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Performance comparison of PPM-TH, PAM-TH, and PAM-DS UWB Rake

receivers with channel estimators via correlation mask

Conference Paper · July 2005

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Proceedings of the 9th WSEAS International Conference on Communications, 07/2005

Performance Comparison of PPM-TH, PAM-TH,

and PAM-DS UWB Rake Receivers with Channel
Estimators via Correlation Mask
Shing TenqChen,1&† member, Ying-Haw Shu1, Ming-Chang Sun1, Wu-Shiung Feng †† and Chao-Hao Lee†, non-member

Abstract time shift depends on the cross-correlation properties of the

In this paper, the performance analysis of PPM-TH, pulses used. TH-PPM monocycles spread the Radio
PAM-TH and PAM-DS UWB radio link based on Frequency (RF) energy across the frequency band, reducing
emission masks is provided for very high data rates over the large spikes in the pulse train spectrum. When a pseudo-
short distance. A new pulse width variation and pulse random (PR) code is used to determine the transmission time
differentiation to meet the emission masks are presented within a large time frame, the spectra of the transmitted pulses
that satisfies the FCC spectral mask. Using this pulse, the become much more white-noise-like. The classical binary
link budget is calculated to quantify the relationship PAM can be presented using two antipodal Gaussian pulses.
between data rate and distance. It is shown that the UWB The square wave represents the random code, which affects
can be a good candidate for high data rate to transmit the polarity of the individual pulses, which make up the DS
over short ranges, with the capability for reliably waveform. Recent proposals in the USA, and in the IEEE
transmitting 200 Mbps over distances at about 10 meters. 802.15.TG3a Working Group, refer to a multiband (MB)
alternative to DS-UWB in which the overall available
bandwidth is divided into sub-bands of at least 500 MHz.
Key words: Frequency-Hopping spread spectrum (FH-SS) might also be a
PPM-TH-UWB, PAM-DS-UWB, DS-UWB, FH-SS. viable path. TH-UWB and DS-UWB may adopt in principle
either PPM or PAM for data modulation. Thus, this paper
1. INTRODUCTION describes the comparison of performance for PPM-TH, PAM-
DS UWB wireless communications to propagate over a multi-
U WB is defined by the Federal Communications
Commission (FCC) as any wireless transmission scheme
that occupies a fractional bandwidth W/fc  20% where
path-affected UWB radio channel to compare their system
throughputs.
W is the transmission bandwidth and fc is the band center 2. UWB Data modulation
frequency [1]-[5]. In the near future, there will be a strong
demand for low cost, high-speed, wireless links for short In TH-UWB combined with binary PPM (binary PPM-TH-
range (<10 m) communications. Such links should support UWB or 2PPM-TH-UWB), the UWB signal can be
digital video transmission without the need of cable. One of schematized to be generated as shown in Fig. 1(a)-1(c). Given
the promising techniques is UWB. It is characterized by the the channel model of Eq. (1)

transmission of very short pulses, which occupy large
frequency bandwidth. This paper compares three single-band
h (t )    ( t  
l 0
l l )
(1)
 
impulse radio systems, namely pulse-position modulation

j m , n
 m ,n e  (t  iTm   m( i,)n )
time-hopping (PPM-TH) spread-spectrum impulse radio, m 0 n 0
pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-TH), and direct-sequence
spread-spectrum impulse radio (PAM-DS) UWB. Both DS- where Tm   m,n ( m,0  0) denotes the arrival time of the nth
UWB and TH-UWB are spread-spectrum systems. In DS- multiple component of the mth cluster,  m,n are independent
UWB, the pulses are transmitted conditionally using a
pseudorandom sequence for the spreading of information bits, uniform random variables over [0,2, and  m,n are
and in TH-UWB, a pseudorandom sequence defines the time independent Rayleigh random variables with power
when the pulses are transmitted. Tm /   m ,n / 
The data modulation is typically based on PPM using
E{ 2
m ,n }  E{ }e
2
0, 0 e , where  > . The
TH-UWB as the basis for a communication system. This number of clusters and multipath components may
approach allows matched filter techniques to be used in the theoretically extend over infinite time. The binary PPM-TH,
receiver. Values of time shift have been reported as PAM-TH and PAM-DS UWB signal transmitted by mth user
approximately one-quarter of a pulse width [7]. The optimum for Ns pulses on each bit. We will accordingly define those
three different schemes. The second block called a
Manuscript received xx 2005.
1&† The author is with the department of Electrical Department,
National Taiwan Univ. (NTU-EE) & ChungHwa Telecom Labs
(CHTTL), Taoyuan, Taiwan 326.
†† The author is with the department of Electronics Engineering, Chang

Gung Univ., Taiwan.

1The author is with NTU-EE. † The author is with CHTTL, Taiwan.
 2

transmission coder applies an integer-valued code the pulse amplitude from to frame. Eq. (2) allows for many
c  (..., c0 , c1 ,..., ci , ci 1 ,...) to the binary sequence other choices of alternative spreading codes, direct-sequence
(DS-UWB) [4], or base-band single-carrier/multicarrier
a  (..., a0 , a1 ,..., ai , ai 1 ,...) and generates a new sequence (SC/MC)-UWB [2], just to name a few. The generated signal
d. The generic element of the sequence d is expressed as is described as follows
follows d i  ci Tc  ai  , where Tc and  are constant terms v u (t )  E u 
(3)
ci Tc    Ts for all ci. The coded 
that satisfy the condition
 u  f u
n 0
a ( n / N ) c ( n )  p ( t  nT f  c TH
u ( n )T c  b u 
( n / N f ) ),
real-valued sequence d entered a third system, the PPM
modulator, which generates a sequence of unit pulses at a rate where cu (n ) is the user-specific amplitude code during the
of R p  N s / Tb  1 / Ts pulses/s. These pulses are located at nth frame. Let us define the symbol level transmitted
times iTs  d i , and are shifted in time from nominal waveform for user u when there is no spreading code involved
as follows
positions iTs by d i . Note that the code c introduces a TH (a) PPM-TH-UWB
N f 1
shift on the generated signal, and it is for this reason that it is
indicated as TH code. Note that the shift introduced by the pT ,u (t ) :  p(t  nT
n 0
f  cuTH (n )Tc  ai  ), (4a)
PPM modulator is usually much smaller than the shift
introduced by the TH code, ciTc. To allow for multi-user where an additional time-shift a i  whose value depends on
access (MA) to the UWB channel, time hopping (TH) was
introduced earlier in [10]. With TH, each pulse is positioned
whether a i is +1 or -1. The general signals of PAM-TH-
within each frame duration Tf, according to a user-specific TH UWB and PAM-DS-UWB are described as
TH (b) PAM-TH-UWB
sequence c (n). Specifically, dividing each frame into Nc
u N f 1
chips for each duration Tc, the uth user’s TH code
c (n) [0, N c  1] corresponds to a time shift of
TH
pT ,u (t ) :  p(t  nT
n 0
f  cuTH (n )Tc ), (4b)
u

cuTH (n)Tc during the nth frame. Consequently, the uth user’s (c) PAM-DS-UWB
transmitted signal vu (t ) is expressed as following N f 1

v u (t )  pT ,u (t ) :  p(t  nT
n 0
f ), (4c)
 (2)
E u  a u ( n / N f )  p(t  nT f  c uTH (n)Tc  bu ( n / N f  ),
respectively. Along the lines of [5], it can be shown that the
n 0 power spectral density (PSD) of Eq. (2) for v u (t ) is
where Eu is the uth user’s energy per pulse at the transmitter 
Eu
PT ,u ( f ) aa
2
end. With su (k )  [0, M  1] denoting the M-ary  vv ( f )  bb ( f )e  j 2 fnTs , (5a)
(n) (n)

Ts n  
information symbol transmitted by the uth user during the kth
symbol duration. Eq. (2) preserves several modulation where
schemes. When au (k )  1, and bu (k )  su (k ), Eq. (2) aa
(n)
: E{au (k )au (k  n)},
(5b)
 j 2 f ( bu ( k ) bu ( k  n )  )
describes M-ray PPM-TH. When a u (k )  2su (k )  1  M ,  ( f ) : E{e
(n)
bb }, (5c)
and bu (k )  0 Eq. (2) denotes M-ary PAM. With binary and
PT ,u ( f ) : F { pT ,u (t )} (5d)
symbols, and when au (k )  2su (k )  1, and bu (k )  0
respectively.
corresponds to BPSK, and a u (k )  su (k ) defines the OOK
[2], [10]. With TH codes, MA is achieved by altering the B. Transmission Scheme and Output waveform of
pulse position from frame to frame, according to the sequence PPM-TH, PAM-TH, and PAM-DS Signals
cuTH (n). In binary PPM, the delay can be chosen to
The signal at the receiver is expressed by r(t) in terms of the
minimize the correlation  p(t ) p(t  )dt [10]. p(t) aggregated pulse p R (t ) at the output of the cascade of the
denotes the transmitted pulseform that has a maximum above systems
amplitude of one, a duration Tc and is transmitted with a
repetition period Ts. MA can also be enabled by modifying
 IEICE TRANS. On Communications, VOL. Exxx No. x xxx 2006
3

L Fig. 1 The transmission scheme of (a) PPM-TH, (b) PAM-TH, (c)

r (t )   l u(t   l )   (t ), (6a) PAM-DS, respectively.
 0
1

where

Normalized Amplitude
0.5

u(t )  E RX  s(k ) p (t  kN
k 0
s f T f ), (6b) 0

and -0.5
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

N f 1
Time, nsec

p s (t )   d p(t  kN
i 0
i f T f  iT f  c(i )Tc   l ). (6c) Fig. 2(a) Time window of a transmitted data bit for PPM-TH-UWB
spreading in the case of Pow=-30; fc=50e9; numbits=2; Ts=3e-9;
Ns=5; Tc=1e-9; Ns=5; Tc=1e-9; Nh=3; Np=5; Tm=0.5e-9;
where (L+1) is the total number of propagation paths, each
tau=0.25e-9; and dPPM=0.5e-9.
with gain α l being real-valued with phase shift 0 or  and
0.01

delay l satisfying l < l+1, ∀ l. The channel is random and 0.008

0.006

{ l }lL0 remaining invariant within one

0.004

Amplitude [V]
quasisatitic, with 0.002
0

symbol period but possibly changing independently from -0.002

-0.004

symbol to symbol. The additive noise term (t) consists of -0.006

-0.008

both ambient noise and multiple access interference (MAI) -0.01

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

{ l }lL0 and { l }lL0 . .

Time [s] x 10
-8

and is independent of s(k), Fig. 2(b) Time window of a transmitted data bit for PAM-TH-UWB
Let us select T f   L,0  T p and c TH (0)  c TH N f  1) to transmitter (Pow=-30, fc=50e9, numbits=3, Ts = 5e-9, Ns=5, Tc=1e-
9, Nh=5, Np=5, Tm=0.5e-9, tau=0.25e-9, THcode=[2 3 1 1 3].
-3

p s (t ) within [0, Ts), and avoid

x 10
conform the duration of 6

4
intersymbol interference (ISI). di is a random variable, which
Amplitude [V]

is uniformly distributed on [0, Ts) and independent of d, and 0

-2
further reflects uncertainty about the phase of the signal. -4

Figure 2(a), (b) and (c) show a single data bit for PPM-TH, -6
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
PAM-TH, and PAM-DS, respectively. The a sequence is the Time [s] x 10
-8

output of a (Nc, 1) code repetition coder that receives as input Fig. 2(c) Time window of a transmitted data bit for PAM-DS-UWB
binary source sequence b. The presence of Nc pulses for each transmitter in the case of Pow=-30, fc=50e9, numbits=2, Ts=2e-9,
bit imposes a constraint on the average pulse repetition period Ns=10, Np=10, Tm=0.5e-9, tau = 0.25e-9, and DS code.
Ts , that is:


di ciTc ai iTs  d i s (t )   p(t  iT  ciTc   ai )

i  
s
C. The Power Spectral Density of PPM-TH, PAM-
Code
b a Transmissi on d PPM Modulator Pulse Shaper TH, and PAM-DS Signals
Repetition
Coder Shift d j @position jTs p (t )
Coder ( N , 1)
c
Rb 
1
N
Rcb  c 
1 N
Rc  c 
1
Ns 1
(a) PPM-TH-UWB Case
Tb Tb Ts Rp  
Tb Ts
(bits/s)
(bits/s) (symbols/s)
Tb Ts
(pulses/s)
For binary PPM, the resultant PSD of vu (t ) becomes:
(a )

(n)
aa  1, n, and
iTs  d i s(t )   ( 2a  1) p(t  iTs  ciTc )
d j  c jTc
 1, n0
i
i  


bb( n ) ( f )  1  cos(2f )
Code
b a Transmissi on d PAM  TH Modulator
Repetition Pulse Shaper (7a)
Coder ( N , 1) Coder Shift d j @position jTs p (t )
 , n0

c

Rb 
1
Rcb 
Nc

1 Rc 
Nc

1
Ns 1
2
Tb
Tb Ts Tb Ts Rp  
(bits/s)
Tb Ts
(bits/s) (symbols/s)
(pulses/s)
Eu 2
 vv ( f )  PT ,u ( f ) 
(b)

Ts


a j  2a *j  1 iTs  d i
s (t )   d p(t  iT )
i s
(7b)
a* d  ac i  

[(1  cos(2f )) / 2  (1  cos(2f )) /( 2Ts )   ( f  k / Ts )].
b Code Binary Transmissi on PAM  DS Modulator Pulse Shaper
Repetition  Coder Shift d j @position jTs p (t )
Coder( N , 1)  1 Series c is a binary code
c n  
Nc 1 Ns 1
Rb 
1
Rcb 
Nc

1 Rc   Rp  
Tb
Tb Ts Tb Ts Tb Ts The power spectral density of signal with PPM-TH coding is
(bits/s)
(bits/s) (symbols/s) (pulses/s) shown in Figure 3(a), PAM-TH and PAM-DS are shown in
(c )
 4

Figure 3(b)-3(c) and 3(d) is the output waveform with specific P( f )

2
 P( f )
2

TH code.
x 10
-15
PxDS ( f ) 
Ts
 R (m)e
m  
d
 j 2 fmTs

Ts
Pc ( f ) (11)
1.6

1.4 where Pc(f) is the so-called code spectrum and is the discrete
Power Spectral Density [V2/Hz]

1.2 time Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function of d.

1 Since Rd(m) is an even function, it may be written as follows:
 

 Rd (m)e  j 2 fmTs  Rd (0)  2 Rd (m) cos 2fmTs .

0.8

0.6 Pc ( f ) 
0.4 m   m 1
0.2 (12)
0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Eq. (11) shows that the spectrum of the PAM-DS signal is
Frequency [Hz] x 10
10
governed by two terms: the transfer function of the pulse
shaper P(f), as is the case for PAM-DS-UWB signals, and the
code spectrum Pc(f). Note that if sequence d was composed of
independent symbols, Rd(m) would be different from 0 only
Fig. 3 (a) The PSD of Signal u4 with (a) PPM- TH coding. for m = 0, and therefore, Pc(f) would be independent of f. In
this case, the spectrum of PAM-DS signal would be governed
by the properties of the pulse p(t).
(b) PAM-TH-UWB
-15
x 10
1.6
Accordingly, the resultant PSD of vu (t ) becomes [c.f. (5)]: 1.4

E 2 Power Spectral Density [V2/Hz] 1.2

 vv ( f )  u PT ,u ( f ) (8)
Ts
1

0.8

Eq. (7) is Eq. (3) in the specific case of transmission of p(t) 0.6

for a ‘1’ value and of –p(t) for a ‘-1’ value. The generation 0.4

scheme for the PAM-TH-UWB signal is shown in Fig. 2-2b. 0.2

It then follows that 0

aa( n )   (n), bb(n) ( f )  1, n (9)

-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
and Frequency [Hz] x 10
10

for binary PAM.

-15
x 10
Power Spectral Density [V /Hz]

3.5 Fig. 3 (c) PSD of the PAM-DS-UWB signal u0 (Np=10).

2

3
40

2.5 35

30
2
25
1.5 20
C(f)

1 15

10
0.5
5
0 0
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Frequency [Hz] x 10
10 -5

-10
-2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Fig.3 (b) The PSD of Signal u4 with (a) PAM- TH coding Frequency [Hz] x 10
10

(c) PAM-DS-UWB

The PAM-DS-UWB random process modifies the Eq. (2) into Fig. 3(d) The Pc(f) of output waveform is with specific TH code.

s(t  )   d p(t  iT
i  
i s  ) (10) D. Multiple Access with TH-UWB and DS-UWB
(a) PPM-TH-UWB
where  is a random phase epoch, which is uniformly
In Figure 4(a), it shows the system concept of Time Hopping
distributed on [0, Ts] and independent of d. The PSD of Eq.
and the example of PPM-TH, Nc = 3, Ns =2. We describe it
(9) is given by:
here for multi-user case by using different time-hopping codes,
which in general will be pseudo-noise codes. First, we note
 IEICE TRANS. On Communications, VOL. Exxx No. x xxx 2006
5

that there is one pulse transmitted in each frame of time Tf.

Fig. 4(b).The M-ary correlator receiver for the PPM-TH signal.
The pulse repetition frequency (PRF = 1/Tf), is described as

Time Hopping The most interesting correlation-based receiver r(t) with a

1 bit (Tb  N * T f ) locally generated pulse train p s (t ), time-shifted by a normal
Data Bit propagation delay ˆ, to produce the sufficient statistic for
symbol detection:
( n 1)Ts ˆ
y(n)   r(t ) p s (t  nTs  ˆ)dt. (16)
nTs ˆ

Let us denote the timing mismatch as  :  0  ˆ  N  T f   ,

T f  N s Tp
*
Tp

where N   [0, N f  1], and   [T p , T f  T p ). The

Tc
Nc = 3 parameters N  T f and ε indicate the breakdown of mistiming
Tf (Ns )
into acquisition and tracking errors, respectively. To
Fig. 4(a). Time Hopping system concept. investigate how mistiming may compromise the capability of
RAKE reception in energy capture, we adopt a generic RAKE
 receiver structure with (L’+1) fingers, as shown in Fig. 5. The
s ( m ) (t )   p(t  iT
i  
s  ciTc   ai ), (13)
RAKE tap delays {~' ,0 }lL' 0 are design parameters that could
'

where  is the binary value (1 or 0) conveyed by the pulse j

of user m. The time hopping code chip is in the range from 0 be chosen among the channel path delays { l ,0 }lL1 .
to NhTc. Alternatively, we may resort to a RAKE structure with
(b) PAM-TH-UWB equally spaced taps, i.e., ~l ,0 : l 'Tr ,
' with tap spacing
The M-PAM (PAM-TH UWB) is considered by Foerster et al. Tr  T p , and a maximum tap delay ~L' ,0  T f  2T p . A
[7] and Hämäläinen et al., [8]. The PAM-TH-UWB signal for
the mth user is given by full RAKE arises when L’ = L and each ~ is matched to l ' ,0

s ( m ) (t )  
(2a  1) p(t  iT  c T ). (14)
i s i c
one of the delayed paths, whereas L’ < L corresponds to a
i   “partial RAKE,” which may be less effective in energy
capture but computationally more affordable. In particular,
(c) PAM-DS-UWB
the sliding correlator can be considered to be a “RAKE-1”
The PAM-DS-UWB and OOK information signal s(t) for the receiver with L’+1 = 1 [13]. The RAKE weights wl ' can be
mth user can be presented as
 selected to represent maximum ratio combining, equal-gain
s ( m ) (t )  d ( m ) p(t  tT ) (15)

i  
i s combining, or other linear combining techniques. For all these
combiners, the correlation template ps(t) in (16) is replaced by
where d i(m ) is the data sequence. L'

Figure 4(b) shows the M-ary correlator receiver for the p s( rc) (t )   wl ' p s (t  ~l ',0 ). Both the sliding correlator
l ' 0
PPM-TH signal.
Pulse Correlator and the RAKE receiver rely on the correlation between the
N s integrator
detector
transmit filter and the receiver template. Therefore, symbol
( ( l )  kT f  ck( l )Tc   ik  Tw ) yi detection hinges on the properties of the normalized auto-
r (t )
Store
and Sum correlation function of p(t), which are defined as
( ( l )  kT f  ck( l )Tc   ik ) 

Template generator
k  0,1, 2,, N s  1.
N s 1

 w(t   (l )  kT f  ck(l )Tc   ik ), i  1, 2,, M .

R p ( ) : N f 

p(t ) p(t   )dt  [1,1]. With these
k 0
M - ary signal
definitions, we combine (6) and (16) to reach a unifying
Link
Sequence generator generator selector expression for the detection statistic:
 D (t   ( l )  kT f  ck( l )Tc ) (l )
Code ck(i ) k mod N p
Code Synchronization
delay generator (sync control)
 D (t   ( l )  kT f )
Frame  ( l ) mod T f
clock (sync control)
 6

( n 1) Ts ˆ each cluster, subsequent multipath contributions also arrive

y (n)   r (t ) p s( rc) (t  nTs  ˆ)dt
nTs ˆ according to Poission process with rate  :
  ( k ,l  ( k 1 ), l )

N f Tf L'
r (t  nN f T f  ˆ) wl ' p s (t  ˆl ',0 )dt (17a)
p( k ,l  ( k 1),l )  e , k  0. (20)

where  k ,l and  ( k 1),l are the time of arrival of the k-th and (k-
0
l ' 0
 N f 1 L L' R p ( p )
 E Rx  s( k )   wl ' l
1)-th contributions within clusters l. The channel coefficient
  ( n ),
k 0 i 0 l 0 l ' 0 Nf  k ,l defined by [4] can be defined as follows:
where  k ,l  pk ,l l  k ,l and (21)
 p : (k  n ) N f T f  (i  j )T f  (c(i )  c( j ))Tc 
(17b) 20 log 10( l  k ,l )  N ( k ,l ,  12   22 ), or (22)
N  T f     l ,0  ~l ',0 .
For convenience, let y s (n) : y(n)   (n) represent the  l  k ,l  10(  n n ) / 20 , (23)
k ,l 1 2

where n1  N (0,  1 ) and n2  N (0, 22 ) are

2
noise-free (signal) component of the decision statistic. When
L'
the RAKE taps are normalized by w 2
l'  1, the noise term independent and correspond to the fading on each cluster and

   e
ray, respectively, and
l ' 0

E  l  k ,l
2 Tl /   k ,l / 
η(n) is Gaussian with zero mean and variance e , (24)
0
   (N 0 / 2).
2
It is worth stressing that (17) resumes
where 0 is the mean energy of the first path of the first
various operating conditions in terms of channel types.
cluster, T is the excess delay of bin  and p k ,l is a discrete

III. IEEE UWB Channel Model equiproble  1 to account for signal inversion due to
reflection. The  k ,l is given by [4]
The IEEE 802.15.3a Channel-Modeling sub-committee 10 ln( 0 )  10Tl /   10 k ,l /  ( 12   22 ) ln 10 (25)
finally converged on a model based on the cluster approach  k ,l   .
ln(10) 20
proposed by Turin and others in 1972 [3] and further The variables in the above equations represent the fading
formalized by Saleh and Valenzuela (S-V model) in 1987 [4].
The S-V model is based on the observation that usually associated with the -th cluster,  l , and the fading associated
multipath contributions generated by the same pulse arrive at with kth ray of the -th cluster,  k ,l . The shadowing term is
the receiver grounded into clusters. According to Foerster, a
discrete time multipath channel impulse can be expressed as characterized by [4]
follows: 20 log 10( X i )  N (0, x2 ). (26)
In addition to cluster and ray decay factor,  and  are the
LC K LC
hi (t )  X i  ki ,l  (t  Tl i   ki ,l ) (18)
l 1 k 0 model inputs cluster and ray decay factors  and
where  represents the multipath gain coefficients, T the
i i
 , respectively. The standard deviation terms in dB for
k ,l l
cluster lognormal fading, ray lognormal fading and lognormal
delays of the -th cluster,  ki ,l gives the delays for the kth shadowing term for total multipath realization
multipath component relative to -th cluster the arrival time.  1 , 2 and  x , respectively.
Xi represents the shadowing effect of log-normal distributed
The damped since waves and their Fourier transform is
and i refer to the ith realization. Lc is the number of observed
shown in Fig. 5. Four different channel implementations are
clusters, K LC is the number of multi-path contribution of the
suggested, which are based on the average distance between
n-th cluster, Tn is the time of arrival of the n-th cluster, and transmitter and receiver, and whether a line-of sight (LOS)
 is the cluster arrival rate;  is the ray arrival rate. The time channel is present or not. SV-1: LOS model for 0-4m, SV-2:
of arrival of clusters is modeled as a Poisson arrival process Non-LOS (NLOS) channel for 0-4m, SV-3: NLOS for 4-10m
with rate  : model, and SV-4: NLOS for an extreme NLOS multipath
p(Tl Tl 1 )  e   (T T ) , l  0 l l 1
(19)
channel condition. The four channel models and their
parameters are listed in Table 2.1 [4]. The simulation output
where Tl and Tl-1 are the times of arrival of the l-th and (l-1)-th waveform are shown in Figure 7 (a) to (d), respectively. The
clusters, respectively. We set T1=0 for the first cluster. With total IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Model are shown in Figure 6 (a)
 IEICE TRANS. On Communications, VOL. Exxx No. x xxx 2006
7

-4 Discrete Time Impulse Response

and (b). The simulation results are shown in Figure 8(a) and 10
x 10

(b).

Amplitude Gain
1
5
=5 109
0.8
=3 109
0.6

0.4
0
Amplitude

0.2

-0.2 -5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-0.4
Time [s] x 10
-7
-0.6
x 10
-3 Discrete Time Impulse Response
-0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Time, sec -9
x 10

0.5

Amplitude Gain
Fig. 5. Damped sine waves and their Fourier transforms. 0
Table 2.1 the main parameters are presented in the IEEE
802.15.3 proposal -0.5

-1
0 1 2 3 4
Time [s] x 10
-7

Fig. 7 (a) From top (a) SV-1: LOS model (b) SV-2: NLOS model.

x 10
-5 Discrete Time Impulse Response
3

Amplitude Gain 1

-1
(a)
-2

-3
0 1 2 3 4
Time [s] x 10
-7

x 10
-5 Discrete Time Impulse Response
3
2
Amplitude Gain

1
0

-1
-2

-3
0 1 2 3 4
Time [s] x 10
-7

Fig. 7(c) From Top SV-3: NLOS (4-10m) (d) SV-4: NLOS (4-10m)
(b)
Fig. 6(a) The total IEEE 802.15.3a Channel Model (b) The
inner block of IEEE 802.15.3a.
Target channel
characteristics SV-1 SV-2 SV-3 SV-4
Model parameters
Λ(1/nsec) (LAMDA) 0.0233 0.4 0.0667 0.0667
λ(1/nsec) (lamda) 2.5 0.5 2.1 2.1
Γ(GAMMA) 7.1 5.5 14.00 24.00
γ(gamma) 4.3 6.7 7.9 12
σ1(dB) 3.3941 3.3941 3.3941 3.3941
σ2(dB) 3.3941 3.3941 3.3941 3.3941
σ3(dB) 3 3 3 3
(a)
 8

N u K (u ) Since the frame duration longer than the

  1.
2
nk
n 1 k 1

maximum delay spread augmented by one pulse duration, i.e.,

T f   L  T p , to avoid interframe interference (IFI). Rake
receivers with Lr fingers sum up weights outputs (diversity
combining) from a bank of Lr correlators. During the n-th
frame, the template for the Lr th correlators (Rake finger with
delay ~lr ) is the pulse delayed by nT f  ~lr . Accordingly,
the correlator output of the Lr th finger during the nth frame is
nTf ~l r T p
xu (n; l r )   ru (t ) p(t  nT f   nk  ~lr )dt. (28)
nTf ~l r
~l r T p
(b) When defining ~l : ~ g (t ) p(t  ~lr )dt , it follows
Fig. 8(a) The output waveform of CM3 from Simulink model. r  lr
(b) The output waveform of LOS channel model from that
Simulink. nTf ~l r T p
 g (t  mT f ) p(t  nT f  ~lr )dt  ~lr  (m  n),
nTf ~l r
B. Coherent RAKE Receiver Algorithm
In this paper, we investigate coherent, selective Rake-N where we select T f   L  T p . Substituting (27) into (28),
we find that xu (n; l r )  Eu au ( n / N f )cu (n)~lr   (n; l r ),
receiver. First, the output from a pulse-matched filter is
sampled at a given rate which is equal to symbol, chip, or a
fraction of the chip rate. If the signals from Rake fingers are where  (n; lr ) is the sampled noise, at the correlator output
uncorrelated and have the same noise power, the algorithm of the lr th finger, during the nth frame. For each finger to
achieves the theoretical performance of the maximum-ratio capture distinct multipath returns, finger delays must satisfy
combining (MRC), which maximizes the signal-to-noise
ration.
~lr  ~lr 1  2T p , which yields the maximum number of
r (t ) m(t)
-

dt  
fingers Lr :  L /( 2T p ). In practice, Lr  Lr is often
t  k 
N R
N R 1
2 1 chosen for different receiver options such as all Rake, partial
Rake or selective Rake [11]. Concatenating the Lr outputs
Estimated
from all fingers during the nth frame we can form the block:
Z TOT

xu (n ) : [ xu (n;0) xu (n;1) xu (n; Lr  1)]T

Symbol
Detector

t  jTs  N R 
(29)
~  η(n ).
Fig. 9 RAKE Receiver for discrete-time channel models.  E a ( n / N ) c ( n )α
u u  f  u

where α ~ and η(n) are L  1 vectors constructed by

r
Given the channel model of (18) shown in Fig. 9 and the
~
stacking  lr and  (n, l r ) for l r  [0, Lr  1]. Recalling
presence of thermal noise at the channel output, the receiver is
given by the sum of all signals originating from the Nu that each symbol is conveyed by Nf pulses, a total of Nf Lr
transmitters, and can be written as follows: correlator outputs must be collected, Lr per frame, to detect
ru (t )   u (t )  h(t )   (t ) ( k 1) N f 1
 (27) one symbol. To this end, vectors {xu (n)}n kN f
 E u( n )  a u ( n / N f )c u (n )g (t  nT f   nk )   (t ) corresponding to kth symbol can be concatenated into a
n 0
L vector of size N f Lr  1 as (29):
where g (t ) : ( p  h)(t )   l p(t   l ) is the
l 0 y u (k ) : [ xuT (kN f ) xuT (kN f  N f  1)]T
(30)
composite pulse-multipath Channel. Eu is the transmitted
 E a (k )(c  α ~)  η(k ),
energy per pulse, Nu is the number of clusters observed at u u u

destination,  nk is the delay of the k-th path within the n-th where  stands for Kronecker product, cu : =
cluster and
(n)
E RX  ETX
(n)
 (n)  . The energy contained in
2
[cu (0),, cu ( N f  1)]T , and η(k ) : [ T (kN f ),,
the channel coefficientsαnk is normalized to unity for each  T (kN f  N f  1)]T is the N f Lr  1 noise vector that
realization of the channel impulse response, that is:
consists of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), MUI, and
 IEICE TRANS. On Communications, VOL. Exxx No. x xxx 2006
9

NBI. To decode a symbol, diversity combining needs to be For a signal occupying a bandwidth greater than mb, the
carried out. With the N f Lr  1 weight vector β, diversity maximum allowed EIRP is equal to the sum of the EIRPmb
values that are provided by the mask corresponding to the
combining yields the decision statistics for the kth symbols: frequency range occupied by the signal. The EIRPmb value
zu (k ) : βT y u (k ). If the noise (t) is white, maximum indicated by the mask is defined by
ratio combining (MRC) is optimal and gives rise to weight B V2
vector EIRPmb  EIRP  4D 2 . (14)
~, (31) mb 377
 mf : c u  α Regarding indoor UWB systems, the mask limits operation to
which implements matched filtering (MF). In the presence of a -10 dB bandwidth lying between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz, and sets
MUI and/or NBI, the noise (t) is often colored, which very stringent limits on out-of-band emission masks. The rule
renders MF weights suboptimal and motives the use of also specifies a limit on the peak level of emission within a 50
minimum mean-square error (MMSE) weights: MHz bandwidth centered on the frequency fM, at which the
 mmse :  u [R   u (c u  α~)(c u  α~)T ]1 (c u  α~), (32) highest radiated emission occurs. It is important to note that
the FCC definition refers to a unilateral PSD
where R : E  { (k ) (k )} is the aggregate noise
T
PM ( f ); therefore, the maximum allowed total power PMmax
covariance matrix. Consequently, MF combining has lower for a signal occupying frequencies between fL and fH is:
complexity than MMSE combining. fH
PM max   PM ( f )df . (15)
fL
IV. Performance analysis for the UWB Radio Link
From above equations for UWB, it can be easily calculated
as
UWB radio signals must, in principle, coexist with other 10.6 G
radio signals. Possible interference from and onto other PM max dBm  10 log 10  PM ( f )df
3.1G
communication systems must be contained within regulated
values that indicate the maximum tolerable power to be present  (10.6  10 3  3.1  10 3 ) MHz 
in the air interface at any given frequency, as set by emission 
 10 log 10 EIRPmb  (16)
 mb 
masks. The quantity EIRP is usually measured in dBm, that is  
as 10 log10 EIRPmWatts. The available power of the transmitted
PTX is effectively transferred from the transmitter to antenna.  41.3  10 log 10 (7.5  10 3 / 1)  2.8dBm
The output impedance of the transmitter Z oTX and input PM max  0.55mW .
impedance of the antenna ZAT is verified, Z AT  Z oTX . The For a given SNRspec and system margin Ms, the maximum
field strength represents the voltage one should apply to an distance D can be covered by transmission and has a squared
impedance equal to the characteristic impedance of free-space value [9] equal to:
ZFS to obtain an available power PTX after propagation over a GT G R c 2 P
2Tb M max
distance D. ZFS is related to permeability and permittivity of the (4 ) 2
f2
free space and is equal to 377 ohms (the exact value being D2  , (17)
120). The relationship between field strength and available 1
M s SNRspec kFTemp0
power is thus: 2
Vs2 where GT, GR are the transmitter and receiver antenna gains,
EIRP  4D 2 . (12) respectively. F is the average noise figure, c is the speed of
377 light, Temp0=290 oK is the room temperature of 17 oC or
Given the energy of a single pulse, Ep, and the total energy of 62.3 oF, and Ms is the system margin at a given SNRspec.
the pulses representing one bit, NsEp, the average power Pav Furthermore, given the current absence of UWB noise figure
under the hypothesis Tb = NsTs is thus expressed as: models, the maximum distance D can be obtained in Eq. (17).
Ns Ep Ns Ep Ep However, system specification is usually defined in terms of
Pav    , (13) probability of symbol error Pre rather than SNR. The
Tb N s Ts Ts relationship between SNR and Pre depends on modulation
where 1/Ts is the pulse repetition rate. scheme and can be easily expressed if the noise term is
Emission masks impose limits on the PSD of emitted AWGN. In this case , the optimum receiver can be easily
signals, that is, on EIRP spectral density. Emission masks are, derived form Proakis [8]. Note that D depends on the signal PSD.
however, commonly provided in terms of power values, The pulse waveform is the 5th derivative of the Gaussian pulse after
typically in dBm, at a given frequency. The maximum allowed amplitude normalization to meet the FCC indoor emission mask.
EIRP is within a measured bandwidth (mb) centered around fc. The PSD of the 5th derivative of the Gaussian pulse is given by [9]
 10

(2f )10 e  ( 2 f )
2

Ps ( f )  Amax
5 5 e 5
where Amax = 10-13.125 W/Hz, and  = 51 ps. The adopted
power spectrum for maximum value of distance between
transmitter and receiver is a function of the data for M-PAM and M-
PPM signals. This case is of particular interest because it provides
the upper limit for the distance reachable on an UWB
communication link. When an available power in the 3.1-10.6
GHz bandwidth is fully exploited for Rb in the range [1-100
Kbps], the maximum link distance is a function of the data
rate for M-PAM-DS and M-PPM-TH signals and also is show
in Figure 7. When an available power in the 3.1-10.6 GHz
bandwidth is fully exploited for Rb in the range [1-20 Mbps],
the maximum link distance is a function of the data rate for
M-PAM-DS and M-PPM-TH signals and also is shown in
Figure 8 and for Rb in the range [20-200 Mbps] shown in
Figure 9, respectively.
3500
3000
2500
Distance [m]
, (18)
D. Meeting the Emission Masks
Meeting emission masks set by regulation is a typical task
demanded of the pulse shaper. In particular, the release of FCC
emission masks for UWB devices reported in [6]. Here, we will
analyze the possibility of tuning the ESD of a generated pulse by
combining a few single reference pulse waveforms to adjust the ESD
to the masks. Note that we implicitly assume that the generated
waveform can be assimilated to one pulse instead of several. Let us
consider the first 15 derivatives of the Gaussian pulse. Figure 10
shows the PSD of a waveform obtained by linear combination of the
above Base Functions plotted against the FCC emission mask. The 
value equals to 0.714 ns, for Ts = 1 e-7 and attempts =100. Note
that the requirement of emission mask is designed to minimize the
least square error (LSE) function defined as follows:

e PM ( f )  F ( f ) df ,
2
(19)

where PM(f) represents the emission mask and F(f) is the PSD of the
2-PAM
linear combination. The target emission voltage mask can be
4-PAM
8-PAM
obtained by dividing the power emission mask, normalized by 1/Ts,
2-PPM
4-PPM
by the free space impedance, taking the square root, and applying
8-PPM
the Fourier anti-Transform. In this case, the error is then defined as

2000

follows:
1500 Pre = 10-3 , P TX~0.55mW
N 2

e   m(t )   a k f k (t ) dt.
1000

(20)
500 
k 1
0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1 LSE combination
0
Data Rate [Mbits/s]
FCC UWB indoor emission mask

Figure 7. Maximum value of distance between transmitter and -50

receiver, for Rb in the range of [1-100Kbits/s]. -100  = 0.714 ns

PSD [dBm/MHz]

120 -150

2-PAM
-200
4-PAM
100 8-PAM
-250 LSE combination
2-PPM
4-PPM -300
80
8-PPM
Distance [m]

-350
-3
60 Pre = 10 , P TX~0.55mW
-400
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
Frequency [MHz]
40

Figure 10. Envelope of the PSD of linear combination of

20
Gaussian waveforms vs. FCC indoor emission mask with  =
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
0.714 ns for all derivatives.
Data Rate [Mbits/s]
Figure 8. Maximum value of distance between transmitter and Conclusion
receiver, for Rb in the range of [1-20 Mbits/s].
UWB systems may be primarily divided into impulse radio
25
2-PAM (IR) systems and multiband systems. Multiband systems offer
4-PAM
20 8-PAM the advantage of potentially efficient utilization of spectrum.
2-PPM
4-PPM However, IR systems have the significant advantage of
8-PPM
Distance [m]

Pr = 10-3 , P
15
e TX
~0.55mW
simplicity, and so are potentially lower costs. The
performance of the synchronous and asynchronous systems
10
for the TH system is very similar. This is because each user
5 has a different pulse transmit instant associated with their PR
sequence, so the pulses are offset even if the time hopping
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 frames are aligned. The performances of the TH and DS
Data Rate [Mbits/s]
Figure 9. Maximum value of distance between transmitter and asynchronous systems are very similar. This is to be expected
receiver, for Rb in the range of [10-200 Mbits/s]. in an AWGN channel with low duty cycle pulses. As expected,
SRake outperforms PRake since it achieves higher SNR at the
 IEICE TRANS. On Communications, VOL. Exxx No. x xxx 2006
11

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[12] L. Yang, and G. B. Giannakis, “Optimal Pilot Waveform
The research was supported, in part, by National Science assistec Modulation for Ultrawideband Communications,”
Council (NSC93-2220-E-182-004), Ministry of IEEE Trans. On Wireless Commun. Vol. 3, No. 4, Jul. 2004, pp.
Transportation and Communications (MOTC-STAO-93-17) 1236-1249.
and Chunghwa Telecom (CHTTL-ITS-DSRC-8105). [13] M. Z. Win and R. A. Scholtz. “Characterization of UWB
wireless indoor channels: a communication-theoretic view,”
25
2-PAM
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 20, no. 12, pp. 1613-1627,
4-PAM
8-PAM
Dec.. 2002.
20
2-PPM
4-PPM
8-PPM
Distance [m]

15 Pr = 10-3
e

10

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Data Rate [Mb/s]

Figure 11 Maximum value of distance between transmitter

and receiver, as a function of the data for M-PAM and M-
PPM signals.

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