
behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later
that year led them to speak out against the
friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated
litigation that resulted in the Dominicans'
evicting them and the Rizal family from
their homes. General Valeriano Weyler had
the tenant buildings on the farm torn
down.

Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a

representative to challenge Retana to a
duel. Retana published a public apology
and later became one of Rizal's biggest
admirers. He wrote the most important
biography of Rizal, Vida y Escritos del José
Rizal.[44][note 9]
Return to the Philippines
(1892–1896)

Exile in Dapitan

Bust of Padre
Guerrico in clay,
by Rizal

Rizal's pencil sketch of

Blumentritt
Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he
formed a civic movement called La Liga
Filipina. The league advocated these
moderate social reforms through legal
means, but was disbanded by the
governor. At that time, he had already been
declared an enemy of the state by the
Spanish authorities because of the
publication of his novel.

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the

nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was
deported to Dapitan in the province of
Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[45]
There he built a school, a hospital and a
water supply system, and taught and
engaged in farming and horticulture.[46]

The boys' school, which taught in Spanish,

and included English as a foreign language
(considered a prescient if unusual option
then) was conceived by Rizal and
antedated Gordonstoun with its aims of
inculcating resourcefulness and self-
sufficiency in young men.[47] They would
later enjoy successful lives as farmers and
honest government officials.[48][49][50] One,
a Muslim, became a datu, and another,
José Aseniero, who was with Rizal
throughout the life of the school, became
Governor of Zamboanga.[51][52]
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great
effort to secure his return to the fold led by
Fray Francisco de Paula Sánchez, his
former professor, who failed in his
mission. The task was resumed by Fray
Pastells, a prominent member of the Order.
In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to
the deism familiar to us today.[53][54][55]

We are entirely in accord in

admitting the existence of God.
How can I doubt His when I am
convinced of mine. Who so
recognizes the effect recognizes
the cause. To doubt God is to
doubt one's own conscience, and
in consequence, it would be to
doubt everything; and then what
is life for? Now then, my faith in
God, if the result of a
ratiocination may be called
faith, is blind, blind in the sense
of knowing nothing. I neither
believe nor disbelieve the
qualities which many attribute
to Him; before theologians' and
philosophers' definitions and
lucubrations of this ineffable
and inscrutable being I find
myself smiling. Faced with the
conviction of seeing myself
confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices
seek to explain to me, I cannot
but reply: 'It could be'; but the
God that I foreknow is far more
grand, far more good: Plus
Supra!...I believe in (revelation);
but not in revelation or
revelations which each religion
or religions claim to possess.
Examining them impartially,
comparing them and
scrutinizing them, one cannot
avoid discerning the human
'fingernail' and the stamp of the
time in which they were
written... No, let us not make
God in our image, poor
inhabitants that we are of a
distant planet lost in infinite
space. However, brilliant and
sublime our intelligence may be,
it is scarcely more than a small
spark which shines and in an
instant is extinguished, and it
alone can give us no idea of that
blaze, that conflagration, that
ocean of light. I believe in
revelation, but in that living
revelation which surrounds us
on every side, in that voice,
mighty, eternal, unceasing,
incorruptible, clear, distinct,
universal as is the being from
whom it proceeds, in that
revelation which speaks to us
and penetrates us from the
moment we are born until we
die. What books can better
reveal to us the goodness of
 God, His love, His providence,
His eternity, His glory, His
wisdom? 'The heavens declare
the glory of God, and the
firmament showeth his
handiwork.[56]

Statue of Pio Valenzuela's June

15, 1896 visit to José Rizal in
Dapitan

His best friend, professor Ferdinand

Blumentritt, kept him in touch with
European friends and fellow-scientists
who wrote a stream of letters which
arrived in Dutch, French, German and
English and which baffled the censors,
delaying their transmittal. Those four years
of his exile coincided with the
development of the Philippine Revolution
from inception and to its final breakout,
which, from the viewpoint of the court
which was to try him, suggested his
complicity in it.[28] He condemned the
uprising, although all the members of the
Katipunan had made him their honorary
president and had used his name as a cry
for war, unity, and liberty.[57]

He is known to making the resolution of

bearing personal sacrifice instead of the
incoming revolution, believing that a
peaceful stand is the best way to avoid
further suffering in the country and loss of
Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I
consider myself happy for being able to
suffer a little for a cause which I believe to
be sacred [...]. I believe further that in any
undertaking, the more one suffers for it,
the surer its success. If this be fanaticism
may God pardon me, but my poor
judgment does not see it as such."[58]

In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla

Cumana", a parlor-game for his students,
with questions and answers for which a
wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul
Verstraeten traced this book and the
wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal
watch, spoon and salter.

Arrest and trial

The statue of Rizal's trial at the Rizal

Shrine in Fort Santiago

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the

Katipunan, a militant secret society, had
become a full-blown revolution, proving to
be a nationwide uprising.[59] Rizal had
earlier volunteered his services as a doctor
in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-
General Ramón Blanco to serve in Cuba to
minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal
and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1,
1896, with letter of recommendation from
Blanco.

Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via

Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on
October 6, 1896. He was sent back the
same day to Manila to stand trial as he
was implicated in the revolution through
his association with members of the
Katipunan. During the entire passage, he
was unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on
him, and had many opportunities to
escape but refused to do so.
While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he
issued a manifesto disavowing the current
revolution in its present state and
declaring that the education of Filipinos
and their achievement of a national identity
were prerequisites to freedom.

Rizal was tried before a court-martial for

rebellion, sedition and conspiracy, and was
convicted on all three charges and
sentenced to death. Blanco, who was
sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out
of office. The friars, led by then-Archbishop
of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda had
'intercalated' Camilo de Polavieja in his
stead as the new Spanish Governor-
General of the Philippines after pressuring
Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, thus
sealing Rizal's fate.

Execution

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was then

Bagumbayan

Moments before his execution on

December 30, 1896, by a squad of Filipino
soldiers of the Spanish Army, a backup
force of regular Spanish Army troops
stood ready to shoot the executioners
should they fail to obey orders.[60] The
Spanish Army Surgeon General requested
to take his pulse: it was normal. Aware of
this, the sergeant commanding the backup
force hushed his men to silence when they
began raising "vivas" with the highly
partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo
Spaniards. His last words were those of
Jesus Christ: "consummatum est" – "it is
finished."[23][61][note 10]

A day before, Rizal's mother pleaded with

the authorities to have Rizal's body placed
under her family's custody as per Rizal's
wish; this was unheeded but was later
granted by Manuel Luengo, the mayor of
Manila. Immediately following the
execution, Rizal was secretly buried in
Pacò Cemetery (now Paco Park) in Manila
with no identification on his grave,
intentionally mismarked to mislead and
discourage martyrdom.

His undated poem Mi último adiós,

believed to have been written a few days
before his execution, was hidden in an
alcohol stove, which was later handed to
his family with his few remaining
possessions, including the final letters and
his last bequests.[62]: 91 During their visit,
Rizal reminded his sisters in English,
"There is something inside it", referring to
the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de
Taveras which was to be returned after his
execution, thereby emphasizing the
importance of the poem. This instruction
was followed by another, "Look in my
shoes", in which another item was
secreted.

Rizal's execution, as well as those of other

political dissidents (mostly anarchist) in
Barcelona was ultimately invoked by
Michele Angiolillo, an Italian anarchist,
when he assassinated Spanish Prime
Minister Antonio Canovas del Castillo.[63]
Exhumation and re-burial

An undated photo of Rizal's original

grave in Paco Park. Note the date
written in Spanish.

The grave in Paco Park after its

renovation. Note the date repainted in
English and the bust added with
some lampposts.

Rizal's sister Narcisa toured all possible

gravesites only for her efforts to end in
vain. On one day, she visited Paco
Cemetery and discovered guards posted
at its gate, later finding Luengo,
accompanied by two army officers,
standing around a freshly-dug grave
covered with earth, which she assumed to
be that of her brother's, on the reason that
there had never been any ground burials at
the site. After realizing that Rizal was
buried in the spot, she made a gift to the
caretaker and requested him to place a
marble slab inscribed with "RPJ", Rizal's
initials in reverse.

In August 1898, a few days after the

Americans took Manila, Narcisa secured
the consent of the American authorities to
retrieve Rizal's remains. During the
exhumation, it was then revealed that Rizal
was not buried in a coffin but was wrapped
in cloth before being dumped in the grave;
his burial was not on sanctified ground
granted to the 'confessed' faithful. The
identity of the remains further confirmed
by both the black suit and the shoes, both
worn by Rizal on his execution, but
whatever was in his shoes had
disintegrated.

Following the exhumation, the remains

were brought to the Rizal household in
Binondo, where they were washed and
cleaned before being placed in an ivory urn
made by Romualdo Teodoro de los Reyes
de Jesus. The urn remained in the
household until December 28, 1912.

On December 29, the urn was transferred

from Binondo to the Marble Hall of the
Ayuntamiento de Manila, the municipal
building, in Intramuros where it remained
on public display from 9:00 a.m. to
5:00 p.m., guarded by the Caballeros de
Rizal. The public was given the chance to
see the urn. The next day, in a solemn
procession, the urn began its last journey
from the Ayuntamiento to its last resting
place in a spot in Bagumbayan (now
renamed as Luneta), where the Rizal
Monument would be built.[26] Witnessed by
his family, Rizal was finally buried in fitting
rites. In a simultaneous ceremony, the
corner stone for the Rizal monument was
placed and the Rizal Monument
Commission was created, headed by
Tomas G. Del Rosario.

A year later, on December 30, 1913, the

monument, designed and made by Swiss
sculptor Richard Kissling, was inaugurated.

Works and writings

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the lingua

franca of the Spanish East Indies, though
some of his letters (for example Sa Mga
Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in
Tagalog. His works have since been
translated into a number of languages
including Tagalog and English.

Novels and essays

"El amor patrio", 1882 essay[64]

"Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo",
1884 speech given at Restaurante
Ingles, Madrid
Noli Me Tángere, 1887 novel (literally
Latin for 'touch me not', from John
20:17)[65]
Alin Mang Lahi ("Whate'er the Race"), a
Kundiman attributed to Dr. José Rizal[66]
"Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga-Malolos"
(To the Young Women of Malolos), 1889
letter[67]
Annotations to Antonio de Morga's
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas, 1889[68]
"Filipinas dentro de cien años" (The
Philippines a Century Hence), 1889–90
essay
"Sobre la indolencia de los filipinos" (The
Indolence of Filipinos), 1890 essay[69]
"Como se gobiernan las Filipinas"
(Governing the Philippine islands), 1890
essay
El filibusterismo, 1891 novel; sequel to
Noli Me Tángere[70]
Una visita del Señor a Filipinas, also
known as Friars and Filipinos, 14-page
unfinished novel written in 1889[71]
Memorias de un Gallo, two-page
unfinished satire[71]
Makamisa, unfinished Tagalog-language
novel written in 1892[72]

The Triumph of
Science over
Death, by Rizal
Poetry

"Felicitación" (1874/75)
"El embarque"[73] (The Embarkation,
1875)
"Por la educación recibe lustre la patria"
(1876)
"Un recuerdo á mi pueblo" (1876)
"Al niño Jesús" (c. 1876)
"A la juventud filipina" (To the Philippine
Youth, 1879)
"¡Me piden versos!" (1882)
"Canto de María Clara" (from Noli Me
Tángere, 1887)
 "Himno al trabajo" (Dalit sa Paggawa,
1888)[74]
"Kundiman" (disputed, 1889) - also
attributed to Pedro Paterno
"A mi musa" (To My Muse, 1890)
"El canto del viajero" (1892–96)
"Mi retiro" (1895)
"Mi último adiós" (1896)
"Mi primera inspiracion" (disputed) - also
attributed to Antonio Lopez, Rizal's
nephew

Plays

El Consejo de los Dioses (The Council of

Gods)[75]
 Junto al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[76]: 381
San Euistaquio, Mártyr (Saint Eustache,
the Martyr)[77]

Other works

Rizal also tried his hand at painting and

sculpture. His most famous sculptural
work was The Triumph of Science over
Death, a clay sculpture of a naked young
woman with overflowing hair, standing on a
skull while bearing a torch held high. The
woman symbolized the ignorance of
humankind during the Dark Ages, while the
torch she bore symbolized the
enlightenment science brings over the
whole world. He sent the sculpture as a
gift to his dear friend Ferdinand
Blumentritt, together with another one
named The Triumph of Death over Life.

The woman is shown trampling the skull, a

symbol of death, to signify the victory the
humankind achieved by conquering the
bane of death through their scientific
advancements. The original sculpture is
now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum
at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A
large replica, made of concrete, stands in
front of Fernando Calderón Hall, the
building which houses the College of
Medicine of the University of the
Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in
Ermita, Manila.

Rizal is also noted to be a carver and

sculptor who made works from clay,
plaster-of-Paris, and baticuling wood, the
last being his preferred medium. While in
exile in Dapitan, he served as a mentor to
three Paete natives including José
Caancan, who in turn taught three
generations of carvers back in his
hometown.[78]

Rizal is known to have made 56 sculptural

works, but only 18 of these are known to
be still existing as of 2021.[78]
Reactions after death

An engraving of the execution of Filipino insurgents at

Bagumbayan (now Luneta)

Historical marker of José Rizal's

execution site

Retraction controversy

Several historians report that Rizal

retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a
document which stated: "I retract with all
my heart whatever in my words, writings,
publications and conduct have been
contrary to my character as a son of the
Catholic Church."[note 11] However, there are
doubts of its authenticity given that there
is no certificate of Rizal's Catholic
marriage to Josephine Bracken.[79] Also
there is an allegation that the retraction
document was a forgery.[80]

After analyzing six major documents of

Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the
retraction document, said to have been
discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's
handwriting. Senator Rafael Palma, a
former President of the University of the
Philippines and a prominent Mason,
argued that a retraction is not in keeping
with Rizal's character and mature
beliefs.[81] He called the retraction story a
"pious fraud."[82] Others who deny the
retraction are Frank Laubach,[23] a
Protestant minister; Austin Coates,[35] a
British writer; and Ricardo Manapat,
director of the National Archives.[83]

Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's

retraction are prominent Philippine
historians such as Nick Joaquin,[note 12]
Nicolas Zafra of UP[84] León María
Guerrero III,[note 13] Gregorio Zaide,[86]
Guillermo Gómez Rivera, Ambeth
Ocampo,[83] John N. Schumacher,[87]
Antonio M. Molina,[88] Paul Dumol[89] and
Austin Craig.[26] They take the retraction
document as authentic, having been
judged as such by a foremost expert on
the writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a
33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting
experts...known and recognized in our
courts of justice", H. Otley Beyer and José
I. Del Rosario, both of UP.[84]

Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses

when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a
Catholic prayer book, and recited Catholic
prayers, and the multitude who saw him
kiss the crucifix before his execution. A
great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano
Guzman, cites that Rizal's 4 confessions
were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10
qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12
historians and writers including Aglipayan
bishops, Masons and anti-clericals.[90] One
witness was the head of the Spanish
Supreme Court at the time of his notarized
declaration and was highly esteemed by
Rizal for his integrity.[91]

Because of what he sees as the strength

these direct evidence have in the light of
the historical method, in contrast with
merely circumstantial evidence, UP
professor emeritus of history Nicolas
Zafra called the retraction "a plain
unadorned fact of history."[84] Guzmán
attributes the denial of retraction to "the
blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of
some Masons.[90] To explain the retraction
Guzman said that the factors are the long
discussion and debate which appealed to
reason and logic that he had with Fr.
Balaguer, the visits of his mentors and
friends from the Ateneo, and the grace of
God due the numerous prayers of religious
communities.[90]

Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's

"moral courage...to recognize his
mistakes,"[86][note 14] his reversion to the
"true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"[91]
and a return to the "ideals of his fathers"
which "did not diminish his stature as a
great patriot; on the contrary, it increased
that stature to greatness."[94] On the other
hand, lawyer and senator José W. Diokno
stated at a human rights lecture, "Surely
whether Rizal died as a Catholic or an
apostate adds or detracts nothing from
his greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or
Mason, Rizal is still Rizal – the hero who
courted death 'to prove to those who deny
our patriotism that we know how to die for
our duty and our beliefs'."[95]
"Mi último adiós"

The poem is more aptly titled "Adiós,

Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved
Fatherland"), by virtue of logic and literary
tradition, the words coming from the first
line of the poem itself. It first appeared in
print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in
1897, when a copy of the poem and an
accompanying photograph came to J. P.
Braga who decided to publish it in a
monthly journal he edited. There was a
delay when Braga, who greatly admired
Rizal, wanted a good facsimile of the
photograph and sent it to be engraved in
London, a process taking well over two
months. It finally appeared under "Mi
último pensamiento," a title he supplied
and by which it was known for a few years.
Thus, the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous
account of the retraction and the marriage
to Josephine was published in Barcelona
before word of the poem's existence had
reached him and he could revise what he
had written. His account was too
elaborate for Rizal to have had time to
write "Adiós."

Six years after his death, when the

Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being
debated in the United States Congress,
Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin
rendered an English translation of Rizal's
valedictory poem capped by the
peroration, "Under what clime or what
skies has tyranny claimed a nobler
victim?"[96] Subsequently, the US Congress
passed the bill into law, which is now
known as the Philippine Organic Act of
1902.[97]

This was a major breakthrough for a U.S.

Congress that had yet to grant the equal
rights to African Americans guaranteed to
them in the U.S. Constitution and at a time
the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in
effect. It created the Philippine legislature,
appointed two Filipino delegates to the
U.S. Congress, extended the U.S. Bill of
Rights to Filipinos and laid the foundation
for an autonomous government. The
colony was on its way to independence.[97]
The United States passed the Jones Law
that made the legislature fully autonomous
until 1916 but did not recognize Philippine
independence until the Treaty of Manila in
1946—fifty years after Rizal's death. This
same poem, which has inspired
independence activists across the region
and beyond, was recited (in its Indonesian
translation by Rosihan Anwar) by
Indonesian soldiers of independence
before going into battle.[98]
Later life of Bracken

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed

as his wife on his last day,[99] promptly
joined the revolutionary forces in Cavite
province, making her way through thicket
and mud across enemy lines, and helped
reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in
Imus under the revolutionary General
Pantaleón García. Imus came under threat
of recapture that the operation was
moved, with Bracken, to Maragondon, the
mountain redoubt in Cavite.[100]

She witnessed the Tejeros Convention

prior to returning to Manila and was
summoned by the Governor-General, but
owing to her stepfather's American
citizenship she could not be forcibly
deported. She left voluntarily returning to
Hong Kong. She later married another
Filipino, Vicente Abad, a mestizo acting as
agent for the Tabacalera firm in the
Philippines. She died of tuberculosis in
Hong Kong on March 15, 1902, and was
buried at the Happy Valley Cemetery.[100]
She was immortalized by Rizal in the last
stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell,
sweet stranger, my friend, my joy...".
Polavieja and Blanco

Polavieja faced condemnation by his

countrymen after his return to Spain. While
visiting Girona, in Catalonia, circulars were
distributed among the crowd bearing
Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and the
charge that Polavieja was responsible for
the loss of the Philippines to Spain.[101]
Ramon Blanco later presented his sash
and sword to the Rizal family as an
apology.[102]
Criticism and controversies

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding

Rizal, and the tug of war between
freethinker and Catholic, have kept his
legacy controversial.

Rizal Shrine in Calamba, Laguna, the

ancestral house and birthplace of
José Rizal, is now a museum housing
Rizal memorabilia.

National hero status

The confusion over Rizal's real stance on

the Philippine Revolution leads to the
sometimes bitter question of his ranking
as the nation's premier hero.[103][104] But
then again, according to the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines
(NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza,
and Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo,
there is no Filipino historical figure,
including Rizal, that was officially declared
a national hero through law or executive
order,[105][106] although, there were laws
and proclamations honoring Filipino
heroes.
Made national hero by colonial Americans

Some suggest that Jose Rizal was made a

legislated national hero by the American
forces occupying the Philippines. In 1901,
the American Governor General William
Howard Taft suggested that the U.S.-
sponsored Philippine Commission name
Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. Jose
Rizal was an ideal candidate, favourable to
the American occupiers since he was
dead, and non-violent, a favourable quality
which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not
threaten the American rule or change the
status quo of the occupiers of the
Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate
independence for the Philippines either.[107]
Subsequently, the US-sponsored
commission passed Act No. 346 which set
the anniversary of Rizal's death as a “day
of observance.” [108]

Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a

"United States-sponsored hero" who was
promoted as the greatest Filipino hero
during the American colonial period of the
Philippines – after Aguinaldo lost the
Philippine–American War. The United
States promoted Rizal, who represented
peaceful political advocacy (in fact,
repudiation of violent means in general)
instead of more radical figures whose
ideas could inspire resistance against
American rule. Rizal was selected over
Andrés Bonifacio who was viewed "too
radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was
considered "unregenerate."[109]

Made national hero by Emilio Aguinaldo

On the other hand, numerous sources[110]

quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo,
and not the second Philippine
Commission, who first recognized
December 30 as "national day of
mourning" in memory of Rizal and other
victims of Spanish tyranny. As per them,
the first celebration of Rizal Day was held
in Manila on December 30, 1898, under the
sponsorship of the Club Filipino.[111]

The veracity of both claims seems to be

justified and hence difficult to ascertain.
However, most historians agree that a
majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal
during his lifetime,[112] as he was a
member of the richer elite classes (he was
born in an affluent family, had lived abroad
for nearly as long as he had lived in the
Philippines) and wrote primarily in an elite
language (at that time, Tagalog and
Cebuano were the languages of the
masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom
(the masses were more concerned about
day to day issues like earning money and
making a living, something which has not
changed much today).[113]

Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the

Philippine national hero, unlike those of
other countries, is not "the leader of its
liberation forces". He gives the opinion that
Andrés Bonifacio not replace Rizal as
national hero, as some have suggested,
but that be honored alongside him.[114]

Constantino's analysis has been criticised

for its polemicism and inaccuracies
regarding Rizal.[115] The historian Rafael
Palma, contends that the revolution of
Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the
writings of Rizal and that although the
Bonifacio's revolver produced an
immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal
generated a more lasting achievement.[116]

Critiques of books

Others present him as a man of

contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in
"Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet", said of him, “a
soul that dreads the revolution although
deep down desires it. He pivots between
fear and hope, between faith and
despair.” [117] His critics assert this
character flaw is translated into his two
novels where he opposes violence in Noli
Me Tángere and appears to advocate it in
Fili, contrasting Ibarra's idealism to
Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist
this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun
is struck down in the sequel's final
chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute
stance, Pure and spotless must the victim
be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable.[118]

Many thinkers tend to find the characters

of María Clara and Ibarra (Noli Me
Tángere) poor role models, María Clara
being too frail, and young Ibarra being too
accepting of circumstances, rather than
being courageous and bold.[119]
In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father
Florentino say: “...our liberty will (not) be
secured at the sword's point...we must
secure it by making ourselves worthy of it.
And when a people reaches that height
God will provide a weapon, the idols will be
shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house
of cards and liberty will shine out like the
first dawn.” [118] Rizal's attitude to the
Philippine Revolution is also debated, not
only based on his own writings, but also
due to the varying eyewitness accounts of
Pío Valenzuela, a doctor who in 1895 had
consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of
Bonifacio and the Katipunan.
Role in the Philippine Revolution

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine

Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered
to the Spanish authorities and testified in
military court that Rizal had strongly
condemned an armed struggle for
independence when Valenzuela asked for
his support. Rizal had even refused him
entry to his house. Bonifacio, in turn, had
openly denounced him as a coward for his
refusal.[note 15]

However, years later, Valenzuela testified

that Rizal had been favorable to an
uprising as long as the Filipinos were well-
prepared, and well-supplied with arms.
Rizal had suggested that the Katipunan get
wealthy and influential Filipino members of
society on their side, or at least ensure
they would stay neutral. Rizal had even
suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead
the revolutionary forces since he had
studied military science.[note 16] In the event
that the Katipunan was discovered
prematurely, they should fight rather than
allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela
said to historian Teodoro Agoncillo that he
had lied to the Spanish military authorities
about Rizal's true stance toward a
revolution in an attempt to exculpate
him.[120]
Before his execution, Rizal wrote a
proclamation denouncing the revolution.
But as noted by historian Floro Quibuyen,
his final poem Mi ultimo adios contains a
stanza which equates his coming
execution and the rebels then dying in
battle as fundamentally the same, as both
are dying for their country.[121]

Legacy and remembrance

Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi,

Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also
advocated liberty through peaceful means
rather than by violent revolution. Coinciding
with the appearance of those other
leaders, Rizal from an early age had been
enunciating in poems, tracts and plays,
ideas all his own of modern nationhood as
a practical possibility in Asia. In Noli Me
Tángere, he stated that if European
civilization had nothing better to offer,
colonialism in Asia was doomed.[note 17]

Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on

blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that
Gandhi or Nehru may have corresponded
with Rizal, nor have they mentioned him in
any of their memoirs or letters. But it was
documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin
Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal Nehru
and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned,
specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his
daughter Indira.[122][123]

As a political figure, José Rizal was the

founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic
organization that subsequently gave birth
to the Katipunan led by Andrés
Bonifacio,[note 18], a secret society which
would start the Philippine Revolution
against Spain that eventually laid the
foundation of the First Philippine Republic
under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a
proponent of achieving Philippine self-
government peacefully through
institutional reform rather than through
violent revolution, and would only support
"violent means" as a last resort.[125] Rizal
believed that the only justification for
national liberation and self-government
was the restoration of the dignity of the
people,[note 19] saying "Why independence,
if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of
tomorrow?"[126] However, through careful
examination of his works and statements,
including Mi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals
himself as a revolutionary. His image as
the Tagalog Christ also intensified early
reverence to him.

Rizal, through his reading of Morga and

other western historians, knew of the
genial image of Spain's early relations with
his people.[127] In his writings, he showed
the disparity between the early colonialists
and those of his day, with the latter's
injustices giving rise to Gomburza and the
Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English
biographer, Austin Coates, and writer,
Benedict Anderson, believe that Rizal gave
the Philippine revolution a genuinely
national character; and that Rizal's
patriotism and his standing as one of
Asia's first intellectuals have inspired
others of the importance of a national
identity to nation-building.[35][note 20]

The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP"

Verstraeten authored several books about
Jose Rizal: Rizal in Belgium and France,
Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like Rizal
(published by the National Historical
Institute and in teacher's programs all over
the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels
of Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of
Unselfishness". He received an award from
the president of the Philippines "in
recognition of his unwavering support and
commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and
his invaluable contribution to engender the
teachings and ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in
the Philippines and in Europe". One of the
greatest researchers about Rizal
nowadays is Lucien Spittael.

Rizal enjoys a contemporary following

from various groups collectively known as
the Rizalistas.[129] The Order of the Knights
of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization,
boasts of dozens of chapters all over the
globe.[130][131] There are some remote-area
religious sects who venerate Rizal as a
Folk saint collectively known as the
Rizalista religious movements, who claim
him as a sublimation of Christ.[132] In
September 1903, he was canonized as a
saint in the Philippine Independent Church,
however, it was revoked in the 1950s.[133]

Species named after Rizal

José Rizal was imprisoned at Fort

Santiago and soon after he was banished
at Dapitan where he plunged himself into
studying nature. He was then able to
collect a number of species of various
classes: insects, butterflies, amphibians,
reptiles, shells, snakes, and plants.
Rizal sent many specimens of animals,
insects, and plants for identification to the
(Anthropological and Ethnographical
Museum of Dresden[134]), Dresden
Museum of Ethnology. It was not in his
interest to receive any monetary payment;
all he wanted were scientific books,
magazines and surgical instruments which
he needed and used in Dapitan.

During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent

several specimens of flying dragons to
Europe. He believed that they were a new
species. The German zoologist Benno
Wandolleck named them Draco rizali after
Rizal. However, it has since been
discovered that the species had already
been described by the Belgian-British
zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1885
as Draco guentheri.[135]

There are three animal species that Rizal

personally collected specimens of and
that were posthumously named after him:

Draco rizali – a small lizard known as a

flying dragon
Apogonia rizali – a very rare kind of
beetle with five horns
Rhacophorus rizali – a peculiar frog
species, now synonymized with
Rhacophorus pardalis.[136]
There are also at least five other species
discovered afterward in the Philippines
that have been explicitly dedicated to the
memory of Rizal:

Aedes rizali – a mosquito[137]

Conus rizali – a sea snail[138]
Hogna rizali – a spider[139]
Kalayaan rizali – a mite[140]
Spathomeles rizali – a beetle[141]

Apart from these, entomologist Nathan

Banks applied the specific epithet rizali to
a number of insect species from the
Philippines (Chrysopa rizali, Ecnomus rizali,
Hemerobius rizali, Hydropsyche rizali, Java
rizali, Psocus rizali, etc.). Though he did not
explain why, it was probably intended as a
homage to Rizal as well.

Historical commemoration

Although his field of action lay in

politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the
arts and sciences, in literature and in his
profession as an ophthalmologist.
Shortly after his death, the
Anthropological Society of Berlin met to
honor him with a reading of a German
translation of his farewell poem and
Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[142]
The Rizal Monument now stands near
the place where he fell at the Luneta in
Bagumbayan, which is now called Rizal
Park, a national park in Manila. The
monument, which also contains his
remains, was designed by the Swiss
Richard Kissling of the William Tell
sculpture in Altdorf, Uri.[note 21] The
monument carries the inscription: "I want
to show to those who deprive people the
right to love of country, that when we
know how to sacrifice ourselves for our
duties and convictions, death does not
matter if one dies for those one loves –
for his country and for others dear to
him."[28]
The Taft Commission in June 1901
approved Act No. 137 creating the
Province of Rizal out of the old District
of Morong and Province of Manila.
Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is
evidenced by the countless towns,
streets, and numerous parks in the
Philippines named in his honor.[144]
Republic Act No. 1425, known as the
Rizal Law, was passed in 1956 by the
Philippine legislature requiring all high
schools and colleges to offer courses
about his life, works and writings.
Yearly on June 19, a special non-working
holiday in commemoration of his birth is
observed at his home province of
Laguna.[145]
Monuments erected in his honor can be
found in Madrid;[146] Cádiz, Spain;[147]
Tokyo;[148] Wilhelmsfeld, Germany;
Jinjiang, China; Chicago;[149] Jersey City,
New Jersey; Cherry Hill, New Jersey;[150]
Honolulu;[151] San Diego;[152] Los
Angeles, including the suburbs of Carson
and West Covina (both near the
headquarters of Seafood City); Mexico
City;[153] Lima, Peru;[154] Litoměřice,
Czech Republic;[155] Toronto;[156]
Markham;[157] and Montreal, Quebec,
Canada.[158]
Monuments sculpted in honor of Rizal
are also built at various town plazas or
city parks in various towns and cities in
the Philippines, usually found in the
poblacion.[159]
A two-sided marker bearing a painting of
Rizal by Fabián de la Rosa on one side
and a bronze bust relief of him by
Philippine artist Guillermo Tolentino
stands at the Asian Civilisations
Museum Green marking his visits to
Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891 and
1896.[160]
A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La
Molina District, Lima, Peru, designed by
Czech sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop
a pedestal base with four inaugural
plaque markers with the following
inscription on one: "Dr. José P. Rizal,
Héroe Nacional de Filipinas,
Nacionalista, Reformador Political,
Escritor, Lingüistica y Poeta, 1861–
1896."[161][162]
A Rizal bust sits in front of the Filipino
American Council of Chicago,
celebrating a one-day visit Rizal made to
Chicago on May 11, 1888, as seen
below.
A plaque marks the Wilhelmsfeld
building where he trained with Professor
Becker. There is a small park in
Wilhelmsfeld named after Rizal with a
bronze statue of Rizal, and the street
where he lived on was also renamed
after him. Wilhelmsfeld's local
government gifted the sandstone
fountain in Pastor Ullmer's house garden
where Rizal lived to the Philippine
government and is now located at Rizal
Park in Manila.[163]
In Heidelberg, a small stretch along the
Neckar River is named after Rizal. In
2014, a commemorative sandstone
plaque was placed there in Rizal's
honor.[164]
Throughout 2011, the National Historical
Institute and other institutions organized
several activities commemorating the
150th birth anniversary of Rizal, which
took place on June 19 of that year.
The London Borough of Camden placed
a Blue Plaque at 37 Chalcot Crescent,
where Rizal lived for some time, with the
words: "Dr. José Rizal, Writer and
National Hero of the Philippines".
A monument in honor of Rizal was
planned, and built in Rome.[165][166]
In the City of Philadelphia, the 'City of
Murals' first Filipino mural in the US east
coast honoring José Rizal was to
unveiled to the public in time for Rizal's
Sesquicentennial year-long
celebration.[167]
The Grand Oriental Hotel in Colombo, Sri
Lanka has a suite named after Jose P.
Rizal as he had stayed there in May
1882.[168]
The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-
class destroyer named after Rizal by the
United States Navy and launched on
September 21, 1918.
The José Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in
the city of Seattle are dedicated to
Rizal.[169]
On 19 June 2019, on Rizal's 158th
birthday, he was honored with a Google
Doodle.[170]
A bronze bust of Rizal by F.B. Case was
gifted to the City of Toronto by the
Government of the Philippines in 1998. It
is located at Earl Bales Park in the
neighborhood of Lansing.[156]
A monument by Mogi Mogado was
unveiled at Luneta Gardens (a similar
name as that of the park where Rizal is
buried—Luneta Park or now as Rizal
Park) in 2019 as a gift from the Filipino
Canadian community of Markham to the
City of Markham. It is located in the Box
Grove area of Markham, Ontario, near
Rizal Avenue, which is also named for
him.[171]
A Jose Rizal-class frigate of the
Philippine Navy was built by Hyundai
Heavy Industries. Two ships were
ordered in 2016. They are the first
guided missile frigate to enter service
with the Philippine Navy. The lead ship,
BRP Jose Rizal, arrived in the Philippines
on May 22, 2020.[172]
In the 9th arrondissement of Paris, Place
José Rizal is a small square named
after Rizal. In 2022 a bust of Rizal (by
sculptor Gérard Lartigue) was erected in
the square which is in the Rue de
Maubeuge, a street frequented by
Rizal.[173][174]
 Close-up Rizal Rizal on the
image of Monument, obverse side
Rizal's statue Manila of a 1970
at the Rizal Philippine
Monument in peso coin
Manila
The Rizal The Portrait The
Park at the of Rizal, USS Rizal
Bulacan painted in oil (DD-174)
State by Juan Luna launched in
University 1918
The statue of The National The Hong
Rizal at the Historical Kong
Rizal Park in Institute logo Government
Wilhelmsfeld, for the 150th erected a
Germany birth plaque
anniversary beside José
of José Rizal Rizal's
residence in
Hong Kong.
 BRP Jose
Rizal (FF-150)
during the
launching
ceremony
Rizal in popular culture

Adaptation of his works

The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary

works won two film industry awards more
than a century after his birth. In the 10th
Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and
Sciences Awards ceremony, Rizal was
honored in the Best Story category for
Gerardo de León's adaptation of his book
Noli Me Tángere. The recognition was
repeated the following year with his movie
version of El Filibusterismo, making him the
only person to win back-to-back FAMAS
Awards.[175]

Both novels were translated into opera by

the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de
León: Noli Me Tángere in 1957 and El
filibusterismo in 1970; and his 1939
overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired by
Rizal's tale of the same name.[176]

Ang Luha at Lualhati ni Jeronima is a film

inspired by the third chapter of Rizal's El
filibusterismo.[177]
Biographical films / TV series

Portrayed by Eddie del Mar in the 1956

film Ang Buhay at Pag-ibig ni Dr. Jose
Rizal
Portrayed by Albert Martinez in the 1997
film Rizal sa Dapitan
Portrayed by Dominic Guinto and Cesar
Montano in the 1998 biographical film
José Rizal
Portrayed by Eric Quizon in the ABS-CBN
educational series, Bayani
Portrayed by Joel Torre in the 1999
mockumentary film Bayaning 3rd World
Portrayed by Nasser in the 2013 TV
series Katipunan
Portrayed by Jhiz Deocareza and Alden
Richards in the 2014 TV series Ilustrado.
Portrayed by Jericho Rosales in the
2014 film Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo
Portrayed by Tony Labrusca in the 2019
iWant original series Ang Babae sa
Septic Tank 3: The Untold Story of
Josephine Bracken
Portrayed by Khalil Ramos in the 2023
film GomBurZa
Other

Rizal appeared in the 1999 video game

Medal of Honor as a secret character in
multiplayer, alongside other historical
figures such as William Shakespeare
and Winston Churchill. He can be
unlocked by completing the single-player
mode, or through cheat codes.[178][179]
The Tekken series introduced a
character by the name of Josie Rizal in
acknowledgment of José Rizal.[180]
Ancestry
 2. Francisco Rizal Mercado

1. José Rizal

6
 3. Teodora Alonso Realonda

See also

Bust of José Rizal, Houston, Texas

José Rizal University
José Rizal's Global Fellowship
Makamisa
 José Martí, Cuban national hero also
executed by the Spanish in 1895
Religious views of José Rizal
Rizal Shrine (Manila)
Rizal Shrine (Calamba)
Rizal Technological University
Rizal Without the Overcoat

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

1. When José was baptized, the record

showed his parents as Francisco Rizal
Mercado and Teodora Realonda."José
Rizal's Lineage" (https://web.archive.org/w
 eb/20090627103332/http://www.geocitie
s.com/mcc_joserizal/life_lineage1.html)
2. His novel Noli was one of the first novels in
Asia written outside Japan and China and
was one of the first novels of anti-colonial
rebellion. Read Benedict Anderson's
commentary: [1] (http://newleftreview.org/
A2510) .
3. He was conversant in Spanish, French,
Latin, Greek, German, Portuguese, Italian,
English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also
made translations from Arabic, Swedish,
Russian, Chinese, Greek, Hebrew and
Sanskrit. He translated the poetry of
Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition
he had at least some knowledge of Malay,
Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and
Subanun.
4. In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino", (La
Solidaridad, c. 1888), he wrote: "Man is
multiplied by the number of languages he
possesses and speaks."
5. Adolf Bernard Meyer (1840–1911) was a
German ornithologist and anthropologist,
and author of the book Philippinen-typen
(Dresden, 1888)
6. Ocampo rescued Rizal's third novel
Makamisa from oblivion.
7. Reinhold Rost was the head of the India
Office at the British Museum and a
renowned 19th-century philologist.
8. In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos"
(Manila, 1896), he states: Reforms, if they
are to bear fruit, must come from above;
for reforms that come from below are
upheavals both violent and transitory.
(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit)
 9. According to Laubach, Retana more than
any other supporter 'saved Rizal for
posterity'. (Laubach, op.cit., p. 383)
10. Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by
prominent Spaniards of his day. Soon after
his execution, the philosopher Miguel de
Unamuno in an impassioned utterance
recognized Rizal as a "Spaniard",
"...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far
more Spanish than those wretched men—
forgive them, Lord, for they knew not what
they did—those wretched men, who over
his still warm body hurled like an insult
heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva
España!'" Miguel de Unamuno, epilogue to
Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr.
José Rizal. (Retana, op. cit.)
11. Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en
mis palabras, escritos, impresos y
conducta ha habido contrario á mi cualidad
de hijo de la Iglesia Católica: Jesus
Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory: A
Documentary History of the Conversion of
Dr. José Rizal (Manila: 1983)
12. Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine
National Centennial Commission, 1996:""It
seems clear now that he did retract, that he
went to confession, heard mass, received
communion, and was married to Josephine,
on the eve of his death".
13. "That is a matter for handwriting experts,
and the weight of expert opinion is in favor
of authenticity. It is nonsense to say that
the retraction does not prove Rizal's
conversion; the language of the document
is unmistakable."[85]
14. The retraction, Javier de Pedro contends, is
the end of a process which started with a
personal crisis as Rizal finished the
Fili.[92][93]
15. Bonifacio later mobilized his men to
attempt to liberate Rizal while in Fort
Santiago. (Laubach, op.cit., chap. 15)
16. Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan, but
became a general under Emilio Aguinaldo's
First Republic and fought in the Philippine–
American War.
17. Also stated in Rizal's essay, "The
Philippines: A Century Hence", The
batteries are gradually becoming charged
and if the prudence of the government
does not provide an outlet for the currents
that are accumulating, someday the sparks
will be generated. (read etext at Project
Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebo
oks/14839) )
18. Bonifacio was a member of La Liga
Filipina. After Rizal's arrest and exile, it was
disbanded and the group splintered into
two factions; the more radical group
formed into the Katipunan, the militant arm
of the insurrection.[124]
19. Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de
las islas Filipinas (1609), which he copied
word for word from the British Museum
and had published, called attention to an
antiquated book, a testimony to the well-
advanced civilization in the Philippines
during pre-Spanish era. In his essay "The
Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that
three centuries of Spanish rule did not do
much for the advancement of his
countryman; in fact there was a
'retrogression', and the Spanish colonialists
have transformed him into a 'half-way
brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the
lack of material inducement, the
demoralization--'the indio should not be
separated from his carabao', the endless
 wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the
Chinese piracy—all these factors, according
to Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed
in placing the indio 'on a level with the
beast'. (Read English translation by Charles
Derbyshire at Project Gutenberg (https://w
ww.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6885) .)
20. According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the
best exemplars of nationalist thinking.[128]
(See also Nitroglycerine in the
Pomegranate (http://newleftreview.org/A2
510) , Benedict Anderson, New Left Review
27, May–June 2004 (subscription required))
21. Rizal himself translated Schiller's William
Tell into Tagalog in 1886.[143]

Citations
1. Valdez 2007, p. 57 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=ixcoCv2o2NoC&pg=PT66)
2. Valdez 2007, p. 59 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=ixcoCv2o2NoC&pg=PT68)
3. Valdez 2007, p. 7 (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=ixcoCv2o2NoC&pg=PT16)
4. Nery, John (2011). "Revolutionary Spirit:
Jose Rizal in Southeast Asia" (https://book
s.google.com/books?id=4P_ZR0thQ9cC&p
g=PA240) , p. 240. Institute of Southeast
Asian Studies, Singapore. ISBN 978-981-
4345-06-4.
5. Fadul 2008, p. 31.
6. Fadul 2008, p. 21.
7. Biography and Works of the Philippine Hero
(http://www.joserizal.com/) . Jose Rizal
(June 20, 2014). Retrieved on 2017-07-07.
8. Szczepanski, Kallie. "Biography of Jose
Rizal, National Hero of the Philippines" (http
s://www.thoughtco.com/jose-rizal-hero-of-t
he-philippines-195677) . ThoughtCo.
Retrieved October 31, 2019.
9. "Selection and Proclamation of National
Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino
Historical Figures" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160419232121/http://www.congre
ss.gov.ph/download/researches/rrb_0301_
1.pdf) (PDF). Reference and Research
Bureau Legislative Research Service, House
of Congress. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.congress.gov.ph/download/resear
ches/rrb_0301_1.pdf) (PDF) on April 19,
2016. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
10. Zaide, Gregorio F.; Zaide, Sonia M. (1999).
Jose Rizal: Life, Works and Writings of a
Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero
(https://web.archive.org/web/2013092308
0018/http://www.allnationspublishing.co
m/articles/6/1/Jose-Rizal-Life-Works-and-
Writings-of-a-Genius-Writer-Scientist-and-N
ational-Hero/Page1.html) . Quezon City:
All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 978-
971-642-070-8. Archived from the original
(http://www.allnationspublishing.com/articl
es/6/1/Jose-Rizal-Life-Works-and-Writings-
of-a-Genius-Writer-Scientist-and-National-H
ero/Page1.html) on September 23, 2013.
11. "Rizal y Alonso, José Protasio, 1861–1896"
(http://viaf.org/viaf/41845763/) . Virtual
International Authority File (VIAF).
Retrieved May 18, 2013.
12. "Jose Rizal [Rizal Family]" (http://www.joser
izal.ph/fm01.html) . joserizal.ph.
13. Kallie Szczepanski. "Jose Rizal Biography –
National Hero of the Philippines" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20140412004816/htt
p://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofas
ianleaders/p/joserizalbio.htm) . About.com
Education. Archived from the original (htt
p://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofas
ianleaders/p/joserizalbio.htm) on April 12,
2014. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
14. Grouped references:
Remarks on the occasion of the 114th
death anniversary of Jose Rizal, 30
December 2010, Berlin (http://www.phi
lippine-embassy.de/bln/index.php?opti
on=com_content&task=view&id=804&I
temid=357&lang=de) Archived (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2016082620
5620/http://www.philippine-embassy.d
e/bln/index.php?option=com_content&
task=view&id=804&Itemid=357&lang=
de) August 26, 2016, at the Wayback
Machine, Embassy of the Philippines in
Berlin
http://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay
2010c-3.shtml Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160827051331/htt
p://www.oovrag.com/essays/essay20
10c-3.shtml) August 27, 2016, at the
Wayback Machine
The Mercado - Rizal Family (http://ww
w.joserizal.ph/fm01.html) ,
joserizal.ph
Rizal's Family Tree and Ancestry (htt
p://allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com/uplo
ads/2/1/8/0/21807656/6084787.pn
g?794) , allaboutjoserizal.weebly.com
Genealogoy of Jose Rizal (https://xhell
ephyeom23.files.wordpress.com/201
3/06/rizal-genealogyxx.jpg) ,
xhellephyeom23.files.wordpress.com
 Family Tree (https://akosimendozaabb
y.files.wordpress.com/2013/06/family
-tree.png) ,
akosimendozaabby.files.wordpress.co
m
15. Austin Craig (January 8, 2005). The Project
Gutenberg EBook of Lineage, Life and
Labors of Jose Rizal: Philippine Patriot (htt
p://www.gutenberg.org/files/6867/6867-h/
6867-h.htm#d0e1535) . Retrieved July 1,
2016 – via www.gutenberg.org.
16. " "Lola Lolay of Bahay na Bato" |
OurHappySchool" (https://ourhappyschool.
com/history/lola-lolay-bahay-na-bato) .
ourhappyschool.com.
17. Purino, Anacoreta P. (2008). Rizal, The
Greatest Filipino Hero (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=svgKmQKNmv4C&pg=PA
156) . Rex Bookstore, Inc. p. 156.
ISBN 978-971-23-5128-0.
18. Rizal, José (1918). Rizal's Own Story of His
Life (https://books.google.com/books?id=L
YD8mxPyZ3QC&pg=PA11) . National Book
Company. p. 11.
19. Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El
Filibusterismo (http://escholarship.org/uc/i
tem/4j11p6c1) , University of Washington,
Dept. of History.
20. Valdez 2007, p. 77 (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=ixcoCv2o2NoC&pg=PT86)
21. Parco de Castro; M. E. G. (June 18, 2011).
"Jose Rizal: A birthday wish list" (http://ww
w.varsitarian.net/news/special_news/2011
0618/jose_rizal_a_birthday_wish_list) . The
Varsitarian. Retrieved June 27, 2011.
22. "Jose Rizal at University of Santo Tomas" (h
ttp://thelifeandworksofrizal.blogspot.com/
2016/06/rizal-at-university-of-santo-tomas-
1877.html) . Retrieved March 21, 2020.
23. Frank Laubach, Rizal: Man and Martyr
(Manila: Community Publishers, 1936).
24. Witmer, Christoper (June 2, 2001). "Noli Me
Tangere (Touch Me Not)" (http://archive.le
wrockwell.com/orig/witmer1.html) .
LewRockwell.com. Retrieved on September
29, 2012.
25. The Many-Sided Personality (http://www.jo
serizal.ph/ch01.html) . José Rizal
University. Retrieved January 10, 2007.
26. Austin Craig, Lineage, Life and Labors of
Rizal (https://archive.org/details/lineagelife
andl00craigoog) . Internet Archive.
Retrieved on January 10, 2007.
27. "Jose Rizal" (http://www.philippinemasonr
y.org/jose-rizal.html) . Philippine Center for
Masonic Studies. Retrieved June 22, 2020.
28. Kalaw, Teodoro."Epistolario Rizalino: 4
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General sources

Craig, Austin (1914). Lineage, Life and

Labors of Jose Rizal, Philippine Patriot (ht
tps://archive.org/details/lineagelifeandl0
0craigoog) . Yonker-on-Hudson World
Book Company.
Fadul, Jose (ed.) (2008). Google Books
(https://books.google.com/books?id=gBr
bcc-0Bo8C) . Morrisville, North Carolina:
Lulu Press. ISBN 978-1-4303-1142-3
Valdez, Maria Stella S. (2007). Doctor
Jose Rizal and the Writing of His Story (ht
tps://books.google.com/books?id=ixco
 Cv2o2NoC) . Rex Bookstore, Inc.
ISBN 978-971-23-4868-6.
"José Rizal > Quotes" (http://www.goodr
eads.com/author/quotes/186192.Jos_
Rizal) . goodreads. Retrieved March 26,
2015.

Further reading

Catchillar, Chryzelle P. (1994). The Twilight in

the Philippines
Fadul, Jose (2002/2008). A Workbook for a
Course in Rizal. Manila: De La Salle University
Press. ISBN 971-555-426-1 /C&E Publishing.
ISBN 978-971-584-648-6
Gripaldo, Rolando M. Rizal's Utopian Society
(1998, 2014) (https://www.academia.edu/841
1504/Rizals_Utopian_Society_1998_2014_?e
mail_work_card=title) , C& E Publishing, Inc.,
2009 (slightly revised, 2014)
Guerrero, Leon Ma. (2007). The First Filipino.
Manila: National Historical Institute of The
Philippines (1962); Guerrero Publishing.
ISBN 971-9341-82-3
Hessel, Eugene A. (1965). Rizal's Retraction: A
Note on the Debate. Silliman University
Joaquin, Nick (1977). A Question of Heroes:
Essays and criticisms on ten key figures of
Philippine History. Manila: Ayala Museum.
Jalosjos, Romeo G. (Compiler). The Dapitan
Correspondence of Dr.José Rizal and Dr.
Ferdinand Blumentritt. City government of
Dapitan: Philippines, 2007. ISBN 978-971-
9355-30-4.
Mapa, Christian Angelo A. (1993). The Poem
of the Famous Young Elder José Rizal
Medina, Elizabeth (1998). Rizal According to
Retana: Portrait of a Hero and a Revolution.
Santiago, Chile: Virtual Multimedia. ISBN 956-
7483-09-4
Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2008).Rizal Without the
Overcoat. Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
Ocampo, Ambeth R. (2001).Meaning and
history: The Rizal Lectures. Pasig: Anvil
Publishing.
Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1993). Calendar of
Rizaliana in the Vault of the National Library.
Pasig: Anvil Publishing.
Ocampo, Ambeth R. (1992). Makamisa: The
Search for Rizal's Third Novel. Pasig: Anvil
Publishing.
Quirino, Carlos (1997). The Great Malayan.
Makati City: Tahanan Books. ISBN 971-630-
085-9
Rizal, Jose. (1889)."Sa mga Kababayang
Dalaga ng Malolos" in Escritos Politicos y
Historicos de José Rizal (1961). Manila:
National Centennial Commission.
José Rizal (1997). Prophecies of Jose Rizal
about the Philippines: From the Pen of the
Visionary National Hero, Phenomenal
Revelations and Coded Messages about
Events Past, Present and Future: Destiny of the
Philippines ... (https://books.google.com/boo
ks?id=JTPg-u9vbMsC) Rex Bookstore, Inc.
ISBN 978-971-23-2240-2.
Runes, Ildefonso (1962). The Forgery of the
Rizal Retraction'. Manila: Community
Publishing Co.
Thomas, Megan C. Orientalists,
Propagandists, and "Ilustrados": Filipino
Scholarship and the End of Spanish
Colonialism (University of Minnesota Press;
2012) 277 pages; explores Orientalist and
racialist discourse in the writings of José
Rizal and five other ilustrados.
Tomas, Jindřich (1998). José Rizal, Ferdinand
Blumentritt and the Philippines in the New
Age. The City of Litomerice: Czech Republic.
Publishing House Oswald Praha (Prague).
Venzon, Jahleel Areli A. (1994). The Doorway
to hell, Rizal's Biography
Zaide, Gregorio F. (2003). José Rizal: Life,
Works and Writings of a Genius, Writer,
Scientist and National Hero. Manila: National
Bookstore. ISBN 971-08-0520-7
External links

Interesting Facts About José Rizal

Jose P. Rizal (http://go at Wikipedia's
sister projects
philippines.org/facts-a
bout-jose-rizal/) Media from
The Complete Jose Commons
Quotations
Rizal at Filipiniana.net from
(https://web.archive.or Wikiquote
Texts from
g/web/2009060418243 Wikisource
2/http://www.filipinian Data from
Wikidata
a.net/microsite/cjr/ind
ex.jsp)
Talambuhay ni Jose Rizal (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20150701080823/http://
talambuhay-joserizal.webs.com/)
The Life and Writings of Jose Rizal (htt
p://joserizal.info/)
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "José
Mercado Rizal" (https://en.wikisource.or
g/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/J
os%C3%A9_Mercado_Rizal) . Catholic
Encyclopedia. New York: Robert
Appleton Company.
Works by José Rizal (https://www.guten
berg.org/ebooks/author/2183) at
Project Gutenberg
Works by or about José Rizal (https://ar
chive.org/search.php?query=%28%28su
bject%3A%22Rizal%2C%20Jos%C3%A
9%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jos%C
3%A9%20Rizal%22%20OR%20creator%3
A%22Rizal%2C%20Jos%C3%A9%22%20
OR%20creator%3A%22Jos%C3%A9%20
Rizal%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Riza
l%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%
22Jos%C3%A9%20Rizal%22%20OR%20
description%3A%22Rizal%2C%20Jos%C
3%A9%22%20OR%20description%3A%2
2Jos%C3%A9%20Rizal%22%20OR%20%
28Jos%2A+Rizal%29%29%20OR%20%2
8%221861-1896%22%20AND%20Rizal%
29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:soft
ware%29) at Internet Archive
Works by José Rizal (https://openlibrary.
org/authors/OL3010376A) at Open
Library
Works by José Rizal (https://librivox.or
g/author/1666) at LibriVox (public
domain audiobooks)
Jose Rizal Website (http://www.joseriza
l.ph/)
Rizal's Little Odyssey (http://www.univie.
ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/rizal/har-
ody.htm)
Review of Dimasalang: The Masonic Life
of Dr. Jose P. Rizal (http://srjarchives.trip
od.com/1998-10/PEARSON.HTM)
Comparison between Jose Rizal and
Jose Marti (Spanish) (http://www.nodul
o.org/ec/2003/n012p06.htm)
Extensive annotated list of Rizaliana
materials on the Internet (http://philhist.
pbwiki.com/Rizaliana)
Chevaliers de Rizal (in French) at French
Wikipedia
Poems written by José Rizal (http://kapit
bisig.com/node/278)
Philippine Literature and José Rizal (htt
p://www.lgpolar.com/lanzamientos/inde
x/6) Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20090323232553/http://www.lgpol
ar.com/lanzamientos/index/6) March
23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine,
articles by José Tlatelpas (https://web.a
rchive.org/web/20090304100910/http://
knol.google.com/k/nahum-snchez/jos-tl
atelpas/305icgglmbd2v/4) , Edmundo
Farolán and others. Published in Spanish
by La Guirnalda Polar, webzine, Canada,
1997.
Songs written by José Rizal (http://kapit
bisig.com/node/528)
How the Spanish Government executed
Jose Rizal by firing squad as narrated by
a direct eyewitness to a journalist of
Sunday Times Magazine in 1949 (http
 s://www.philippines.ph/000001a/pic/jos
e+rizal.html)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=José_Rizal&oldid=1194449130"

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