MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Manufacturing and Its Importance

Manufacturing
Production of goods from goods or merchandise in large quantities after processing from raw
materials to more valuable products is called Manufacturing.
It involves value addition to raw materials. The products may be aimed directly for
consumers or for use in other industries for further processing and value addition.
Example- sugar from sugarcane, paper from wood.

Importance of Manufacturing (17% of GDP)

Manufacturing sector is the backbone of development. The strength of a country is measured

by the development of manufacturing industries. Board Questions:
• Manufacturing industries aid in modernisation of agriculture 1. Analyze the role of the manufacturing sector
in the economic development of India. (2019,
• Reduce dependence of people on agricultural income by
18, 17, 16)
providing them jobs 2. “The economic strength of a country is
• Help in eradicating unemployment and poverty measured by the development of
• Bring down regional disparities by public sector and manufacturing industries.” Support the
joint ventures in backward and tribal areas statement with arguments. (2018, 17, 16)
3. “Manufacturing sector is
• Trading in export earns valuable foreign exchange
considered as the backbone of
• Prosperity lies in the diversification of manufacturing
economic development of a
industries with quality and valuable products. country.” Support the statement
with examples.
Relation between Agriculture and industry (not exclusive of eachexamples. (2017)
other but move hand in
hand) Board Questions:
Explain the examples of the
• The agro-industries have helped in increasing agricultural interdependence of agriculture and
productivity industries. (Delhi 2017)
• Agro-industries depend on agricultural sector for raw materials
• Agro-industries sell to farmers the products like- irrigation
pumps, fertilizer, insecticides, tools etc.
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries
• The development and competitiveness of manufacturing industries help agricultural
productivity and as well as makes the production system more efficient.
We are in the era of globalisation. To compete in the in the international the Indian
goods must be at par with international standards.
NMCC- (National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council) has been set up to achieve the
desired growth rate with the help of appropriate govt. policies and renewed efforts to improve
productivity.
Board Questions:
Factors of Industrial location Explain any five factors affecting the location
of an industry. (2019, 15, 14)

• Physical factors- availability of raw material, water, climate, power

• Human factors- labour, capital, market, transport, govt. policies.

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 • The key decisions of the of the factory location- least cost, govt. policies, and specialized
labour.
• Factors of production- land, labour, capital, entrepreneur, infrastructure.
Industrialization and urbanization go hand in hand

• Normally industrialization even in remote areas coverts it into an urban area. Required
infrastructure, facilities and services get available and people throng there for jobs.
• Sometimes Industries are located in or near cities.
• Cities provide market and other services- banking, insurance, transport, consultants,
financial advice. Etc.
Agglomeration of economies
The industries come together to locate near each other to make use of advantages of
urban centre- large market, lower transport costs and other related benefits. All this
lead to agglomeration of economies which gradually results in large industrial
agglomeration

Classification of Industries

1. On the basis of source of raw materials used: Board Questions:

Agro Based Industries: Cotton, woolen, jute, silk textile, rubber and sugar, tea, 1. Classify industries
on the basis of source
coffee, edible oil. of raw material. How
are they different from
each other? (AI 2016)
Mineral Based Industries: Iron and steel, cement, aluminum, machine tools, 2. Classify industries
petrochemicals on the basis of their
main role. How are
they different from
2. Classification
of industries according to their main role: each other? (Foreign
Basic or Key Industries: These industries supply their products or raw 2016)

materials to manufacture other goods, e.g., iron and steel, copper smelting, 3. Classify industries
on the basis of capital
aluminum smelting. investment. How are
they different from
one another? Explain
Consumer Industries: These industries produce goods which are directly used with examples.
by consumers, e.g., sugar, paper, electronics, soap, etc. (2016)

4. Classify the
industries on the basis
3. On the basis of capital investment: of ownership and give
one example of each
Small Scale Industry: Maximum investment allowed on the assets of a small- category. (2012)
scale industry unit is 1 crore. This limit keeps changing over a period of time.

Medium Scale Industry: When the overall investment is more than Rs. 5
crores, and also less than Rs. 10 crores.

Large Scale Industry: When the overall investment is more than Rs. 10 crores.

4. On the basis of ownership:

Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies – BHEL, SAIL etc. • Private
Sector: Owned and operated by
an individual or a group –TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., Dabur Industries.

Joint Sector: These industries are jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of
individuals. Oil India Ltd. (OIL) is jointly owned by the public and private sector.

Cooperative Sector: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of
raw materials, workers or both. The resources are pooled by each stakeholder and profits or
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 losses are shared proportionately. AMUL which is a milk cooperative is a good example. The
sugar industry in Maharashtra is another example, coir industry in Kerala.

5. Based on the bulk and weight of raw material and

finished goods: Heavy Industries: Heavy raw
materials used are Iron and Steel.

Light Industries: Light raw materials and produce light goods such as electrical industries.

Agro-Based Industries

Textile Industry
(Has a unique place in Indian Economy)

Textile industry comprises mainly cotton and jute textile industries

It alone contributes 14% to the Industrial production
Board Questions:
Provides direct employment to around 35 million 1. "The textile industry is the only industry in the
which is second largest employment after country which is self-reliant and complete in
Agriculture the value chain". Justify the statement. (2016)
2. "The textile industry occupies a unique position
Earns 24% of total foreign exchange for India in the Indian economy". Elaborate this
statement with appropriate arguments. (2012,
In India it is the only self-reliant industry with a 14, 15)
complete value chain set up – from raw materials to
finished products
Textile industry also supports demands for other Industries.
All these contributions make textile industry a very important component of Indian economy. It
has a unique place in the development of India.

Cotton Textiles
First successful cotton textile mill was established in 1854 in Bombay in. Around 80 % of the textile mills operate under
private sector.
India ranks second after China in terms of installed spindles
India has World class global level spinning production capacity.
India has about one-fourth share in the world in trade of yarns.
Importance
It has close links with agriculture. Provides living to many – farmers, cotton boll pluckers.
Indirect employment to workers engaged in weaving, designing, packaging, tailoring and
sewing.
Support to cottage industry- large scale employment to weavers in their homes.

Concentration of textile mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat Board Questions:

Why was the cotton textile industry
1. Availability of raw material - large production of cotton
concentrated in the cotton growing belt
in the reason ensures good supply of raw cotton to the Maharashtra and Gujarat in the early years?
industry. Explain. (2015, 14)

2. Moist climate - Such climate in the region is suitable for the growth of cotton
3. Cheap labour - There is no dearth of labour force in
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 the cities of Mumbai and Ahmedabad. Moreover,
migrated people to earn a living are available there.
4. Port facilities - Major export is made from Mumbai port.
5. Transport and market - a good network of roadways, railways, water ways help in
the movement of raw materials to industries.

Jute-textiles
India is the largest producer of raw jute and second largest exporter after Bangladesh
Most of the mills are located in West Bengal
The first mill was set up near Kolkata in 1855
After partition, jute mills remained in India and Jute producing areas went to Bangladesh
Location of Jute industries mainly in Hugli River Basin
Board Questions:
There are about 80 jute mills (2010-11) in India mostly located along The jute-textile industry is
Hugli river in Which. Bengal. The reasons or factors responsible are: mainly concentrated in the
Hooghly basin. Mention five
factors or reasons for the same.
Proximity of the jute producing areas. Raw jute is easily
(2016, 14, 12, 11, 09, 08)
available as West Bengal is the largest producer of jute in the
world.

Abundant water for processing of jute. This industry requires a lot of water.
Cheap labour is available from West Bengal and adjoining states of Bihar, Orissa, UP
Cheap water transport and Good network of roadways, railways facilitate movement of
goods
Port facilities. Kolkata port is used for export purposes
Kolkata is a metro city with good services of banking, insurance and other commercial
facilities.
Sugar Industry
India ranks second in production of sugar (Brazil is first). India ranks first in the Gur and
khandsari production.
Major sugar belt- Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra (more than 60% sugar mills in UP and
Bihar)

Problems faced by sugar industry

High cost of production due to old and inefficient methods of production
Heavy, weight losing and perishable
Delay in transportation of sugarcane to mills leads to low sugar content
Seasonal nature of sugar industry
Sugarcane Industry suits most to cooperative sector

Reasons behind Sugar mills shifting to Southern and Western states

Board Questions:
The sugar content sucrose is higher in sugarcane of Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane
producing areas? Explain problems faced by sugar
Southern and Western states than that of Northern industry in India. (2016)

states.
Longer crushing season due on cooler climate in these regions.
Successful working of cooperative sector in these dates.
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 Mineral-Based Industry

Iron and Steel Industry Board Questions:

Why is iron and steel industry is called
Importance as a basic and heavy industry the basic Industry? Explain any three
reasons. (2013, 2012)
➢ As a basic Industry-
Supports as all other kind of industries depend on it for their machinery
Production of iron and steel is an index of development of a country
Steel is required o manufacture various engineering goods, construction material,
defence, medical, telephonic, scientific equipment and many consumer goods.
➢ As a heavy industry-
All its Bulky and heavy raw materials are - iron ore, limestone, coking coal, magnesium
(Basic input ratio of iron ore,
coking coal and limestone- 4:2:1. Finished products are equally heavy.
SAIL is the premier marketing authority for public sector iron and steel industries.

Chhota Nagpur plateau has the maximum concentration of iron ore and steel industry-
Reasons are as follows:
Low cost of iron ore- the transportation cost Board Questions:
Give reasons why the iron and steel industry in India is
is low because of nearness to ores-sites. The concentrated around the Chhota Nagpur plateau region.
(2015, 12, 10, 08)
required inputs are easily available.

Proximity to high grade raw materials-

Limestone, coking coal are easily available for
the Industry at minimal delay to make it run
efficiently.

Cheap labour-The adjoining states of Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand provide cheap labour
force to the Industry cutting the cost of production.

Aluminium Smelting
It is the second most important metallurgical industry in India.
It is malleable, light, resistant to corrosion and good conductor of heat.
It can be made stronger by mixing with other metals and is used in manufacturing aircrafts,
utensils and wires.
It is a popular substitute of steel, Zinc and lead.
Aluminium is obtained from bauxite which is a bulky, dark reddish coloured rock.
Two factors that affect the location of aluminium industry are: (i) regular supply of
electricity and (ii) assured supply of raw material.
Chemical Industry
The chemical industry is fast growing in India both in organic and inorganic sectors.
This industry comprises both large and small manufacturing units.
It is the 3rd largest in Asia and occupies the 12th place in the world.
It contributes approximately 3% of the GDP Board Questions:
Analyse the role chemical industries in the
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Indian Economy. (2017)
 The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
Organic chemicals include petrochemicals which are used for manufacturing of
synthetic fibres, rubber, plastics and dye stuffs.
Inorganic chemicals include sulphuric acid, fertilizers, synthetic fibers, plastics,
adhesives, paints etc.
Example: Sulphuric acid- used to manufacture fertilizers, synthetic fibres, plastics,
adhesives, paints, dyes stuffs.

Cement Industry
The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
Cement is a prepared from bulky raw materials like limestone, silica, alumina and gypsum.
It is used for construction purpose like building of houses, factories, bridges, roads,
airports, dams etc.
The industry has strategically located plants in Gujarat that have suitable access to Gulf
countries.
The first cement plant was set up in Chennai in 1904.
After independence the industry expanded.
Fertiliser Industry
Fertiliser industry produces mainly
Nitrogenous fertilisers (urea)
Phosphatic fertilisers
Ammonium phosphate (DAP)
Complex fertilisers – (Combination of NPK)
Potash is entirely imported as India lacks in commercially viable reserves of potash.
After the Green Revolution the industry expanded to several other parts of the country –
Gujrat, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Kerala.

Information Technology and Electronics Industry

Software Technology Parks provide single window service and high data communication
facility to the software experts. These act as software exporting units.

Software Technology Parks of India, is an Autonomous Society set up by the Ministry

of Electronics and Information Technology Government of India in 1991, with the
objective -encouraging, promoting and boosting the Software Exports from India.
Significance in India
The electronic industry supplies all needs pertaining to Board Questions:
What are software technology
Telecommunication industry. From a simple consumer needs of parks? State any two points of
significance of information
telephone and computers to defence equipment like radars. technology (IT) industry in India.
(2012)
IT industry has put India as a global leader in IT software sector

Employment generation is another charm of the electronic

industry. Women account for 30% of the total employment in the
electronics sector. According to 2011 data 20 lakh professionals

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 were employed in IT sector.

BPOs (Business Processes Outsourcing sector) have become a major foreign exchange
earner for India.

Continuous growth in hardware and software is the key to success of IT industry in India.

Industrial Pollution and Environmental Degradation

Industries are responsible for four types of pollutions

1. Air Pollution

Caused by rise in proportion of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide.
Airborne particulate material like dust, sprays, smoke by factories, brick, smelting plants,
kilns, refineries, burning of fossil fuels.

Effects- on human, animals, plants, buildings and atmosphere Board Questions:

1. Explain five types of ‘industrial Pollution’ .
(2019)
2. Water pollution
2. How are industries responsible for
environmental degradation? Explain with
Caused by organic and inorganic Industrial wastes and examples. (2019, 16)
affluent. Main gents are pulp, paper, chemical, dying,
refineries, fertilizer, electroplating industries plastics, rubber
etc. Solid wastes include fly ash, physio-gypsum and iron and
steel slags.

3. Thermal pollution

Caused by release of untreated hot water into rivers and ponds.

Effects- on humans and acratic life. Nuclear and weapon production facilities cause
cancer, birth defects and miscarriages.
Soil pollution by dumping of non-biodegradable wastes also contaminates water.

4. Noise pollution
Unwanted or undesired sounds from transport vehicles, Industrial units, construction work, drill
machines as well human activities cause noise pollution.
Effect- stress, irritation, hearing impairments, increased heart rate and blood pressure and other
physiological defects.

Measures to control Environmental degradation.

1. Minimizing use of water, recycling or reusing it in successive stages

2. Rainwater harvesting Board Questions:
1. How can the Industrial pollution of fresh water
3. Treatment of Industrial effluents before releasing
be reduced? Explain various ways. (2019)
them in rivers and ponds 2. State any three steps to minimize the
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industrial development in India. (AI 2016)
 4. Particulate matter in the air can be fixed by fitting smoke stacks to factories with
electrostatic precipitators, scrubbers, fabric filters and inertial separators.
5. Smoke emission in air can be reduced by replacing coal by oil and gas.
6. Reduction in noise pollution can be done by fitting generators with silencers,
upgrading and redesigning of machinery
7. Use of noise absorbing material like earplugs and earphones.

Treatment of industrial effluents in three phases

(A) Primary treatment by (B) Secondary treatment

mechanical By biological process (to
❖ grinding, remove dissolved
❖ flocculation compounds)
❖ Sedimentation.

(C) Tertiary treatment

By biological, chemical and
physical processes. This involves
recycling of wastewater.

Besides the above measures, a proper and vigilant awareness of rising environmental concerns
is necessary among people. Checking environmental degradation should become the greatest
issue in our country during elections and socio- economic forums to make it an issue of every
home.

NTPC

NTPC is a major power providing corporation in India. It has ISO Board Questions:
certification for EMS (Environment Management System) 14001. Explain the pro-active approach by
The corporation has a proactive approach for preserving the natural the National Thermal Power
environment and resources like water, oil and gas and fuels in places Corporation (NTPC) for preserving
where it is setting up power plants. the natural environment and
resources. (2015)
This has been possible through
i. Optimum utilisation of equipment adopting latest techniques
and upgrading existing equipment.
ii. Minimising waste generation by maximising ash utilisation.
iii. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance and addressing the question of
special purpose vehicles for afforestation.
iv. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pond management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.
v. Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database management for all its power stations.

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