cura LEARNING OBJECTIVES Dene Identify a geometric sequence Find the common difference, first term and nth term of | * Find the common ratio, first term and rath term of SO rae) Find the sum of an arithmetic series and be able to use * Find the sum of a geometric series (sigma) notation Find the sum to infinity of a convergent geometric series See ils The two key concepts in this chapter are sequences and series. In the English language these terms are interchangeable. In mathematics, however, the definition of a sequence and a series differ greatly, therefore itis important to know the difference. Assequence is a list of numbers: ay, aa, as, AA series is the expression you get when you insert ‘addition’ symbols: ay + ap + ay + Ina sequence the order in which the numbers are listed is important, for instance: 1,2,3.4,5, is one sequence, and 2,1,4,3,6,5,... isan entirely different sequence. A series is a sum of numbers. For example, 1434547494era SKILLS ADAPTIVE qs es) aa eases Consider these three common sequences. 2,5,8,11, 0,5, 10, 15, 5,2, -1, -4, ‘To get to the next term, you add a fixed value to the previous term. Hence the difference between the terms is fixed. Note that you can also subtract a common difference to obtain a sequence. ‘A sequence that increases or decreases by a constant amount each time is a called an arithmetic sequence. Here are some examples of arithmetic sequences 3,7, 11, 18, 19, . because you add 4 each time 2,7, 12, 17,22, . because you add 5 each time 17,14, 11,8, .. because you subtract 3 each time a,a+d,a+2d,a + 3d, ... because you add d each time ‘* Arecurrence relationship is a sequence where there is a relationship between two consecutive terms, + Arecurrence relationship of the form Ue. ‘sequence /, + 6, k > 1, €€ Ris called an arithmetic Find the a 10th, by nth and c S0th terms of the arithmetic sequence 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, a First term = 3 ‘The sequence goes up in fours, starting at 3. The first term is 8 +0 x 4 Second term = 3 +4 The second termis 3 +1 4 Third term =3 +444 ‘The third term is 3 + 2% 4 Fourthterm=3+4+4+4 The fourth term is 3 + 3x4 Therefore the 10th term is 3 + 9 x 4=3 + 36 = 39 b Thenth termis: 3+(n-1)X4=4n—- © TheS0thtermis3 + (60 ~ 1) x 4=3 + 196 nth term = first term + (n ~ 1) x difference 199 A tree that is 6 metres tall is planted in a garden. Ifit grows 1.5 metres a year ‘a how tall will it be after it has been in the garcien for 8 years? b after how many years wil it be 24 metres tall? a 6+8x15 It starts at 6 metres and it has 8 years’ growth at 1.5 metres a year 6+12 = 18 metresSa eeu ET en) b 24~6 = 18 metres Find out how much it has grown in total So number of years = 78 = 12 years. It grows 1.8 metres a year Find the number of terms in the arithmetic sequence 7, 11, 18, ... 143, The sequence goes up in fours. Work out how to get from one term to the next Work out the difference between the It goes from 7 to 143, a difference of 136. Rented ie Cae 196 _ 488 — 94 jumps There is one more term than the number of jumps, so 34 jumps means 35 terms. FEED + > wich ot tno soguoncos ar arth? ED a 9,11,12,14 b 8,10, 12,1416 texan @ 16,8,4,2,1 © 7,10,13,16,19 ft 25,4,55,7 Poosisne souvng 8 h 2y,4y,6y,8y 1 4 +d,6 42d, 8+ 3d, 10+ 9d 2 > Find the 10th term in this arithmetic progression. a 3,5,7,9 b 7,75,8,85 © 69,73,77,81 dx, 2x, 3x, 4x e 44+4,6+20,8 +30 3. > Nadine puts $4000 into her account. Every month after that, she pays in another $200. How much money in total will she have Invested at the start of a the 10th month? b the nth month? Note: At the start of the 6th month she will have only made 5 payments. 4 > Calculate the number of terms in these arithmetic sequences a 5,9,13, .. 193 b14,14,17,..59 © 196, 125,114, 671, 663.5, 656,..581 © y,3y,5y,..35y fF m,m+p,m+ 2p,era PROBLEN sowing DEE asa Sm) ARITHMETIC SERIES CMa) ‘Arithmetic series are formed by adding together terms of an arthmetic sequence, 1 +t + tty. F ty Inan arithmetic series, the next term is found by adding (or subtracting) a constant number. This number's called the common difference and is often represented by d. The first term is often represented by a. Allarithmetic series can be written in the form: a@ + @+d) + @+2d) + (a+3d) + (@+4d) +. First term Second term —Thirdterm Fourth term Fifth term Look at the relationship between the number of the term and coefficient of d. You should be able to see that the coefficient of «is one less than the number of the term. You can use this fact to produce a formula for the nth term of an arithmetic series: ‘The nth term of an arithmetic series u, = a + (n ~ 1)d, where a is the first term and dis the common difference. Please note that this formula is not given in the exam. Find i the 20th and ii the 50th terms of these series. a 4+7+10+13+.. b 100+93+86+79+... a a=4andd=3 d=7-4 120th term Use the formula u, = a + (n ~ 1)dwith n = 20 44+ Q0-)xs =4+19%3 =61 ii 50th term Use the formula u, = a + (n ~ t)d with n = 50 4+ (60-1x3 =4449%3 = 151 Us, b a= 100andd = 1 20th term Upp = 100 + (20 ~ 1)x (7) 100 + 19 x (-7) -33 0th term }00 + (60 ~ 1) x (-7) = 100 + 49 x (-7) = 243 d= 93 -100=a Usd rar) For the athe sates 5 +9 18-417 +21 +. + 806: a: Find the numberof temsinihe series. b Which tem fhe series wou be 1289 a Theseriesis5 +9+18+17+21+... + 805 With a= Sand d=4 805 =5 + (n—1)x4 805 =5 +4n—4 The nth term 1, = a + (n — 1d, 80 replace 1, with 805 and solve for n 805 = 4n +1 804 = 4n n=201 ‘There are 201 terms in this series. The nth term w, = a + (n ~ 1)d, 80 replace a 128) Si Was tu, with 129 and solve for 120 =4n +4 128 = 4n n=32 ‘The 32nd term is 129. Giver that he Sc om of an athete sre i 20 andthe 7th emis 12 2 id th ett © find he 20m tr Note: These are very popular questions and involve setting up and solving simultaneous. equations. a 3rd term is 20s0.a + 2d=20 (1) 7th term is 12s0a+6d=12 (2) ‘Subtracting (1) from (2): 4d = -8 d=-2 ‘The common difference is —2. a+2% (-2)=20 ‘Substitute d = ~2 back into equation (1) 20 24 The first term is 24, Use that the nth term is u, with n= 3 andn = 7 +m Nd, b The 20th term is: gy = a+ 19d = 24 +19 x (-2) = 24-38 =-14 ‘The 20th term is —14.era EEGEED = > Frith 2th erm and ithe nth term of these attic series a 4474104134. b 17+20+23+ 26+ © 102 +98 +94 + 90+ d 16+ 10+44(-2)+ ee f g+3q+Sq+7q+... 515° 15 15 9 Sk+k + (-3k) + (7h) + 2. > Find the number of terms in these arithmetic series. a 6+8+11 +... +62 b -14 4 (-8) + (-2)+... + 700 © 12041174116 +... + 24 a oe4Se+9r+ + 201% © 0.25 + 1.75 + 3.25 +... + 39.25 f 2100 + 2089.5 + 2079 +... + 1669.5 3» The 1st term of an arithmetic series is 6 and the 4th term is 18, Find the common difference. 4 > The 3rd term of an arithmetic series is 12 and the 10th term is 93. ‘a Find the first term and the commen difference. b Find the term in which the series tums negative. 5 > The 20th term of an arithmetic series is 18.82 and the 35th term is 18.52. Find the 6th term 6 > The first three terms of an arithmetic series are Sp, 20 and Sp. Find the value of p and hence the values of the three terms. 7 > For which values of n would the expressions ~8, n® and 17n form the first three terms of an arithmetic series? GS a aL sia Aa SLY ‘The method of finding the sum of an arithmetic series is attributed to the famous mathematician Gauss. He is said to have solved the problem at junior school. ‘The formula he proved for the sum of the arithmetic series is EDIE) The formuta for the sum of an arithmetic series is is lea + (n— tha) or Ma+L) where a is the first term, d is the commen difference, 1 is the number of terms and L is the last term in the series. Find the sum of the first 100 odd numbers. 14345474. Use, = Flea + (n — 1)d] = Pex 1 + 100-13] = 502 + 198) = 50 x 200 = 10000a Usd rar) Alternatively, find Z and use S, = "(a +L) Note: This is a very useful formula that is worth remembering. L=a+(n—td 1+99%2 = 199 per 1241 199 = 10000 [EDIE cre the minimum numberof tems rec forte sam 4 +9-+ 14 #19 +t xooed 2000, 4494144194... > 2000 ‘Always establish what you are given in a question. ‘As you are adding on positive terms, itis easier to solve the equality 8, = 2000 Using S, = 5lea + (a ~ 1) You know a = 4, d = § and S,, = 2000, you need to find n 2000 = Max +n ~ 19%) 4000 = n[2 x 4 + (n ~ 195] 4000 = n(8 + Sn — 5) 4000 = n(n + 3) 4000 = 6n? + 3n ‘n2 + 8n ~ 4000 = 0 Solve using the quadratic formula ‘Accept positive answer Raber stars his ee on a salary of 15000, Mos promod a sary increase of 1000 each Year a heen of evry yaar unl he esehes is acm slay of £25000, Fn ns tal earnings (since appointed) after a Byears b 14 years. a Total earnings = £15000 + £16000 + ... For 8 years @ = 15000, d = 1000 and n = 8 Write down what you know Se= $2000 +7 x 1000] Use S, = Biaa + (a — 1d] So = £14800era Reese U TES b Total earnings = £15000 + £16000 + ... + 25000 + 25000 + 25000 + 25000 ‘This time there are 10 years of increases, taking him to ‘the end of his 11th year, and 3 years of the same salary a= 15000,d=1000andn=11 For the first 11 years Sy= $120 000 + 10 x 1000) Use S, = ea +(n- 1d] S, = £220000 After that 3 years at £26000 so add another £75 000 Total earnings = £220000 + £75000 = £295 000, Show that the sum of the fist natural numbers fs Jn ~ 1). d= 1,n=n_ Inthe sequence of natural numbers, the first terms 1, the difference between terms is 1 and the number of terms in the sequence is Use S, = Bi2a + (n — 1)d] This is an arithmetic series with a = ex1+m-1x1 You can use ¥ to mean ‘the sum of. For example: ‘¥.2n means the sum of 2n fromn = 1ton = 10 2n=24+ 446484104124 14+ 16+ 18420 Be, +p + Us + Ug + Us + Ug + Uy + Us + Uy + Up 302 + 31) means the sum of 2 + 9rfromr = Oto r= 10 re 2245484..492 $10 — 21) means the sum of 10 ~ 2r from r= 5tor = 18 PS a+ (-2) + (-4) +1 + (-20) Calculate Yar + 1 Saret SST SIA SS STS =549+134..+81 This is an arithmetic series 8,d=4andn= 20 Sia Be x5 + 20-1) x4] Use s, = Bi2a + (a ~ thd] = 10 x (10 + 19 x 4) 10 x 86 860Ease UES en) FEED = > Firth sum ofthese series. a 447410413 + (20 terms) b 9454749... (80 tems) eee © 180 +145 + 140+ 195 +... (10terms) eb —18 + (12.5) + (-10) + .., (50 terms) PROBLEM eo (r++ Qr+ 1+ @r4t)+...+@tx4 11) sume 2 > Find how many terms of these series are needed to make the given sum? a 6+ 16 +26+...,sum = 12550 b 7411418 +19+...,sum= 900 © 20 + (-17) + (-14) + (-8) + ..., sum = 848 d 29424419414 +...,sum = -247491 3 > Find the sum of the first 30 odd numbers. 4 > Alistarts works on an annual salary of $20000. His contract will give him an increase of $120 every 6 months. If he keeps working for 15 years, how much will Ali earn? 5 > Find the sum of the natural numbers up to 200. © > Kumar eams €35000 a year. He gets an increase of €123 every year on his salary. He works for 20 years and then retires. His pension entitles him to 5% of his overall salary as a monthly allowance. What is his monthly pension allowance? 7 > Find the sum of the even numbers from 26 to 126. 8 Alogger is training for a Skm run. She starts training with 200m and increases SN her run by 50m a day. How many days does it take her to reach km? 9 > Show that the sum of the first 2n natural numbers is n(2n + 1) 40> The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°, a quadrilateral 360° and a pentagon 540° ‘Assuming the pattern continues, find the sum of the interior angles of a dodecagon (12-sided shape). 41> Rewrite these series using sigma E notation a 3+5+74..421 b 9417+ 254234... +97 © 364+92428+..+0 The multiples of 4 less than 75 12> Prove that the formula of an arithmetic series is: 5, = Za + 1) 13> Calculate erat a Sar-0 b Sar 0 © Y@-6n a Disr +13) ‘You will need to . solve a quadratic 414 For what value of n does $°(2r + 3) exceed 100? inequality. “ 45> Forwhat va ofnis $100 ~ 69 <0?era EASOUNG qs es) IDENTIFY A GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE Consider the sequence 3,9, 27,81 ‘The pattern here is that each term is multiplied by 3. Consider another sequence 3, ~6, 12, ~24.. ‘The pattern here is that each term is multiplied by —2. ‘Sequences like these are known as geometric sequences. ‘These sequences are called geometric sequences. 1,2, 4,8, 16, 100, 25, 6.25, 1.5625, 2, -6, 18, ~54, 162, .. To get from one term to the next you multiply by the same number each time. This number is called the common ratio, and often represented by r. ‘Common ratio , where w; and u, are the first two elements wy Find the common ratios in these geometric sequences. 10 a 2, 10, 50, 260, b 90, -30, 10, -2, a Common ratio = 12 b Common ratio = The common ratio can be negative and it can be a fraction 4 > Which of these are geometric sequences? For the ones that are, find the commen ratio. a 2, 10,50, 250... b 3,6, 18,34... © 211, 105.5, 62.75. 4 4,7,9,12... © HTT fF 99,99. g 120, ~80, 7.5, 1.875... hh 61,59, 57, 55... 2. > Find the next three terms of these geometric sequences. a 113, -339, 1017, b 20, 80, 320. 2 © FR 4 3, 15,75. © 1, -0.25, 0.0625... fo tae. 3 > If 4,pand 16 are the first three terms of geometric sequence, find a the exact value of p. b the exact value of the Sth term.GU TR Seems esate ts) You can define a geometric sequence using the first term @ and the common ratio r. a ar, ar, ar, ay ah term Second term —Thirdterm Fourth term —_nth term ‘Sometimes a geometric sequence is called a geometric progression. HINT Look at the relationship between the position of the term in the sequence and the index of the term. You should be able to see that the index of ris one less than its position in the sequence. So the nth term of a geometric sequence uy = ar". EESEEED inc ithe 10th term and ithe nth term in these geometric sequences, a 3,6, 12,24... b 40, ~20, 10, 5... a 3,6, 12, 24, ... i a=3,r=$=2endn=10 10th term = 3 x (2)% Use art 3x 512 = 1536 Ho a=3,r=2andn=n nth term = 3 (Q)"-1 Use ar" b 40, -20, 10, -5 1 a= 40,r=520- Land n = 10. 1th torm = 40 x (-2)" Use are! 5 6a w aox (2) =sxex(-1)" asx2exeaer x(t)" 1 = BX (AYE x 28 x QT Use law of indicos J = Bx (AYrt x 29 x Dm -m and (eye = xn = 5x (rt x zoey = 5x (-1yr1 xem ‘The second term of a geometric sequence is 4, and the 4th term is 8. The common ratio of the sequence is greater than 0. Find the exact values of a. the common ratio b the first term © the 10th term,era Reese U TES a 2nd term = 4, ar = 4 (1) 4th term = ar? = 8 2) using nth term= ar"~1 with n = 2 and 4 (2) + (1) gives: So the common ratio is 2 b Substitute the common ratio back into (1) to find: a2 4 a-5 To rationalise , multiply top and bottom by = 42 2 =212 So the frst term is 2/2 © The 10th termis: ar? =2\2 x 2° ‘Substitute the values of a and r back into ar"' with n = 10 = 2x (2) Use (i2)"" = 2)" = 2310 = 28 = 2x28 =28 =64 ‘The numbers 3, ands + 6 frm the fest hee tems ofa postive geomete sequence Find ‘a the possible values of x the 10th term ofthe sequence. a The sequence is a geometric sequence only if z-258 Cross multiply = 9 +6) P= 3rt18 x? -3r-18=0 Factorise (x — 6x + 3)=0 ‘The solutions are x = |, = —3, but this is a positive sequence so the only answer is x = 6. bb The 1othtemmis ar. Here a= 3andr = 2 =8 2 Use the formula for the ar? = 3x 29 = 3x $12 = 1536re Eins FEED «> rr test, rh and stn tom ott sequence om a 3,612... b 160, 80, 40. © 2,(-6), 18. a 0,02), Prosi 2 > Find the common ratio and the first term in the geometric sequence where: a The 2nd term Is 6 and the 4th term is 24. b The 3rd term is 60 and the 6th term is ~ 480. © The 3rd term is ~7.5 and the 6th term is 0.9375. The ath term is 4 and the 7th term is 32. 3. > The nth term of a geomettic sequence is 315°") Find the first term. Find the 5th term. 4 > Given that the first term of a geometric sequence is 8 and the third term is 2, find the possible values of for the 6th term, Q5 HINT 5 The expressions p — 6, 2p and p? form the first three terms of a geometric sequence. Calculate different Find the possible values of the first term. expressions for the common ratio. ‘Then form and a ae ae a) ‘solve an equation inp. The general nule for the sum of a geometric series is: s,= Dos, =r) roa 1-5 Note: You will not be asked to prove these formulae. Find the sum of these series. a 246418 +54 +... (for 10 terms) b 1024 — 512 +256 - 128+. 41 a Tho series is2 +6 + 18 + 54 +. for 10 terms) wre Sa ane soa =2,r=8=3,n=10 26-1) S081= “J = $9048 b The series is 1024 - 512 + 256 - 128+... +1 Soa = 1024, r= ~ 512-1. and nth termis 1 Solve ar"! = 4 to find n 0: s024 x (“f= 1024 = 2)" 1024 is positive so (~2)*- must be positive, and equal to 2"- at = 1024 (a — )Ig2 = Ig 1024) Ig (024) (9) n=" Ifyou noticed that 1024 = 2° you could have solved this without using logarithmsera een qs es) An investor invests £2000 on January 1st each year in a savings account that guarantees him 4% per annum for life. f interest is calculated on the 31st of December each year, how much will be in the account at the end of the 10th year? End of year 1, amount = 2000 x 1.04 Start of year 2, amount = 2000 x 1.04 + 2000 End of year 2, amount = (2000 x 1.04 + 2000) x 1.04 = 2000 x 1.04? + 2000 x 1.04 Start of year 3, ‘amount = (2000 x 1.04 + 2000 x 1.04 + 2000) x 1.04 = 2000 x 1.043 + 2000 x 1.04? + 2000 x 1.04 Look at the values for the end of year 3 and extend this for 10 years ‘amount = 2000 * 1.04"° + 2000 1.049 + .. So by end of year 10, = 2000 x (1.0410 + 1,049 + 1.04 x (1.041° 4.04 = 1 = 2000 ) 1.04, n = 10inS = 2000 x 12.486... = £24972.70 Arate of 4% means x 1,04 Every new year he invests £2000 [At the end of every year the total amount in the account is multiplied by 1.04 + 2000 x 1,04 This is a geometric series. Substitute a = 1.04, ax (r-1) Find the least value of n such that the sum of 1 +2 +4 + 8 +... tom terms would exceed 2000000. ann4 ‘Sum to nterms is S, = 1% 2-1 If this is to exceed 2000000 then: 2"— 1 > 2000000 2" > 2000001 ‘mIg@) > Ig2000001) __ 'g(2000001) ~~ 18) n> 209 It needs 21 terms to exceed 2000000 ‘Substitute a = 1, r= 2 into S, Use laws of logarith (a") = niga Round up to the nearest integerSa eeu ET rar) ‘Alternative method: 2" — 1 > 2.000 000 2 > 2.000 001 HINT ‘nlog,2 > loge2 000 001 loo2=1 n> log;2 000 001 n>209 Itneeds 21 terms to exceed 2 000 000 ED Fexay Sw= Bex2y ‘The quantity in parentheses is a geometric BRENT BR BELG R BY BHD series with a = 2,r = 2,n = 10 3! +28 +28 +21 a3 x2 eee SoS, = 8138 PEGIED > Firat sum ofthese geometric series: a 149+9427-+...(7 terms) b 50+ (-25) + 12.5 + (-6.26) +... (10 terms) © 4412496 +... (15 terms) 920 + 80 + 2045 +... (terms) e ys f yexen Meo/ 4 oe 8 yex (ste) h dacr 2 > Legend has it that the inventor of chess was asked to name his reward for the invention by the ruling king of the time. He asked for 1 grain of rice on the first square of the chess board, 2 grains of rice of the second square, 4 grains of rice on the third square and so on until all the 64 squares were covered in rice. How many grains of rice could the inventor claim? 3m Asavings scheme is offering a rate of interest of 3.5% per annum for the lifetime of the plan. Ji Won wants to save up to $20000. She works out that she can afford to save $500 every year. How many years wil it be until she has saved up $200007 4 > The rate of tax in India operates on a flat rate system. If you earn more than 60000 rupees then you pay a flat rate of tax of 20%. If you ear less than 50000 rupees then you pay a fat tax rate of 15%. You earn 3750 rupees in the first month, and for each month after that your salary increases by 3% of the previous month's salary. How much tax would you pay that year? 5 > You are offered a job that lasts for 5 weeks and you can choose your salary. You have two options: a You get paid $100 a day for the first day, $200 for the second day, $300 for the third day and so on. Each day your salary increases by $100.era HINT You cs ‘an write ‘the sum to infinity’ ass. b You get paid 1 cent for the first day, 2 cents for the second day, 4 cents for the third day and so on. Each day you are paid double of what you were paid for the previous day. Which salary would you choose? 6 > Abishek is sponsored to cycle from Cape Town to Durban (1600 kilometres away) over a number of days. Abishek cycles 15km on day 1 and increases his distance by 15% each day. How long will it take him to complete the challenge? 7. > Find the lowest value of n for which the sum 346412 +... + mexceeds 1.5 million. 8 > The first and last terms of a geometric series are 2 and 2048 respectively. The sum of the serias is 2730. Find the number of terms and the common ratio. GE aR Ae al ea ela Consider the series $ = 3 + 1.5 + 0.75 + 0.375 + 0.1875 +. ‘No matter how many terms of the series you take, the sum never exceeds a certain number. This number is called the limit of the sum, oF more often, the sum to infinity. You can find out what this limit is. psa~Sante~ btn: I you replace n with certain values to find the sum you find that: when n = 3, 5, = 5.25 when n = 8, Ss = 5.8125 when n = 10, So = 5.9994 when n = 20, Szo = 5.999994 You can see that as n gets larger, S becomes closer and closer to 6. You say that this infinite series is convergent, and has a sum to infinity of 6. Convergent means that the series tends towards a specific value as more terms are added. Not all series converge. The reason that this one does is that the terms of the sequence are getting smaller. This happens because ~1 4 Itp> 1,8. TE sa Multiply top and bottom by “> ‘The sum to 4 terms of a geometric series is 18 and the sum to infinity is 16. Find the possible values of r. b Given that the terms are all positive, find the first term in the series. attr) Use the formula S,, tr with n = 4 7p @ Solve the two equations simultaneously 46lt =r) = 15 16 - 164 = 15 b Asal torms are positive, ris +5 Substitute r = 5 back into equation (2) to find a: ye 16 -)-a a=8 ‘The first term in the series is 8.a) Reese U TES EEEEED «> rate sumto inty, tents, of eae sees cRTCAL, a 140.4 40.01 + 0.001 + b 2464104144 © 04408+12+.. 1 = 2y + ay? By? + ‘The first three terms of a geometric series are 4+ 2 +1 a What is the common ratio of this series? b Find the sum to infinity The frst three terms of a geometric series are 100 + 90+ 81 ‘a Whats the common ratio ofthis series? bb Find the sum to infinity Find $3(0.5)" Find the sum to infinity of the geometric series having a second term of 9 and a fith 1 term of erm of 5 Avati chpped tom a height of 6 mets. Suppose thal bound of he height tom wie fal. rd he toate of rave bythe bal 7 > The lengths of the radii of circles form a geometric series. The radius of the first circle is Sse, Trac creas by 4 oft ang othe proves cr, Date the ta areacfalthe ccs inthe sees. Give yur nse n tems of A factory contributes £1 million into a small city. Itis estimated that 75% of that money is respent back into the community. Economists assume that the money is re-spent again and again at a rate of 75%. Find an approximation for the total money re-spent from this original £1 milion. ‘The sum to the three terms of a geometric series is 9 and its sum to infinity is 8. What can you deduce about the common ratio and why? Find the first term and common ratio,atid rie) [EID The third and fith terms of an arithmetic series are 67 and 121 a Find the first term. ic) bb Find the common difference. a © Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the series. C3) HEB Te first three terms of an arithmetic series are 1, (2q ~ 5) and 8.6 2. Find the value of g. i) bb Find the 16th tom of the series. ic EBB Cacuiate?, 6-1) Bm HEBD Te fith and twentieth terms of an arithmetic s ‘Find the first term and common difference. rT are 18 and 63. 1b Given that the sum of the n terms of the series is 270, find the value ofr. [ED The sixth and fitteenth terms of an arithmetic series are 277 and 214. a Find the common difference and first term. i) Find the possible values of n. [1 a Find the maximum value of S,, the sum of the first n terms of the series, (3 [EG A ceometric series has a common ratio of ~2 and the fist term of 8 2 Find the sum of the first ten terms of the series a 1b Show that the sum of the first eight positive terms ofthe series is 65 535. roy EDD Evaluate 5)? r? (3 [ED Tre second term of a geometric series Sis v2 ~ 2 and the thie term is 3 — v2 — 4 ‘2 Find the exact value of the common ratio and the first term of the seri. 6 b_ Find the sum to infinity of § and give a reason why the series is convergent. (4) IE Tre second term of a geometric series is 80 and the fifth term is 5.12 ‘a Show that the common ratio ofthe series is 0.4 Calculate: b The first term of the series. @ © The sum to infinity of the series, giving your answer as an exact fraction. ica) The difference between the sum to infinity of the series and the sum of the first 14 terms of the series, giving your answer in the form a x 10" where 15a = 10 and nis an integer.ear SOC TDD A ccometric series is a + ar + ar?+ a= 9 Prove that the sum of the first 1 terms of this series is given by S,, eter 1-r The first three terms of a geometric series are (p + 4), p and (2p — 16) respectively, where p is a positive constant, Show that p?- 7p ~ 60 = 0 b Hence show that p = 12 © Find the common ratio. Find the sum to infinity. iO) {3} iO) 38aT ren) I Allarithmetic series can be written in the form: a + (a+d) + @ 42d) + (+d) + +(at(e—ta) + First term Second term — Third term Fourth term nth term I The nth term of an arithmetic sequence is a + (n ~ 1)d, where a is the first term and dis the ‘common difference, The sum of an arithmetic series i Su ea + (n= AdjorS, = (a +L) where a is the first term, d is the common difference, n is the number of terms and Zs the last term in the sequence. You can use the symbol E to indicate ‘sum of’. ¥ is used to write a series in a quick and + 1050 concise way. For example, )(2r + 50) = 52 + 54 + 56 + ee eset at entre eee eet ce ete baer te ee ee ee eee eet ee eer eee ee eee _ a= 1) i