Nee a ONT D gs Business and Employment ‘TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 14) 21 onthe dole = receiving money from the government because you are unemployed! oro tojelo avepyiag slames can't find a job; he hes been on the dole for ‘almost a yoar 22. make redundant = dismiss from a job because the Person is not needed: anohi (Ady nepiopiouod Seoewy epyaciog) ! was made redundant at my ‘company and now must find a new job. Der: redundancy (n) 28 situations vacant = a newspaper listing of available Jobe: ornin oe egnuenifa ue ayyeNes via Béoeic oyadiag The company ran an advertisement in the ‘tuations vacant column for the receptionists position, 24 foreman (n) = a person in charge of a group of ‘workers: emioramn<, opxiepyarg He worked his way Lup at the factory from the assambiy line to foreman in charge of 50 men, 25 board (of dirctors) (n)= group of people responsible for making decisions about how a company or organization is managed: cunZouhoo, owt ‘uta The board will make a decision on the matter at its next meeting. 26 make cutbacks = to reduce the amount or number fof something: naw nepiconés Due fo the economic situation, the company was forced to make cutbacks; 15 poopie lost their jobs. 27 lay off (phr v) (aid, laid) = stop employing someone, especially when there is not much work to do: rreAvw (npcowpva) After the tre atthe factory, the ‘owner laid of half the workors. 28 manufacturing () ‘manufacturing used to be a signiticant par of the region's economy, but many factories have closed. Der: manufacture {o) ‘manufactures () ‘manufacture () 28 sector (n) = part (of economy, a country’s business etc): Toueac Teachers and police werk in the public ‘sector 210 freelance (ad) = working independently for various ‘organisations: eheU@pos (enayyeAyariag) Tom works as a freelance photogrepher for several diferent magazines. 241 permanent (ad) = continuing for an unlimited time: hovijos Margaret nad a temporary position for nile, but now she's on permanent staf 212 contract (n) =a written agreement: cuuséAa0 She signed a contract with the publishing company, ‘agreeing to wnte two books a year or: contract contractual (ad) 219 career ladder = levels of progres in a profession: KAljaka enayyedyarug CEEAEG People who ‘choose to climb the careor ladder often Reve to sacrifice thelr personal lie 0 reach the top, the business of producing large {quantities of goods in a factory: rounxevia Clothing esr 225 228 eer 228 ‘apprenticeship (r) = time spent working for someone in order to learn a sl: yaBnteia She is doing an “apprenticeship as @ halrcresser at contral salon and hhopes this will help her establish her career. Der: apprenticeship (n: uadnteia apprantico (v) take on (phrv) = 1. employ: npochausava They are taking on temporary stall for the holiday season. 2, accept a job or responsibilty: avadopRavas She {ook on extra work to eam mare money. ‘post (n}= a position of employment or responsibilty eon epyaciac, nécto She accepted the post even’ though it meant relocating to China andi accepting much more responsi. Der: post () long-term (ad) = lasting for along period of time: uoKponpé8eap05 Borrowing money is not a long-tem solution to your money problems if you don't have a job, ‘Opp: short-term (ad) ‘prospects (1) = possiblity that something will happen: npoormxés His promotion prospects are ‘excellent because he has both first-rate quafications ‘and great people skis. executive 1) = high-fevel manager: avatepo ‘oTeAEX0g erixeiphoews She was the frst woman ‘execute in her company. delogate (v) = to give part of your work or responsibil to a subordinate: wowpads ‘aquodiomrec The orector always delegates the lass Important tasks to his deputy. Der: delegate (n): avrnpdounoc, ancoTahyévos paperwork (0) = office work related to letters, forme, reports, ete: ypapixy epyacia There is alot of paperwork involved in banking. PA (personal assistant) = someone wno is employed to help a manager with organizational tasks: arpa ‘Ypaquaréag The manager's PA spent over a month ‘making al tho arrangaments for the conference. ‘overtime (r) = extra hours worked: unepwola People in tourism work overtime in summer. workload (n) = amount of work a company or person has to do: g0oto¢ epyaciag Theo travel agancy’s workload is much lighter in ihe winter as fewer people book hoicays at that time of year salary in) = money paid regulary by employers to employees: 108g Her monthly salary is sti the ‘same as it was three years ago. Der: salaried (aq): wo8uTo¢ ‘perk (n)= extra benefit that you got at your job: ‘ng0v6yt0 One of the perks of working at a hotel that you can use the gym. ‘But in (phr v) = spend time or efor: apiepaven (x90v0) The office staff put in about 10 hours of overtime last week ‘supervise (also -ze)() = oversee others’ work to ‘make sure they do tasks correct: erurmps The ‘manager supervised the new employee's work. Der: supervision (a) ‘suporiisor (9) ‘supervisory (ad): eronucsg229 clerical (ad) = related to office work: rou yoaipeiou, LUnGAATAIKOS The Job requires clerical skis such as typing. Deer: clerk) 280 promote (v) = give someone @ higher position: Biv. Tpoayw Lisa has been promoted to manager and now supervises fwe people. Der: promotion (0) 251 duty (r) = something you have been assigned to do: KaBrKOY i's my duty t0 lock up the office each right. Der: dutiful (ag): unaxovag, euouvelsntos 282 administration (n) = activities involved in running a business or organisation: Sioixnon, Baxeioion It ‘seems that mare ofthe doctor's time is spent on office administration than on patient care. Der: administrator (n) ‘administer (vp administrative (ad) 23. efficieney (n)= ability to do something successfully without waste: anoBonwémre We are impressed with Tonys oficiency: he does alot of work ina short time, Der: efficient (ac) (Opp: inetficiency in) 284 people skills = abilty to get on well with others ‘wkavormta ScanpoowniKov oxéceaW She is a good _manager because of her people skis. 235 colleague (n) = person who works with you: ‘ouvdidehpog My colleagues and get on so well that Wwe even sociaise after work 208 ise to a challenge = manage to do something new or dieu: avranoxpivouiata€ ja rpéxAnon Tony was a weak maths student but ne ase to the ‘challenge and got good results on is fina! exams, 237 managerial (ad) = related tothe work of a manager: BievuvTKoG Alex was hired because of his managerial skis. Der: management in) manager (9) manage (\) 238 further () = help something to progress or develop: ‘pow’ You can further your earger by learming foreign languages. 231 human resources = personnel: avépinwvo Suvayixd (rufa eTaipeiog nov exraweve: Kai gpovtice: Toug ‘unaAnhouG) if you are interested in a job, send your pplication fo the human resources department 240 _ staff (n)= group of people who work for @ business, (oF an organisation: rpoowniKo The teaching staff ‘meets regularly with the principe ofthe school Der: staf (y) 241 firm (n) = company: eraipeia The fen | work for is Very generous to the workers. 242 maternity leave = paid time away from work before / ater giving birth: Bera unrpotntag Alter Sue gave Dirt, she took three months maternity leave 243 CV (r) = wnten account of education, work experience ‘and personal details; résumé: loypapie onuelaia To apply fora job, send a letter and your CM. 244 gaset (n) = something valuable or especially usefut rAgoverrnya Helen's English sls are an asset to her employer ‘Opp: abity(o) ‘B008T YOUR VOCABULARY (COLLOCATIONS AND EXPRESSIONS (page 15) 288 set) = decide when or where something will take place: opitw The board sot a date forts next 2.48 clrculate (= pase something around: Swe, rehogop Could you pease crculat is leter amongst he star? ‘Der ceuition fn) 247 select) = choose: erintye We can ony select one person tom the tee qualled candies. ‘Der: selection (nj: emhoyf Seloctity (9: emdexcorgra Selective fac) 248 negotiate (= ascuss a confit (veualy in polos 0 Busnoes) ih order to reach an agree SeanoasoTevouat The workers met withthe ‘managers to negotiate an ond 10 te ste. Der negotiation) negotiator (7) 249 demand (= ask for something ina erst way: nar Ths coat storm. derand my money back! Der: demand (n) demanding (adi) 280 set up ihr) = make arangoments tat are necessary to tan something: owen, Boia {Greienon) ie need Tom set up his new busines. 251 daft = wit the frst copy ofa spoecn, eter or book: rpoxepoypdipn, srowta rpooxtbio (oun, emoToAig Kt My assistant crated the eter forme bt made several changes Defoe sending it Der: rat 252 run (i) = bein charge of an activity or business: ‘evbuva (emxetonon) Nis Green hes been runing a sweet shop for more than 90 years. 253 recruit (= get new people to jon an organiaation: snavépiva, cToaTokoyeo The basketball vie hoping fe recrut some new payers ths season Der: rerun vo wéhog, veoouAeRTog reonitrent fn) 254 chal () = boin charge ofa meeting: npoesoei Dr Robertson chard tho session on women's heath | at te mediea conference | Derschal/chaperson(n) WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 15) 238 handle () = manage a ficult situaton or fb: xewiouat, avrperaniZas 258 cope (ith (= deal with problem: a praca népa, arevante 1 (of Work) = type (of work: eiSoc epyaaiac, enéyyedua (258 occupation (n) = profession or job: endyyeAya: Sn aciy ona cupaton 249 vocation (n) = jab someone does because they thin they are parteuiaty sued to it enéyyeAua, etroupymua Der: vocational (ac) 260 effective (ad) = procucing the intended result ‘anorereouarxds, arob0TKOS2s aa en 268 ees 208 eer 208 an ‘affectionate (ad) = showing love, warmth or caring: ‘oropyiKos domain (7) = area of activity or interest: topos, yaaTixo avnciueve field (n) = area of activity or study: Toueag, eruormovixég 906 ri, feature or quality: neupa, ron ime off from work: 6Be1a (BieKoniv KAT.) ‘Permit (n) = official paper giving permission to do ‘something: entonun Bea Der: permit y) permission (1) = the act of allowing somebody to do ‘something: aBeia, cuyraraeeon ‘outlook (r) = view of a situation: noun, prospect (r) = chance of success: npoortx Perspective (r) = point of view: anon WORD FORMATION (page 16) 276 276 on 27 270 beneficial (adi) = having a good effector influence: ‘apedoc, euepyernés The new sports programme has been beneficial to studonts’ heath. Der: benefit fn) benefit v) ‘commercial (adj) = related to business activites: qtopmé The town's commercial contre has a bank land some shops. Der: commerce (o): eunép0 ‘commercialise () commercialsad (ad) competitive fad) = trying very hard to be more ‘successful than others: avraywmonxég We will have {0 offer competttne prices if we want to boost sales. Det: competition (n) ‘compete (.) ‘confidential fad)) = not to be shared with others: ‘untoteurw6¢ Meafca! information is confiaontial, Der: confidence (o): eurotoobyn confidentiality (): exeybeia Constructive (ad) = useful and helpful: ‘emotional (ad) = oatng to strong footings: ‘ovvaxcérycrxoc Brenda gave me emotional sypport wen my father was Dox emotion 7) ‘excessive (ad) = too much: unepBohwg The floods were cased by excessive rafal. Der excess (r) exceed () extensive (ad) = large in amount or degree: txterayevos The shop hes en extensive stock of wine. Der: extension (n) ‘extend (i: Mopar, ements 20 208 290 20 ass 204 financial ad) = related to money: xen, oKovound Sue works as a fiancil aoiser na bane Der: nance (n): xonuarooikovowx6 odor frances (01a onovoprG, oROvOHNT KaTEoTO finance (7): xpruorodome finance (\) inclusive (ad) = containing everything: now couepshaysive: ra nvta The pice ofthe crus s inclusive $9 you dont pay extra for meals. Der: inclusion 7): cuvenahoyop9e, Recor include influential (ac) = having the power to affect others: toxupos, nou aoxei emppar Te president ofthe ‘bank is@ very invent person inthe cornmuiy Der: influence influence @) Innovative (a) = using new anc cretive methods or ‘ideas: rawvorouoe Our designer has an innovate ‘dea for redecorating te ving room. Der: innovation (7) innovator) innovate) instructive fad) = giving use information: ‘tax Ifyou want o lear about aerabies, you'l {ind tis vite very instructive Der: instruction (7) instrvctor() instruct (9 Intentional (ad) - on purpose: oxéniuog 'm sony | ‘hurt your fooling: it wasn't intentional Der: intnt (axon, nod8on intention (n):onames, npsseon ‘Opp; unintetiona (aa) Inventive (a) = creative; naving new ideas: ‘egeuperanic Barbara very inventive; she makes etl tems irom nk Der: invention (9) inventor) invent (9 epeupion ‘fica ac) « approved by somecne in autnonty: srionpos There has boon ro offal contmavon of the ‘rumour thet the company i gong out of business. Des: offal (n): urahanhog preferential (ad) = treating one porson or group Deter than others: aovoytax6e Peoole with physical lsabities get preferential seating onthe bus. Der: preference (9) refer) refered (ac): nooriéog professional ad) = relating to work that needs Special knowledge or traning: enayyeApanixb¢ Could you give me your profesional opinion as a lawyer? ‘residential (ad) = related to an area with houses and ‘without factories or businesses: xaroverjevec We live ina quiet residential area. Der residence (n), resident (>) rosie () ‘supportive (ad) = helpful and sympathote: nou npoapépet fofBeia nat rnootipen Tom's fiends were very supportive when he ost his job. Der: suppor (r) supporter (0) suppor iY) supparting (ad): evexutio¢RELATED WORDS (page 17) 295 296 207 299 an 208 boost iv) = make something increase or become more success evox, eveaopuves His colleague's kind words boosted his sol confine Der: be fn) booster (7) broacon (:) = become wider: ieuswvu, rharaivs ‘The company has broadened its appeal by adding ew products Der: broad (ad) ‘contrat ) = become smaller or tighter: ‘ovoréMopa, voruet As you Tt the weights, you wil fel your rm muscles contact ~ when you put them down alow your muscles to reas Der: contraction (o) Geteriorate (y= become worse: xeporepeda Their relationship deteriorated after they quale Der: deterioration in) diminish () = become less uewbv, -ouax Dan's hopes of buying his own home have diminished since he ost hs job. downsize (¥) = make smaller: navi nepxonés Many higivtech companies have downsized because of tho poor econemy. anlarge (\) = make bigger: ueyeaive My uncle ‘enlarged his ving room by knocking down a wal Der: enlargement {r) enlarged (ac) ‘expand (i) = become lager: enexteiva Sales ae good and our company is expanding is marketshare. Der: expansion (r) expansive (ad) extend (.) = make something longer or bigger: eremteivo, napareivi Bob's company has extended his contract s0 he can frsh the project ‘shrink ( (shrank, shrunk) = become salir: ote0e, pnpaive Our expenses have shrunk following severe budget cuts. _swoll ( (swolled, swollen) = to become larger than normal due toa buld-up of gud: refgou My feat fend to swelin hot weather 50 Ihave to wear loose fting shoes. Der: swaling (n) swollen (a) widen (v = become bigger: firupuva, enekteim Our company is widening is range of products forthe Christmas season. Der: width o:hdrog wide ac) METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 17) 2.109 {go under (ph v) = go out of busines: eaaree9pove, yoeoron Times wer bed during ‘he war and troveands of businesses wont undor fy high = feel very happy and successful nerd ova cuvveoa aro yea We've been thing hgh since we won the lotr high-tying (ac) = vryambious and successful Povo ce Kén A lot of effort went into making the pany a success. 489 go on to (hr v= do somathing after finishing doing Something else: owexi@w (ue Kami Bagoperix6) Sally began her wnting career as a poet and has gone on to write novels, 48) go down as (phr v) = be remembered in a particular ‘way: ropauéww (om yin) Lady Diana has gone down in history asa person who cared about the poor 452 go.on (phr v) = happen: cussaivw Theresa lot of ‘olse next door | wonder what's going on? WHO SAID IT? (page 31) 4453 commentator (n) = person who describes events on TV ‘or radio: oxohaotrig The sports commentator shouted ‘exciteoty when the local ten scored another goal. Der: comment (0) ‘commentary (n) comment () 451 contestant 7) = a person who participates in a ‘competition: BiaywviZoyevor OF the three contestants Jn the TV quiz show, only ono wid be able to go on to the finals. Der: contest (0) Contest (4) 488 _chat-show host (n) = porson whe interviews famous Or interesting people on TV or on a raco talk show: RapousiaaThC TMAEOTTKGN / pABLXpVIKGN ‘utntgewy My favourite chat-show host specialises in interviewing polticians. 428 conductor (7) = person who leads an orchestra or choir: yasorpoc The players picked up their lnstruments as the conductor raised his baton. Der: conduct (¥) 457 director (9) = see 4.11 4458 dise jockey (0.) (n) = person who chooses music on the radio or in a clu, ete: auto nov nae: wouawh ¢ pablopuvnts exrouméc f whopn The disc jockey chose great music at the party. 49 otitic (9) = 500 4.26 4480 playwright (0) = person who writes plays: Bearoies ‘uyypagéas Sophocles is one of the best known Greek piaywrghts. PHRASES WITH PREPOSITIONS (page 92) 451 in many respects = in many ways: and nohAés ‘anoyeig in many respects, Ie today is more dangerous than in the past. ‘402 in conjunction with = together with: oe ouvepyaoia be In conjunction with a major bank, the company is working on a new bulding. 463 on a large(?) scale = very big in size or extent: o& beyeAn (ueyahiepn) Wipaxa His customers invest (on a large scale only one milion euros or more. 461 in. comparison with = looking at similarities and differences: o& olyxpion ue In comparison with last _year, this summer is much warmer 488 for good = parmanently: ya névra, uovipa The ‘Smith family Is moving to leland for 9006, £0 1 probably will never see ther again. 458 in no time = very quickly: 0¢ xpévo pexép James was back to normal in no tims after the operation. 4457 on the part of = done by someone: ek uénoUue Tou / ‘Tg More effort on the part ofthe police would help solve the problem, ‘498 at the forefront of = in a leading position: omy ‘ipiorn yeoyn’| American CD companies are atthe forefront of the international music industry. ‘WORD FORMATION (page 32) 4489 acceptance (n= agreement to an idea or pla: ‘anob0x/ The new rairoad line depends on ‘government acceptance of the engineer’ report. 4470 adaptation (n= fim or pay that was eriginaly written ina diferent fom: B;coxeun Several new fims are adaptations of Shakespeare’ plays. Der: adapt): diaoxe vege, npooapus%a 4471 annoyance (n) = feeling of impatience and anger ‘exveupiouds, evoxAnon Tomy annoyance, my Bass wouldnt let me takeoff any extra tie. Dor annoy (9) annoyed (a): evoxinuevog annoying (ed): evoxtx¢ 472 attendance (n) = presence at an event or umber of people present: rpoaencuen, napaxoAaienan ‘Atendance atthe concert was iow. Der attend (Y) 473 _avalabilty (0) « sate of being net too busy: SiaBeoU.6TTTa The doctor's avalabity depends on how many patents are scheduled forthe woot. Der: availabe (ec) pp: unavatabity (9) 4.74 clarity (n= stato of being clear: fiaiyesa The elanty othe water mace t posse to see te ish Der: eiaty ) ‘lar (ad) 475 complexity (0) = state of boing complicated: TrohumoxStmta Cue to the complexity ofthe case, i {00k lamyers months to prepare Der: complex (ad) 476 credibility (n= state of being bolevable or trustworthy: oferuovia The paice doubted the creablty ofthe witness. Der: credible (ad) inerecbe (ac) 4477 dedication (9) = commitment: apooiwon The nurses showed dedication to thelr patients by werkng throughout the night. Der: dedicate eckcates (ac) 4478 devotion (r) = grat love o loyalty: agoatuon Mother Teresa's devotion to the poor touched many Ives Der devote () voted (a) 4478 distraction (n) = something which takes your attention away from a task you are doing Biéonaon ‘e0goxn¢ There are always distractions when you Share an office with other people. Der: cstract (| Gistracted (ac)4m aot ane 490 10 a yaw Before you leave the office todey, please ‘cast an eye over the new contract. ‘cast doubt on = make something seem less certain ‘or good: aupiaKAW Yio Kam, upIOBNTE Your ‘comments som to cast doubt on tho wisdom ofthe whole project ‘et = 1.(Y see 2.45 2. (o) group of things that belong together: cuvoho npayyoTu, oet My aunt gave ime a set of coffee cups for an engagement present. 3. (p) part of a tems match, consisting of sx games ‘or more: yg, cet (naxx) When J played tennis agains my sist ost tho frst set but won the next two, 4. (9) see 4.18 ‘et in (my) ways = not willing to change: éxo ‘onoxpuoradxsuéyn anon My graneiather is rather set mn his ways; everything must be done as he says. act = 1. (p) part of a pay: (@earowc}} npditn The fist ‘act of @ play usually presents the confict which is: then resolved in the last act. 2. (¥) behave: ‘ouurepipépoun Although he knew about the surprise party, Tim acted totaly shocked. ‘ct on (ph v) = be quided by: evepy® ouppwwva ye ‘decided to act on the advice of my lawyer and not ‘go by what my frends suggested. Catch in the act (of) = find someone doing something ‘wrong and interupt them in the mide: mwa Kano. enlautopap The shop owner caught his assistant in the act of steaing money from the cash register. IN OTHER WORDS (page 95) an ane {Into (ph ¥) = become interested in: evBrapé poet ‘ya She has never been able fo get into jazz; she prefers classical music. ‘lay up (pr \) = not work property: Be arround oT ‘My car has been playing up so ets goin your car 11ava or a0 ae 12 ‘hypo up (oh v) = exaggerate the quay: npouts "pDi6v ue nopardamtuR S.aerjion The shop assistant hyped up ths camera, but is rally no ‘etter than my ols one. run through (hr ¥) = practise and review ‘enavohauBeve, e€aaKoupas Lars run through tis ‘song once more before the periormance, taze around (ph v= relax: xahopaive, reumehaze ‘The woather was beaut, 50 we fazed around the poo al day ‘come up with (pr v) = create or produce: Selon ‘ondvenan, Alm | need an ices fr a costume But | havent come up with anything 30 far bring in (hr v) = make money nepBita xorwra Pip is bringing na lot more money since he started is new job. branch out (pr v) = expand ito now areas or activites: enexrivu, at (enayyeAuard) The local ‘hoe store decided fo branch cut and sated sling ebthing too. 150 aon ass ass ‘But on (ph v) = stage a performance: avesacia {napéoreon) The fown's gymnasts put on a display of their talents. ‘crack up (ohr v) = laugh uncontrollably: EexapSiouct | cracked up everytime the comedian looked my way. ‘malfunction (.) = not work property: Suansiroupyis The television 1s meifunetioning; there's no picture er: malfunction in) diversify (\) = develop products or activities that ‘are new or diferent from what is usual for you: ‘eneereivoya, auéavis Tay rowsAia (npoisvtwy KER) (Our company needs to diversify into other products it itis to survive, Der: lversification (r) diversity in) diverse (ad) ‘generate (y) = cause something to happen or to be Produced: rpoxahai The announcement about the ‘new theatre generated a lot of interest. Der: generation (ni: napayaryn ‘enerator(): vewwhtoxaUNIT 6G Body and Mind ‘TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 47) os os 66 or ligament (n) = a band of tissue that holds bones together or supports organs: auvBeouog The runner Suffered a torn ligament in hs leg and was unable to ‘compete for several months. ‘abdomen (1) = lower front part of body where stomach and intestines are: kod After eating @ huge ‘mea, he had severe pain in his abdomen er: abdominal (ad) artery (n) = a tube that caries blood away from the heart: apmnpia When doctors discovered his arteries Were almost completely Blocked, ne underwent emergency heart surgery. Der: arterial (ad) ‘vein (n) = a tube that carries blood to the heart: ‘@MBc The doctor inserted @ needle into a vein in his. arm to take a blood sample. ‘chest (n} = upper front part of the body between ‘abdomen and neck: o17305 Complaining of chest ‘Pains, the old man was rushed to the hospital n case the was having a heart attack. Kidney (7) = organ in the body that cleans your blood ‘and removes waste: veopo The doctor gave fim ‘antibiotics for his Kldney infection Jung (0) = the two large organs in your chest with Which you breathe: mveiuovas Breathe deeply and fil ‘your lungs with a liver (n) = lage organ in the body which helps to Clean the blood: ouxism Surgeons today can do heart, ung and lver transplants. Jaw (n) = lower part of face below the mouth Including the bottom teeth and chin: cayow When 1 hhad a wisdom tooth removed, my jaw was sore for @ weak. ‘pelvis (n) = group of bones wich support the back ‘and connect to the legs: Aexavn (av8paruvou ‘tjuaros) After breaking her pelvis in a car accident, ‘she was In constant pain and had ciffculty walking. rib (n) = a curved bone of the chest: nheup6 He broke thvee ribs in a fall and had to wear a bandage around his chast for a month. on 615 em ‘skull (0) = bones of the head that protect the brain: xpavio He fractured his skull several years ago and You can stil see a scar on the side of his head. ‘spine (n) = backbone or row of bones that contain the spinal cord: onovGuhixj erAn An injury to the spine is extremely serious and may lead to paralysis. Der: spinal (ad) ‘bruise (0) = a dark mark on the skin caused by boing hit: werawia He had @ nasty bruise on his knee aftr being kicked during a football match Der: bruising in) bruise () bruised (ad) fracture (n) = a break or crack in bone or other hart substance: ondoiyo, xarayya The X~ay showed that he fad multiple fractures to the bones on his foot. Der fracture (¥) ‘ractured (ach) sling (r) = a piece of material worn around the neck to support an injured arm: xeipoh4ifos, avaprhipas, (yea ontouevo xép.) Andrew had to wear a sing for ‘ver @ month to support his broken arm, stitch (n)= a short piece of thread used to close a deep cut by sewing: payne / cut myself bacly with the bread knife and had to have 6 stitches. stretcher (r) =a kind of bed used to carry injured or dead people: popeio (ueraxpope appsiotou) Four attendants carried the injured player of the pitch on a stretcher. consul (\) = ask someone's opinion about something: ‘ouuBounedopax The doctor recommenced that Picharc Consuit@ specialist about his heat problem. Der: consultant (n) consultation (o) GP (r) = general practitioner; doctor who gives ‘general medical care to patients in his area: ywarpo¢ ‘naB0h0y0¢ Go and see your GP Ifyou have any symptoms which are worrying you. ‘vaccination (n) = substance given to protect against ‘a disease: euBoAicqudc / was givon 2 vaccination against yellow fever before going to Ahica Der: vaccine (a: eyBOAO vaccinate (y) 13on 620 622 635 14 contagious (ad) = able to spread quicky. weraBonbg Contagious diseases can be avoided by washing your ands. prescription (n) =a wien order for medicine from a eetor:euvrayn yierpou st my prescription and tne chemist woulsnt give me the medicine without Der: prseribe (4) prescriptive (ad: xareveuvrpog medication (= drugs used 1 ea ness: pap} popuaxeitec cyan When the medication cc cure the infecton, the doctor changed i. Der: medicated (ad) ‘common sense = natural ality to make good, Practical judgements: Kaw Aoye f Tom hed mare Common sense, fe wouldnt dive so fast hygiene (r) = practice of keeping yourself and your things clean to prevent ness: une, odapiomnra ‘People can avoid catching nesses by paying more attention o personal yore. Der: hygienic (ac) Intake (o) = amount ot something eaten or drunk nodoangn, AauBaveyen noodma Doctors recommenda dail intake of 75.90mg of Viamin C for acts oration (= state of not having enough water the body causing you to fee! weak ori: aguBarwon Long-lstance tuners must crirk regulary to avoid ‘enycration, Der: dtycrato (y) eter fac) ‘acupuncture (n) = a Chinese medical treatment that involves inserting special needles in cesain points on the body: Behowoude A frond f mine suggested that ‘acupuncture might help relieve the pain in my back. Der: acupuncturist (9) ‘ol-being () = stata of boing hapoy.helthy and prosperous: cue, uyeia Spending time wih family and frends gives hm @ wondertl sense of weltbeng, Pain rele (r) «= lesening ofthe feing of physical suflering: avaxodigion ané toy nv The adver for the medicine claims that it offers fast elective pain rele tor headaches. adeetion (y= an uncontrollable ned to do something oF take a drug E8165 The conte forthe treatment of arug adebon oerspsyenclogica! Counseling to adits and thir tars. Der: adie (o) ‘adsicted (ac) ‘ddctve (oc) Joint (9) = place where two bones most and the mb is able to bend: do8pion in cold damp weather, he ‘often fees pan in his jos, especialy his knees Der: jointed fag) ‘lovato () = to make something ess sever or pant avoroupizi, erpexi The aspirin ded nothing {oalevate my hescache, so caled the doctor treat (= provid mocical cae: nepinioiot, Sepanete Most eye infections can be successtly treated with eye crops. Der: treatment () 5 treatabe (a) cure (.) = to make a person heathy again: cane Tie dector cured the chi's Bronent Der: eure (1) anoBecanei, yanpeis ga is esr oan oss eso ER “ape Settee remedy (1) = solution to a problem or iness: Sepa, ‘yarpx® Some people Deliove the best remedy fora sore throats a hot lemon and honey crink Insomnia () = inabilty to sleep: aunvia Mf you can't sleep at night, you suffer from insole. er: insomniac (r): aoéevne ou nBoxe: and auvia ailment (9) = illness which i not serious: oB«aGecia Fora minor ailment, you probably con't need to see 2 doctor, Der: all: nox ailing (ac): e08evig, nou ndoxes allergy 7) = physical reaction to something you eat, ‘breathe of touch: ahAspyia Sue has an alergy to cats; when she is in a room with thern she sneezes. ‘eczema (n) = skin condition that makes skin dey, sore and itchy: éxzeua The chemist gave me a new skin ‘cream to help ease the discomfort of my eczema indigestion in) = aiscomfor in the stomach when the ‘body has dificult digesting food: Buoneyic Many [people sufer rom indigestion after eating a heavy meal Der indigestible (ac) ‘prevailing (ad) = existing or being most common at particular time or place: eruxparéotepog The ‘prevailing atitude to dieting in the United States has shifted to healthier, smeler portion sizes. Der: prevail iv) circulation (7) = 1. movement of bioad around the body: xuroxpoptK6 tiomua People with circulation ‘problems offen have cold hands and feat. 2. numer of ‘copies of a newspaper of magazine sold: xxAOpopIa (runou) The newspapers circulation increased when they added an ecitonal section. Der: circulate (y) circulatory (ac) ‘migraine (n) = a severe headache: nuikoavia People whe sufer trom migraines often complain of nausea 35 well as a binding headache arthritis (7) =a condition in which the joints are ‘swolln and are painful: apépiniba My grandmother's hands were so crippled with artis thet she was Lunabie to do any household chores. Der arthritic (ad) disorder (r) = iiness or medical condition: Bietopaxn, (Melissa has a skin disorder and cannot spend @ lot of time in the sun. ‘posture (1) = the postion of tho body wile standing sitting or walking: ordan (oapatog) The doctor told her that an improvement inher posture would helo ‘prevent lower back pain. ‘meditation (n) = 2 mental exercise In which someone ‘concentrates on his thoughts and relaxes: .aAovioudg [Meditation is often combined with breathing exercises to rlax the body and combat stress, Der: meditative (adi) ‘lexibility (7) = ability to bend easy: euhuyiola Doing exercise wil give you more flexiclty. Dor: flexible (a) concentration (9) = ability to give all your attention to ine thing: ouyKévipwon Safe driving requimes a fot of ‘concentration. Der: concentrate (\) Aart onthe 2 paibweet een as conventional medicine = typical modem medical treatment: ouyBarix} iatpix Many people turn to alternative therapies when conventional medicine fails o.cure a health problem. complementary therapy (n)= a form of treatment Used in combination with ordinary medical treatment: ‘ouurAnawyarah Gepaneia Massage is often used as @ ‘complementary therapy for people suffering neck pain. asthma (n) = ness in which breathing 's difficult, {208,10 Tony has asthma anc he ness to take ‘medication before exercising. Der: asthmatic (aa) BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY VERBS + PREPOSITIONS (pag ese eo oot ee 8) blame (ri) = tobe responsible for somthing bac: ar}yopi (a) My sister blames me for breaking her ‘PA player Dar: biame (n) blame (on) (1) = say that something is someone's faut: emppiro evBives (yea xan oe wenn) The restaurant owner blamed the poor service on the shortage of stat ‘laborate x)= expan in more dealt avanrioow, nepeypace we Merrouépeies We aed the tour guide to elaborate on the history of the ste. Der: elaboration r) slaborate (ad) specialise (also 222) (y) = concentrate on just one area of work or study: eiixevoj. John specaised In paediatrics. Der: specialisation) speciakt() ‘confide ir) (v= tel someone a secret: exrnorevoua, ‘exuuornpedouai She confided in me because sho ttusted me not to tell anyone her secret. er confidence (n) confidential ac) comply (= do what you are required to do eunnioppivoues you don't compy withthe rules, you wil be dismissed fom your ob. Der: compliance () ‘compliant ad): unoxpnro, ‘associate () = meke a connection in your mind ‘owvSéi2, ovaxertew Many people associate the number 13 with bac Tuck. Der: associat 7): ouverapos, otvrpopog association in) associtod (a) ‘entity with ph v) = empathize with and Understand someone or ther stuaton because you have similar background or experience: reunion, uz Having boon brought up ina smal vlege like the ‘main character in the nove, | could easly dently wth ror ‘Zecount (fo) ¥) = give an explanation for something: Eqs How do you account for the fact that the ‘money s missing? Der: account (7): avago08, neptyooeh accountancy ni: AoyioTinh accountant (1): Aoyirtg accounting (1: AHORA aecountatle (ad) ea 605 008 eer on an ‘yearn (\) = want something very much: Aexragt When Fm on a det. | year for chocolate Der: yearring (a) ‘opt (on () = make a choice: emhéy Tey thought of going to Pari but opted for Pome instead. er option in optional ac) notity (y= inform offal: eiBonad Successt agplcants wil be notiied n June. Der: notication in) derive (= originate: nootpxouay,napeyoye Leather is derived tram animal skins er: derivation n) erivatve (a) Clstract (y= take attention away from something ‘le: ancora thy rpoaoxn The noise outside is distracting the students from their studs. Der: distraction (q) 84.78 istracted fc) ddstracting (ad) iscourage \) = persuade someone not to do ‘something: anoBappiv,arovpént Students 0 iscouraged rom bringing mobile phones to school Der: discouragement (r) aiscouraaing (ad) Opp: encourage (y) boast (v) = prouly tak about things relating to you 20 others wil admire you rauxtéua The Jacksons ‘aways boast about their chiren's achievements. Der: boast rp boast (a) ‘respond (reac, reply: avratoxoivoyat, anata Over «thousand eppicarts responded tothe adverse. ‘Der: respondent (o) response (n) responsive (ad) devote v)= see 478 subject () = make someone experience someting Uunpleasarit unoBen (ktooV 06 xn) Peale some Couns have been subjected lo cus punishments Der: subject unoxeievo ‘subjection (: unorayn RELATED WORDS (page 49) 76 ‘alarmed (ad) = afraid or anxious: tpouayuevec, ‘avnouxos iWe were alarmed when we saw fre ‘engines racing towards cur street Der: alarm (7) alarming (ad) ‘cross (ad) = angry: Eunwuévor Theodore’s parents were very cross when he came home from the party two hours late, furious (ad) = extremely angry: opviouevor Lisa was furious when her children drew on the walls. Der fry (n) infuriate 0) overjoyed (ad) = extremely hapoy: raveuTuxns We were all overoyed when the new baby was born. Petrified (al) = very frightened: ono@wpvog aris ‘9080, xatarpopayyevog Anne is petrified of spiders: when she sees one, she screams In horror. 15ome oa 685 oe 16 scared (ad) = ata: gofkopévos its quite common for people to be scared of Fightning, Der: scare soary lac) ‘cheerful (ad) = happy: Ke@aros, xapouLeVoG ‘Although he's been sick, Sam sounded cheerful Der: cheerfuness (n) lad (ad) = pleased: cuxaprotuévos Alan was glad that we would be his new neighbours. displeased (ad) = annoyed: Suoapeomuévoc The ‘manager ooked atspleasod whon Rob walked ito the ‘office 30 minutes fat. Der: displeasure (n) ‘upset (ad) = sad, worred or angry: avacTarwuévog ‘Margaret was upset when Wiliam broke hor favour Der upset () upsetting (act) {incensed (ad) = very angry: eEaypuauivos Jim was incensed because the neighbours called the police (0 complain about his dog. Der incense () terrified ad = very frightened: rararpopayutves [My uncle is teed of heights and won’ fin an ‘aeroplane. Dee tortor tn) tery (9) terntying (ad) Aojected (a = miserable: xuutvoc, ‘arroKapBuayevos Tho whole team looked dejected after they lot the game. Der: dejecton n) Inconsolable (ad) = notable to be comforted: ‘arapnyépntos Bil was inconsolable wihen his granatather ded, Der: consolation (n) ‘console () depressed (ad) = state of being extremely unhappy: uedayxohinos, Bdunevos After is avorce, Mark was depressed for months. Der: depression (nk: rarG@hyn depress () depressing (ad): rou npoKael wara@hwyn depressive (ad): naraBhiriKSs, ddolighted (ad) = very happy: RoAU euxsprorevog, He is delighted with his new car or: delight (n) elighttul ach: euxdpucr0s, yayeuuee irritated jad) = annoyed: enveuprautvoc | could tell Iny dod was inteted by John's rudeness. or: itation () initate() imitating (ed) ‘miserable (ad) = very unhappy or uncomfortable: Buotuxoutvos Their evening together was @ miserable fate. Der: misery in) thriled (ad) = vory excited: evBovarcoutvor, auyrhomoptvog | was tiled when I got the job. Der thi (n) . thw) tring fad) 650 ‘ecstatic (ad) = extremely excited: exotarnés Lynn was ecstatic when Enrique Iglesias kissed her. Der ecstasy (n) poGoS The building neads a mulistorey car park since so ‘many people come to work by car. ‘overbooked fad) = having sold or reserved more tickets than avaiable: ue unepap ues KoaTHOEIG The restaurant was overbooked and we had wait half an ‘hour to get a table. ‘outnumber (\) = be greater in number than another group: urepéxw api@utis Women outnumber men in acvanced psychology courses. ‘multipurpose (ad) = serving a number of purposes ‘at one time: nokAanniiv Xoriaeuy A Swiss Army kno ‘a mulfpurpose too! ‘outstay (.) = stay longer than expected or wanted: lucva neptoodrep0 (ar'og0 npéns) After @ month, Barbara had outstayed her welcome.on coutamart() = gain an advantage using a clever or dishonest tice enodenioua:eEumvsrepog The ‘polce outsmarted the criminal by caretuly analysing tneic method of operation. ‘overcharge (= charge too much: unepypeiova That Shop has overcharged me again. (Opp: undercharge () Lunderstatfed (ad) = rot have enough staf to do the werk: pe averapnés noooinxd Ware curenty Understated and are gong to he tree mre empoyees. ‘0p6: overstated (ad) COLLOCATIONS (page 88) Lunapolt (a = not harmed ox changed to be mace Jess Beautt aneipaxrog The beach ere is unspoit ‘nd oan, rough (ad) = 1, uneven and not smooth: coupTounaaevos, aypiog The sea was very ugh {and some salors Began fo fel sick. 2. approximate: ard npocéyyon have a rough ia of what thot il cost but on throw the exact price ‘atic (a) = interesting because tis unusiat earace My aunt enioys growing exo plats ie orchids. METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 67) esr 0 ase a0 ase as {90 round in circles = not make any progress ‘because you Koop coming back to same point: Bev ‘oBnysd nouBev’ The conversation went round in Circles for hours and we didn't come to any decisions. rife) = move gradually: xvoupa, napaoveoya Our ‘conversation died from one topic to another. take a sudden / unexpected turn = change without warning: neipve anpéeuevy Yponh The conversation took a sudden turn and became very poltical ‘move in an unexpected direction = change surprisingly: ahAdtw nopeia Eogwnts The conversation ‘moved in an unexpected direction when Sally began to toll us about hor serious martal problems. ‘say (something) in a roundabout way = avoid ‘speaking directly to the point: Aéw (xa) raya, Lnovod / aldh't want to hurt my mother-in-law's feolings, 60 I tried to tol hor in a roundabout way that we were making other plans for the holiday. 0 off track = move away from the subject under ‘ciscussion: Byaivus ar To @éua He went off track land started taking about unrelated issues. (be) on the right / wrong track = actin a way that is likely o lead to a successful / unsuccessful end: {eivan oe oward / AaBos Epou0 Even though we have ‘not yet solved the problem, we are definitely on the ‘ight tack. wander off the topic = tak about issues not related to the subject under discussion; Eepedyw and to {pa The lecturer wanders off the topical the time ‘and it confuses the students. ‘stoor (a) conversation = drect the way a conversation is going: xatevdbvw m ougirmon / steered the Conversation round tothe topic! wanted to discuss. {follow (a) conversation = understand what is being sald: napaxohoved wo outriman Emily can folow a ‘conversation in English, even though she doesn't understand every word. asco follow (someone's) train of thought = understand the sequence or logic of what someone is saying: apaxoRou8id m oxen (Kariciou) Please don’t (question me yet; just try 10 follow my train of thought. ‘avapumueua: Nod net n outsiman We wondered where the conversation was going when Pat changed the subject. ve at (phe v) = say something without saying t direct: ‘novos, nooona va éuuboa heard what you said butts st not clear tome what you are cing at. get at (phe v) = say something without saying it iectly: npoona8a va nw | don't understand what you are getting al please orpiain. MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 67) ane 2109 ‘board = 1. (n) long piece of wood: oavida nariouaToR That board inthe floor croaks if you stand on it 2. (v) get on a train, plane, bus, or ship: empipazouct Wie boarded a ship in Piraeus and set sail for Crete. ‘across the board = affecting al people or all things: ‘ya okoug aveFainerwc ft was decided to give ‘across-the-board raises to everyone. board of directors (r) = see 2.5 leave = 1. (7) see 2.65 2. (v) arrange to give property ‘or money to someone after your death: agfiva anpovoqia My uncle let al his money to the focal ‘hospital when he dled. leave to chance = tako a rick by not planning: gris ‘omy TUx1 Sue doesn't want to eave anything to ‘chance; she has planned every detal of her hokey. land (n) = 1. an area of ground: yn, «ta Her family ‘owns @ lt of land and they aise shoep on it. 2. country or region: xiipa Scotland isthe land of my ‘ancestors. land 2 job = successtuly get a job that you wanted: ‘epBigw, nips BouAeta Many people applied for tho job but Sue was the one whe landed it. |W OTHER WORDS (page 67) 208 ‘set foot in = reach or antor a place: e1otoxou, Myaiva xénou I had never set foot in a mosque before | visited Egypt. break a journey = stop a tip in the middle fora short time: kava ctéion On the way to Dublin, we broke cur Journey in London to visit some frends. (be) bound for (ad) = travel towards a particular place: rareu8Uvouai pos The ship was bound for Syiney but made a stopover in Singapore, ‘access (7) = ability to use or enter something: ‘NpeoBaon Oniy the secretary nas access to the president's computer files. Der injaccessibilty(r) ‘access (v) (inaccessible (ad) ‘ahead of schedule = eater than planned: vapirepa If we arrive ahead of schedule, we will have time to tour the town before the meeting. cater for () = provide everything needed or wanted (AME: cater to}: gpovtigw, tpogobott The hotel caters for fies with young children and provides a ‘playground and a pool. 21‘8110. In the footsteps of = in the same path as someone: ‘8.12 embark on (ohr v) = start a new activity or project, who has gone before you: ova axvapia (KGno.oU) usually one that seems difficult or which might take ‘Beth is following in the footsteps of her father by 8 long time: apxidin Ka Kaivoupyto A BdoKOho The ‘studying to be a lawyer just fke hi. ‘couple embarked on a round-the-workd tour with 18111 prior to (ad) = before: np ané All reports must be stops i knarcan ofan, ‘completed prior to Monday's meeting so they canbe 8.118. in the vicinity = nearby: ora nepixwpa There are so ‘istrbuted beforehand. ‘many interesting places to visit in the vicinity of the ‘hotel that you don’t need to rent a car 22Our 0 The Natural World TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 78) wos 108 sar 109 1010 son soe bush (n) = low plant with woody branches: Bowvog Tne garden was ful of rose bushes. Der: bushy (ad) ‘bark (9) = material which covers a tre trunk: @Ao10¢ Sevtpou Ants live inside the bark ofa tree. ‘branch (n) = pat of a tree which grows from the trunk: Aa8i When the branches moved in the wind, leaves ‘uttered to the ground. bud (n) = flower o leaf before it opens: unouynodt In soring, he flower buds etract birds. or: bua iv) ‘s0ed (n= small hard part produced by a plant that ‘can grow into a new plant: napa You can grow an ‘apple tree if you plant apple seeds. ‘stalk (n) = part that joins the flowers and leaves tothe plant: Tod, pioxog Daflodis ae yelow flowers with ong, green stalks. ‘unk (r) = tick part ofa tee from which the branches grow: Kopuig The koala climbs the tree trunk to reach the branches twig (n) = smal thin branch growing from a larger one: aBexi,napaKAO He colected dry twigs in order to build 2 campfire. weed (n) = unwanted plant growing wid in a garden aypiéxonto Their garden is ful of weeds and looks blossom (n) = a flower or allthe flowers on a tree: {avo Orange and lemon tees have deliciously fragrant blossoms in spring. reptile (n) = animal species with scaly skin that lays ‘egos: epner6 Lizards, snakes and crocodiles are all reptiles. Der: repilian (ad): epneroeiSig, oav epmerd ‘mammal (0) = animal species which feeds its young with its own milk: @raaoTixe Whales, cogs, fons and ‘humans are mammals Der: mammalian (ad) ra sos sar ‘amphibian (= an animal that ves both on land and Wate, but must lay ts e99s in water: pio Typical amphibians tke fogs and toads init areas with lakes fd rivers. Der: amphibious ac) ‘species (7) = particular group of plants or animals that share coriincharactrstios and breed with each ‘other: ei60¢ dou, tod) There are many species of birds in tropical areas. Invertebrate (n) = an animal without a backbone: cconévBuRo {0 The octopus and the eliish are bo common marine invertebrates. pp: vertebra (n) shell (n= the hard outer pat of certain animals: ENUgos,kefount The tute can pul its head and fet int ts sel for protecion. hhatot (i) = beak out ofan ogg: exxonarvoua. Chickens haich by breaking the eggshell with their beaks cold-blooded (a) = having a body temperature that depends on the surroundings and isnot iterrally regulated: wuxpbai.0s (la Za) Snakes and other cold-blooded animals seek warmth undorground 9 winter Opp: warm-blocded (ac) scaly (ac) = covered in small, fat pieces of hard skin SONU, NeriBLN6e / Courcn’t Bear 0 touch the ‘snake's scaly stn. Der: scale) habitat (o) = natural ervizonment in which animals or plants lve: uoKo repiahAov The natural habitat for these bir the jung. hibernate (= sleep through the winter months repr oe xewepla vaokn Bears hibernate trough the winter months and become active again only whan ‘spring brings warm weather Der: hibernation i) nest (0) = a beck structure animals make in whieh te keop their eggs or young: ewhi Bis start mating nests n early song for the protection of ther eggs. 23028 1028 1028 1030 1099 soa 035 036 sasr 1038 24 lay () (a, lac) = 1. produce an egg: yew (aBy8) (ur nen lia one egg every morning. 2. put down on 4 surface: ronoBers, axouL Sue laid the books an the desk, lay the table = arrange the cuter and crockery on ‘he table for 8 meal (AmE: set the tabie): oTpive To “paneéti The children helped us get ready for lunch by laying te table. {ur (0) = thick soft har that covers the bodies of ‘animals: tpozauo. youva Envronmentalsts are bitterly ‘@pp0s0d fo the use of animal fur by fashion designers. Der: furry (ad) Indigenous (ad) = naturally existing in a particular aa vroriog, ayevie Kangaroos aro ineiganous to Australia, nurture (¥) = provide care and attention needed to develop: tpe@, KaANCDY They caretuly nurtured thir lower garden throughout the winter, 80 in spring they had a glorious array of blooms. Der: nurtuce(n) [Pouch () = a pocket. tke part of an animal usod to carry their young: Hdponos Seeing a baby kangaroo emerge from its mother’s pouch is an amazing sight resemble (y= to be simiar to someone or something: uoxitw The two species resemble each other and only ‘experts can tol them apart Der resemblance (n) tadpole (9) = young foo before it grows legs: yupivos ‘Tha chitin are wating forthe tadpoles in the pond to change into hogs. land (9) = a part of the body that produces a Necessary chemical substance: aSévoc Ducks and ‘other water bids have a gland that produces @ ‘substance, which protects them from the cold Der glanduiar (ad) predator (7) = animal whch kits other animals for food: apnaxrex (io, ry) The leopard isa predator aroun forts speed. Der: predatory (ac): aonaxos {eather (7) = a sot ight structure that covers bids! ‘bodies: prep, notnouho Ever/ane mereled atthe ‘righty coloured feathers ofthe South American part. Der: feathered (ad) featheress (ad) Incubate (v) = 1 keep eggs warm by siting on them Until they hatch: Kwa (288) Modern chicken farms have special machines to incubate eggs instead of Teaving it to the hens ‘Der: incubation () Incubator i) ‘chick (e) = young bird: KoTonouhént Several young Chicks followed the hen everywhere. fond for (mooi (ph v) = 10 00k afer or protect myselt without help: ourmpoia povos pou The newly hatched brs couian't fend fr themselves, so their ‘parents canthuousl fed them worms and insects Cffspring (n) = hilcren: anéyovos Animas ook ater their offspring by instinct. Creature in) = any ving thing except for plants: nhoua We should show respect oral ving creatures. ‘venomous (ad) = poisonous: SokMpNins A cobra is @ venomeus snake, Der: vanam in) ‘BOOST YOUR VOCABULARY PREPOSITIONS (page 78) ra ae ous roar In pursuit = process of trying to achieve something or ‘chasing someone or something: ot avatritnon The ‘police sped down the motorway in pursuit of the thot trong dislike: onéy@e1a, anoorpoph ‘Ihave an aversion to eggs and refuse to eat them. Der: averse (ad) thrive (x) = do well and grow strong: eu5oK0 She {thrives on the pressure in her new jb. impact (n) = strong affect: eni6paan Our now advertisement hasn't had any impact on sales. impose (v) = to estabish or introduce something by force or author: emBanAw The loca authoty imposed restrictions on fishing in order to protec tho ‘popultion of trout inthe lake. ban ()« official decaration that an activity must not take place: anayopeuon The smoking ban in al pubic places was coniroversial despite is obvious heath benefits Der: ban () extent (n) = dogroe, size or importance: BaBubs, hnéyeB0s We won't know the extent of his inires from the accident unt the morning. Dor: extensive (ad: soe 2.82 in captivity ~ in prison (oe0pie) or in an enclosed place that is not a natural habitat (animals): orny ‘axsanucia Its cruel to raise wid animal in captivity: they should be alowed to roam freely. Der: captive (r) in the wild = in a fee, natural environment: oe ‘2UOKO nepRUrOV, arr dypIa gin Elephants roam inthe wil in Ati ELATED WORDS (page 79) 1008 100 rast 1089 ‘abolish (\) = officially end a system or law: Karay2 ‘Slavery was abolished inthe US in 1865. Der aboition (9) ‘advocate (v) = publicly support a policy ‘nepacniouot &nyGota Nelson Mandela advocated ‘equal rights in South Alica Der advecacy in): urepaaruon, ‘advocate (n: ounyopos, unepaomoThe ‘approve (y) = have a positive feeling towards: eynsivw | don't anprove of the way young people cress today Der: approval (r) approved (ad) see 10.45 Der: bar n) ‘condernn(y) = say that something is bad or wrong: avo® Kio Many clubs have concerned the behaviour of hooligans a football games. Der: condemnation (n) condemned (a3)088 050 1080 sas ase rose 085 08 ry 070 1071 072 078 consent i) = give permission: wavs, cynpovis Veronicas parents reluctantly consented to her using the car Der: consent i) endorse (= say that you arin favour of something ‘uroompign The company asked Tom Cruse to endorse their clothing. Der endorsement (7) permit) = allow: eruspérn The 20 authorities don't permit vistors to fee the animals, Dar permission (9 a861a port n):enfonun dBeca (an rx apxés) permissibie (ac) protest (v) = ay or show that you strongly claagres: S.ayaprupouat Tho students ae protesting te atest ‘ncroase in unworst fees. Der: protest r): Eiauapropia Protester (a: Bcuaprupdueves taton (= young cat: yard Kittens re cute, Puppy (r) = young dog: noura Our dog was realy playhlas @ puppy. tadpole (n) = see 10.29 Jamb (o) = young shoep: apv Te tiny lambs stood ‘lose 10 the older sheep. i (n) = young goat wait Ki ve with female ‘goa n herds. ‘calf 7) = young cow: pooxset The cow gave bith to bo caves, chick n) = 988 1034 cub (°) = young wolf, bear, Fon or other wid arimak ‘roy (NDrOU, opxctag, Nowra. KAR) Wo cubs {ook ke young dogs. ‘eal (7) = a young horse or donkey: novAdon A veterinarian was caled in fo assist a horse ging bith fois fos. chirp (v) = make a short high-pitched sound ike a bid! WBiQa A bright green bird chirped loudly. croak x)= make a low sound ike a tro KoAg, p(t The raga were creaking loudly ‘maw (¥) = mako a sound tho a cal: waoupite The at mowed because it was hungry. ‘moo (1) = make along, low sound ikea cow ouyacus Mocing loudly, the cows crossed the fed. beat (v) = make a sharp, eky sound tke a goat: erate The hungry goals stood bleating ner the fence. bark () = make a shor, oud sound tke a dog: ‘yaByicis Wen ris cog barked, uack knew somthing was wrong. how! (= make along, oud sound ike a wot: ‘supa Wie could hear the wolf Rowing a the moon. ‘nigh (v) = make the high sound horses rake: “Rasiveptw We could hear the horses neighing to ‘ech other while we were working on the farm WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 80) 1076 saz7 078 capsize (v) = tip over onthe water (a boat): fevanosoyupte (va Bopxa) capture (\) = take prisoner: auodorto captivate (i) = fascinate: oaynvexca conserve (i) = take care using something 20 it lasts ‘as long 2s possibie: Biamipi, rooguAdoow 1000 soa 086 soar 088 000 090 091 so9e 095 1098 sar 096 immigration (n) = moving to a new country to live: Lueravaoreuon (npos ita Yep) ‘migration (n) = moving to another part of the world fora specific time period, usualy seasonal: Leravdoreuon, anoBryia ‘emigration (n) = leaving your country to live in ‘another country: uetavaotevon (and wa xGpa) cil fac) = quel and not aggressive: unixoues, ethos Der: doctty () tame (a) = not wi: us05 Der: tame (v) domestic (ad) = 1. animal Kept a a pet or on a farm: earoni0g 2. related to home andl famiy ie: conan, Der: domestica domesticated (adj) physical lac) = reiated tothe body: owuerndg ‘genuine (adj) = real: yvh}oog ‘atural acl) ~ normal found in nature: euowsg Dee naturals o) ‘evolution (7) = gradual change over time (partculty in the development of living things): e&eAn Der evolve () ‘evolutionary (ad) cextintion (9) = deat of al animals or pants of a cota type: efapawon (ei6ous) Der: extinct (adi) ‘extermination (ft) = the complete king of of a group ‘of animals oF Insects ina certain area: e&oAo@peU0n Der: exterminator i) ‘exterminate (v) predator (1) = see 10.31 roy (7) = animal hunted by another animal for food: Sipapa ‘Der: prey (v) pposche i) = person wh legally catches o lis Animals: Aoeponuvmyos Der: poaching (-) Poach Involve (1) = include: ousnepAauseve, apo ‘evolve Q) = turn wound: neproTpepas, oot WORD FORMATION (page 80) ‘doubttul (ad) = unlikely: oupiBohog M's doubttul whether we can fnish this project on time. +0100 dutitl la) = careful to do what is expected: unewous James is cut! son. +0101 eventful (ad) = with alot of things happening: epnereuo6g, nohvtapaxoc We were tired at the ‘end of the fong, eventful day. 101102 fruitful (a) = 1. producing good results: anoBonKée, apropop0¢ The meeting was fut and now we can ‘expect better working conditions. 2 fertle: youiog, Der: fritfulness (n) (Opp: fruitless (ad) fratlessness (o) 1.108 merciless (ad) = very crue: aonAaxvos, o¥Anpoc ‘The merciless king kiled many innocent people. (Opp: mercial (ad) 2510.104 motionless (ad) = without movement: axivntog The Soldiers stood motioniess as the flag was raised. 10.105 pitiful (ad) = looking unhappy and in need of sympathy: afsodanunrog The thin and weak child looked pti. 10106 pointless (ad) = without purpose: aoxonos i's ppointess to plan a holiday it you don't have any time to.go away 1017 priceless (ad) = worth a large amaunt of money: beyang afiag These olamond earings ae priceless. 10108 relentiess (ac) = when something shows no sign ‘of stopping or improving: abioxor0c The relentiess barking ofthe dogs in the neighbourhood keeps everyone up at night Dor relentiessness (a) unrelenting (ad) 10108 restless (ad) = unable to be stil because of being nervous or bored: aviiouxos Jean was restless anc ‘couldn sit sti. Dor: restlessness (n) sa110 shameless (ad) = not feeling ashamed of behaviour thal others find unacceptable: Eeduavroonoc Her shameless lies caused her tarnly embarrassment. Der: shamelossness (0) ‘shametul (ad) toxp65 10111 shapeless (ad) = without shape of form: axavemoTo<, aovyeTpOR | started witha shapoless lump of clay and made It into a sculpture. Der: shapelessness (n) 10.112 tactful (a) = careful not to say things which wil upset others: axpurmdg I's not tactful to comment ‘on someone's weight. (Opp: tactless (ac) 10.18 worthless (ad)) = having ite or no value: xu afta ‘The advice he gave us was worthless. Der: worthiessness (a) 10.114 youthful (ad) = young-ke: veavxoe Although she is Quite old, brs Jenkins has a very youthtul face. Der: youthfulness (n) 1.115 feathertess (ac) = without feathers: xupig @repd Winen baby birds hatch, they are featheress. [METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 81) 10.118 cultivate (v) = 1. grow plants: KaAAIepY They ‘curtivate every bit of land on tha istand. 2. develop an atltude, image or ski: KaANEpYi2, avarUooW John ‘has cultivated an image ofthe caring, kind physician, Der: eutivation (9) 10.17 lig () (dua, dug) = make a hole in the erou ‘oxi The dog has dug holes al over the garden! dig around (phr v) = look for information not easily available: vaxva navrou (rajpogoaies) The oumalist dug around for days unt he found someone who would reveal her secret 10.118 fertile (ad) = 1. able to produce: eugopog, Yovios ‘The fertie land in the valley produced a good crop lof wheat this year 2. able o produce good ideas: rnapayuynds Sue's fertile mind comes up with ‘amazing solutions. er: fertty (n) . (Opp: intertie (ac) 26 10 flourish (\) = 1. grow wel euBoraud Trees flourish Inthe jungles of South America, 2. develop and be successful: avartdosouat My restaurant ourshed after hired a new chet. Der lourish (a: xeipovopia 1120 root (n) = 1. part ofa plant that grows underground: fa (@uT00) The tree roots were so deep we hac to 1g them out. 2. place or culture a person or farily ‘comes from: omoyeveraxte pigeg Bob's going to Ineland to look ito his family’s rots, 3. main cause ‘of a problem: aitia We need! to get fo the root of the problem so we can solve it. Der: root (y) 1012 sow (¥) (sowed, sown) = 1. plant seeds inthe ground: \gutedu ondpoug The farmer sows seeds in the ‘spring. 2. put an idea in someone's mind: onépve (cupiBoNiec, Srg6vo1a KA) Mrs Baker sowed doubt {and suspicion when she coulch't remember important facts or details. 10122 stem (n) = part ofa plant where leaves and flowers are attached: pioxog AovAovdio0, KovotM Put the ‘stems into water as Soon as the roses are Cut ‘stem from (v) = caused by: npotpxojat end His Back _problams stam trom an old football injury. 40128 unearth (y) = discover something that was seoret or missing: EeS6Bu, avonahirtta After searching for ays, | rally unearthed the picture | needed. 1124 deep-rooted (ad) = something which has lasted a long tine and is cificult to change: BoB\a pLwpévos Ihave had a deep-rooted fear of spiders ever since | was young. 11128 field (n) = 1. area of land that is cultivated: xuptig: The field is planted with cotton. 2. see 2.63 10.126 leave no stone unturned = try every possible way to ‘achieve something: xiv yn Kai oupavd The detective will eave no stone untumed in is attempt fo solve the crime. (MULTIPLE MEANINGS (290 81) 10727 branch 1. (\) divide: ioxAaSitopat At the intersection where the road branches, stay to the right 2. (1) smal store or office belonging te a bigger ‘company: ropdoTna, uroxaraomya / have been transferred from the head office to a new branch, 3. 0) see 10.3 branch out (phr v) = se0 4.148, 10.128 coat = 1. (9) covering of hair or fur onan animal: ‘pixtoHa Goou The animals grew a thick coat forthe winter 2. (A) layet: orpGua, eniotowon Jane put on a ‘second coat of nail pots. 3. (v) cover with a thin layer eraxaAirrew Coat the chicken with flour and fy. 10:29 plant = 1. (V) put into the ground to make it grow: ‘guteue We planted a rose bush near the door 2.(v) put something into someone's possession so ‘that they wil ook guity: TonoBeri evoxanarTKa ‘Towysia Someone must have planted the drugs In Tod's backpack. 3°) factory: epyooTaaio The workers atthe chemical plant went on strike yesterday.PRBS Fett i aie oo RLY PHRASAL VERBS (page 62) 10130 stamp out (ph v) = put an end to something Unacceptable: xatacTéNw Consenationss are Campaigning to stamp out the use of harm pesticides. +0131 back out (phr v) = decide not to do something you had agreed to do: anoadpovat, eyxaraAeina The contract hasn't been signed yet so it's not too late to ‘back our of the cea 10:42 waar out (phr v) = feel very tea: egavtha) Looking ater to young children all day really wore re out. 10138 psych out (ohr v) = i ty to shake an opponent's ‘confidence: anodappuve (avrinao) While Barbara ‘was aiming forthe basket, a player on the opposing team tried to psych her out by making fun of her. 410134 drop out (01) (ph v = leave school, a competition, ete. before finishing: eyxaransimua (onouséc, Sraywvioud K.An.) Todd found the pressure at iw ‘schoo! too much and cropped out after one torr. Der: dropout (9) 10.135 single out (ohr v) = select one person or ting for ‘special attention: exupitu, Batu Lisa was singled ‘out on graduation day asthe stucent most Hkaly to succeed, 10.198 run out (ahr v) = stop boing vad: Nnyw, Bev 1oxuw ‘Matthew's lease ran out last month so he's ooking for ‘anew flat fo rent 10.137 hold out (phr v) = last long enough: avréxe The ‘ikers should have enough water to hold out until the rescue team arrives, 1.198 work aut (phr v) = do intensive physical exercise: ‘yuuvatou Woightfters work out savers! hours each ‘day to bulld their muscles. Der: workout (0 ‘1.138 burn out (ph v= become unable to continve because of ‘overwork: cEavt). cove, kaTonovousal He worked so hard at roving is tennis game tat he burnt hist out. IN OTHER WORDS (page 82) 1.140 fundamentally (acy) = completely: Sawa The two politicians had fundamentaly different views on global warming. 10.141 flawed (ad)) = has mark of mistake: eharrapariKde ‘The data was flawed so the experiment has tobe run again 101142 radical (ad) = extreme: pit wes, piCoonactxos, ‘Communism isa racial version of socialism. 10148 makeover (n) = set of changes that makes ‘someone of something ook better: oRo¥Anpurx) ‘avavéwon Our company should function better after ‘management cartes out its racieal makeover. 10.14 unjustifiable (ad) = see 6.129 ‘0.145 state of affairs = situstion at a specie time: Karéecon) ‘The curent stato of afar tho cempany does not alow forces. 10168 utterly (adv) = see 6.147 10147 elagencetul (ad) = extremely bad or shocking: axe0c, ‘aruiuros His poor treatment of his mother inlaw i isgracetul Der: disgrace (a) ‘ 10148 incensed (ad) = see 6.83, 10149 spectacle (n) = unusual or impressive sight or event: ‘Geajia The laser show was quite a spectacle. 110.150 beyond (someone's) comprehension = too difcut ‘or complex to understand: axaravantos itis beyond ‘my comprehension why you quit your job when you ‘haven't go! another one. {0151 cease (y) = stop: otopard Conversation ceased when the protessor entered the classroom. 10182 utmost (ad) = greatest: unépratog Ths latter is of ‘utmost importance so please send it out immediately! 10183 eoncern (7) = feeling of worry: avnouxia My mother ‘expressed har concarn about the level of secunty at the airport Der: concerned (ac) 101154 make a stand against = strong-minded attempt to ‘oppose something: nooBaxAw oBevaph avriataan, Local environmentalists agreed it was time to make @ ‘stand against ilegal bunting in the area. 10168 start from scratch = start rom nothing: EeKvo and TV opxt} ore up my first draft and started the essay from seratch. 10156 put a stop to = cause to end: Bai téAog (oe KB) We must puta stop to the children’s rude behaviour! UNIT 1 2 Language and Literature TOPIC VOCABULARY (page 25) 121 blurb (a) = shor bit of information printed on the. ‘outside of a book, etc: nepiani¢n Town (oe ‘omioBpuAAo) From the blurb on the back ofthe book, it sounds like an exciting stor. 122 correspondence (n) = eters you write and receive (ortho prooess of writing and receiving letter: Nnhoypavia ! described all the problems | was. hhaving with my new car in my correspondence with the car company. Der: correspondent (n ‘correspond (9) 123, legend (n) = old story which might be true: i805, 8pdho« Historians think that some parts ofthe legend of Robin Hood might be trv. Der: legendary (ad) ‘124 lingustios(n) = study ofthe way language works: YAuogOAOVia Kato speaks four languages so she has decided to study linguists at university. Der: linguist fr) linguistic (oc 125 lyrics (n) = words of a song: oxo! 1payou8i09 ! know who wrote the music of that song but who wrote the hnics? Der: cit (n) Iyicl (2c) 126 manual (c) = book with instructions on how to do ‘something: eyxeti80 The menu that came with the video explains exactly haw to operate i. 127 non-fiction (n) = witing which is about real events Aoyorexvia (Backayém ce neayuonKd yeyovera) ‘Te non-fiction section of the trary has a large collection of biographies. (Opp: ition in) 128 paperback (r) = book witha flexible paper cover: xapréBeto BBAIO it's easy fo read paperbacks in bed ‘because they are ight and convenient fo hold. 2719 210 want 219 nu nas 1218 sas ve 1000 28 ‘smal print = details of a document writen in smait letters, usually containing conditions that iit your fights: ra ‘wake’ ypoupara (oe oupBOha.) Abvays be ‘4re to reed the Smal print on your contract before ‘you sgn ‘subscription (n) = money paid in order to receive a newspaper, magazine or service reglaty: wvSpouth ‘We renewed our subscription to the daly paper though we don't have time 1 read it every dey. Der: subscriber (0) subscribe () edition (n) = aversion of a book, magazine or ‘Newspaper printed at one te: éxBo0n The second ‘edition ofthe book came out two years afer the fst ‘acronym (0) = word made up of the fst letters of a ‘Phrase or name: axpaavuuo The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is usualy known by its acronym, NATO. (on his hota. Der: anecdotal (ad) consonant (n) = letter in the alphabet that is not a vowel (| 0, cup. The laters Bd, m and t {are consonants. Jargon (n) = words and expressions used by people in a panicuar profession: enayyeA)eri} oponovia | don't understand ths letter fom the fawyer because 1S ful of legal Jargon. posty in) = iterary writing arranged in pattems of lines and sound, often in ye: noinon We studied ‘Shakespeare's pays; now we ae studying his poetry. er: poem ir) poet (0) etic (ad: nomnuoe octical (ad) nora quotation (9) =a sentence or phrase someone has spoken or written: enearagy. xupi0 The present of ha colge started his speech witha qucation by Winston Churchit. Der: quote (n: ondanaoya vote (v7: napasena anéonooya rumour (7) = unofficial information that may or may not be true: un There is rumour going around that Richard has lst his job. sang (7) » informal language used mosty in ‘conversation: apyx6, Aa} éxppaan The word “cool” 1s popular slang for “great” ‘slogan (r) = shor, easly remembered phrase: ‘8vOrua The studens shouted anti-war slogans at the demonstration verse (7) = group of tines of posty or ong: orpogph (Romuares / tpayoud.ou) She memorisd the fst ‘wo verses ofthe poe. vowel) = the letters ae, 0, u: @uwev Each ‘vowel in English has several pronunciations. dissertation (n) = long piece of formal writing, usualy for academic purposes: SeapiBh Bary is wring a Aissertation on medieval pastry for his doctorate post) = put (a written text, a picture, etc} on an Internet website for people to see: avapriy napadere ‘oto Bia8irTuo Readers of the anine magazine can ‘Bost thir comments under each atte Der: post (n) se0s 228 va ‘browse (\) = spend time looking casually and slowly Eequdtw, oxy wa waa While she waited for the dentist, she browsed through some magazines. Cutine (n) = general points about something without the details: Baoika cna J prepared an outine and I used it as a basis when | wrote my sp@sch. Der: outine (| Concieely (dy = without unnecessary words: ouvert The marketing plan shows concisely what we propose. {footnote (r) = a note, usually found atthe bottom ‘of the page or after the main text, providing extra information about something in the main text: Uunoanueivon The new eaiton of Shakespeare's plays has detaied footnates on unusual words in the texts. proofread (y) = read a manuscript before itis published and correct any errors: iopeWvA9 KeileVO When I proofread my repor, | discovered that two iagrams were missing. Der: prootreader (n) ‘manuscript (n) = vriter’s orginal pages of a play or ‘book befor i fs published: xeipoyoage Paula sent the menuscript of her novel to a number of publishers ‘but none of them accepted i BOOGT YOUR VOCABULARY COLLOCATIONS (page 96) raat 1020 1299) ea 1298 vea6 rear 1298 ‘voice (v) = express an opinion or feelings: expoacia Attr the manager voiced criticism of our werk, we all ‘agreed to try harder ‘strike up @ conversation (struck, struck) = begin talking to someone you don't know: rave KouBevra My grandmother likes to strike up conversations with strangers on the bus. return (3) compliment = do for someone else what they have done for you: avranobiGw x6on Thank _you for helping us. We hope to be able o return the compliment someday. withhold (v) = deliberately keep something back: anorpimw The polce withheld information about tha Incident trom the reporters. ‘come in for criticism = receive strong negative ‘comments: AauBavw apynrixd oxSNia Jack came fn for enticism fram his mother after he joined the demonstration against the government. pay a compliment = tell someone that you lke something about them: navi kourdéveo Tom paid Jenny a compliment about her new hairstyle, crack a joke = tall a short, funny story: Aéw aoreio, ‘avexBot0 Tom was very funny at the party; he cracked jokes al evening. disclose (v) = glve out information, especialy secret: ‘aroKahurw The spy disclosed classified information after he was caught Der disclosure (n) ‘air an opinion = let othors know what you think or {eel ona subject: exppdzin Bnydoia wa anoyn He ‘airs his opinions on poitics even though nobody ‘cares what ho thinks. dominate (¥) = have strong control or influence over ‘a person or situation: xupiapxi She always talks too ‘much and dominates every conversation.PHRASAL VERBS (page 97) wa nas saa7 va ‘oll down to (ph = be the main reason o mast important point: aaa oe i Bois down to ta: you don’ ing in mare busines, have 10 et you go. tear down (pr v} = completty destroy: xareBagito, xaTaatpto0 The workmen tore down a block of fats to make way for 2 new shopping mal. play down (oh v = say something is lass important than it really i: unoBoOui, uesdwe m onpaoia ‘Attough she won frst prize, Monica ted to ply it own at schol $0 the ethers weucn't be anos. bback down iptv = sop asking for someting or ston say you wl do someting: noxupas Te ses backed aown tom ine demand for a. 5% pay increase. tay down (ph v (ad, ad) = tel someone how to behave: Betw navéves The heecimaster lac down tho law and forbede smoking at schoo! Jot down (ph v = write something ina bit way: ‘nue She jotted down Margarets phone number ‘stand down (ph v = leave an important postion: ‘anooupoua, napcrtouuat The prime minister announced that he would stand down because of politica pressure. run down (ph v) = eicise stengly: raxohoyes/ ion ike Bob because he's always nncing down ater peooie. break down (pr v) = stop working (machine, car, ete: yaks (ya ungaviyata) My washing machine ‘broke down and | he 10 calla reparrman Der: breakciown in) narrow down (pr) =the ruber of osebitieg nepiopZi Ive naroiwed the ist down to {wo options —ahoidayn Rome ora crise to Cypns. ‘crackdown (n= tough ction by someone in authority te stop people from breaking a lave Abn aUOTHpOY uttpav Because ofthe recent cracciown on speeding, civers are staying win the speed ft. Der: erack down (ph v) hhand-me-down (7) = thing, especialy clothing which have Deen vsed by one person and passed ‘on to someone ose, ofton in tho sare fay. heraxeiioytva pooxa /avteeijeva As a chil, usualy wore hard-me-cowns tom my elder brother Dar: Rand down (prev) ‘downpour (= extremely heavy, sudden ran: undoa We were caught n a downpour and got soaked. ‘come-down (7) = station in which you fins that ‘yur status or situation isnot as good as before: Feneoueg After working as an accountant, it was quite a came-cown for him to become # bookkeeper aga. WORD FORMATION (page 87) 87 ‘enact (v) = make into alaw: emapporie, Beonigw A noise polution law was enacted early this year Der: enactment in) broaden (v) = see 2.96 enclose (v) = 1. suround: nepurAcks, nepigpdoow ‘The poo! was enciosed by a fence. 2. put something in the envelope witha letter: cowxAeieo/ wrote a fetter to my pen-paln England and enclosed a photograph of myer er: enclosure () . 1200 mss encode (v= put secret information into @ cifferent form: kwxSucontou® During World Wer I, secret miftary messages ware encoded before they were sent. (Opp: decode (y ddoadon (y) = make quieter or lese painful: west, eEao@evizw Closing the windows deadened the noise from the street below. {fasten (y) = close or do up: Bévun She fastened her ‘oat belt and arove away. Der: fastener (n: ouvBetfoag, KértToa enforce (/) = make sure a law or rues kept: enéANo, {ere 08 EqopHOYr The roe ofthe police sto enforce the lew ar: enforcement (7) ‘enrich (y) = make better: eurdourite, Sekniivea Reading books and seeing plays can ervich your hie. Dar: enrichment (7) ‘ensure (v) = make certain that @ particular thing wit happen: ekaopahiin We want fo ensure that he recetves the Dest possible medical care. tighten () = 1. make (a nde, a law, socurty, etc) even sticter: xvas (vSpo rt) avompérepo The laws on immigration have been tightened, so thet now its harder for foreign nationals to enter the county. 2. make (abel, awatch strap, et.) ft more dosaly: oot He lost so much weight he had to tighten his bet. entrust () = make someone responsible for doing Somothing important: avo8rw She was entrusted ‘with managing the factory while the boss was away. WORDS EASILY CONFUSED (page 98) 1206 ne se 20 an un sara sara 9 ea ve88 ‘summary (n= bret aocount: neplAnun ‘biography (n) = story of someone’ ie: Bioyoagia résumé (9) = OV: floypapix® onpelane ‘compliment (9) = something nice you say to praise ‘someone: KoUrAiUev70 supplement 1) = something added: évBeto, unmanpopa ‘complement (V) = to add to something in way that Improves it ouuranpav acquire (v) = get: ononns inquire (¥) = ask for information: ¢nra nAnpepopies xpe1aCOuaL, ETT = not stated openly: unavooduevax explicit (ac) = sated openiy: cag ie (ad) = not alowed bylaw or approved of by society: naxdvouos, anayopeuuEvoS teal (a) = exacty as writen: xupohsrtndg Der: tteracy (ad): wavomra yogi Kax avaywsone lterate (ad) = able to read and write: eyypdumaro< ‘Opp. literate ac) literary (ac) = connected with iteratue: @ohoyixés, DovorexwKog prescription (r) = see 6.23 inscription (n) = 1. hand-written note inside a book's ‘cover aptépcion 2. wring carved into stone: errypah subscription (n)= see 12.10 content (n)= subject, ideas, material in something nepiexouew0 ‘context (n) = goneral situation in which something happens: ovugpacoueva, nAaio1o consent (7) = see 10.55, 29[RELATED WORDS (page 08) 1287 antique (ad) = od and valuable: opxaios, ‘enahauspévos That antique chairis over 200 years old. er antiquated (ad) 1288 archale (al) = extremely old or old-fashioned: ‘apxaiKdc, renouOBitKog “Thee” and “thou” are archaic forms of the word “you”. 1269 contemporary (ad) = moder: ovyxpovos We visited ‘a contamporary art museum i London, 1250 innovative (ad) = see 2.86 1281 juvenile (20) = relating to young people: naib, YYeavixog Young people wino get ito trouble withthe police are called “jwenile delinquents”. Der juvenile (n) 1292 mature (ad) = see 4.87 1293 novel (ad) = new and unusual: véog, npwtorunog Barbara thought ofa novel solution to the problem ara it worked! 1298 novice (n) = beginner: nowtaone Clmbing the Himalayas isnot for novices. 1295 obsolete (ad) = no longer used because of being replaced by something: enapxawyevos, Eerepaqueves This computor is obsolete; the new onos work faster 1296 outmoded (ad) = no longer useful or suitable: radiouodinios Our banker's ideas are really ‘outmoded - we need to find @ now financial consurtant. 1287 out-of-date (a) = old and no longer suitable for modern use: Eenepaquévor Don't use that out-of-date program; there is a new version avaiable now. 1298 over the hill = too old: népa on'ro dpt0 (nAikiag) Dad wants to play competitive tennis but he's a bit over ‘the hil fr that. 1299 primitive (ad) = ata simple stage of development: ‘ands, npwreyovos On our trek, some of the places we stayed had primitive fecites with no running water 12200 state-of-the-art (ad) = S00 4.38 12101 up-to-date (ac) = including the newest, most recent Information: cuyxpovoc, evnepiaLitvos You can find ‘up-to-date Information on tha Internet. 12.102 veteran (ad) = someone who is experienced because cf having done something fora long te: Berepévos, He's a veteran player; he has belonged to the foottal ‘lub for over 20 years. Der: veteran (a) +4209 vintage (ad) = od but in good condition: nang Kat aig NOXSTHTOR (ya KPa, aUTOKIvTTa) A collection of vintage cars can be seen ai the automobile museum, Der vintage (7) [METAPHOR AND MEANING (page 99) 12108 read (Someone) like a book = know everything (someane) says or thinks: aBazw (kartotov) cay AvoiKTO BiBAI0 Sancta can read me ike @ BOOK; 1 ‘can't hide anything from her 12105 (a) hidden agenda = a secret reason for doing something: KoUp> oxt50 The teacher had a hisden ‘agenda in ging this assignment: she wanted us 10 learn how to use the library for research, 12.108 read into (pv) = find extra meaning in something that is not obvious: napcaunved She reading more into this incident than she should isn't very important. 30 12107 rule out (pir v) = decide that something isnt suitable (or possible: arionAci.o We want to take @ noliaay somewhere, but we ruled cut London because of the weather 12108 spell (it) out (ohr v) = explain in deta: enya (kar) Aertovedic He won't understand your idea: you'l ‘have to spelt out for him. 12100 written all over (my) face = clear to see trom (ny) ‘expression: awveTai ovo MpdowNd (OU) Ned tred to ‘lsguise his disappointment but his feelings were water al over his face. 12110 underine (y)= emphasise: rovige The article Lundertines the importance of conserving enerey. 12.111 read between the fines = understand what is meant ‘but nat ssid openiy: xaraopaive Ken nov unovorira, They seemed optimistic but, reading between the ines, | understood that the situation was not good. 12112 mind reader (a) = person who knows what you are thinking: autos nou Biap6Ze1 1m oxéuin How could | know whet you wanted? I'm not a mind reader! [MULTIPLE MEANINGS (page 100) 42110 book (\) = 1. make a reservation: Kéves Kparmon If we want a table at our favourito restaurant for Now Year's Eve, we should book wollin advance. 2. take someone to a police station and make an official record of a crime: ouNauBave The diver was ‘booked for crunken driving and kept in the local fall Luni the morning. (be) in (one's) good books = be liked or approved of by Someone’ exw Thy etvoa KanoIOU if you call your grandmother every week, you'l certainly be in her {900d books! 12:14 Issue = 1. (9) subject widely discussed: Carma The |ssue of nuclear power is controversial in certain ‘countries. 2 (n) newspaper or magazine published ata particular time: Teix0¢, puAAO Have you seen thle month's sue of "Woman's Day"? 3. () give out oficially or publish: Biavéue, exB(Sw The government ‘issued a warning to al travellers to stay away from ‘countries infected by the vius. ‘take issue with = disagroo with: Biapuve ye avTOIOY via Kat must take issue with you on that point. 12215 word (n) = 1. promise: undoxcon / gave Mum my word that'd be home by 10 o'clock. 2. now or rumour: ion The word is that Susan is moving to Pars, but | don't know it’s tue. hhave a word with = speak with: outntd ue (Kéno1ov) 1d tke to have a word with my boss this afternoon ‘about my werk schedule IN OTHER WORDS (page 109) 12.118 imply (0 = say indirectly, hint: unoved Are you implying that we should leave now? Just te us and welt go Dor: implication n) 12117 infer (¥) = form an opinion about something based on information you have: cupepaivea We inferred from ‘her reaction that she was embarassed about what ‘had happened. Der: inference (a) 12.178 ambiguous ad) = capable of being understood in more ‘than one way: Bipooowuevac His answer was ambigueu ‘and made i sem like he agreed with both sie.