Situation 1 (Nov 2015)

a. According to NSCP, the slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for the intended use and shall be no steeper
than what slope?
Ans: 1:2
b. According to NSCP, fill slopes shall not be constructed on natural slopes steeper than what slope?
Ans: 1:2
c. What do you call the process of conversion of soil into a fluid-like mass during an earthquake or other seismic event?
Ans: Liquefaction
d. If the discharge at every section of the stream is the same, it is called _______.
Ans: Continuous Flow
e. If the flow rate at every cross-section does not change over time, the flow is ______.
Ans: Steady
f. What do you call the type of flow in which the fluid particles move along well-defined paths or stream lines and all the stream
lines are straight and parallel?
Ans: Laminar Flow
g. What type of flow occurs when the mean velocity of flow is the same or uniform at every cross-section?
Ans: Uniform Flow
h. The volume of fluid passing across a section per unit of time is _______.
Ans: Discharge
Situation 2 (Nov 2015)
A vessel containing water is accelerated upwards on a plane inclined 13 0 with the horizontal at 1.4 m/s 2. Determine the
inclination of the water surface with respect to the horizontal.
Solution:
ah
tanθ =
g ± av
ah = a cosø
= 1.4 cos130
ah = 1.3641 m/s2 θ
av = a sinø
= 1.4 sin130
= 0.3149 m/s2
For upward acceleration,
1.3641
tanθ = ; θ = 7.67310 Ans.
9.81+0.3149
Situation 3
What is the approximate height of a mountain if a barometer at its base reads 660 mm and at the same time another mercury
barometer at the top of the mountain reads 420 mm? Assume specific weight of air to be 12 N/m3.
Solution:

P1 + γh = P2
13.6(9810)(0.420) + 12h = 13.6(9810)(0.660)
h = 2,668.32 m Ans.
Situation 4
A square plate having one of its sides equal to 3.20 m is immersed in water in a vertical position such that the two edges of the
square would be horizontal. The center of pressure in the plate is 10 cm from the center of gravity.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the hydrostatic force acting on one side of the plate?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the distance of the upper surface of the plate from the water surface?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the distance of the center of pressure from the water surface?
Solution:

a)
γI sin θ
e=
F

[ ]
3
3.20 ( 3.20 )
9.81 sin 90
0.10 = 12
F
F = 857.2109 kN Ans.
b)
F = PcgA
857.2109 = 9.81(h)(3.20)2; h = 8.5333 m
8.5333 – 1.60 = 6.9333 m Ans.
c)
8.5333 + 0.10 = 8.6333 m Ans.
Situation 5 (Nov 2015)
Reservoirs A and B have elevations 280 m and 100 m respectively, and are connected by a pipe having a diameter of 300 mm
and a length of 450 m. A turbine is installed at a point in between reservoirs A and B. The discharge in the pipeline is 210 L/s.
Use f = 0.02.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the head loss in the pipe due to friction?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the head extracted by the turbine?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the power generated by the turbine in hp?
Solution:

a)
2
0.0826 fL Q
hL = 5
D
2
0.0826(0.02)( 450)(0.210)
=
(0.300)5
 hL = 13.4913 m Ans.
b)
BEE from A to B
P A V A2 P B V B2
zA + + – hL – ET = zB + +
γ 2g γ 2g
280 + 0 + 0 – 13.4913 – ET = 100 + 0 + 0
ET = 166.5087 m Ans.
c)
1 hp = 0.7457 kW
P = QγE
= 0.210(9.81)(166.5087) ÷ 0.7457
Power = 460.0035 hp Ans.
Situation 6 (Nov 2015)
Water flows in a rectangular channel 10 m wide and 1.2 m deep at a rate of 20.17 m 3/s. The roughness coefficient of the channel
is 0.013.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the slope of the channel?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the specific energy?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives boundary shear stress?
Solution:

a)
1 2/3 1/2
V= R S
n
Compute the velocity:
Q = AV
20.17 = 10(1.20)V; V = 1.6808 m/s
A
R=
P wetted
10(1.20)
=
10+2(1.20)
R = 0.9677 m
1
1.6808 = (0.9677)2/3S1/2
0.013
S = 0.000499 Ans.
b)
2
E=d+
v
2g
2
1.6808
= 1.20 +
2(9.91)
E = 1.3440 m Ans.
c)
 τ = γRS
= 9810(0.9677)(0.000499)
τ = 4.7371 Pa Ans.
Situation 7 (Nov 2015)
From the given data, shows a sieve analysis of soil samples A, B and C.
SOIL SAMPLE
Sieve No. Diameter (mm) A B C
PERCENT PASSING
4 4.760 100 90 100
8 2.380 97 64 100
10 2.000 92 54 98
20 0.840 87 34 92
40 0.420 53 22 84
60 0.250 42 17 79
100 0.149 26 9 70
200 0.074 17 4 63
Characteristics of – 40 Fraction
LL 35 47
PL 20 24

Classification of Highway Subgrade Materials

for Granular Materials (AASHTO)
General Classification Granular Materials
35% or less of total sample passing N0. 200
Group A-1 A-2
Classification A-1-a A-1-b A-3 A-2-4 A-2-5 A-2-6 A-2-7
Sieve Analysis
(percentage passing)
No.10 50 max
No. 40 30 max 50 max 51 min
No. 200 15 max 25 max 10 max 35 max 35 max 35 max 35 max
Characteristics of
fraction passing No.40
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 6 max NP 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual types of
significant constituent Stone fragments, gravel Fine Silty or clayey gravel and sand
materials and sand Sand
General subgrade Excellent to good
rating

Classification of Highway Subgrade Materials

for Silt-Clay Materials (AASHTO)
General Classification Silt-clay materials
(more than 35% of total sample passing No. 200)
A-7
Group Classification A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7-5a
A-7-6b
Sieve Analysis (percentage passing)
 No. 10
No. 40
N0. 200 36 min 36 min 36 min 36 min
Characteristics of fraction passing
No. 200
Liquid Limit 40 max 41 min 40 max 41 min
Plasticity Index 10 max 10 max 11 min 11 min
Usual type of significant constituent Silty soils Clayey soils
materials
General subgrade rating Fair to poor
a
For A-7-5, PI ≤ LL – 30
b
For A-7-6, PI ¿ LL – 30

a. What is the uniformity coefficient of soil sample B?

b. Classify what type of soil is sample A using AASHTO method.
c. Classify what type of soil is sample C using AASHTO method.
Solution:
a)
D60
Cu =
D10
MODE 3 4
x y
ln 17 ln 0.25
ln 9 ln 0.149
(ln 10) ^y = -1.8085
e^Ans = 0.1639 (Store to A) D10
MODE 3 4
x y
ln 64 ln 2.38
ln 54 ln 2
(ln 60) ^y = 0.8019
e^Ans = 2.2297 (Store to B) D60
Cu = B/A = 13.6036 Ans.
b)
F200 = 17 ¿ 35,
hence, the soil is under granular materials.
From the table, the soil is A-2-6. Use partial value of the group index.
GI = 0.01(F200 – 15)(PI – 10)
PI = LL – PL = = 35 – 20
PI = 15
GI = 0.01(17 – 15)(15 – 10)
GI = 0.1 say 0
The soil is A-2-6(0). Ans.
c)
F200 = 63 ¿ 35,
hence, the soil is under silt-clay materials.
From the table, the soil is A-7.
PI = LL – PL
= 47 – 24
PI = 23
LL – 30 = 47 – 30 = 17
 since PI ¿ LL - 30
therefore, the soil is A-7-6.
GI = (F200 – 35)[0.2 + 0.005(LL – 40)] +
0.01(F200 – 15)(PI – 10)
GI = (63 – 35)[0.2 + 0.005(47 – 40) +
0.01(63 – 15)(23 – 10)
= 12.82 say 13
The soil is A-7-6(13). Ans.
Situation 8 (Nov 2015)
The water flowing along a 6-m wide open channel has a minimum specific energy of 1.90 m. The roughness coefficient of the
channel is 0.012.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the critical depth?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the critical velocity?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the critical slope?

Solution:
a)
3
Emin = dc
2
3
1.90 = (dc)
2
dc = 1.2667 m Ans.
b)
2
Vc
Emin = dc +
2g
2
Vc
1.90 = 1.2667 +
2(9.81)
Vc = 3.5250 m/s Ans.
c)
1 2/3 1/2
Vc = R Sc
n
A 6 (1.2667)
R= = = 0.8906 m
P wetted 6+2(1.2667)
1
3.5250 = (0.8906)2/3Sc1/2
0.012
Sc = 0.002088 Ans.
Situation 9 (Nov 2015)
The free ground water level in a thick, very fine sand deposit is 1.50 m below the ground surface. The sand above the free
ground water level is saturated due to capillary action. The saturated unit weight of the sand deposit is 21.85 kN/m3.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the total stress at a level 5 m below the ground surface?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the pore water pressure?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the vertical effective stress?
Solution:

a)
PTA = 21.85(5)
PTA = 109.25 kPa Ans.
b)
PwA = 9.81(3.50)
PwA = 34.335 kPa Ans.
c)
PeA = PTA - PwA
= 109.25 – 34.335
PeA = 74.915 kPa Ans.
Situation 10 (Nov 2015)
A dense silt layer has the following properties: void ratio, e = 0.50, effective diameter, D 10 = 10µm, capillary constant, c = 0.20
cm2. Free ground water level is 8 m below the ground surface. Assume unit weight of soil solids, ϒs = 25.70 kN/m3.
a. Find the height of capillary rise.
b. Find the vertical effective stress at 5 m depth. Assume that the soil above the capillary zone is partially saturated at 50%.
c. Find the vertical effective stress at 10 m depth. Assume that the soil above the capillary zone is partially saturated at 50%.
Solution:

a)
h – height of capillary rise
2
c 0.20 ÷100
h= =
e D10 0.50(10 x 10−6)
h=4m Ans.
b)
25.70
Gs = = 2.6198
9.81
 (G s+ Se) ϒ w [ 2.6198+0.50 ( 0.50 ) ] (9.81)
γ= = = 18.7685 kN/m3
1+e 1+0.50
(G s+ e)ϒ w (2.6198+ 0.50)( 9.81)
γsat = = =20.4035 kN/m3
1+e 1+0.50
Pe = P T - Pw
Pe – vertical effective stress
PT – total stress
Pw – pore water pressure
PTA = 18.7685(4) + 20.4035(1) = 95.4775 kPa
PwA = -ϒwhS = -9.81(3)(1) = -29.43 kPa
PeA = 95.4775 – (-29.43)
PeA = 124.9075 kPa Ans.
c)
PTB = 18.7685(4) + 20.4035(6) = 197.495 kPa
PwB = 9.81(2) = 19.62 kPa
PeB = 197.495 – 19.62
PeB = 177.875 kPa Ans.
Situation 11 (Nov 2015)
A cohesionless soil is subjected to a triaxial test. The normal stress and the shear stress on the failure plane were determined to
be 450 kPa and 320 kPa respectively.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the angle of friction of the soil?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the angle of failure plane measured from the major principal plane?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the major principal stress?
Solution:

a)
320
tan∅ =
450
∅ = 35.41710 Ans.
b)
∅ 35.4171
θ = 45 + = 45 +
2 2
θ = 62.70860 Ans.
c)
320
cos 35.41710 = ; R = 392.6598 kPa
R
 a
tan 35.41710 = ; a = 227.5559 kPa
320
σ1 = 450 + a + R = 450 + 227.5559 + 392.6598
σ1 = 1070.2157 kPa Ans.
Situation 12
A 0.40-m square prestressed concrete pile is to be driven in a clayey soil as shown in the figure. The design capacity of the pile
is 320 kN, with a factor of safety of 2. The unconfined compression strength of clay is 120 kPa. Unit weight of clayey soil is 17
kN/m3.

a. What is the end bearing capacity of the pile if Nc = 9?

b. What is the skin friction expected to develop along the shaft of the pile?
c. What is the minimum length of the pile if the frictional constant α = 0.76?
Solution:
a)
Qb = cNcA
Qb – end-bearing capacity of pile
c – cohesion
Nc – bearing factor
A – cross-sectional area of pile
qu 120
c= = = 60 kPa
2 2
Qb = 60(9)(0.40)2
Qb = 86.40 kN Ans.
b)
Qb +Qf
Qdesign = where
FS
Qdesign – design capacity of pile
Qb – end-bearing capacity of pile
Qf – skin friction
86.40+Qf
320 =
2
Qf = 553.60 kN Ans.
c)
Qf = PLcα
P – perimeter of pile
L – length of pile
c – cohesion
α – frictional constant
553.60 = 4(0.40)(L)(60)(0.76)
 L = 7.5877 m Ans.
Situation 13 (Nov 2015)
An open cylindrical vessel 2.5 m in diameter and 8 m high is three-fourths full of water. The vessel is revolved about its own
vertical axis at a constant speed.
a. Calculate the angular velocity (in rpm) at the top rim of the vessel when the water starts to spill out.
b. Calculate the angular velocity (in rpm) at the top rim of the vessel when 8 m3 of water is spilled out.
c. What is the maximum pressure at the vessel for the second condition?
Solution:

a)
2 2
h=
ω r
2g
ω2 (1.25)2
4= ; ω = 7.0871 rad/s
2(9.81)
ω = 7.0871(30/π)
ω = 67.6768 rpm Ans.

b)
π
8= (2.50)2a; a = 1.6297 m
4
d = 2+ 1.6927 = 3.6927 m
h = 2d = 2(3.6927) = 7.2594 m
2 2
h=
ω r
2g
2 2
ω (1.25)
7.2594 = ; ω = 9.5475 rad/s
2(9.81)
 ω = 91.1719 rpm Ans.

c)
Pmax = γwh = 9.81(8)
Pmax = 78.48 kPa Ans.
Situation 14
A falling head permeability test was run on a soil sample 9.60 cm in diameter and 10 cm long. The head at the start of the test
was 90 cm. The coefficient of permeability of the soil was found to be 5 x 10-6 cm/s. The diameter of the stand pipe is 1 cm.
a. What is the rate of flow at the start of the test?
b. What is the potential drop during the first 30 minutes?
c. What is the rate of flow after 30 minutes?
Solution:

a)
Q = kiA
90 π
Q = (5 x 10-6)( )( )(9.60)2 cm3/s x 3600s/hr
10 4
Q = 11.7259 cm3/hr Ans.

b)
aL h1
k= ln ( )
At h2
π 90
5 x 10-6 = ¿ ¿ ln ( )
4 h2
h2 = 82.8362 cm
potential drop, ∆h = h1 – h2
∆h = 90 – 82.8362
∆h = 7.1638 cm Ans.
c)
82.8362 π
Q = (5 x 10-6)( ¿( )(9.60)2 x 3600
10 4
Q = 10.7926 cm3/hr Ans.
Situation 15
A retaining wall 6 m high is to support a horizontal backfill. The upper 3 m of backfill has a unit weight of 16 kN/m 3, angle of
friction is 300. Water table is located 3 m below the ground surface and the saturated unit weight of the soil below the water table
is 19 kN/m3 with an angle of friction of 360.
a. Compute the active force per unit length of the wall assuming that the wall can yield sufficiently to develop active state.
b. Compute the location of the resultant line of action from the bottom of the wall.
c. Compute the moment due to the resultant active force.
Solution:

a)
1−sin ∅
Ka =
1+sin ∅
1−sin 30 1
Ka1 = =
1+sin 30 3
1−sin 36
Ka2 = = 0.2596 (Store to M)
1+sin 36
Active earth pressure formula:
Ph = PvKa – 2c√ K a
Vertical effective stresses on soil
PA = 0
PB = 16(3) = 48 kPa
PC = 48 + (19 – 9.81)(3) = 75.57 kPa
Pore water pressure
PA = 0
PB = 0
PC = 9.81(3) = 29.43 kPa
MODE 3 2 (upper 3 m)
x y
0 0 Active pressure at point A
1
3 48( ) Active pressure at point B
3
A = 0 (Store to A)
B = 5.33 (Store to B)
MODE 3 2 (lower 3 m)
x y
3 48M Active pressure at point B
6 75.57M + 29.43 Active pressure at point C
A = -24.13 (Store to C)
B = 12.20 (Store to D)
MODE 1
3 6
F= ∫ ( A+ Bx¿)dx ¿ + ∫ (C+ Dx ¿)dx ¿
0 3
F = 116.2662 kN/m (Store to F) Ans.
b)
 3 6
Fy = ∫ (6−x)( A+ Bx ¿)dx ¿ + ∫ (6−x)(C + Dx¿)dx ¿
0 3
y = 1.7800 m Ans.
c)
M = Fy
M = 206.9585 kN-m Ans.
Situation 16
A soil sample is known to have a moisture content of 24.20%. The soil solids have a specific gravity of 2.65. To determine the
moist density of soil, a portion of it weighing 312 g is placed in a 400 cm 3 container, and 236 cm3 of water is required to fill the
container. Determine the following:
a. Porosity
b. Degree of Saturation
c. Bulk specific gravity of soil
Solution:
Given:
ω = 24.20% Vcontainer = 400 cm3
Gs = 2.65 Vwater = 236 cm3
msoil = 312 g
a)
(G s+ ω Gs )ρ w
ρ=
1+e

Vsoil = Vcontainer – Vwater = 400 – 236 = 164 cm3

mass 312
ρ= = = 1.9024 g/cc
volume 164
[2.65+0.242 ( 2.65 ) ](1)
1.9024 = ; e = 0.7301
1+ e
e 0.7301
porosity, n = =
1+ e 1+ 0.7301
n = 0.4220 Ans.

b)
Se = ωGs
S(0.7301) = 0.242(2.65)
S = 0.8784 = 87.84% Ans.
c)
ρ 1.9024
Gs-bulk = = = 1.9024 Ans.
ρw 1
Situation 17
A sample of soil was subjected to a series of triaxial tests. The results were as follows:

Test No. Cell pressure Deviator stress

(kPa) (kPa)
1 120 85
2 164 110
a. If a third test is made with a cell pressure of 183 kPa, what is the
expected value of the deviator stress?
b. What is the cohesion of the soil?
c. What is the angle of friction of the soil?
Solution:

a)
MODE 3 2
x y
120 120 + 85
164 164 + 110
183 ^y = 303.7955 (maximum principal stress, σ 1)
Deviator stress, ∆d = σ 1 - σ 3 = 303.7955 – 183
∆d = 120.7955 kPa Ans.
b)
Get A = 16.8182, B = 1.5682
A
cohesion = = 6.7151 kPa Ans.
2 √B
c)
1+sin ∅
B=
1−sin ∅
MODE 1
TYPE:
B(1 – X) = 1 + X; X = 0.2212
∅ = sin-1 X = 12.78180 Ans.
Situation 18 (Nov 2015)
A discharge of 540 L/s flows through a pipe having a diameter of 450 mm and a length of 150 m. Compute the following head
losses in the pipe:
a. Using Manning’ s equation with n = 0.012
b. Using Darcy Weisbach formula with f = 0.018
c. Using Hazen Williams formula with C = 110
Solution:
Given:
Q = 0.540 m3/s
D = 0.450 m
L = 150 m
a)
Manning’s Formula
2 2
10.29 n L Q
hL = 16 /3
D
 2 2
10.29 ( 0.012 ) (150)(0.540)
hL = 16/ 3
= 4.5834 m Ans.
(0.450)
b)
Darcy Weisbach Formula
2
0.0826 fL Q
hL = 5
D
2
0.0826(0.018)(150)(0.540)
hL = = 3.5243 m Ans.
(0.450)5
c)
Hazen Williams Formula
1.85
10.67 LQ
hL = 1.85 4.87
C D

1.85
10.67(150)(0.540)
hL = = 4.1828 m Ans.
(110)1.85 (0.450)4.87
Situation 19
A 600-mm diameter pipe carries water at a rate of 2 m/s. The pipe has a thickness of 20 mm and modulus of elasticity of 1.4 x
1011 Pa. Bulk modulus of elasticity of water is 2.2 x 109 Pa.
a. Determine the composite bulk modulus of elasticity of water.
b. Determine the celerity of the pressure wave.
c. Determine the rise in pressure due to instantaneous closure.
Solution:
Given:
Pipe diameter, d = 600 mm
Pipe thickness, t = 20 mm
Velocity, v = 2 m/s
Modulus of elasticity of pipe, E = 1.4 x 1011 Pa
Bulk modulus of water, EB = 2.2 x 109 Pa
a)
Composite bulk modulus of elasticity of water, EBcomp
EB
EBcomp = EB D
1+
Et
9
2.2 x 10
9
EBcomp = (2.2 x 10 )(600) = 1.4951 x 109 Pa Ans.
1+
(1.4 x 1011 )(20)
b)
Celerity, c

√ √
9
E Bcomp
c= = 1.4951 x 10
ρ 1000
c = 1,222.7428 m/s Ans.
c)
∆P = ρcv = 1000(1222.7428)(2) Pa
 ∆P = 2,445.4856 kPa Ans.

Situation 20
For the stressed soil element shown in the figure, determine the following:

a. Minor Principal Stress

b. Major Principal Stress
c. Shear Stress on plane AB
Solution:
a-b)
Assumptions on Normal Stresses:
Tension (+)
Compression (-)
-100 (Store to A)
-150 (Store to B)
25 (Store to C)
MODE 5 3
[1 –(A + B) AB – C2]
X = -89.6447
Y = -160.3553
σmin = 89.6447 kPa Ans.
σmax = 160.3553 kPa Ans.
c)

MODE 8 (Vector Mode)

Assume area of plane AB = 1, and get the resultant of forces
Vct A = [-25cos 350 – 150sin 350 100cos 350 + 25sin 350]
= [-106.5152… 96.2546...]
Vct B = [cos 350 sin 350]
τAB is the scalar projection of the resultant (Vct A) on plane AB (Vct B)
τAB = Vct A dot Vct B
τAB = 32.0428 kPa Ans.
Situation 21 (Nov 2015)
A discharge of 650 L/s flows through a pipe having a diameter of 300 mm and a length of 65 m. Compute the head loss in the
pipe using:
a. Manning’s equation with n = 0.013
b. Darcy Weisbach Formula with f = 0.012
c. Hazen Williams Formula with C = 100
Solution:
Given:
Q = 0.65 m3/s
D = 0.3 m
L = 65 m
a)
Manning’s Formula
2 2
10.29 n L Q
hL = 16 /3
D
2 2
10.29 ( 0.013 ) (65)(0.65)
hL = 16/ 3
= 29.3582 m Ans.
(0.300)
b)
Darcy Weisbach Formula
2
0.0826 fL Q
hL = 5
D
2
0.0826(0.012)(65)(0.650)
hL = = 11.2020 m Ans.
(0.300)5
c)
Hazen Williams Formula
1.85
10.67 LQ
hL = 1.85 4.87
C D
1.85
10.67(65)(0.650)
hL = = 21.9476 m Ans.
(100)1.85 (0.300) 4.87

Situation 22 (Nov 2015)

A barge 10 m wide by 30 m long by 5 m deep weighs 9810 kN. It is submerged in seawater (sg=1.03). Its center of gravity is 2.40
m above the bottom of the barge.
a. Determine the draft of the barge.
b. What is the initial metacentric height due to rolling?
c. What is the initial metacentric height due to pitching?
d. If the barge lists until one side is just at the point of submergence, what is the righting or overturning couple?
Solution:
a)
BF = Wobj
1.03(9.81)(10)(30)D = 9810
D = 3.2362 m Ans.
b)
θ = 00
2 2
MBo =
B (1 + tan θ )
12 D 2
2 2
10 tan 0 )
MBo = (1 + = 2.5750 m
12(3.2362) 2
3.2362
GBo = 2.40 – = 0.7819 m
2
Metacentric height, MG = MBo - GBo
MG = 2.5750 – 0.7819 = 1.7931 m Ans.
c)
θ = 00
2 2
MBo =
B (1 + tan θ )
12 D 2
2 2
30 tan 0 )
MBo = (1 + = 23.1753 m
12(3.2362) 2
3.2362
GBo = 2.40 – = 0.7819 m
2
Metacentric height, MG = MBo - GBo
MG = 23.1753 – 0.7819 = 22.3934 m Ans.
d)

5 – D = 1.7638 m
θ = tan-1(1.7638/5) = 19.43080
Moment = Wobj (x)
= 9810 (1.7931 sin 19.43080)
 Moment = 5,851.7358 kN m Ans.

Situation 23 (Nov 2015)

A semi-circular gate AB shown in the figure is hinged at B.

a. Determine the total pressure acting on the gate.

b. How far is the center of pressure from the water surface?
c. Determine the reaction at A.
Solution:
a)
Line Mode (SHIFT MODE 2)
F = γh A
√
Note: For circles, A = 2 Dx−x 2, 0, h, 0.01
F = 9.81∫ (6+ x )(2) √ 8 x−x , 0, 4, 0.01
2

F = 2,046.9977 kN (Store to F) Ans.

b)
∫ (6+ x )2 (2) √ 8 x−x 2, 0, 4, 0.01
F(ytop) = 9.81
ytop = 8.4370 m (Store to E) Ans.
c)
∑ MB=0
F(10 – ytop) = RA(4)
F(10 – E) = X(4)
X = 799.8837
RA = 799.8837 kN Ans.

Situation 24
A group of pile consisting of 9 piles, each 0.40 m in diameter, is arranged in a 3 x 3 matrix at a spacing of 1.20 m. The piles
penetrate a soft clay (c = 20 kPa, ∅ = 300, γ = 17 kN/m3) of thickness 8 m and are embedded 2 m in a stiff clay (c = 90 kPa, ∅ =
280, γ = 17.5 kN/m3). Use α = 1 for soft clay and α = 0.50 for stiff clay, Nc = 9.
a. Which of the following most nearly gives the capacity of the pile group based on individual action?
b. Which of the following most nearly gives the capacity of the pile group based on group action?
c. Which of the following most nearly gives the center to center spacing of the pile for an efficiency factor of 1?
Solution:
a)
For each pile,
π
Qb = cNcA = 90(9)( )(0.40)2 = 101.7876 kN
4
Qf = PLcα = π(0.40)[8(20)(1) + 2(90)(0.50)] = 314.1593 kN
Qa = Qb + Qf = 415.9469 kN
Qgroup = 9(415.9469) = 3,743.5221 kN Ans.
b)

Qb = 90(9)(2.80)2 = 6350.40 kN
Qf = 4(2.80)[8(20)(1) + 2(90)(0.50)] = 2800 kN
Qa = Qgroup = 6350.40 + 2800
Qgroup = 9,150.40 kN Ans.
c)
Qgroup ( group action)
Eff = ; if Eff = 1
Qgroup (individual action)
 Qgroup(group action) = Qgroup(individual action) = 3,743.5221 kN
Qb = 90(9)(2s + 0.40)2
Qf = 4(2s + 0.40)[8(20)(1) + 2(90)(0.50)]
= 1000(2s + 0.40)
90(9)(2s + 0.40)2 + 1000(2s + 0.40) = 3743.5221
s = 0.6097 m Ans.
Situation 25
An object having a specific gravity of 0.96 floats in a liquid having a specific gravity of 1.20.
a. What is the percentage of the volume below the liquid surface to the total volume of the body?
b. If the volume above the liquid surface is 0.036 m3, what is the weight of the object?
c. What is the load that will cause the object to be fully submerged?

Solution:
a)
BF = Wobj = γ(Volume)
1.20γw(A)(D) = 0.96γw(A)(H)
D = 0.80 H
80% Ans.
b)
The volume above the liquid surface is 20% of the total volume of the body.
0.20V = 0.036
V = 0.18 m3
Wobj = 0.96(9.81)(0.18) = 1.6952 kN Ans.

c)
P = 1.20(9.81)(0.036)
P = 0.4238 kN Ans.
Situation 26
Pipelines 1, 2 and 3 are connected in parallel. The three pipes carry a total discharge of 0.92 m 3/s. The properties of the pipes
are as follows:

Pipe Friction factor, f Length (m) Diameter (mm)

1 0.018 300 450
2 0.020 500 300
3 0.019 550 400
a. Determine the discharge of pipeline 1.
b. Determine the discharge of pipeline 2.
c. Determine the discharge of pipeline 3.
Solution:
Darcy Weisbach formula:
2
0.0826 fL Q
hL = 5
D

ENTER:
0.0826 XY
5
M
For pipe 1
CALC
X? 0.018
Y? 300
M? 0.45
RESULT: 24.17 (Store to A) h1 = AQ12
For pipe 2
CALC
X? 0.02
Y? 500
M? 0.3
RESULT: 339.82 (Store to B) h2 = BQ22
For pipe 3
CALC
X? 0.019
Y? 550
M? 0.4
RESULT: 84.29 (Store to C) h3 = CQ32
h1 = h2 = h3
AQ12 = BQ22 = CQ32
a)

Q2 =
√ A Q;Q = A Q
B
1 3
C
Q1 + Q2 + Q3 = Qtotal
1
√
 Q1(1 +
√ √
A + A ) = 0.92
B C
Q1 = 0.5105 m3/s (Store to X) Ans.
b

c)
Q2 =
√ A X = 0.1361 m3/s
B
Ans.

Q3 =
√ A X = 0.2734 m3/s
C
Ans.

Situation 27 (Nov 2015)

The following data shows the results of the liquid and plastic limit tests.
LIQUID LIMIT
Test Number 1 2 3 4
Number of Blows 39 23 20 13
Weight of wet soil + container 25.25 19.31 g 22.35 25.33 g
g g
Weight of dry soil + container 22.45 16.90 g 19.83 21.31 g
g g
Weight of container 15.75 11.36 g 14.14 12.48 g
g g
PLASTIC LIMIT
Test Number 1 2
Weight of wet soil + container 27.57 g 25.00 g
Weight of dry soil + container 25.87 g 23.35 g
Weight of container 18.52 g 16.34 g
NATURAL MOISTURE CONTENT
Test Number 1 2
Weight of wet soil + container 17.81 g 17.59 g
Weight of dry soil + container 15.12 g 14.98 g
Weight of container 8.12 g 8.12 g
a. What is the liquid limit of the soil?
b. What is the plasticity index of the soil?
c. What is the liquidity index of the soil?
Solution:
a)
The liquid limit of the soil is the moisture content corresponding to 25 blows (between test nos. 1 and 2)
w water
Moisture content, ω =
w soil
( w wet soil + wcontainer ) −( w dry soil + wcontainer )
=
( wdry soil + wcontainer ) −(wcontainer )
Create a formula for the moisture content.
F− X
x 100%
X −Y
For Test 1
CALC
F? 25.25
X? 22.45
Y? 15.75
RESULT: 41.7910 (Store to A)
For Test 2
CALC
F? 19.31
X? 16.90
Y? 11.36
RESULT: 43.5018 (Store to B)
MODE 3 2
x y
39 A
23 B

25 ^y = 43.2880% Ans.
b)
Type the formula again.
F− X
x 100%
X −Y
For Test 1
CALC
F? 27.57
X? 25.87
Y? 18.52
RESULT: 23.1293 (Store to A)

For Test 2
CALC
F? 25
X? 23.35
Y? 16.34
 RESULT: 23.5378 (Store to B)
The plastic limit is the average of the water contents of the two tests.
PL = 0.5(A + B)
PL = 23.3335%

PI = LL – PL = 43.2880 – 23.3335*
PI = 19.9545% Ans.
c)
Type the formula again.
F− X
x 100%
X −Y
For Test 1
CALC
F? 17.81
X? 15.12
Y? 8.12
RESULT: 38.4286 (Store to A)
For Test 2
CALC
F? 17.59
X? 14.98
Y? 8.12
RESULT: 38.0466 (Store to B)
ω = 0.5(A + B)
ω = 38.2376%
ω−PL 38.2376−23.3335
LI = =
PI 19.9545
LI = 0.7469 Ans.
Situation 28
Two spheres 1.20 m in diameter are connected by means of a short rope. One weighs 5 kN and the other weighs 12 kN. When
placed in water, compute the following:
a. Tension in the rope.
b. Depth of flotation of the 5 kN sphere.
c. Volume of the 5 kN sphere exposed above the water surface.
Solution:
 a)
∑ Fv = 0
T + BF1 – W = 0
4
T + 9.81( π)(0.6)3 – 12 = 0
3
T = 3.1241 kN Ans.
b) ∑ Fv = 0
BF2 – T – W = 0
9.81V2 – 3.1241 – 5 = 0
V2 = 0.8281 m3 (Store to D)
Model the sphere: The cross-sectional area of the sphere is a quadratic function of the height.

MODE 3 3
x (height) y (cross-sectional area)
0 0
0.60 π(0.60)2
1.20 0
Then A = 0 (Store to A)
B = 3.77 (Store to B)
C = -3.14 (Store to C)
MODE 5 4
[C/3 B/2 A -D]
X1 = -0.5768 (absurd)
X2 = 1.3917 (absurd)
X3 = 0.9851
Hence, the depth of flotation is 0.9851 m. Ans.
c)
4
V1 = V – V2 = ( π)(0.6)3 – 0.8281
3
V1 = 0.0767 m3 Ans.
OR
1.20
V1 = ∫ ( A + BX+ C X 2 ) dx = 0.0767 m3
0.9851
Situation 29 (Nov 2015)
A rectangular gate 1.60 m wide and 2.0 m high is hinged along A and is subjected to water pressure to its left side, as shown.
a. Determine the magnitude of the hydrostatic force acting on the gate.
b. Determine its eccentricity.
c. What is the minimum force applied normal to the gate at the end B that will just open it?
Solution:
a)
MODE 3 2
x y
0 9.81(1.5) Pressure at A
2 9.81(1.5 + 2 sin 450) Pressure at B
2
F= ∫ 1.6 ( A+ BX ) dx
0
F = 69.2855 kN (Store to F) Ans.
b)
2
Fx = ∫ X (1.6) ( A +BX ) dx
0
x = 1.1068 m (Store to E)
Eccentricity, e = E – 1 = 0.1068 m
E = 10.68 cm Ans.
c)
∑ MA =0
FE = FB(2)
FB = 38.3423 kN Ans.

Situation 30 (Nov 2015)

A square footing having a dimension of 3 m x 3 m has its bottom 1.6 m below the ground surface. The ground water table is
located at a depth of 0.60 m below the ground surface. Unit weight of soil is 18 kN/m 3 and a cohesion of 15 kPa. The angle of
internal friction of soil is 300 with a saturated unit weight of 19.30 kN/m3. Assume general shear failure.
Use qult = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.40γBNγ
Nc = 35, Nq = 22¸ Nγ = 19 (from table)
a. Compute the effective surcharge at the bottom of the footing.
b.Compute the ultimate bearing capacity of the soil.
c. Compute the gross allowable bearing capacity of the soil if the factor of safety is 3.
Solution:

a)
q = 18(0.60) + (19.30 – 9.81)(1)
q = 20.29 kPa Ans.

b)
γ = 19.30 – 9.81 = 9.49 kN/m3
qult = 1.3(15)(35) + 20.29(22) + 0.40(9.49)(3)(19)
qult = 1,345.252 kPa Ans.
c)
qult 1345.252
qall = =
FS 3
qall = 448.4173 kPa Ans.
Situation 31 (Nov 2015)
A sample of dry soil was shaken through a nest of sieves and the following results were obtained:

Sieve no. Diameter (mm) Percent Finer

4 4.750 92.36
8 2.360 89.89
10 2.000 83.61
20 0.850 57.11
40 0.425 22.78
60 0.250 7.59
80 0.180 5.22
100 0.150 4.11
200 0.075 0.87

a. What is the effective size of the soil sample?

b. What is the uniformity coefficient of the soil sample?
c. What is the coefficient of gradation of the soil sample?
Solution:
a)
MODE 3 4
x y
ln 22.78 ln 0.425
 ln 7.59 ln 0.250

(ln 10) ^y = -1.2301

e^Ans = 0.2923 (Store to A) D10
D10 = 0.2923 mm Ans.
b)
MODE 3 4
x y
ln 83.61 ln 2
ln 57.11 ln 0.85
(ln 60) ^y = -0.0473
e^Ans = 0.9538 (Store to B) D60
Cu = D60/D10 = B/A
Cu = 3.2635 Ans.
c)
MODE 3 4
x y
ln 57.11 ln 0.85
ln 22.78 ln 0.425
(ln 30) ^y = -0.6287
e^Ans = 0.5333 (Store to C) D30
2
D 30 C
2
Cc = =
D60 D10 AB
Cc = 1.02 02 Ans.
Situation 32 (Nov 2015)
From the figure shown, the soil has a unit weight of 15.74 kN/m 3 and an undrained shear strength of c u = 24 kN/m2. The slope
makes an angle of 560 with the horizontal. Assume stability number m = 0.185.
a. stability factor = ?
b. maximum depth of cut = ?
c. angle that the failure plane makes with the horizontal = ?

Solution:
a. stability factor = 1/m = 1/0.185 = 5.405
Cu 24
b. maximum depth of cut: H CR = ¿ = 8.24 m
γs m 15.74(0.185)
0 8.24
c. tan56 = x 1=5.56 m then Pol( 5.56 + 6.48, 8.24 ) = θ=34.39
0
x1
Situation 33
A cut slope is to be made in a soft clay with sides rising at an angle of 75 0 to the horizontal. Unit weight of soil is 17.3 kN/m3 and
the undrained shear strength cu = 30 kN/m 2. The maximum depth to which the excavation can be carried out is 7.92 m. The
critical circle is tangent to a horizontal line at A.
a. stability number = ?
b. angle that the failure plane makes with the horizontal.
c. radius of the circle.

Solution:
cu 30
a . H cr = = =7.92 m = 0.219
γ s m 17.3 m
0 7.92
b. tan75 = x 1=¿2.122 m
x1
x 2=2.122+6.8=8.922 m
0
Pol( 8.92, 7.92) = θ=41.6 and AC = 11.93
c. Radius of the circle
0 11.93/2
sin 41.6 = R = 8.98 m
R

Situation 34
The figure shows a 4.5 m cut through two soil strata. The lower stratum is highly impermeable cohesive soil. Shearing strength
data between the two strata are as follows.
cohesion 7.2 kPa
Angle of friction 250
unit weight of upper layer 16.5 kPa
Neglect weight of soil water between the two strata.
a. Force tending to cause sliding.
b. Resistance to Sliding Force
c. Factor of Safety Against sliding.

Solution:
Consider triangle ABC
L sin 30 = 3 L = 6 m
AB = 3/ sin 450 = 4.24
and h = AB sin 150 = 4.24 sin 150 = 1.097 m
u = tan 25 = 0.466

Assume 1 unit width

W = ½ ( 6)(1.097)(16.5 ) = 54.3 kN /m
Rec( 54.3, 30 ) x = 47.03 kN and y = 27.15 kN
Force tending to cause sliding = 27.15 kN
N = 47.03 kN
Resistance to sliding due to friction = 0.466 (47.03) = 21.914 kN
Resistance of Sliding due to cohesion = cL = 7.2(6) = 43.2 kN
Resistant to sliding Force = 21.914 + 43.2 = 65.114 kN
 65.114
Factor of Safety Against Sliding = = 2.4
27.15

Situation 35 (Nov 2015)

An infinite slope in purely cohesive soil has saturated unit with of 20 kN/m 3 effective cohesion of 48 kPa. it has a slope of 18 0 the
clay has a depth of 5 m. over ledge rock. Depth of clay is measured vertically.
a. Compute the factor of safety against slippage.
b. Compute the critical depth of the infinite slope.
c. Compute the stability number of the infinite slope.
Solution:
1. Factor of safety against slippage:
C 48
FS= = =1.63
γ sat H sin β cos β 20 ( 5 ) sin18 0 cos 180
2. Critical Depth of the infinite slope
C 48
H CR = = =8.166 m
γ sat sin β cos β 20sin 18 0 cos 18 0
C 48
3. Stability Number = = =0.294
γ SAT sin β cos β 20 (8.17)

Situation 36
An infinite slope of granular soil has a slope of 23 0. The saturated unit weight of sand is 21.5 kN/m 3 and the effective friction
angle is 350. The sand has a depth of 5m over a sledge rock. Depth of sand is measured vertically.
a. Compute the factor of safety of the infinite slope without seepage.
b. Compute the factor of safety of the infinite slope of sand layer when subjected to partial seepage parallel to the slope with
water at a vertical depth of 3 m. above the sledge rock.
c. Compute the factor of safety of the infinite slope if it is subjected to a full seepage parallel to the slope.

Solution:
a. Factor of safety of the infinite slope without seepage
0
tan ∅ tan 35
FS= = =1.65
tan β tan 2 30
b. FS when h= 3 above the sledge rock

[
FS = 1−
]
h γ w tan ∅
γ SAT H tan β
= 1−
(
3 ( 9.81 ) tan 350
21.5 ( 5 ) tan 230)=1.2

c. Factor of Safety when subjected to a full seepage.

(γ sat −γ w ) tan ∅ (21.5−9.81) tan 350
FS= = =0.897
γ SAT tan β 21.5 tan 23
0
Situation 37 (May 2015)
a. The ratio between the weight of water and the weight of solid particles.
Ans: Moisture Content
b. The ratio between the volume of water and the volume of voids.
Ans: Degree of Saturation
c. The elastic tendency of liquids which makes them acquire the least surface area possible. It is responsible, for example, when
an object or insect such as mosquitoes that is denser than water is able to float or run along the water surface.
Ans: Surface Tension
d. The ratio between the volume of voids and the volume of the soil mass.
Ans: Porosity
Situation 38 (May 2015)
a. A triangular canal of most efficient proportion has a depth of 5 m. What is the
hydraulic radius of this canal?

Solution:

1 2
A= y ; Pwetted = 2y
2
A y
R= = but
P wetted 4
5
y=
sin 45
5
R= = 1.7678m Ans.
4 sin 45
b. An iceberg floats in seawater with 450 cubic meters of ice above the water
surface. If the specific gravity of seawater is 1.02 and of ice is 0.92, what is the
total volume of ice?
Solution:

W = BF
0.92γw(Vtotal) = 1.02 γw(V2) ; V2 = 0.9020Vtotal
V1 + 0.9020Vtotal = Vtotal ; V1 = 0.098Vtotal
450 = 0.098Vtotal; Vtotal = 4,591.8367 m3 Ans.
c. A soil mass has Gs = 2.45. What is the largest possible unit weight of this soil?
Solution:
γ = 2.45(9.81) = 24.0345 kN/m3 Ans.
d. A straight pipeline having a diameter of 250 mm and roughness coefficient n = 0.013 conveys water. If the total head lost per
kilometer length of pipe is 5 m, estimate the discharge in liters per second.
Solution:
2 2
10.29 n L Q
hL = 16 /3
D
 2 2
10.29 ( 0.013 ) (1000)Q
5= 16 /3
; Q = 0.0421m3/s
(0.25)
Q = 42.1 L/s Ans.
e. A soil sample has Gs = 2.45, e = 0.50, and S = 40%. What is the dry unit weight of this soil?
Solution:
Gs γ w (2.45)(9.81)
γdry = = = 16.023 kN/m3 Ans.
1+ e 1+0.50
f. A tank containing 1.20 m deep of water is transported by an elevator. What is the pressure at the bottom of the tank when the
elevator accelerates 3.5 m/s2 downward?
Solution:
a
P2 = P1 + γh(1 ± )
g
3.5
P2 = 0 + 9.81(1.20)(1 + ) = 15.972 kPa Ans.
9.81
g. A vertical square plate 3 m in each side is submerged half in oil and half in water. If the top of the plate is flushed with the oil
surface, what is the ratio of the force of water to oil? Specific gravity of oil is 0.80.
Solution:

F = Pcg x Area
Foil = 0.8(9.81)(0.75)(1.5x3) = 26.487 kN
Fwater = [0.8(9.81)(1.5) + 9.81(0.75)](1.5x3) = 86.0828
Fwater/Foil = 86.0828/26.487 = 3.25 Ans.
h. Water flows at the rate of 100 L/s in a 350-mm diameter pipe. Assuming n = 0.011, find the head lost per kilometer length of
pipe.
Solution:
2 2
10.29 n L Q
hL = 16 /3
= 10.29 ¿ ¿
D
hL = 3.3639 m Ans.
Situation 39 (May 2015)
a. For a normally consolidated clay layer in the field, the following values are given:
Thickness, H = 2.5 m
Natural void ratio, e = 0.80
Compression index, Cc 0.30
Average effective pressure in the layer is 120 kPa
Estimate the primary consolidation settlement of the layer caused by an increase in pressure of 85 kPa.
Solution:
 Cc H P o +∆ P
∆H = log( )
1+ e Po
0.30(2500) 120+85
∆H = log( ) = 96.9053 mm Ans.
1+ 0.80 120
b. In its natural state, a soil mass has a unit weight of 21.7 N/m 3. When fully saturated with water, the soil weighs 22.57 kN/m 3. If
its moisture content is 8%, what is the porosity of the soil?
Solution:
Gs γ w
γ= (1 + w)
1+ e
Gs γ w Gs γ w
21.7 = (1 + 0.08); = = 20.0926
1+ e 1+ e
(G¿¿ s+ e) γ w
γsat = ¿
1+e
Gs γ w e γ w
γsat = +
1+ e 1+ e
e (9.81)
22.57 = 20.0926 + ; e = 0.3379
1+ e
e 0.3379
n= = = 0.2526
1+ e 1.3379
n = 25.26% Ans.
c. Convert 1 atmosphere to mmHg. Specific gravity of mercury is 13.6.
Solution:
Patm = 101.325 kPa
13.6(9.81)h = 101.325
h = 0.75947 m = 759.47 mm Ans.
d. Water flows through at a velocity of 4.15 m/s. What is the velocity head?
Solution:
2 2
Velocity head =
v = (4.15) = 0.8778 m Ans.
2 g 2(9.81)
e. Water is issued vertically at the rate of 40 liters per second through a 75-mm diameter nozzle. Neglecting losses, how high
above the nozzle tip can the water jet support a load of 300 N?
Solution:

Q = AV
 π
0.040 = ( )(0.075)2Vo; Vo = 9.0541 m/s
4
The dynamic force due to jet is:
Fd = ρQV
To support the 300 N load, the dynamic force must be equal to it.
300 = 1000(0.040)Vf; Vf = 7.5 m/s
Vf2 = Vo2 + 2as
V22 = V12 – 2gh
7.52 = 9.05412 – 2(9.81)(h)
h = 1.3113 m Ans.
f. The results of a triaxial test conducted on a cohesionless soil are as follows:
Confining pressure = 50 kPa, Plunger pressure = 120 kPa. What is the angle of shearing resistance?
Solution:

∅ = sin-1(60/110) = 33.05570 Ans.

g. How many meters of water is equivalent to 3.45 atmospheres?
Solution:
9.81h = 3.45(101.325)
h = 35.6342 m Ans.
Situation 40 (May 2015)
a. The weight density of a mud is given by γ = 10 + 0.5h, where γ is in kN/m3 and h is in meters. Determine the pressure, in kPa,
at a depth of 7 m.
Solution:
P = γh
dP = γdh
7
P= ∫ ¿ ¿)dh = 82.25 kPa Ans.
0
b. Oil with specific gravity of 0.82 flows in a 100-mm diameter pipe, 1000 m long at a rate of 40 N/s. Assuming f = 0.018, what is
the head lost?
Solution:
W 40
γ= ; 0.82(9810) = ; V = 0.0050 m3
V V
2 2
0.0826 fL Q 0.0826(0.018)(1000)(0.005)
hL = =
D
5
(0.1)5
hL = 3.717 m Ans.
c. A rectangular canal 2.8 m wide and 1.0 m deep has a full capacity of 7.45
m3/s. Assuming n = 0.012, what is the slope of the channel bed?
Solution:
 1 2/3 1/2
V= R S
n
For the channel:
A = 2.8(1) = 2.8 m2
Pwetted = 2.8 + 2(1) = 4.8 m
A 2.8
R= = = 0.5833 m
P wetted 4.8
Q = AV
7.45 = 2.8(V); V = 2.6607 m/s
1
2.6607 = (0.5833)2/3S1/2
0.012
S = 0.0021 Ans.
d. In a triaxial test, a cohesionless soil is subjected to a confining pressure of 45 kPa. The soil fails when the increase in axial
stress by the plunger reaches 80 kPa. What is the angle of shearing resistance of the soil?
Solution:

∅ = sin-1(40/85) = 28.07250 Ans.

Situation 41 (May 2015)
A jet is issued from the side of a tank under a constant head as shown. The side of the tank has an inclination of 1H to 1V. The
total depth of water in the tank is h 1 = 7 m and the orifice is located h 2 = 4.2 m above the bottom of the tank. Neglecting air
resistance and assuming Cv = 1.0, determine the following:
a. The maximum height to which the jet will rise above the orifice.
b. The point “x” the jet will strike a horizontal plane 1.40 m below the bottom of the tank.
c. The time it takes for the jet to strike a horizontal plane 1.40 m below the bottom of the tank.
Solution:
a)
v1 = Cv√ 2 gh = 1.0√ 2(9.81)(7−4.2) = 7.4119 m/s
vf2 = v02 + 2as
From 1 to 2
v2y2 = v1y2 – 2ghmax
02 = (7.4119sin45)2 – 2(9.81)hmax
hmax = 1.4000 m Ans.
b)
1 2
s = vot + at
2
From 1 to 3
1
-5.60 = (7.4119sin45)t – (9.81)t2
2
t = -0.6604 s (absurd)
t = 1.7289 s <=
s = vot
x = voxt
x = (7.4119cos45)(1.7289)
x = 9.0612 m Ans.
c) t = 1.7289 s Ans.
Situation 42 (May 2015)
A 2.5-m diameter circular footing is supporting a water tank. The total weight of the footing, tank and its content is 1300 kN.
Given the Boussinesq’s equation:
∆P = q x IB
where IB = 1 – 1/N
N = [(R/z)2 + 1]3/2
a. Determine the pressure at the base of the footing.
b. Using the Boussinesq’s equation, what is the increase in pressure at a depth of 4 m below the base of the footing?
c. Using the Boussinesq’s equation, at what depth below the base of footing is the increase in pressure equal to ¼ the pressure
at the base of the footing?
Solution:
1300
Load
a) q= = π = 264.8338 kPa Ans.
Area of Footing ¿¿
4
b) N = [(R/z)2 + 1]3/2 = [(1.25/4)2 + 1]3/2 = 1.1500
IB = 1 – 1/N = 1 – 1/1.1500 = 0.1304
 ∆P = q x IB = 264.8338(0.1304) = 34.5343 kPa Ans.
c) IB = 1/4
1
= 1 – 1/N
4
1 1
=1–
4 ¿¿
z = 2.7186 m Ans.
Situation 43 (May 2015)
A confined aquifer is shown in the figure. The aquifer has a source of recharge located as shown. The hydraulic conductivity of
the aquifer is 40 m/day with a porosity of 0.32. The piezometric surface in the two observation wells 1200 m apart are at
elevation 56 m and 48 m, respectively from the common datum. The aquifer has an average thickness of 4 m and an average
width of 3 km.
a. Determine the nearest value to the rate of flow of water through the aquifer, in cubic meters per day.
b. Determine the nearest value to the seepage velocity in m/day.
c. Calculate the time of travel from the head of aquifer to a point 2.5 km downstream, in days.
Solution:

h
a) q = kiA; i =
L
56−48
q = 40( )(4)(3000) = 3200 m3/day Ans.
1200
V
b) Vs = ; V = ki
n
56−48
40( )
Vs = 1200 = 0.8333 m/day Ans.
0.32
distance 2500
c) t= = = 3000.1200 days Ans.
velocity 0.8333
Situation 44 (May 2015)
The 3.6-m square footing shown in the figure supports a load of 6500 kN. In this problem, h1 = 9 m and h2 = 3 m.
a. Determine the pressure at the base of the footing.
b. Determine the pressure at the midheight of clay layer assuming that the stress beneath the footing is spread at a slope o
1H:2V.
c. Determine the pressure at the midheight of the clay layer (below the center of the footing) using Boussinesq equation
assuming point load.
Solution:

Load 6500
a) q= = = 501.5432 kPa Ans.
Area of Footing 3. 62
h2
b) z = h1 + = 9 + 3/2 = 10.5 m
2
For a slope of 1H:2V, each dimension of the area of influence is equal to its distance from the base of the footing. That is,
Area of influence = 10.52 = 110.25 m2
6500
∆P = = 58.9569 kPa Ans.
110.25
3
3P z
c) ∆P = 5
= 3(6500)¿ ¿ = 28.1499 kPa Ans.
2 πR
Situation 45 (May 2015)
A stone weighs 438 N in air and 363 N in water.
a. Determine the volume of stone.
b. Determine the unit weight of the stone.
c. Determine the specific gravity of the stone.
Solution:

a) ∑ F v =0
T + BF = Wobj
363 + 9810V = 438
V = 0.0076 m3 Ans.
W 438
b) γ= = = 57,631.5790 N/m3
V 0.0076
 γ = 57.6316 kN/m3 Ans.
γ 57.6316
c) sg = = = 5.8748 Ans.
γw 9.81
Situation 46 (May 2015)
The 5-m radius cylindrical gate shown in the figure is 8 m long into the paper. Determine the following:
a. The vertical component of the hydrostatic force.
b. The horizontal component of the hydrostatic force.
c. The location from point O of the vertical component of the hydrostatic force.
Solution:

a) Fv = γ(Vshaded)
Vshaded = Ashaded(Length)
x = 5cos480 = 3.3457 m ; y = 5sin480 = 3.7157 m
z = 5 – 3.3457 = 1.6543 m
A1 = Asector – A2
1
A1 = π(5)2(48/360) – (3.3457)(3.7157) = 4.2562 m2
2
Ashaded = AABCD – A1 = 1.6543(3.7157) – 4.2562 = 1.8907 m2
Vshaded = 1.8907(8) = 15.1256 m3
Fv = 9.81(15.1256) = 148.3821 kN Ans.
b) Fh = Pcg x Area
3.7157
Fh = 9.81( )(3.7157) = 67.7205 kN Ans.
2
c) Fv(x) = Fh(y/3)
148.3821(x) = 67.7205(3.7157/3)
x = 0.5653 m Ans.
Situation 47 (May 2015)
The properties of a soil sample is given below:
Specific gravity of soil solids, Gs = 2.65
Void ratio, e = 0.36
Degree of saturation, S = 28%
Determine the following:
a. Unit weight of the soil.
b. Dry unit weight of the soil.
c. Unit weight of the soil when fully saturated.
Solution:
(G s+ Se) [2.65+ ( 0.28 )( 0.36 ) ]
a) γ= γw = (9.81)
1+ e 1+0.36
γ = 19.8422 kN/m3 Ans.
b) Se = wGs
0.28(0.36) = w(2.65); w = 0.0380
γ = γdry(1 + w)
19.8422 = γdry(1 + 0.0308)
γdry = 19.2493 kN/m3 Ans.
(G s+ e)
c) γsat = γw
1+ e
(2.65+ 0.36)
γsat = (9.81) = 21.7118 kN/m3 Ans.
1+0.36
Situation 48 (May 2015)
In a triaxial test on a cohesionless soil, the principal stresses are 280 kPa and 375 kPa. Determine the following:
a. Angle of shearing resistance
b. Shearing stress at failure plane
c. Normal stress at failure plane
Solution:

a) σ3 = 280 kPa; σ1 = 375 kPa

∆d = σ1 – σ3 = 375 – 280 = 95 kPa
R = ∆d/2 = 95/2 = 47.5 kPa
R
sin∅ =
σ3+ R
47.5
∅ = sin-1( ) = 8.33950 Ans.
280+47.5
b) Referring to ∆BCO,
Rec(47.5,8.3395)
Result: X = 46.9977; Y = 6.8893
The shearing stress at failure plane is:
τfp = 6.8893 kPa Ans.
c) The normal stress at failure plane is:
σfp = σ3 + R – Y
= 280 + 47.5 – 6.8893
σfp = 320.6107 kPa Ans.
Situation 49 (May 2015)
The gate as shown in the figure is 1.8 meters wide. For this problem, h1 = 8 m and h2 = 5 m.
a. What is the force exerted by water on the left side of the gate?
b. What is the force exerted by water on the right side of the gate?
c. What horizontal force at B is required to turn the about the hinge?
Solution:

a) F = Pcg(Area)
F1 = 9.81(4)(8)(1.8) = 565.056 kN Ans.
b) F2 = 9.81(2.5)(5)(1.8) = 220.725 kN Ans.
c) ∑ M hinge = 0
8 5
P(3) – F1(5 – ) + F2(5 – ) = 0
3 3
8 5
P(3) – 565.056(5 – ) + 220.725(5 – ) = 0
3 3
P = 194.238 kN Ans.
Situation 50 (May 2015)
A trapezoidal canal has bottom width of 4 m and side slopes of 2H:1V. The flow is 24.5 m 3/s when the depth of flow is 0.90 m.
Use n = 0.014. Determine the following:
a. Specific energy of flow
b. Slope of channel bed
c. Boundary shear stress
Solution:

2
a) E=d+
v
2g
By ratio and proportion,
 x 2
= ; x = 1.80 m
0.90 1
B = 4 + 2x = 4 + 2(1.80) = 7.60 m
1
A= (4 + 7.60)(0.90) = 5.22 m2
2
Q = AV
24.5 = 5.22V; V = 4.6935 m/s
E = 0.90 + ¿ ¿ = 2.0228 m Ans.
1
b) V = R2/3S1/2
n
A
R=
P wet
√
Pwet = 4 + 2 (1.80)2 +( 0.90)2 = 8.0249 m
5.22
R= = 0.6505 m
8.0249
1
4.6935 = (0.6505)2/3S1/2
0.013
S = 0.0066 Ans.
c) τ = γwRS
τ = 9810(0.6505)(0.0066)
τ = 42.1173 kPa Ans.
Situation 51 (May 2015)
A rectangular gate 4.5 m high and 1.5 m wide is hinged at the top. A force to keep the gate close is applied at the bottom with an
angle of 400 with the vertical. Compute the magnitude of the force if:
a. The water surface is level with the top of the gate.
b. The water surface is 1.20 m above the top of the gate.
c. The water surface is 1.20 m below the top of the gate.
Solution:

a)
F = 9.81(2.25)(4.5)(1.5) = 148.9894 kN
∑ M hinge = 0
148.9894(3) = Psin400(4.5)
P = 154.5242 kN Ans.
b) F = 9.81(3.45)(4.5)(1.5) = 228.4504 kN
228.4504(3) = Psin400(4.5)
P = 236.9372 kN Ans.
c) F = 9.81(1.65)(3.3)(1.5) = 80.1232 kN
80.1232(3) = Psin400(4.5)
P = 83.0997 kN Ans.
Situation 52 (May 2015)
Reservoir B receives 0.058 m3/s of flow. The properties of the pipes are as follows:
Pipe Length (m) Diameter (mm) Friction factor, f
AD 1800 500 0.020
BD 480 250 0.018
CD 650 350 0.019

Determine the following:

a. The flow in line AD.
b. The flow in line CD.
c. The elevation of reservoir B.

Solution:

a – b)
2
0.0826 fL Q
h= 5
D
Create a formula:
0.0826 XY
5
M
CALC:
X? 0.02; Y? 1800; M? 0.5
RESULT: 95.1552 (Store to A)
CALC:
X? 0.018; Y? 480; M? 0.25
RESULT: 730.7919 (Store to B)
CALC:
X? 0.019; Y? 650; M? 0.35
RESULT: 194.2257 (Store to C)
 h1 = AQA2
h2 = BQB2
h3 = CQC2
h2 = B(0.058)2 = 2.4584 m
h1 + h3 = 110 – 94 = 16 (1)
QA = QB + QC = 0.058 + QC (2)
From (1),
AQA2 + CQC2 = 16 (3)
Substitute (2) to (3)
A(0.058 + QC)2 + CQC2 = 16
QC = 0.2145 m3/s Ans.
QA = 0.058 + 0.2145 = 0.2725 m3/s Ans.
c) h1 = A(0.2725)2 = 7.0659 m
Elev B = Elev A – (h1 + h2)
Elev B = 110 – (7.0659 + 2.4584)
Elev B = 100.4757 m Ans.
Situation 53 (May 2015)
A concrete gravity dam is shown in the figure with B = 8 m, b = 1 m, H = 12 m and h = 10 m. Consider 1-m length of dam. Use
γconcrete = 23.5 kN/m3. Determine the following:
a. The total force exerted by water on the dam.
b. The resisting moment.
c. The factor of safety against overturning.
Solution:

a) Considering one-meter length of the dam,

F = Pcg(Area)
F = 9.81(5)(10) = 490.50 kN Ans.
b) w1 = 23.5(1)(12) = 282 kN
1
w2 = 23.5( )(7(12) = 987 kN
2
1 2
RM = w1(7 + ) + w2( )(7)
2 3
1 2
RM = 282(7 + ) + 987( )(7)
2 3
RM = 6693 kN m
RM
c) FSO =
OM
OM = 490.5(10/3) = 1635 kN m
 6693
FSO = = 4.0936 Ans.
1635
Situation 54 (May 2015)
A 12-m high retaining wall is shown in the figure.
a. Determine the active thrust on the wall due to soil and water. Water table is located 20 m below the ground surface.
b. For the condition above, determine the active thrust on the wall due to soil only (dry soil).
c. Determine the increase in force on the wall if the soil is fully saturated with rainwater. Clogging occurred due to rain and water
table levels with the ground surface.
Solution:

1 2
a) F= γH Ka
2
¿
γ = ¿¿γw
1+e
[2.70+0.12 ( 2.7 ) ](9.81)
γ= = 17.4503 kN/m3
1+0.70
1−sin ∅ 1−sin 24
Ka = = = 0.4217
1+sin ∅ 1+sin 24
1
F = (17.4503)(12)2(0.4217) = 529.8330 kN Ans.
2
Gs γ w 2.70(9.81)
b) γdry = = = 15.5806 kN/m3
1+ e 1+ 0.70
1
F = (15.5806)(12)2(0.4217)
2
F = 473.0644 kN Ans.
(G¿¿ s+ e) γ w (2.7+ 0.7)(9.81)
c) γsat = ¿= = 19.62 kN/m3
1+e 1+0.7
The force due to soil is:
1
F1 = (19.62 – 9.81)(12)2(0.4217) = 297.8551 kN
2
The force due to water is:
F2 = 9.81(6)(12) = 706.32 kN
Ftotal = F1 + F2 = 1004.1751 kN
∆F = 1004.1751 – 529.8330
∆F = 474.3421 kN Ans.

Situation 55 (May 2015)

Reservoir A, the source of water for towns B and C, is at elevation 180 m. The distribution reservoir at junction D is at elevation
84 m and 12,000 m (L 1) from A. Town B with a population of 200,000 is at elevation 48 m and is 9,000 m (L 2) from D. Town C
with population of 260,000 is at elevation 15 m and is 5,500 m (L 3) from D. The water demand is 150 liters per capita per day.
Neglect all minor losses. Assume friction factor of 0.018 for all pipes.
a. Determine the required diameter of line AD.
b. Determine the required diameter of line BD.
c. Determine the required diameter of line CD.
Solution:

h1 = Elev A – Elev D = 180 – 84 = 96 m

h2 = Elev D – Elev B = 84 – 48 = 36 m
h3 = Elev D – Elev C = 84 – 15 = 69 m
For town B, the demand is:
3
Q2 = 0.150
m (200,000)( 1 day ) = 0.3472 m3/s
day 86400 s
For town C, the demand is:
3
Q3 = 0.150
m (260,000)( 1 day ) = 0.4514 m3/s
day 86400 s
Thus, the total supply of water needed is:
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 0.3472 + 0.4514 = 0.7986 m3/s
2
0.0826 fL Q
h= 5
D
a) D1 = √
5
0.0826(0.018)(12000)¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.65278 m
D1 = 652.78 mm Ans.
b) D2 = √ 0.0826(0.018)(9000)¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.53737 m
5

D2 = 537.37 mm Ans.
c) D3 = √ 0.0826(0.018)(5500)¿ ¿ ¿ = 0.47487 m
5

D3 = 474.87 mm Ans.
Situation 56 (May 2015)
A consolidated-drained triaxial test was conducted on a normally consolidated clay. The results are as follows:
σ3 = 100 kPa
∆d = 240 kPa
Determine the following:
a. The angle of friction.
b. The angle that the failure plane makes with the major principal plane.
c. Determine the effective normal stress on the plane of maximum shear stress.
Solution:

1 1
a) R= ∆d = (240) = 120 kPa
2 2
R 120
sin∅ = =
σ 3 + R 100+120
∅ = 33.05570 Ans.
∅ 33.0557
b) θ = 45 + = 45 +
2 2
θ = 61.52780 Ans.
c) The corresponding normal stress for the maximum shear is:
σ = 100 + 120 = 220 kPa Ans.
Situation 57 (May 2015)
The results of the sieve analysis of soils A, B, and C is given next. It is required to classify these soils according to USCS.
a. Classify soil A according to USCS.
b. Classify soil B according to USCS.
c. Classify soil C according to USCS.
Soil Sample
Sieve No. Diameter (mm) A B C
Percent Passing
4 4.760 90 100 100
6 2.380 64 90 100
10 2.000 54 77 98
20 0.840 34 59 92
40 0.420 22 51 84
60 0.250 17 42 79
100 0.149 9 35 70
200 0.074 5 33 63

LL 35 42 47
PL 27 29 24

Unified Soil Classification System – Group Symbols for Gravelly Soil

(R200 > 50; R4/R200 > 0.5)
Group Symbol Criteria
GW Less than 5% passing No. 200 sieve; Cu = D60/D10 greater than or equal to 4; Cc = (D30)2/(D10 x D60) between 1 and 3
GP Less than 5% passing No. 200 sieve; not meeting both criteria for GW
GM More than 12% passing N0. 200 sieve; Atterberg limits plot above A-line or PI < 4
 GC More than 12% passing N0. 200 sieve; Atterberg limits plot above A-line; PI > 7
GC – GM More than 12% passing N0. 200 sieve; Atterberg limits fall in hatched area marked CL – ML
GW – GM Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for GW and GM
GW – GC Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for GW and GC
GP – GM Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for GP and GM
GP – GC Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for GP and GC

Unified Soil Classification System – Group Symbols for Sandy Soil

(R200 > 50; R4/R200 ≤ 0.50)
Group Symbol Criteria
SW Less than 5% passing No. 200 sieve; Cu = D60/D10 greater than or equal to 6; Cc = (D30)2/(D10 x D60) between 1 and 3
SP Less than 5% passing No. 200 sieve; not meeting both criteria for SW
SM More than 12% passing No. 200 sieve; Atterberg limits plot below A-line or PI < 4
SC More than 12% passing No. 200 sieve; Atterberg limits plot above A-line; PI > 7
SC – SM More than 12% passing No. 200 sieve; Atterberg limits fall in hatched area marked CL – ML
SW – SM Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for SW and SM
SW – SC Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for SW and SC
SP – SM Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for SP and SM
SP – SC Percentage passing No. 200 sieve is 5 to 12; meets the criteria for SP and SC

Unified Soil Classification System – Group Symbols for Silty and Clayey Soils (R200 ≤ 50)
Group Symbol Criteria
CL Inorganic; LL < 50; PI > 7; Atterberg limits plot on or above A-
line
(see CL zone)
ML Inorganic; LL < 50; PI < 4 or Atterberg limits plot below A-line
(see ML zone)
OL Organic; (LL – oven dried) / (LL – not dried) < 0.75; LL < 50
(see OL zone)
CH Inorganic; LL ≥ 50; Atterberg limits plot on or above A-line
(see CH zone)
MH Inorganic; LL ≥ 50; Atterberg limits plot below A-line
(see MH zone)
OH Organic; (LL – oven dried) / (LL – not dried) < 0.75; LL ≥ 50
(see OH zone)
CL – ML Inorganic; Atterberg limits plot in the hatched zone
Pt Peat, muck, and other highly inorganic soils

Group Names for Gravelly Soil

Group Criteria for Group name
Symbol group name: GF
 GW < 15 Well-graded gravel
≥ 15 Well-graded gravel with sand
GP < 15 Poorly graded gravel
≥ 15 Poorly graded gravel with sand
GM < 15 Silty gravel
≥ 15 Silty gravel with sand
GC < 15 Clayey gravel
≥ 15 Clayey gravel with sand
GC-GM < 15 Silty, clayey gravel
≥ 15 Silty, clayey gravel with sand
GW-GM < 15 Well-graded gravel with silt
≥ 15 Well-graded gravel with silt and sand
GW-GC < 15 Well-graded gravel with clay
≥ 15 Well-graded gravel with clay and sand
GP-GM < 15 Poorly graded gravel with silt
≥ 15 Poorly graded gravel with silt and sand
GP-GC < 15 Poorly graded gravel with clay
≥ 15 Poorly graded gravel with clay and sand
SF = sand fraction = R200 – GF, and GF = R4

Group Names for Sandy Soil

Group Criteria for Group name
Symbol group name:
SF
SW < 15 Well-graded sand
≥ 15 Well-graded sand with gravel
SP < 15 Poorly graded sand
≥ 15 Poorly graded sand with gravel
SM < 15 Silty sand
≥ 15 Silty sand with gravel
SC < 15 Clayey sand
≥ 15 Clayey sand with gravel
SC-SM < 15 Silty, clayey sand
≥ 15 Silty, clayey sand with gravel
SW- < 15 Well-graded sand with silt
SM ≥ 15 Well-graded sand with silt and gravel
SW-SC < 15 Well-graded sand with clay
≥ 15 Well-graded sand with clay and gravel
SP-SM < 15 Poorly graded sand with silt
≥ 15 Poorly graded sand with silt and gravel
SP-SC < 15 Poorly graded sand with clay
≥ 15 Poorly graded sand with clay and gravel
GF = gravel fraction = R4
 Group Names for Fine-Grained Inorganic Soil
Group R200 SF/GF GF SF Group name
Symbo
l
CL < 15 --- --- --- Lean clay
15 – 29 ≥1 --- --- Lean clay with sand
<1 --- --- Lean clay with gravel
≥ 30 ≥1 < 15 --- Sandy lean clay
≥1 ≥ 15 --- Sandy lean clay with gravel
<1 < 15 Gravelly lean clay
<1 ≥ 15 Gravelly lean clay with sand
ML < 15 --- --- --- Silt
15 – 29 ≥1 --- --- Silt with sand
<1 --- --- Silt with gravel
≥ 30 ≥1 < 15 --- Sandy silt
≥1 ≥1 --- Sandy silt with gravel
<1 < 15 Gravelly silt
<1 ≥ 15 Gravelly silt with sand
CL-ML < 15 --- --- --- Silty clay
15 – 29 ≥1 --- --- Silty clay with sand
<1 --- --- Silty clay with gravel
≥ 30 ≥1 < 15 --- Sandy silty clay
≥1 ≥1 --- Sandy silty clay with gravel
<1 < 15 Gravelly silty clay
<1 ≥ 15 Gravelly silty clay with sand
CH < 15 --- --- --- Fat clay
15 – 29 ≥1 --- --- Fat clay with sand
<1 --- --- Fat clay with gravel
≥ 30 ≥1 < 15 --- Sandy fat clay
≥1 ≥1 --- Sandy fat clay with gravel
<1 < 15 Gravelly fat clay
<1 ≥ 15 Gravelly fat clay with sand
MH < 15 --- --- --- Elastic silt
15 – 29 ≥1 --- --- Elastic silt with sand
<1 --- --- Elastic silt with gravel
≥ 30 ≥1 < 15 --- Sandy elastic silt
≥1 ≥1 --- Sandy elastic silt with gravel
<1 < 15 Gravelly elastic silt
<1 ≥ 15 Gravelly elastic silt with
sand

Solution:

a) Given:
R4 = 100 – 90 = 10 LL = 35
R200 = 100 – 5 = 95 PL = 27
R4/R200 = 10/95 = 0.1053PI = LL – PL = 8
Since R200 > 50 and R4/R200 < 0.50, the sample is under sandy soil.
F200 = 5 (Check if SW – SM)
Solve for Cu and Cc
 MODE 3 4
x y
ln 17 ln 0.250
ln 9 ln 0.149
(ln 10) ^
y = -1.8085
D10 = e^Ans = 0.1639 (Store to A)
x y
ln 34 ln 0.840
ln 22 ln 0.420
(ln 30) ^y = -0.3645
D30 = e^Ans = 0.6946 (Store to B)
x y
ln 64 ln 2.38
ln 54 ln 2
(ln 60) ^y = 0.8019
D60 = e^Ans = 2.2297 (Store to C)
D60
Cu = = C/A = 13.6036 > 6
D10
2
( D¿¿ 30) 2
B = 1.3200 (between 1 and 3)
Cc = ¿=
D60 (D10) CA
The soil satisfies the criteria for SW.
The equation of A-line is:
PI = 0.73(LL – 20)
PI = 0.73(35 – 20) = 10.95
The plasticity index of the soil sample, PI = 8 < 10.95 (below A-line)
>4
The soil satisfies the criteria for SM.
The soil is SW – SM.
Determine the group name.
GF = R4 = 10 < 15
Thus, the soil is SW – SM (well-graded sand with silt)
b) Given:
R4 = 100 – 100 = 0 LL = 42
R200 = 100 – 33 = 67 PL = 29
R4/R200 = 0 PI = LL – PL = 13
Since R200 > 50 and R4/R200 < 0.50, the sample is under sandy soil.
F200 = 33 > 12
From the equation of A-line,
PI = 0.73(42 – 20) = 16.06
For the soil sample, PI = 13 < 16.06 (below A-line); PI > 4.
Hence, the soil is SM.
Determine the group name:
GF = R4 = 0 < 15
Thus, the soil is SM (silty sand).
c) R4 = 0 LL = 47
R200 = 37 PI = 47 – 24 = 23
R4/R200 = 0 F200 = 63
Since R200 < 50, the sample is under silty and clayey soils.
LL < 50; PI > 7
From the equation of A-line:
PI = 0.73(47 – 20) = 19.71
For the soil sample, PI = 23 > 19.71 (above A-line).
The soil is CL.
Determine the group name:
SF = R200 – R4 = 37 – 0 = 37
GF = R4 = 0
SF/GF = 37/0 = ∞
R200 = 37 > 30; SF/GF > 1; GF < 15
Thus, the soil is CL (sandy lean clay).
 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND
CONSTRUCTION

Situation 1
The concrete pad shown in the figure is subjected to uniform loads.

a. Determine the base pressure.

b. Determine the maximum moment in the slab.
c. Determine the location of contraflexure measured from the left end of the slab.
Solution:
a)
196(3)(2) = q(14)