5

CHAPTER

MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIES
Syllabus
 Manufacturing Industries: Types, spatial distribution (Note : on map only) contribution of
industries to the national economy, industrial pollution and degradation of environment, measures
to control degradation. Note : Content mentioned on page no. 74-75 of NCERT, Geography Text
book, i.e., Aluminium Smelting, Chemical Industries, Fertilizer Industry, Cement Industry is not
required to be deliver in class room during instruction.

TOPIC-1
Manufacturing Industries – Introduction, Location
and Classification
Quick Review
¾ Manufacturing is production of goods in large quantities after processing raw materials to more valuable products.
Industries that manufacture finished products from primary material are called manufacturing industries in the
secondary sector.
¾ Importance of Manufacturing
l Manufacturing industries help in modernizing agriculture; which TOPIC - 1
forms the backbone of our economy. Manufacturing Industries –
l Manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy dependence of Introduction, Location and
people on agricultural income because of creation of new jobs in Classification ... P. 176
secondary and tertiary sectors. TOPIC - 2
l Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment and Agro Based Industries ... P. 179
poverty. TOPIC - 3
l Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce and Mineral Based Industries ... P. 182
brings in much needed foreign exchange.
TOPIC - 4
l A country with high level of manufacturing activities becomes Industrial Pollution and
prosperous. Environmental Degradation ... P. 184
¾ Contribution of Industry to National Economy
l The share of manufacturing sector in the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) has been stagnant at 17% over the
last two decades.
l The total contribution of industry to the GDP is 27% out of which 10% comes from mining, quarrying,
electricity and gas.
l The growth of the manufacturing sector had been 7% in the last decade. Since 2003, the growth rate has been
9 to 10% per annum. The desired growth rate over the next decade is 12%.
l The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set with the objectives of improving
productivity through proper policy interventions by the government and renewed efforts by the industry.
¾ Location and Classification
¾ Some of the factors which affect the industrial location are as follows :
l Availability of raw materials
l Availability of labour
l Availability of capital
l Availability of power
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES [ 177

l Availability of market
l Infrastructure
¾¾ A manufacturing industry promotes the urbanisation of its neighbourhood. Already urbanised areas also
attract industries, since they provide ready facilities for transport, banking, labour, consultancy, etc. If an urban
centre offers sufficient facilities and advantages, several industries come up there together to form an industrial
agglomeration. These industries together form an agglomeration economy.
¾¾ Before independence, most industries in India were located in port cities to enable easy overseas trade.
¾¾ Classification of Industries on the basis of raw materials:
l Agro Based Industries : Cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, etc.
l Mineral Based Industries : Iron and steel, cement, aluminium, petrochemicals, etc.
l Classification of Industries According to their main role :
l Basic or Key Industries : These industries supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods,
e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, aluminium smelting.
l Consumer Industries : These industries produce goods which are directly used by consumers, e.g., sugar,
paper, electronics, soap, etc.
¾¾ Classification of Industries on the basis of capital investment :
l Small Scale Industry : If the invested capital is upto Rs. one crore, then the industry is called a small scale
industry.
l Large Scale Industry : If the invested capital is more than Rs. one crore, then the industry is called a large
scale industry.
¾¾ Classification of Industries on the basis of ownership :
l Public Sector: These industries are owned and operated by government agencies, e.g., SAIL, BHEL, ONGC,
etc.
l Private Sector : These industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, e.g.,
TISCO, Reliance, Mahindra, etc.
l Joint Sector : These industries are jointly owned by the government and individuals or a group of individuals,
e.g., Oil India Limited.
l Cooperative Sector : These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw
materials, workers or both. The resources are pooled by each stakeholder and profits or losses are shared
proportionately. AMUL which is milk cooperative is a good example. The sugar industry in Maharashtra is
another example.
¾¾ Classification of Industries on the basis of bulk and weight of raw materials and finished goods :
l Heavy Industries: Iron and steel.
l Light Industries: Electronics

Know the Terms

¾¾ Manufacturing: Production of goods in large quantities after converting raw materials, components or parts into
finished goods.
¾¾ NMCC : The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council.
¾¾ Agglomeration Economies : The industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the
urban centres.
¾¾ Entrepreneur : An innovator of new ideas who sets up a business taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
¾¾ Large Scale Industries : Industries which employ a large number of labour in each unit. Example: Cotton textile
industry.
¾¾ Public Sector Industries : Industries which are owned and operated by government agencies. Example: BHEL.
¾¾ Agro-Based Industries : Industries which obtain raw materials from agricultural products. Example: Sugar
industry.
¾¾ Mineral-Based Industries: Industries that use minerals and metals as raw materials. Example: Iron and Steel
industry.
¾¾ Basic Industries : Industries on which depend many other industries for their manufacturing processes. Example:
Iron and Steel Industry.

Know the Link

¾¾ www.youarticlelibrary.com/industries/industries...industries-in-india/197
178 ]
Very Short Answer Type Questions
U Q. 1. Why has the ‘National Manufacturing Competi-
tiveness Council’ been Set-up ?
[Board Term-II, Outside Delhi Set-II, 2015]
Ans. To improve the productivity, economist predict
that manufacturing can achieve its target over the
next decades. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1
U Q. 2. Why is the ‘least cost’ known as decision making
factor for ideal location of an industry?
[Board Term-II, Delhi Set-II, 2015]
Short Answer Type Questions
A Q. 1. Describe the importance of manufacturing.
[Board Term–II, Set (TCJQ6VD) 2016]
OR
Describe the importance of manufacturing sector
in countries like India.
[Board Term-II, Set-II012, 2081, 2012]
OR
"Manufacturing sector is considered as the
backbone of economic development of the
country." support the statement with examples.
[Board Term-II, Foreign Set-I, II, III, 2017]
Ans. The economic strength of a country lies in
the development of manufacturing industries
because:
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising
agriculture which forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) It reduces the heavy dependence of people on
agriculture sector and creates jobs in secondary
and tertiary sectors.
(iii) It is necessary for the removal of unemployment
and poverty.
(iv) It brings down regional disparities.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce and enhances prosperity.
(vi) It brings much needed foreign exchange.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
Long Answer Type Questions
U Q. 1. What is the manufacturing sector? Why is
it considered the backbone of development?
Interpret the reason.
[Board Term-II, Outside Delhi Set-I, 2015]
Ans. Definition of Manufacturing Sector :
Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials to more
valuable products is called manufacturing.
It is considered as backbone of development
because:
Oswaal CBSE Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X
(1 mark each)
Ans. Manufacturing activity tends to locate at the
most appropriate place where all the factors of
industrial locations are either available or can be
arranged at a lower cost.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1
A Q. 3. What is manufacturing ? (NCERT)
Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called as manufacturing. 1
(3 marks each)
A Q. 2. What is the meaning of manufacturing industry?
Why is it considered the backbone of economic
development? Give two reasons.
[Board Term-II, Set-III, 2011]
Ans. Production of goods in large quantities after
processing from raw materials to more valuable
products is called manufacturing.
Considered as backbone:
(i) Manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
(ii) It brings down regional disparities by establishing
industries in tribal and backward areas.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and
commerce, and brings in much needed foreign exchange.
(iv) Industry sector contributes 27 % of GDP out of it
manufacturing accounts for 17 %.
R Q. 3. Define the term manufacturing. Classify industries
on the basis of source of raw materials used.
[Board Term-II, Delhi Set 1, 2013; Set-68010, 2012]
Ans. Definition: “Production of goods in large
quantities after processing from raw materials to
more valuable products is called manufacturing”.
Classification :
(i) Agro-based : Cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, etc.
(ii) Mineral-based : Iron, steel, cement, etc 1 +2 = 3
(5 marks each)
(i) It not only helps in modernising agriculture but
also forms the backbone of our economy.
(ii) Industrial development is a precondition for
eradication of unemployment and poverty from
our country.
(iii) Export of manufactured goods expands trade
and commerce.
(iv) Countries that transform their raw materials into
a wide variety of finished goods of higher value
are prosperous.
1 + 4 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES [ 179

A Q. 2. “The economic strength of a country is measured
by the development of manufacturing industries.”
Support the statement with arguments. [Board Term–II, 2014]
(Board Term–II, Delhi Set–I, II, III, 2016)
(Board Term–II, Outside Delhi Compartment,
Set–I, II, III, 2017)
OR
Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in
the Economic development of India.
[Board Term–II, Outside Delhi Set–I, 2017]
Ans. Role of manufacturing industries in the
economic development :
(i) Manufacturing industries help in modernising
agriculture, which forms the backbone of our
economy.
(ii) Manufacturing industries also reduce the heavy
dependence of people on agricultural income by
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary
sectors.
(iii) Industrial development reduces unemployment
and poverty :
(iv) It also brings down regional disparities.
(v) Export of manufactured goods expands trade
and commerce, and brings foreign exchange.
(vi) Prosperity of our country depends on
transforming raw materials into furnished goods
of higher value and diversifying our industries.
(vii) Industrial sector contributes 27 % of GDP and
manufacturing contributes 17 % of GDP.
(Any five) 1 × 5 = 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
U Q. 3. Explain any five factors affecting the location of
an industry. [Board Term-II, (Set-III) 2015]
Ans. The factors affecting the location of an industry :
(i) Availability of raw material.
(ii) Availability of cheap labour.
(iii) Availability of capital and bank facilities.
(iv) Availability of power and other infrastructure.
(v) Proximity to markets.
(vi) Availability of adequate and swift means of transport.
(Any five) 1 × 5 = 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
A Q. 4. Describe the various physical and human factors
responsible for the location of industries.
Ans. (i) Physical Factors :
(a) Availability of raw materials—Ideal location
should be near the sources of raw materials.
(b) Power resources—Power resources like coal and
electricity must be available for the industry.
(c) Water and favourable climate.
(ii) Human Factors :
(a) Cheap and efficient labour
(b) Capital and bank facilities
(c) Good market
(d) Transport facility 3+2=5
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
A Q. 5. What is manufacturing sector? Describe four
types of manufacturing sector on the basis of
ownership. [Board Term-II, Foreign Set-I, 2015]
Ans. Manufacturing Sector : Production of goods
in large quantities after processing from
raw materials to more valuable products is
called manufacturing. For example: paper is
manufactured from wood, sugar from sugarcane,
and aluminium from bauxite.
Four types of manufacturing sector on the basis
of ownership are :
(i) Public sector owned by Govt. agencies. For
example: BHEL, SAIL, etc.
(ii) Private sector owned by individuals or a group
of individuals. For example: TISCO, Bajaj Auto
Ltd., Dabur Industries, etc.
(iii) Joint sector jointly owned by the state and
individuals. For example: Oil India Ltd, etc.
(iv) Cooperative sector is owned by and operated
by the producers or suppliers of raw materials,
workers or both. For example: Anand, Mother
Dairy, etc. 1×5=5
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]

TOPIC-2
Agro Based Industries

Quick Review
¾¾ Agro-based industries: Industries based on agricultural raw materials. For example, cotton textiles, jute textiles,
woollen textiles, silk textiles, synthetic textiles, sugar industry.
l Cotton textiles : It occupies a unique position in Indian economy, contributes 14% of industrial production.
Provides employment to 35 million persons directly. Earlier the cotton textile industries were located in
Maharashtra and Gujarat. Today, they are spread over 80 towns and cities of India. Scarcity of good-quality
cotton, obsolete machinery, erratic power supply, low productivity of labour and stiff competition are some
of the problems faced by the cotton textiles industry.
180 ] Oswaal CBSE Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X

l Jute textiles : There are about 70 jute mills in India and most of the jute is produced in West Bengal. Mainly
in the Hugli basin produced in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Assam and
Tripura.
l Sugar : There are 460 sugar mills in the country. 50% of them are found in Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat are also important producers of sugar in the country.

Know the Terms

¾¾ Textile Industries : Textile is a fabric that is knitted or woven and made from yarn. It is the industry responsible
for taking a raw material like cotton or wool and spinning it into yarn that is later used to create the fabric.
¾¾ Ginning : The process of separating the seeds from the cotton fibers is known as ginning.
¾¾ Spinning : It is the twisting together of drawn-out strands of fibers to form yarn, and is a major part of the textile
industry.
¾¾ Dyeing : It is the process of adding colour to textile products like fibers, yarns, and fabrics.
¾¾ Khandsari : It is a type of unrefined raw white sugar made from thickened sugar cane syrup. It is neither bleached
nor contains harmful chemicals and additives.

Know the Links

¾¾ www.youarticlelibrary.com/.../industries.../mineral...industries...major-
¾¾ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_industry

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

R Q. 1. Which industry, due to its seasonal nature, is Ans. Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. 1
ideally suited to the cooperative sector? A Q. 3. Why are most of the Jute mills of India located in
Ans. Sugar. 1 West Bengal?
R Q. 2. Name two most important sugar producing states Ans. Location of jute producing area close to the jute mills;
of India. Inexpensive water transport; and cheap labour, etc 1

Short Answer Type Questions (3 marks each)

U Q. 1.”Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector.”

Support the statement with arguments.
[Board Term-II, Delhi Set-II, 2015]
Ans. Agriculture gives boost to the industrial sector :
(i) Agriculture provides raw material to industries.
(ii) Agriculture provides market for industrial products.
(iii) Agriculture helps boost new industrial products.
(iv) The industries such as cotton, jute, silk, woollen
textiles, sugar and edible oil, etc., are based on
agricultural raw materials. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
U Q. 2.Explain any three factors which were responsible
for the concentration of cotton textile industry in
Maharashtra and Gujarat in early years.
[Board Term-II, Set-68063, 2012]
Ans.
(i) Availability of raw cotton.
(ii)
Ready markets are available.
(iii)
Well-developed means of transportation.
(iv)
Abundant skilled and unskilled labour at cheap rate.
(v)
Moist climate which is suitable for the cotton
industry. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
R Q. 3. Why is cotton textile industry the largest industry
in India today? Give any three reasons.
[Board Term-II, 2011]
Ans. (i) Cotton textile industry contributes 14 percent
of the total industrial production.
(ii) It provides employment to 35 million persons
directly – the second largest after agriculture.
(iii) It earns foreign exchange of about 24.6 percent (4
percent of GDP). 1×3=3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2011]
A Q. 4. Describe any three major problems faced by the
weaving and processing sectors in cotton textile
industry. [Board Term-II, Foreign Set-II, 2015]
OR
A Describe any three major problems faced by
cotton textile industry in India.
[Board Term-II, 2014, 2010, Board, SA II, Outside
Delhi, Set I, II, III, 2017]
Ans. Problems of cotton textile industry are :
(i) Power supply is erratic. Regular power supply
without breaks is mandatory for this industry.
(ii) Output of labour is low because the machinery is
outdated. Particularly in the weaving & processing
sectors, the machinery needs to be upgraded.
(iii) This industry faces stiff competition from the
synthetic fibre industry in terms of cost and
convenience of use. 1×3=3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014, 2017]
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
A Q. 5. Analyse any three major challenges faced by the
sugar industry in India. [Board Term-II, 2014]
Ans. Major challenges of sugar industry are:
(i) Seasonal nature of the industry.
(ii) Old and inefficient methods of production.
(iii) Transport delay in reaching sugar factories and
the need to maximise the use of bagasse.
1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2014]
R Q. 6. Why is there a tendency for the sugar mills to
concentrate in Southern states of India in recent
years? Give three reasons.
[Board Term-II, 2014, Set-II022, 2011
Ans. Shifting of sugar industries to Southern states
is because :
(i) Sugarcane that grows there has higher sucrose
content.
(ii) Favourable climate provides longer crushing
period and growing season.
(iii) Cooperatives are successful in these states.
(iv) Modern mills have more crushing capacity.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
R
Q. 7. Mention the various measures taken by the
government to boost the production of jute
goods. [Board Term-II, Set (II027) 2012]
Ans. Various steps taken by the government to boost
the production of Jute are :
(i) In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated with
the objective of increasing productivity.
(ii) Improvement of quality.
(iii) Ensuring good prices to the jute farmers and
enhancing the yield per hectare. 1×3=3
U Q. 8. Explain the factors responsible for localisation of
jute textile mills mainly on the banks of the river
Hugli. [Board Term-II, Set (II030) 2012]
Ans. Factors responsible for location of jute mills in the
Hugli basin are :
(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(ii) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good
network of railways and roadways.
(iii) Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
(iv) Kolkata as a large urban centre that provides
banking, insurance and other commercial facilities.
3
Long Answer Type Questions
U Q. 1. “Agriculture and industry are complementary
to each other.’’ Explain with four examples.
[Board Term-II, 2014]
Ans. (i) Agro industries in India have given a major
boost to agriculture by raising its productivity.
(ii) Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials.
(iii) Industries sell their products such as irrigation
pumps, fertilisers, etc., to the farmers.
[ 181
A Q. 9. What challenges are faced by the jute textile
industries in India? Mention the main objectives
of National Jute Policy, 2005.
[Board Term-II, Set-68019, 2012]
Ans. (i) Problems faced by jute mills :
(a) Stiff competition in international market like
Bangladesh, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, etc.
(b) Stiff competition from synthetic fibre.
(c) Products need to be diversified.
(Any two)
(ii) In 2005, National Jute Policy was formulated
with the objective of increasing productivity,
improving quality, ensuring good prices and
enhancing the yield per hectare.
2 + 1 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
R Q. 10. What are the three main reasons for shifting of
the sugar mills to Maharashtra in recent years?
[Board Term-II, 2011]
Ans. There are three main reasons which are as follows:
(i) The cane produced has higher sucrose content.
(ii) The cooler climate which ensures a longer
crushing season.
(iii) The cooperatives are more successful in this state.
1 × 3 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2011]
U Q. 11. Explain any three factors responsible for the
location of cotton textile industry in Mumbai and
Ahmedabad. [Board Term-II, 2011]
Ans. (i) Availability of raw cotton, market, transport
including accessible port facilities.
(ii) Cheap labour.
(iii) Moist climate have caused the concentration
of cotton textile industries in Mumbai and
Ahmadabad region. 1×3=3
U Q. 12. Why is sugar industry ideally suited to the
cooperative sector?
Ans. (i) The sugar industry is seasonal in nature and so is
ideally suited to the cooperative sector.
(ii) For entire year the farmers are engaged in
producing sugarcane as it is an annual crop. When
the crop is reaped, the farmers pool together
their resources, set up mills within the sugarcane
producing areas and produce sugar.
(iii) The seasonal nature of the sugar industry is
combated by setting up cooperative where farmers
share the profits and losses. (Any three) 1×3=3
(5 marks each)
(iv) Industries have made the production processes of
agriculture very efficient. 1¼ × 4 = 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
U Q. 2. Why was the cotton textile industry
concentrated in the cotton growing belt in the
early years ? Explain.
[Board Term-II, Outside Delhi Set-II, 2015]
182 ] Oswaal CBSE Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X

Ans. Cotton textile industry was concentrated in wthe (ii) If weaving sector is improved then yarn can be
cotton growing belt in the early years because : used in the country and garments can be exported
(i) Availability of raw cotton-e.g. belt of Maharashtra to earn foreign exchange for the country.
and Gujarat.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014] 2½ × 2½ = 5
(ii) Nearness to market.
(iii) Transport A Q. 4. Evaluate the factors which are responsible for
(iv) Port facilities the location of jute industry in West Bengal.
(v) Cheap labour [Board Term-II, 2016, Set-TCJQ6VD; 2014]
(vi) Moist climate. OR
(Any five) 1 × 5 = 5 Describe any five factors responsible for the
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] concentration of jute mills along the banks of the
U Q. 3. “Many of our spinners export cotton yarn Hugli river. [Board Term-II, Foreign Set-II, 2015]
while apparel manufacturers have to
Ans. Factors for the concentration of jute mills in West
import fabric.” Explain this statement with
Bengal :
appropriate reasons. [Board Term-II, 2014]
(i) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
Ans. (i) The weaving, knitting and processing units (ii) Inexpensive water transport.
cannot use much of the high quality yarn that is (iii) Abundant water.
produced in the country.
(iv) Cheap and skilled labour.
Therefore, many of our spinners export cotton (v) Port facilities
yarn while apparel/garment manufacturers have (vi) Kolkata as a large urban centre provides banking
to import fabric. and insurance facilities. (Any five) 1 × 5 = 5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015]

TOPIC-3
Mineral Based Industries
Quick Review
¾¾ Manufacturing industries that use minerals as raw material are called mineral-based industries. The iron and steel
industry is the basic industry on which all other industries depend. The production and per capita consumption
of steel is a measure of a country’s economic development.
¾¾ The main raw materials used in the iron and steel industry are iron ore, coal and limestone. The raw materials
and finished products of iron and steel industries are quite bulky; these industries must be located near the
mining areas of the required minerals and must be connected by a good transport network.
¾¾ India is the ninth largest producer of crude steel and the largest producer of sponge iron in the world. India is
also a leading exporter of steel in the world.
¾¾ The per capita consumption of steel in India is only 32 kilograms. There are 10 primary integrated steel plants in
India. These integrated plants handle all stages of steel production, from procurement of basic raw material to
producing finished rolled and shaped steel. India has many mini steel plants that produce customised alloy steel
using scrap iron or sponge iron as raw material.
¾¾ China has become the world’s largest producer and consumer of steel, leaving India far behind. Most steel
manufacturing industries are located in the Chhota Nagpur Plateau region because of the availability of
inexpensive, high-grade raw material and abundant cheap labour. The main challenges faced by the industry in
realising its full potential are limited supply of expensive coking coal, erratic power supply, low output of labour
and poor infrastructure. The future of India’s iron and steel industry is bright due to India’s liberalisation policy
and foreign direct investment in the industry.

Know the Terms

¾¾ Organic Chemicals: These include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic fibre, plastics,
drugs and pharmaceuticals.
¾¾ Inorganic Chemicals: These include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalis, soda ash and caustic soda.

Know the Links

¾¾ www.importantindia.com/11174/iron-and-steel-industry-in....
¾¾ www.youarticlelibrary.com/industries/progress-of-iron
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Very Short Answer Type Questions
R Q. 1. Which agency markets steel for the public sector
plants?
Ans. SAIL. 1
U Q. 2. On the basis of character of raw material and
finished product, iron and steel industry belongs
to which category?
Short Answer Type Questions
A Q. 1. “The iron and steel industry is the basic as well
as heavy industry.” Support the statement with
three points. [Board Term-II, Set (68008) 2012]
OR
Why is iron and steel industry called a basic
industry? Explain.[Board Term-II, Set (II076) 2012]
Ans. Iron and steel industry is the basic industry as :
(i) All the other industries depend on it for their
machinery.
(ii) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of
engineering goods.
(iii) It provides variety of consumer goods.
(iv) Construction material, defence, medical,
telephonic, scientific equipments, etc., are the
gift of iron and steel industry.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
R Q. 2. Why do we have maximum concentration of
iron and steel industry in Chhota Nagpur Plateau
region? Give any three regions.
[Board Term–II, 2016, Set-KCG34U9]
OR
Why has the Chhota Nagpur Region maximum
concentration of iron and steel industries? Explain
any three. [Board Term-II
2015, Outside Delhi Set-1, 2, 3 ; 2014, 2011]
Ans. The factors responsible for the concentration
of iron and steel industries in and around the
‘Chhotanagpur Plateau Region’ are as follows
(i) Low cost of iron ore Iron mines are located in the
nearby areas.
(ii) High grade raw materials in proximity and other
bulky raw materials like, coking coal, limestone are
also available in proximity.
(iii) From the adjoining areas of Bihar, Jharkhand and
Odisha cheap labour is available in abundance.
(iv) This region is well connected with roadways and
railways that help in the swift movement of raw
materials and finished goods to the industry and
market areas, respectively.
(v) Kolkata is a well developed port that is near to this
area. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[ 183
(1 mark each)
Ans. Heavy industry. 1
R Q. 3. Which public sector steel plant is located near a
port?
Ans. Vishakhapatnam. 1
(3 marks each)
U Q. 3. ”India is an important iron and steel producing
country in the world. Yet we are not able to
perform to our full potential.” Suggest and
explain any three measures to get full potential.
[Board Term–II, Foreign Set–I, II, III, 2016]
Ans. India is an important iron and steel producing
country in the world, yet we are not able to
perform to our full potential largely due to :
(i) High costs and limited availability of cooking coal.
(ii) Lower productivity of labour.
(iii) Irregular supply of energy and
(iv) Poor infrastructure.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
A Q. 4. Distinguish between integrated steel plants
and mini steel plants, stating three points of
distinction. [Board Term-II, 2011]
Ans. (i) An integrated steel plant is larger than a mini
steel plant.
(ii) Mini steel plant use steel scrap and sponge
iron while Integrated steel plant use basic raw
materials, i.e., iron ore for making steel.
(iii) Mini steel plant produces mild and alloy steel
while integrated steel plant produces only steel.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2011] 1 × 3 = 3
A Q. 5. Examine the impact of liberalisation on
automobile industry of India.
[Board, Term-II, Set (II079) 2012]
Ans. Impact of liberalisation on automobile industry
are:
(i) Multi-utility vehicles have been introduced.
(ii) The coming of new and contemporary models.
(iii) Healthy growth of the market.
(iv) FDI in new technology.
(v) Aligned the industry with global development.
(vi) Industry has experienced a quantum jump.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] ½ × 6 = 3
A Q. 6. Mention any two factors that have contributed
to a healthy growth of the automobile industry in
India? Name two centres where this industry is
located. [Board Term-II,2011]
184 ] Oswaal CBSE Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X

Ans. (i) The introduction of new and contemporary
models stimulated the demand for vehicles in
the market.
(ii) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) brought in new
technology and aligned the industry with global
developments. The two centres of automobile
industry are Jamshedpur and Gurugram.
1 + 2 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2011]
U Q. 7. What is the importance of the Information
Technology sector for the Indian economy?
Explain. [Board Term-II, Set-68016, 2012]
Ans. The importance of IT sector is as follows:
(i) It has provided employment to over one million
people.
(ii) This industry is said to be a major foreign exchange
earner.
(iii) It has helped in the growth of the service sector.
(iv) It provides employment to innumerable men and
women. (Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
A Q. 8. What are software technology parks? State
any two points of significance of information
technology industry in India.
[Board Term-II, Set (A1) 2011]
Ans. Software Technology Park: Software technology
parks provide single window service and high
data communication facility to software experts.
Significance of IT industry :
(i) A major impact of this industry has been on
employment generation. Upto 31st March, 2005,
the IT industry employed over one million
persons.
(ii) It is encouraging to know that 30 percent of the
people employed in this sector are women.
(iii) This industry has been a major foreign exchange
earner in the last two or three years because of
its fast growing Business Processes Outsourcing
(BPO) sector.
(iv) The continuous growth in the hardware and
software is the key to the success of IT industry
in India.
(Any two) 1 + 2 =3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2011]

Long Answer Type Questions (5 marks each)

A Q. 1. “Production and consumption of steel is often
regarded as the index of a country’s development”.
Examine the statement. [Board Term-II, 2014]
Ans. (i) Steel production is the backbone of any
country’s economy since it is the basic unit for
the development of the nation.
(ii) Almost every industry depends on iron and
steel for its manufacturing and production.
(iii) In today’s era of globalisation, consumption of
goods is increasing. Thus, it can be concluded
that growth in production of steel is regarded as
the index of country’s development.
2+1+2=5
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
A Q. 2. Describe any five factors responsible
for the concentration of iron and steel
industry in and around Chhota Nagpur Plateau
region.
Ans. Factors responsible for concentration of iron and
steel industries in Chhota Nagpur Plateau :
(i) Low cost of iron-ore.
(ii) High grade raw material in proximity.
(iii) Cheap labour.
(iv) Vast growth potential in the home market.
(v) Good transport connectivity.
(vi) Availability of water resources 1×5=5 (Any five)

TOPIC-4
Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Quick Review
¾¾ Industries have caused severe pollution of our natural resources. Industries cause environmental degradation
through four main types of pollution, i.e., air pollution, water pollution, land pollution or soil degradation, and
noise pollution.
¾¾ Smoke contains undesirable gases like carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide, besides solid and
liquid particulate matter, in the form of dust and spray mist, which cause air pollution. Air pollution affects the
health of humans, animals and plants alike and also causes damage to buildings.
¾¾ Water pollution is caused by the discharge of untreated chemical waste like dyes, detergents, acids, heavy metals
like lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, and plastics from industries, into fresh water bodies like rivers and
lakes. Solid wastes like fly ash, phospo-gypsum, and iron and steel slags also cause water pollution.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES [ 185

¾¾ The industries that cause major amount of water pollution are paper and pulp industries, oil refineries, tanneries
and electroplating industries. The discharge of hot water from thermal power plants into rivers before cooling is
called thermal pollution of water. Radioactive waste, hazardous chemicals, glass, plastic, industrial effluents and
non-biodegradable garbage are the main agents of land pollution. Rain water falling on polluted land dissolves
and carries many of the pollutants further into the ground and pollutes groundwater.
¾¾ Loud noise can lead to irritation, loss of hearing, and an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Industrial
machinery, construction activities, generators, and equipment like saws and pneumatic drills are mainly
responsible for noise pollution. One of the most important steps for the control of environmental degradation is
treating hot and polluted wastewater from industries before releasing it into our rivers and lakes.
¾¾ Wastewater treatment involves :
l Primary treatment through screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
l Secondary treatment through bacterial action to digest harmful chemicals.
l Tertiary stage of stirring with chemicals to neutralise remaining harmful waste.
¾¾ Treated waste water can be recycled for reuse in industrial processes. Rainwater harvesting can be used to meet
the requirements of water for industrial processes.
¾¾ Legal provisions must be made to regulate the use of groundwater for industrial use. Smoke stacks, filters,
scrubbers, and electrostatic and inertial separators remove a large amount of harmful particles from industrial
smoke. The emission of smoke itself from industries can be reduced by using more efficient fuels like oil and
natural gas in place of coal.
¾¾ Industrial and generator silencers, and sound-absorbing material are available to reduce the noise level in
industries. Industrial workers can use earphones and earplugs for individual protection of health and hearing.
¾¾ National Thermal Power Corporation or NTPC is a major electricity generation and distribution company in India.
NTPC has demonstrated how conservation of environment and natural resources can happen simultaneously
with industrial growth by :
l Adopting latest technical know how
l Minimising waste
l Providing green cover
l Reducing environmental pollution
l Continuous monitoring

Know the Terms

¾¾ Air Pollution : It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and
carbon monoxide.
¾¾ Water Pollution : It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
¾¾ Thermal Pollution : The pollution caused by the discharge of hot water from factories and thermal plants into
rivers and ponds before cooling.
¾¾ Noise Pollution : It is caused by industrial and construction activities, machinery, generators, electric drills and
loud-speakers.

Know the Links

¾¾ www.slideshare.net/8486978398/industrial-pollution...
¾¾ www.tropical-rainforest-animals.com/environmental.

Very Short Answer Type Questions (1 mark each)

A Q. 1. What is a negative effect of industrialisation? A Q. 3. Name three types of pollution caused by

Ans. Pollution. 1 industries.
A Q. 2. How do industries create thermal and noise
Ans. The three types of pollution caused by industries
pollution ? are air pollution, water pollution and Noise
Ans. Hot water from factories when is allowed to flow pollution. 1
into rivers and ponds is caused thermal pollution.
1
186 ]
Short Answer Type Questions
U Q. 1. Suggest any three steps to minimize the
environmental degradation caused by the
industrial development in India.
[Board Term–II, Outside Delhi Set–I, II, III, 2016]
OR
Explain any three steps to be taken to minimize
environmental degradation by industries.
[NCERT] [Board Term-II; 2014, 2013, Delhi
Set 2; Set (68010) 2012]
Ans. Three steps to minimize the environmental
degradation caused by industrial development
in India are :
(i) Minimizing use of water for processing by
A Q. 3. Examine what are the causes of industrial
reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rain water to meet water
requirements.
(iii) Treating hot water and effluents before releasing
them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by
fitting smoke stacks to factories with electrostatic
precipitators, fabric filters, scrubbers and inertial
separators.
U Q. 4. Suggest any three measures to reduce the
(v) Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead
of coal in factories.
(vi) Machinery and equipments can be used and
generators should be fitted with silencers.
(vii) Almost all machineries can be redesigned to
increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
A Q. 2. How does industry pollute the environment?
Explain with three examples. [NCERT]
[Board, Term-II, Set (II022) 2012]
Ans. Industries are responsible for four types of
pollution:
(i) Air pollution is caused by the presence of high
proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur
dioxide and carbon monoxide. Smoke is emitted by
chemical and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries
and smelting plants, and burning of fossil fuels in
big and small factories.
Long Answer Type Questions
U Q. 1. Explain any five measures to control industrial
pollution in India. [Board Term-II, 2013]
Ans. Five ways to reduce industrial pollution are
listed below :
(i) Restructuring the manufacturing processes
to reduce or eliminate pollutants, through a
process called pollution prevention.
Oswaal CBSE Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X
(3 marks each)
(ii) Water pollution is caused by organic and inorganic
industrial wastes and effluents discharged into
rivers. The main culprits in this regard are paper,
pulp, chemical, textile and dyeing, petroleum
refineries and electroplating industries that let out
dyes, detergents, acids, salts and heavy metals like
lead and mercury, pesticides, fertilisers, synthetic
chemicals with carbon, plastics and rubber, etc.,
into the water bodies.
(iii) Noise pollution is due to industrial and construction
activities. Machinery, factory equipment,
generators, saws and pneumatic and electric drills
cause hearing problems and irritation.
(1 × 3 = 3)
pollution of freshwater resources.
[Board Term-II, 2011]
Ans. Fresh water sources are polluted by organic
and inorganic wastes and effluents discharged
by industries into rivers. The main culprits are
paper and pulp, chemical, textile petroleum,
refineries, tanneries industries etc.
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2011] 3
industrial pollution of freshwater resources.
[Board Term-II, 2011]
OR
Suggest any three measures to minimize the
environment degradation by industries in India.
[ Board, SA II, Compartment , Delhi Set I, 2017]
Ans. (i) Minimising use of water for processing by
reusing and recycling it in two or more successive
stages.
(ii) Harvesting of rainwater to meet water
requirements.
(iii) Treatment of hotwater and effluents before
releasing them in rivers and ponds.
(iv) Chimneys should be fitted with electrostatic
precipitators to prevent release of suspended
particulate matters
(Any three) 1×3=3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2011]
(5 marks each)
(ii) Creating cooling ponds, which are man-made
and are designed to cool the heated waters from
industries by evaporation, condensation and
radiation.
(iii) Filtration of sewage in water treatment plants
attached to industries.
(iv) Instructing industries to be Set-up far from
residential areas.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES [ 187

(v) Backing the constitutional provisions by a
number of laws − acts, rules, and notifications.
1 × 5 = 5 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2013]
U Q. 2. Explain the pro-active approach adopted by the
National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) for
preserving the natural environment and resources.
[Board Term-II, Outside Delhi Set-III, 2015]
Ans. The pro-active approach adopted by the
National Thermal Power Corporation(NTPC)
for preserving the natural environment :
(i) Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest
techniques and upgrading existing equipment.
(ii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash
utilisation.
(iii) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological
balance and addressing the question of special
purpose vehicles for afforestation.
(iv) Reducing environmental pollution through ash
pond management, ash water recycling system
and liquid waste management.
(v) Ecological monitoring, reviews and
online database management for all its power
stations.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 1 × 5 = 5

Q. 1. “Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in

hand”. Validate the statement. Ans. (i) Classification of the industries on the basis
[Board Term II, SQP–2016] of capital investment :
(a) Small Scale Industry
OR
(b) Large Scale Industry
“Industrialisation and urbanisation go hand in
(ii) Difference :
hand”. Justify the statement by giving any three
If the investment is more than one crore on any
arguments. [Board Term-II, 2012, Set-68005]
industry, it is considered as a large scale industry.
Ans. (i) After an industrial activity starts, the For example, Iron and Steel Industry/Cement
urbanisation follows. Industry (any other relevant example). While the
(ii) Sometimes industries are located in or near the investment is less than one crore on an industry,
cities. it is considered as a small scale industry, e.g.,
Plastic industry, toy industry.
(iii) Cities provide markets for manufactured goods.
1 + 2 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
(iv) Cities provide various services like banking and
insurance etc. Q. 4. Classify industries on the basis of their main role.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3 How are they different from each other?
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2012] [Board Term–II, Foreign Set–I, II, III, 2016]
Q. 2. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw Ans. According to their main role :
material. How are they different from each other? (i) Basic or key industries which supply their
[Board Term–II, Outside Delhi (Set–1, 2) 2016] products or raw materials to manufacture other
goods, e.g., Iron and steel and copper smelting,
Ans. (i) On the basis of sources of raw material aluminium smelting.
industries are classified as : (ii) Consumer industries that produce goods for
(a) Agro Based Industries direct use by consumers–sugar, toothpaste,
(b) Mineral Based Industries. paper, sewing machines, fans etc.
On the basis of source of raw materials used 1½ + 1½ = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
industries are classified into: Q. 5. Classify the industries on the basis of ownership
(i) Agro-based industries: These industries are and give one example of each category.
based on agricultural raw material, e.g., cotton, [Board Term–II, Set (68005) 2012]
jute, silk, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee and edible Ans. Classification of Industries on the basis of ownership:
oils.
S. No. Category Examples
(ii) Mineral-based industries: Industries that
use minerals and metals as raw materials are (i) Public Sector BHEL, SAIL, etc
called mineral based industries, e.g., iron and Industries
steel, cement, aluminium, machine tools, (ii) Private Sector Tisco, Bajaj Auto
petrochemicals, etc. Industries Ltd.
1 + 2 = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] (iii) Joint Sector Oil India Ltd.
Q. 3. Classify industries on the basis of capital Industries
investment. How are they different from one (iv) Cooperative Sector Sugar Industry in
another? Explain with examples. Industries Maharashtra.
[Board Term–II, Delhi Set–I, II, III, 2016]
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
188 ]
Q. 6. Distinguish between large scale and small scale
industries. Give two examples each.
[Board Term-II, Set-68026, 2012]
Ans. Large Scale Industries :
(i) Manufacture large quantities of finished goods.
(ii) The quantity of raw material and capital
investment is large.
(iii) Example: Iron and steel industry, cotton textile
industry.
Q. 1. ”The textile industry is the only industry in the
country which is self-reliant and complete in the
value chain.” Justify the statement.
[Board Term–II, Delhi (Set–I, II, III) 2016]
OR
“Textile industry occupies a unique position in
Indian economy” Support the statement with
appropriate arguments.
[Board Term-II, Delhi (Set-III) 2015]
Ans. The textile industry occupies a unique position
in Indian economy, because it contributes :
(i) Significantly to industrial production (14
percent).
(ii) It generates employment (35 million persons
directly).
(iii) Earns foreign exchange (about 24.6 percent).
(iv) It contributes to a larger amount towards GDP (4
percent).
(v) Only industry in the country which is self-reliant
and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw
material to the highest value added products.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2015]
Q. 2. “Environmental degradation has been seen
everywhere.” Explain any three values that can
help to prevent environment degradation.
[Board Term-II, 2014]
Ans. Steps to minimise environmental degradation :
(i) Optimum utilisation of equipments, adopting
latest techniques.
(ii) Upgrading existing equipments.
(iii) Minimising waste generation by maximising ash
utilization.
(iv) Providing green belts for nurturing ecological
balance.
Oswaal CBSE Question Bank, SOCIAL SCIENCE, Class – X
Small Scale Industries :
(i) Manufacture small goods.
(ii) No huge quantity of raw material as capital is required.
(iii) Example: Garment industry, soap making
industry.
1½ + 1½ = 3 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2012]
(v) Reducing environmental pollution through ash
pond management, water recycling system and
liquid waste management.
(Any three) 1× 3 = 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme 2014]
Q. 3. How do industries pollute water? Suggest any
two measures to control water pollution.
[Board Term-II, Delhi (Set-III) 2013]
Ans. (i) Most important are the industrial effluents that
are discharged into rivers. They are both organic
and inorganic. Coal, dyes, pesticides, fertilisers,
plastic are some common pollutants of water.
Industrial wastes containing toxic metals pollute
the water.
(ii) Suggestions to control water pollution:
(a) Water should be reused and recycled to maximise
its usage.
(b) Rain water should be harvested to meet water
requirements.
(c) Hot water and effluents should be treated before
releasing in river and ponds.
(d) Overdrawing of ground water reserves by industry
where there is a threat to ground water resources
also need to be regulated legally.
(Any two) 1 + 2 = 3
Q. 4. Why is India not able to perform to her full
potential in iron and steel production? Explain
any three reasons.
Ans. India is an important producer of iron and steel but
still it has failed to perform to its potential due to
following reasons:
(i) Shortage of raw material
(ii) Lower productivity of labour
(iii) Shortage of power
(iv) Poor infrastructure
(v) Lower investment in research and development.
(Any three) 1 × 3 = 3
