Retaining Walls

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬
HIKMA COLLEGE FOR SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the of

Bachelor Degree Honour (Civil Engineering)
Submitted By:
• Bashar kamal-Eldin Bashar Suliman .
• Mustafa Hashim Hussein Mohamed .
Supervisor :
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Eltayeb Ahmed Ibrahim.
February 2023
I
‫بسم اهلل الرحمن الرحيم‬
‫قال تعالى‪:‬‬
‫ِين ُه ْم ِِل َ َمانَاتِ ِه ْم َو َ‬

‫ع ْه ِد ِه ْم َراع َ‬
‫ُون}‬ ‫{ َوالَّذ َ‬
‫سورة المؤمنون اآلية (‪)8‬‬
‫قال تعالى‪:‬‬
‫طأْنَا َربَّنَا َوالَ‬‫اخ ْذنَا ِإن نَّسِينَا أ َ ْو أ َ ْخ َ‬

‫{ َربَّنَا الَ ت ُ َؤ ِ‬
‫ِين ِمن قَ ْب ِلنَا‬
‫علَى الَّذ َ‬ ‫ص ًرا َك َما َح َم ْلتَهُ َ‬
‫علَ ْينَا ِإ ْ‬
‫ت َ ْح ِم ْل َ‬
‫عنَّا‬ ‫طاقَةَ لَنَا ِب ِه َواع ُ‬
‫ْف َ‬ ‫َربَّنَا َوالَ ت ُ َح ِم ْلنَا َما الَ َ‬
‫علَى‬ ‫ار َح ْمنَآ أَنتَ َم ْوالَنَا فَان ُ‬
‫ص ْرنَا َ‬ ‫َوا ْغ ِف ْر لَنَا َو ْ‬
‫ا ْلقَ ْو ِم ا ْلكَافِ ِر َ‬
‫ين}‬
‫صدق ه‬
‫َّللاُ العظيم‬
‫سورة البقرة اآلية (‪)286‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I Thank Allah first and last
Then,
To our supervisor Prof. Dr. Ahmed Eltayeb for his valuable

guidance which he hasn’t hesitate to offer throughout the work .
We cannot imagine achieving this work without his continuous
follow up.
We wish as well to express our gratitude to the staff of Hikma

College civil department for their cooperation and assistance and
special great for T. Yasmin Khalifa.
We also send great thanks to Dr. Hafiz Mohamed Ibrahim, for

hard work he had put in assisting us in the software programing.
Our thanks extended to our families and friends.
III
ABSTRACT
This research deals with design of cantilever retaining wall using a developed computer
program was made in accordance to the American Institute Code (ACI-318-14) A
design example of six-meter retaining wall was carried out manually an the results were
compared with those obtained form a developed program using python language.
The results solved very good comparison.
IV
‫المستخلص‬
‫يتناول هذا البحث تصميم جدار ساند كابولي باستخدام برنامج حاسوب مطور تم إجراؤه وفقا ً لمدونة المعهد‬
‫األمريكي ( ‪ ، ) ACI-318-14‬تم تنفيذ مثال تصميمي لجدار ساند كابولي بارتفاع ستة أمتار يدويا ً و تمت مقارنة‬
‫النتائج مع تلك التي تم الحصول عليها من البرامج مطور باستخدام لغة بايثون‪.‬‬
‫مقارن النتائج كانت جيدة جدا ً ‪.‬‬
‫‪V‬‬
LIST OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................... ............. III
ABSTRACT..................................................... ........................IV
‫المستخلص‬...................................................................................................V
LIST OF CONTENTS.............................................. ..............VI
LIST OF TABLE....................................................... ..............IX
LIST OF FIGURES………………………………… ............. X
CHAPTER ONE INTRODECTION

1.1 Introduction............ ...........................................................................................1
1.2 Research problem.... ..........................................................................................1
1.3 Research Objective.. ...........................................................................................1
1.3.1 General objectives..... ...................................................................................1
1.3.2 Special objectives…… ..................................................................................1
1.4Research Methodology..... ...................................................................................1
1.5Research Structure..............................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction............ ...........................................................................................3
2.2 Types of Retaining Walls….................................................................................3
2.3 Drainage.................. ..........................................................................................6
2.4 Force in Retaining Walls...... ..............................................................................7
2.5 Active and Passive Soil Pressure…. .....................................................................8
2.6 Effect of Surcharge........................................................................................... 12
2.7 Footing Soil Pressure…. ................................................................................... 14
VI
2.8 Friction on The Retaining Walls Base….. .......................................................... 15
2.9 Realistic Examples of Retaining Walls............................................................... 16
2.9.1 Local Examples 16
2.9.2 International Examples 17
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLGY

3.1 Estimating the Sizes of Cantilever Retaining Walls….. ....................................... 20
3.1.1 The Overall of Hight Wall..... ..................................................................... 20
3.1.2 The Thickness of Stem..... ........................................................................... 21
3.1.3 The Thickness of Base….. ........................................................................... 22
3.1.4 The Length of Base……................................................................................ 22
3.2 Factor of Safety Against Overturning…. ........................................................... 24
3.3 Factor of Safety Against Sliding.... .................................................................... 25
3.4 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls…........................................... 27
3.4.1 Design of Stem..... ...................................................................................... 27
3.4.2 Design of Heel Cantilever….. ...................................................................... 28
3.4.3 Design of Toe Cantilever…………………………………………………………………………………..28
3.5 Design Requitements…. .................................................................................... 31
3.6 Example of Cantilever Retaining Wall…. .......................................................... 32
CHAPTER FOUR COMPUTER PROGRAM

4.1 Flowchart…………........................................................................................... 47
4.2 Results of program... ........................................................................................ 72
CHAPTER FIVE RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Input Data…………. ........................................................................................ 79
5.2 Output Data……….. ........................................................................................ 80
CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION75
VII
6.1 Conclusion………… ......................................................................................... 92
6.2 Recommendations…. ........................................................................................ 93
6.2.1 Recommendations for the study…............................................................... 93
6.2.2 Recommendations for future studies..... ...................................................... 93
REFFERENCE
APPENDICES
VIII
LIST OF TABLE
Table( 2. 1) Values of 𝝎 and ∅ .................................................................................. 10
Table( 2. 2 ) Values of 𝑪𝒂 .......................................................................................... 11
Table( 2. 3 ) Values of 𝐂𝐩 .......................................................................................... 11
Table( 5 . 1 ) Input data ............................................................................................. 79

Table( 4 . 2 ) dimensions of cantilever retaining wall, factors of safety and bearing
pressure. ...................................................................................................................... 80
Table( 4 . 3 ) Design of heel cantilever. .................................................................... 82
Table( 4 . 4 ) Design of toe cantilever. ...................................................................... 84
Table( 4 . 5 ) Design bottom part of stem cantilever. .............................................. 86
Table( 4 . 6 )Design medium part of stem cantilever. ............................................. 87
Table( 4 . 7 )Design top part of stem cantilever. ..................................................... 88
Table( 4 . 8 ) The vertical for front face and temperature and shrinkage
reinforcement for stem .............................................................................................. 89
IX
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure (2. 1) Types of retaining walls(3)...................................................................... 4
Figure (2. 2) More types of retaining walls(1). ............................................................ 5
Figure (2. 3) Retaining wall drainage(1)...................................................................... 7
Figure (2. 4) Active and passive earth pressure(3). .................................................... 8
Figure (2. 5) Active soil pressure with surcharge(3). ................................................. 9
Figure (2. 6) Surcharge effect under a uniform load(3). .......................................... 13
Figure (2. 7) Surcharge effect under a partial uniform load at a distance from the
wall(1). .......................................................................................................................... 14
Figure (2. 8) Tunnel of Africa street......................................................................... 16
Figure (2. 9) Abutment of the Manshia bridge........................................................ 16
Figure (2. 10) Retaining wall for Long Island Railroad, Huntington, New York.
Constructed with precast interlocking reinforced concrete modules(1). ............... 17
Figure (2. 11) Retaining wall for United States Army Corps of Engineers,
Colchester, Connecticut. Constructed with precast interlocking reinforced
concrete modules(1). .................................................................................................... 18
Figure (3. 1) Cantilever retaining wall with tapered stem(1). ............................... 21

Figure (3. 2) Forces acting on a cantilever retaining wall(1). ............................... 23
Figure (3. 3) Rules of thumb for proportioning cantilever retaining walls(1). ..... 24
Figure (3. 4) Overturning of a cantilever retaining wall. ...................................... 25
Figure (3. 5) Passive pressure in a key(1). ............................................................. 26
Figure (3. 6) Cantilever beam model used to design retaining wall stem, heel, and
toe(1). ...................................................................................................................... 27
Figure (3. 7) Assumed soil stress distribution at the base(1)................................. 29
Figure (3. 8) Keyway for improved shear capacity(1). .......................................... 30
Figure (3. 9) Bar development options(1). ............................................................. 31
X
1 CHAPTER ONE INTRODECTION
1.1 Introduction
The retaining wall is a structural member used to provide stability to the soil or
materials behind the wall by resisting the lateral pressure of the soil when there is a
large difference in the level of the ground surface on both sides of the wall, that is, it
gives a good space for use in different purposes. The material kept behind the wall
exerts a lateral force that causes the wall to overturn or slide, and it is generally used in
dams, tunnels, bridge abutments, and in buildings as basement walls and sewage
treatment tanks.
1.2 Research problem

The increase in the population led to the accumulation of traffic, which led to the lack
capacity of traffic at the main intersections, which leads to the conversion of one of the
streets either higher by using a bridge or down by using a tunnel. The retaining walls
play an important role in providing space for tunnels by resisting the lateral forces
resulting from the soil.
1.3 Research Objective

1.3.1 General objectives
In view of the importance of the computer in all fields, especially the various
engineering departments, it was necessary to use the computer. In this study, a computer
program has been developed for design of cantilever retaining walls.
1.3.2 Special objectives

1) Design of cantilever retaining wall.
2) The Python language was used to write the program.
3) Design the wall without surcharge load.
4) Design a support wall with flat ground on top of the wall.
5) Comparing the results of the program with the results of the manual design.
1.4 Research Methodology

A cantilever retaining wall was designed manually using the American Concrete
Institute Code (ACI-318-14), and also developed a program to design retaining walls
according to the same code, and compared the results of the program with the manual
solution.
1
1.5 Research Structure
The thesis consists of five main chapters, as follows:
Chapter One:
Includes the introduction, the research problem, the research objectives, the research
methodology and the research structure.
Chapter Two:
Contains the theoretical framework for the study.
Chapter Three:
Comprises research methodology: including design procedure, manual design,
flowchart and program result.
Chapter Four:
In this chapter comprises comparison between manual and program solution are
presented.
Chapter Five:
Contains the conclusion and recommendations.
2
2 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
Retaining walls are structural members used to provide stability for soil or other
materials and to prevent them from assuming their natural slope. In this sense, the
retaining wall maintains unequal levels of earth on its two faces. The retained material
on the higher level exerts a force on the retaining wall that may cause its overturning
or sliding failure. Retaining walls are used in bridges as abutments, in buildings as
basement walls, and in embankments. They are also used to retain liquids, as in water
tanks and sewage treatment tanks.
2.2 Types of Retaining Walls

Retaining walls may be classified as follows (refer to Fig. 2.1):
Gravity walls usually consist of plain concrete or masonry and depend entirely on their
own weight to provide stability against the thrust of the retained material. These walls
are proportioned so that tensile stresses do not develop in the concrete or masonry due
to the exerted forces on the wall. The practical height of a gravity wall does not exceed
3 m.
Semi gravity walls are gravity walls that have a wider base to improve the stability of
the wall and to prevent the development of tensile stresses in the base. Light
reinforcement is sometimes used in the base or stem to reduce the large section of the
wall.
Cantilever retaining walls is a reinforced concrete wall that is generally used for
heights from 2.5 to 6 m. It is the most common type of retaining structure because of
economy and simplicity of construction. Various types of cantilever retaining walls are
shown in (Fig. 2.1d,e&f).
Counterfort retaining walls higher than 6 m develop a relatively large bending
moment at the base of the stem, which makes the design of such walls uneconomical.
One solution in this case is to introduce transverse walls (or counterforts) that tie the
stem and the base together at intervals. The counterforts act as tension ties supporting
the vertical walls. Economy is achieved because the stem is designed as a continuous
slab spanning horizontally between counterforts, whereas the heel is designed as a slab
supported on three sides (Fig. 2.1h).
3
The buttressed retaining wall is similar to the counterfort wall, but in this case the
transverse walls are located on the opposite, visible side of the stem and act in
compression (Fig. 2.1i). The design of such walls becomes economical for heights
greater than 6 m. They are not popular because of the exposed buttresses.
Figure (2. 1) Types of retaining walls(3).
Figure 2.2 presents a few other retaining wall variations. When a retaining wall is
placed at a property boundary or next to an existing building, it may be necessary to
use a wall without a toe, as shown in part (a) of the figure, or without a heel, as shown
in part (b). Another type of retaining wall very often encountered is the bridge abutment
shown in part (c) of the figure. Abutments may very well have wing wall extensions on
the sides to retain the soil in the approach area. The abutment, in addition to other loads,
will have to support the end reactions from the bridge.
The use of precast retaining walls is becoming more common each year. The walls are
built with some type of precast units, and the footings are probably poured in place.
The results are very attractive, and the units are high-quality concrete members made
4
under “plant-controlled” conditions. Less site preparation is required, and the erection
of the walls is much quicker than cast-in-place ones. The precast units can later be
disassembled and the units used again. Other types of precast retaining walls consist of
walls or sheeting actually driven into the ground before excavation. Also showing
promise are gabions, or wire baskets of stone, used in conjunction with geotextile-
reinforced embankments.
Figure (2. 2) More types of retaining walls(1).
5
2.3 Drainage
One of the most important items in designing and constructing successful retaining
walls is the prevention of water accumulation behind the walls. If water is allowed to
build up there, the result can be great lateral water pressure against the wall and perhaps
an even worse situation in cold climates due to frost action.
The best possible backfill for a retaining wall is a well-drained and cohesionless soil.
This is the condition for which the designer normally plans and designs. In addition to
a granular backfill material, weep holes of 100 mm. or more in diameter (the large sizes
are used for easy cleaning) are placed in the walls approximately 1.5 m to 3 m on center,
horizontally and vertically, as shown in Figure 2.3(a). If the backfill consists of a coarse
sand, it is desirable to put a few shovels of pea gravel around the weep holes to try to
prevent the sand from stopping up the holes.
Weep holes have the disadvantages that the water draining through the wall is
somewhat unsightly and also may cause a softening of the soil in the area of the highest
soil pressure (under the footing toe). A better method includes the use of a 150 mm. or
200 mm. perforated pipe in a bed of gravel running along the base of the wall, as shown
in Figure 2.3(b). Unfortunately, both weep holes and drainage pipes can become
clogged, with the result that increased water pressure can occur. Manufactured drainage
blankets or porous mats placed between the wall and the soil allow moisture to migrate
freely to drainage systems, such as in Figure 2.3(b).
6
Figure (2. 3) Retaining wall drainage(1).
2.4 Force in Retaining Walls

Retaining walls are generally subjected to gravity loads and to earth pressure due to the
retained material on the wall. Gravity loads due to the weights of the materials are well
defined and can be calculated easily and directly. The magnitude and direction of the
earth pressure on a retaining wall depends on the type and condition of soil retained and
on other factors and cannot be determined as accurately as gravity loads. Several
references on soil mechanics[1,2] explain the theories and procedure for determining
the soil pressure on retaining walls. The stability of retaining walls and the effect of
dynamic reaction on walls are discussed in Refs. 3 and 4.
Granular materials, such as sand, behave differently from cohesive materials, such as
clay, or from any combination of both types of soils. Although the pressure intensity of
soil on a retaining wall is complex, it is common to assume a linear pressure distribution
on the wall. The pressure intensity increases with depth linearly, and its value is a
function of the height of the wall and the weight and type of soil. The pressure intensity,
p, at a depth h below the earth’s surface may be calculated as follows:
𝑝 = 𝐶𝜔𝑝 2.1
where 𝜔 is the unit weight of soil and 𝐶 is a coefficient that depends on the physical
properties of soil. The value of the coefficient 𝐶 varies from 0.3 for loose granular soil,
such as sand, to about 1.0 for cohesive soil, such as wet clay. If the retaining wall is
assumed absolutely rigid, a case of earth pressure at rest develops. Under soil pressure,
7
the wall may deflect or move a small amount from the earth, and active soil pressure
develops, as shown in Fig. 2.4. If the wall moves toward the soil, a passive soil pressure
develops. Both the active and passive soil pressures are assumed to vary linearly with
the depth of the wall (Fig. 2.4). For dry, granular, non-cohesive materials, the assumed
linear pressure diagram is fairly satisfactory; cohesive soils or saturated sands behave
in a different, nonlinear manner. Therefore, it is very common to use granular materials
as backfill to provide an approximately linear pressure diagram and also to provide for
the release or drainage of water from behind the wall.
For a linear pressure, the active and passive pressure intensities are determined as
follows:
2.2
𝑝𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎 𝜔ℎ
𝑝𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝 𝜔ℎ 2.3
where 𝐶𝑎 and 𝐶𝑝 are the approximate coefficients of the active and passive pressures,
respectively.
Figure (2. 4) Active and passive earth pressure(3).
2.5 Active and Passive Soil Pressure

The two theories most commonly used in the calculation of earth pressure are those of
Rankine and Coulomb .
2.5.1 In Rankine’s approach, the retaining wall is assumed to yield a

sufficient amount to develop a state of plastic equilibrium in the soil mass at the wall
surface. The rest of the soil remains in the state of elastic equilibrium. The theory
applies mainly to a homogeneous, incompressible, cohesionless soil and neglects the
8
friction between soil and wall. The active soil pressure at a depth h on a retaining wall
with a horizontal backfill based on Rankine’s theory is determined as follows:
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝐶𝑎 = 2.4
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
Where :
∅ ≡ angle of internal friction of the soil (From table 2.1).
And
𝐶𝑎 𝜔ℎ2 2.5
𝐻𝑎 =
2
The resultant, 𝐻𝑎 , acts at ℎ⁄3 from the base (Fig. 2.4). When the earth is surcharged at
an angle 𝛿 to the horizontal, then
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 − √(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅)
𝐶𝑎 = 2.6
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 + √(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅)
𝐶𝑎 𝜔ℎ2
𝐻𝑎 =
2
The resultant, 𝐻𝑎 , acts at ℎ⁄3 and is inclined at an angle 𝛿 to the horizontal (Fig. 2.5).
The values of 𝐶𝑎 expressed by Eq. 2.5 for different values of 𝛿 and angle of internal
friction ∅ are shown in Table 2.2.
Figure (2. 5) Active soil pressure with surcharge(3).
9
Passive soil pressure develops when the retaining wall moves against and compresses
the soil. The passive soil pressure at a depth h on a retaining wall with horizontal
backfill is determined as follows:
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 2.7
𝐶𝑝 =
1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
𝑝𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝 𝜔ℎ′
′
The resultant, 𝐻𝑎 , acts at ℎ ⁄3 from the base (Fig. 2.4). When the earth is surcharged
at an angle 𝛿 to the horizontal, then
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 + √(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅)
𝐶𝑝 = 2.8
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿 − √(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛿 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ∅)
2
𝐶𝑝 𝜔ℎ′
𝐻𝑝 =
2
′
In this case 𝐻𝑝 acts at ℎ ⁄3 and is inclined at an angle 𝛿 to the horizontal (Fig. 2.6). The
values of 𝐶𝑝 expressed by Eq. 2.8 for different values of 𝛿 and ∅ are shown in Table
2.3. The values of ∅ and 𝜔 vary with the type of backfill used. As a guide, common
values of ∅ and 𝜔 are given in Table 2.1.
Table( 2. 1) Values of 𝝎 and ∅(3).
Type of Backfill Unit Weight, W Angle of Internal

𝐾𝑔⁄ Friction, 𝝓
( 𝑚3 )
Soft clay 1440-1920 0° − 15°
Medium clay 1600-1920 15° − 30°
Dry loose silt 1600-1920 27° − 30°
Dry dense silt 1760-1920 30° − 35°
Loose sand and gravel 1600-2100 30° − 40°
Dense sand and gravel 1920-2100 25° − 35°
Dry loose sand, graded 1840-2100 33° − 35°
Dry dense sand, graded 1920-2100 42° − 46°
10
Table( 2. 2 ) Values of 𝑪𝒂 (3).
∅ = 𝑪𝒂
𝛿 ∅ = 28° ∅ = 30° ∅ = 32° ∅ = 34° ∅ = 36° ∅ = 38° ∅ = 40°
0° 0.361 0.333 0.307 0.283 0.260 0.238 0.217
10° 0.380 0.350 0.321 0.294 0.270 0.246 0.225
20° 0.461 0.414 0.374 0.338 0.306 0.277 0.250
25° 0.573 0.494 0.434 0.385 0.343 0.307 0.275
30° 0 0.866 0.574 0.478 0.411 0.358 0.315
Table( 2. 3 ) Values of 𝐂𝐩 (3).
∅ = 𝑪𝒑
𝛿 ∅ = 28° ∅ = 30° ∅ = 32° ∅ = 34° ∅ = 36° ∅ = 38° ∅ = 40°
0° 2.77 3.00 3.25 3.54 3.85 4.20 4.60
10° 2.55 2.78 3.02 3.30 3.60 3.94 4.32
20° 1.92 2.13 2.36 2.61 2.89 3.19 3.53
25° 1.43 1.66 1.90 2.14 2.40 2.68 3.00
30° 0 0.87 1.31 1.57 1.83 2.10 2.38
2.5.2 In Coulomb’s theory, the active soil pressure is assumed to be the result
of the tendency of a wedge of soil to slide against the surface of a retaining wall. Hence,
Coulomb’s theory is referred to as the wedge theory. While it takes into consideration
the friction of the soil on the retaining wall, it assumes that the surface of sliding is a
plane, whereas in reality it is slightly curved. The error in this assumption is negligible
in calculating the active soil pressure. Coulomb’s equations to calculate the active and
passive soil pressure are as follows:
The active soil pressure is
Where
11
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (∅ − 𝜃) 2.9
𝐶𝑎 = 2
sin(∅ + 𝛽) sin(∅ − 𝛿)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 cos(𝜃 + 𝛽) [1 + √ ]
cos(∅ + 𝛽) cos(∅ − 𝛿)
Where
∅= angle of internal friction of soil.
𝜃 = angle of soil pressure surface from vertical.
𝛽 = angle of friction along wall surface (angle between soil and concrete).
𝛿 = angle of surcharge to horizontal.
The total active soil pressure is
𝐶𝑎 𝜔ℎ2
𝐻𝑎 =
2
When the wall surface is vertical, 𝜃 = 0° , and if 𝛽 = 𝛿 , then 𝐶𝑎 in Eq. 2.9 reduces to
Eq. 2.6 of Rankine.
The passive soil pressure and total passive soil pressure is
2
𝐶𝑝 𝜔ℎ′
𝑝𝑝 = 𝐶𝑝 𝜔ℎ′ and 𝐻𝑝 = 2
Where
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (∅ + 𝜃)
𝐶𝑝 = 2 2.10
sin(∅ + 𝛽) sin(∅ + 𝛿)
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 cos(𝜃 − 𝛽) [1 + √ ]
cos(∅ − 𝛽) cos(∅ − 𝛿)
2.5.3 When the soil is saturated, the pores of the permeable soil are filled with water,
which exerts hydrostatic pressure. In this case the buoyed unit weight of soil must be
used. The buoyed unit weight (or submerged unit weight) is a reduced unit weight of
soil and equals 𝜔 minus the weight of water displaced by the soil. The effect of the
hydrostatic water pressure must be included in the design of retaining walls subjected
to a high water table and submerged soil. The value of the angle of internal friction may
be used, as shown in Table 2.1.
2.6 Effect of Surcharge

Different types of loads are often imposed on the surface of the backfill behind a
retaining wall. If the load is uniform, an equivalent height of soil, ℎ𝑠 , may be assumed
acting on the wall to account for the increased pressure. For the wall shown in Fig. 2.7,
12
the horizontal pressure due to the surcharge is constant throughout the depth of the
retaining wall.
𝜔𝑠
ℎ𝑠 = 2.11
𝜔
Where
ℎ𝑠 = equivalent height of soil (m)
𝜔𝑠 = pressure of the surcharge (KPa)
𝜔 = unit weight of soil (kN/m3)
Figure (2. 6) Surcharge effect under a uniform load(3).
The total pressure is
ℎ2 2.12
𝐻𝑎 = 𝐻𝑎1 𝐻𝑎2 = 𝐶𝑎 𝜔 ( + ℎℎ𝑠 )
2
If the surcharge does not cover the area entirely behind the wall, some rather complex
soil theories are available to consider the resulting horizontal pressures developed. As
a consequence, the designer usually uses a rule of thumb to cover the case, a procedure
that works reasonably well.
13
He or she may assume, as shown in Figure 2.8, that the surcharge cannot affect the
pressure above the intersection of a 45◦ line from the edge of the surcharge to the wall.
The lateral pressure is increased, as by a full surcharge, below the intersection point.
This is shown on the right side of the figure.
Figure (2. 7) Surcharge effect under a partial uniform load at a distance from the
wall(1).
2.7 Footing Soil Pressure

Because of lateral forces, the resultant of the horizontal and vertical forces, R, intersects
the soil underneath the footing as an eccentric load, causing greater pressure at the toe.
This toe pressure should be less than the permissible value, 𝑞𝑎 , of the particular soil. It
is also desirable to keep the resultant force within the kern or the middle third of the
footing base.
If the resultant force intersects the soil within the middle third of the footing, the soil
pressure at any point can be calculated with the formula to follow exactly as the stresses
are determined in an eccentrically loaded column.
𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒𝑐
𝑞=− ± 2.12
𝐴 𝐼
In this expression, 𝑅𝑣 is the vertical component of R or the total vertical load, 𝑒 is the
eccentricity of the load from the center of the footing, 𝐴 is the area of a 1-m-wide strip
of soil of a length equal to the width of the footing base, and 𝐼 is the moment of inertia
14
of the same area about its centroid. This expression is correct only if 𝑹𝒗 falls within
the kern.
This expression can be reduced to the following expression, in which L is the width of
the footing from heel to toe.
𝐴=𝐿∗1=𝐿
𝐿3 𝐿3
𝐼 =1∗ =
12 12
𝐿
𝐶=
2
𝐿
𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒 (2)
𝑞=− ±
𝐿 𝐿3
( )
12
𝑹𝒗 𝟔𝒆 2.13
𝒒=− (𝟏 ± )
𝑳 𝑳
If the resultant force falls outside of the middle third of the footing, the preceding
expressions are not applicable because they indicate a tensile stress on one side of the
footing a stress the soil cannot supply. Such a situation should not be permitted in a
retaining wall and is not considered further.
The soil pressures computed in this manner are only rough estimates of the real values
and, thus, should not be valued too highly. The true pressures are appreciably affected
by quite a few items other than the retaining wall weight. Included are drainage
conditions, temperature, settlement, pore water, and so on.
2.8 Friction on The Retaining Walls Base

The horizontal component of all forces acting on a retaining wall tends to push the wall
in a horizontal direction. The retaining wall base must be wide enough to resist the
sliding of the wall. The coefficient of friction to be used is that of soil on concrete for
coarse granular soils and the shear strength of cohesive soils [4]. The coefficients of
friction 𝜇 that may be adopted for different types of soil are as follows:
• Coarse-grained soils without silt, 𝜇 = 0.55
• Coarse-grained soils with silt, 𝜇 = 0.45
• Silt, 𝜇 = 0.35
• Sound rock, 𝜇 = 0.60
The total frictional force, F, on the base to resist the sliding effect is
𝐹 = 𝜇𝑅 2.13
15
Where
𝜇 = coefficient of friction
𝑅 = vertical force acting on base
2.9 Realistic Examples of Retaining Walls

2.9.1 Local Examples
Figure (2. 8) Tunnel of Africa street
Figure (2. 9) Abutment of the Manshia bridge.
16
2.9.2 International Examples
Figure (2. 10) Retaining wall for Long Island Railroad, Huntington, New York.
Constructed with precast interlocking reinforced concrete modules(1).
17
Figure (2. 11) Retaining wall for United States Army Corps of Engineers,
Colchester, Connecticut. Constructed with precast interlocking reinforced
concrete modules(1).
18
3 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLGY
3.1 Estimating the Sizes of Cantilever Retaining Walls
The statical analysis of retaining walls and consideration of their stability as to
overturning and sliding are based on service-load conditions. In other words, the length
of the footing and the position of the stem on the footing are based entirely on the actual
soil backfill, estimated lateral pressure, coefficient of sliding friction of the soil, and so
on.
On the other hand, the detailed designs of the stem and footing and their reinforcing are
determined by the strength design method. To carry out these calculations, it is
necessary to multiply the service loads and pressures by the appropriate load factors.
From these factored loads, the bearing pressures, moments, and shears are determined
for use in the design.
Thus, the initial part of the design consists of an approximate sizing of the retaining
wall. Although this is actually a trial-and-error procedure, the values obtained are not
too sensitive to slightly incorrect values, and usually one or two trials are sufficient.
Various rules of thumb are available with which excellent initial size estimates can be
made. In addition, various handbooks present the final sizes of retaining walls that have
been designed for certain specific cases. This information will enable the designer to
estimate very well the proportions of a wall to be designed. The CRSI Design Handbook
is one such useful reference. 1 In the next few paragraphs, suggested methods are
presented for estimating sizes without the use of a handbook. These approximate
methods are very satisfactory as long as the conditions are not too much out of the
ordinary.
3.1.1 The Overall of Hight Wall

The necessary elevation at the top of the wall is normally obvious from the conditions
of the problem. The elevation at the base of the footing should be selected so that it is
below frost penetration in the particular area-about 1 m to 2 m below ground level in
the northern part of the United States. From these elevations, the overall height of the
wall can be determined.
1
Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, 2008, CRSI Design Handbook, 10th ed. (Chicago, IL: CRSI), pp.
14-1 to 14-46.
20
3.1.2 The Thickness of Stem
Stems are theoretically thickest at their bases because the shears and moments are
greatest there. They will ordinarily have total thicknesses somewhere in the range of
7% to 12% of the overall heights of the retaining walls. The shears and moments in the
stem decrease from the bottom to the top; as a result, thicknesses and reinforcement can
be reduced proportionately. Stems are normally tapered, as shown in Figure 3.1. The
minimum thickness at the top of the stem is 200 mm., with 300 mm. preferable. As will
be shown in Section 3.4, it is necessary to have a mat of reinforcing in the inside face
of the stem and another mat in the outside face. To provide room for these two mats of
reinforcing, for cover and spacing between the mats, a minimum total thickness of at
least 200 mm. is required.
Figure (3. 1) Cantilever retaining wall with tapered stem(1).
The use of the minimum thickness possible for walls that are primarily reinforced in
one direction (here it’s the vertical bars) doesn’t necessarily provide the best economy.
The reason is that the reinforcing steel is a major part of the total cost. Making the walls
as thin as possible will save some concrete but will substantially increase the amount
21
of reinforcing needed. For fairly high and heavily loaded walls, greater thicknesses of
concrete may be economical.
0.18𝑓𝑐′
If 𝜌 in the stem is limited to a maximum value of approximately ( ⁄𝑓 ), the stem
𝑦
thickness required for moment will probably provide sufficient shear resistance without
using stirrups. Furthermore, it will probably be sufficiently thick to limit lateral
deflections to reasonable values.
For heights up to about 3.5 m, the stems of cantilever retaining walls are normally made
of constant thickness because the extra cost of setting the tapered formwork is usually
not offset by the savings in concrete. Above 3.5 m heights, concrete savings are usually
sufficiently large to make tapering economical.
Actually, the sloping face of the wall can be either the front or the back, but if the
outside face is tapered, it will tend to counteract somewhat the deflection and tilting of
the wall because of lateral pressures. A taper or batter of 20 mm. per meter of height is
often recommended to offset deflection or the forward tilting of the wall.
3.1.3 The Thickness of Base

The final thickness of the base will be determined on the basis of shears and moments.
For estimating, however, its total thickness will probably fall somewhere between 7%
and 10% of the overall wall height. Minimum thicknesses of at least 250 mm. to 300
mm. are used.
3.1.4 The Length of Base

For preliminary estimates, the base length can be taken to be about 40% to 60% of the
overall wall height. A little better estimate, however, can be made by using the method
described by the late Professor Ferguson in his reinforced concrete text2. For this
discussion, reference is made to Figure 3.2. In this figure, 𝜔 is assumed to equal the
weight of all the material within area 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑. This area contains both concrete and soil,
but the authors assume here that it is all soil. This means that a slightly larger safety
factor will be developed against overturning than assumed. When surcharge is present,
it will be included as an additional depth of soil, as shown in the figure.
If the sum of moments about point 𝑎 due to 𝑊 and the lateral forces 𝐻1 and 𝐻2 equal
2
Ferguson, P. M., 1979, Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals, 4th ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley &
Sons), p. 256.
22
zero, the resultant force, 𝑅, will pass through point 𝑎. Such a moment equation can be
written, equated to zero, and solved for 𝑥. Should the distance from the footing toe to
point 𝑎 be equal to one-half of the distance 𝑥 in the figure and the resultant force, R,
pass through point a, the footing pressure diagram will be triangular. In addition, if
moments are taken about the toe of all the loads and forces for the conditions described,
the safety factor against overturning will be approximately two.
Figure (3. 2) Forces acting on a cantilever retaining wall(1).
A summary of the preceding approximate first trial sizes for cantilever retaining walls
is shown in Figure 3.3. These sizes are based on the dimensions of walls successfully
constructed in the past. They often will be on the conservative side.
23
Figure (3. 3) Rules of thumb for proportioning cantilever retaining walls(1).
3.2 Factor of Safety Against Overturning

The horizontal component of the active pressure, 𝐻𝑎 , tends to overturn the retaining
wall about the point zero on the toe (Fig. 3.4). The overturning moment is equal to
𝑀0 = 𝐻𝑎 ℎ⁄3. The weight of the concrete and soil tends to develop a balancing moment,
or righting moment, to resist the overturning moment. The balancing moment for the
case of the wall shown in Fig. 3.4 is equal to
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑊1 𝑥1 + 𝑊2 𝑥2 + 𝑊3 𝑥3 = ∑ 𝑊𝑥 3.1
And
𝑀𝑅 3.2
Factor of Safety Against Overturning =
𝑀0
This factor of safety should not be less than 2.0.
The resultant of all forces acting on the retaining wall, 𝑅𝐴 , intersects the base at point
C (Fig. 3.4). In general, point C does not coincide with the center of the base, L, thus
causing eccentric loading on the footing. It is desirable to keep point C within the
middle third to get the whole footing under soil pressure. (The case of a footing under
eccentric load was discussed in Chapter 13.)
24
Figure (3. 4) Overturning of a cantilever retaining wall.
3.3 Factor of Safety Against Sliding

Consideration of sliding for retaining walls is a most important topic because a very
large percentage of retaining wall failures occur because of sliding. To calculate the
factor of safety against sliding, the estimated sliding resistance (equal to the coefficient
of friction for concrete on soil times the resultant vertical force, Eq. 2.13.) is divided by
the total horizontal force. The passive pressure against the wall is neglected, and the
unfactored loads are used.
It is usually felt that the factor of safety against sliding should be at least equal to 1.5.
25
When retaining walls are initially designed, the calculated factor of safety against
sliding is very often considerably less than this value. To correct the situation, the most
common practice is to widen the footing on the heel side. Another practice is to use a
lug or key, as shown in Figure 3.5, with the front face cast directly against undisturbed
soil. (Many designers feel that the construction of keys disturbs the soil so much that
they are not worthwhile.) Keys are thought to be particularly necessary for moist clayey
soils. The purpose of a key is to cause the development of passive pressure in front of
and below the base of the footing, as shown by 𝑝𝑝 in the figure. The actual theory
involved, and thus the design of keys, is still a question among geotechnical engineers.
As a result, many designers select the sizes of keys by rules of thumb. One common
practice is to give them a depth between two-thirds and the full depth of the footing.
They are usually made approximately square in cross section and have no reinforcing
provided other than perhaps the dowels mentioned in the next paragraph.
Figure (3. 5) Passive pressure in a key(1).
Keys are often located below the stem so that some dowels or extended vertical
reinforcing may be extended into them. If this procedure is used, the front face of the
key needs to be at least 130 mm. or 150 mm. in front of the back face of the stem to
allow room for the dowels. From a soil mechanics view, keys may be a little more
effective if they are placed a little farther toward the heel.
26
If the key can be extended down into a very firm soil or even rock, the result will be a
greatly increased sliding resistance that resistance being equal to the force necessary to
shear the key off from the footing.
3.4 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls

This section is presented to describe in some detail the procedure used for designing a
cantilever retaining wall. At the end of this section, the complete design of such a wall
is presented. Once the approximate size of the wall has been established, the stem, toe,
and heel can be designed in detail. Each of these parts will be designed individually as
a cantilever sticking out of a central mass, as shown in Figure 3.4.
Figure (3. 6) Cantilever beam model used to design retaining wall stem, heel, and
toe(1).
3.4.1 Design of Stem

The values of shear and moment at the base of the stem resulting from lateral earth
pressures are computed and used to determine the stem thickness and necessary
reinforcing. Because the lateral pressures are considered to be live load forces, a load
factor of 1.6 is used.
It will be noted that the bending moment requires the use of vertical reinforcing bars on
the soil side of the stem. In addition, temperature and shrinkage reinforcing must be
provided. In Section 14.3 of the ACI Code, a minimum value of horizontal reinforcing
equal to 0.0025 of the area of the wall, 𝑏𝑡 , is required as well as a minimum amount of
vertical reinforcing (0.0015). These values may be reduced to 0.0020 and 0.0012 if the
27
reinforcing is 16 mm. or less in diameter and if it consists of bars or welded wire fabric
(not larger than W31 or D31), with 𝑓𝑦 equal to or greater than 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎.
The major changes in temperature occur on the front or exposed face of the stem. For
this reason, most of the horizontal reinforcing (perhaps two-thirds) should be placed on
that face with just enough vertical steel used to support the horizontal bars. The concrete
for a retaining wall should be placed in fairly short lengths not greater than 6 m or 9 m
sections to reduce shrinkage stresses.
3.4.2 Design of Heel Cantilever

Lateral earth pressure tends to cause the retaining wall to rotate about its toe. This action
tends to pick up the heel into the backfill. The backfill pushes down on the heel
cantilever, causing tension in its top. The major force applied to the heel of a retaining
wall is the downward weight of the backfill behind the wall. Although it is true that
there is some upward soil pressure, many designers choose to neglect it because it is
relatively small. The downward loads tend to push the heel of the footing down, and
the necessary upward reaction to hold it attached to the stem is provided by the vertical
tensile steel in the stem, which is extended down into the footing.
Because the reaction in the direction of the shear does not introduce compression into
the heel part of the footing in the region of the stem, it is not permissible to determine
𝑉𝑢 at a distance 𝑑 from the face of the stem, as provided in Section 11.1.3.1 of the ACI
Code. The value of 𝑉𝑢 is determined instead at the face of the stem because of the
downward loads. This shear is often of such magnitude as to control the thickness, but
the moment at the face of the stem should be checked also. Because the load here
consists of soil and concrete, a load factor of 1.2 is used for making the calculations.
It will be noted that the bars in the heel will be in the top of the footing. As a result, the
required development length of these “top bars” may be rather large.
The percentage of flexural steel required for the heel frequently is less than the 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 of
′
1.4⁄ and 0.25√𝑓𝑐⁄ . Despite the fact that the ACI Code (10.5.4) exempts slabs of
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
uniform from these 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 values, the authors recommend that these be used because the
retaining wall is a major beamlike structure.
3.4.3 Design of Toe Cantilever

The toe is assumed to be a beam cantilevered from the front face of the stem. The loads
it must support include the weight of the cantilever slab and the upward soil pressure
28
beneath. Usually any earth fill on top of the toe is neglected (as though it has been
eroded). Obviously, such a fill would increase the upward soil pressure beneath the
footing, but because it acts downward and cancels out the upward pressure, it produces
no appreciable changes in the shears and moments in the toe.
A study of Figure 3.5 shows that the upward soil pressure is the major force applied
to the toe. Because this pressure is primarily caused by the lateral force H, a load factor
of 1.6 is used for the calculations. The maximum moment for design is taken at the face
of the stem, whereas the maximum shear for design is assumed to occur at a distance d
from the face of the stem because the reaction in the direction of the shear does
introduce compression into the toe of the footing. The average designer makes the
thickness of the toe the same as the thickness of the heel, although such a practice is
not essential.
Figure (3. 7) Assumed soil stress distribution at the base(1).
29
It is a common practice in retaining wall construction to provide a shear keyway
between the base of the stem and the footing. This practice, though definitely not
detrimental, is of questionable value. The keyway is normally formed by pushing a
beveled 50 mm. × 100 mm. or 50 mm. × 150 mm. into the top of the footing, as shown
in Figure 3.6. After the concrete hardens, the wood member is removed, and when the
stem is cast in place above, a keyway is formed. It is becoming more and more common
simply to use a roughened surface on the top of the footing where the stem will be
placed. This practice seems to be just as satisfactory as the use of a keyway.
Figure (3. 8) Keyway for improved shear capacity(1).
If instead of dowels the vertical stem bars are embedded into the footing, they should
not extend up into the wall more than 2.5 m or 3 m before they are spliced because they
are difficult to handle in construction and may easily be bent out of place or even
broken. Actually, after examining Figure 3.7(a), you can see that such an arrangement
of stem steel can sometimes be very advantageous economically.
The bending moment in the stem decreases rapidly above the base; as a result, the
amount of reinforcing can be similarly reduced. It is to be remembered that these bars
can be cut off only in accordance with the ACI Code development length requirements.
30
Figure (3. 9) Bar development options(1).
3.5 Design Requitements

The ACI Code, Chapter 11, provides methods for bearing wall design. The main
requirements are as follows:
• The minimum thickness of bearing walls is 0.04 the supported height or length,
whichever is shorter, but not less than 100 mm.
• The minimum area of the horizontal reinforcement in the wall is 0.0025bh,
where 𝑏ℎ is the gross concrete wall area. This value may be reduced to 0.0020bh
if no. 5 or smaller deformed bars with 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 are used. For welded wire
fabric (plain or deformed), the minimum steel area is 0.0020bh.
• The minimum area of the vertical reinforcement is 0.0015bh, but it may be
reduced to
• 0.0012bh if no. 5 or smaller deformed bars with 𝑓𝑦 ≥ 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 are used. For
welded wire fabric (plain or deformed), the minimum steel area is 0.0012bh.
• The maximum spacing of the vertical or the horizontal reinforcing bars is the
smaller of 450 mm. or three times the wall thickness.
• If the wall thickness exceeds 250 mm., the vertical and horizontal reinforcement
should be placed in two layers parallel to the exterior and interior wall surfaces,
as follows:
31
For exterior wall surfaces, at least 1⁄2 of the reinforcement As (but not more than 2⁄3
As) should have a minimum concrete cover of 50 mm. but not more than 1⁄3 of the
wall thickness. This is because the exterior surface of the wall is normally exposed to
different weather conditions and temperature changes.
For interior wall surfaces, the balance of the required reinforcement in each direction
should have a minimum concrete cover of 20 mm. but not more than 1⁄3 of the wall
thickness.
The minimum steel area in the wall footing (heel or toe), according to the ACI Code,
Section 7.6.1, is that required for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, which is
0.0018bh when 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑝𝑎 and 0.002𝑏ℎ when 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑝𝑎 or 350 𝑀𝑝𝑎.
Because this minimum steel area is relatively small, it is a common practice to increase
it to that minimum 𝜌 required for flexure:
0.25√𝑓𝑐′ 1.4 3.3
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
3.6 Example of Cantilever Retaining Wall

Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain soil, The height of the overall wall is 6 m. It
base in the following data :
Unit weight of the soil is 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3 .
Angle of internal friction is 30° .

Coefficient of friction between concrete and soil is 0.45 .
𝑓𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑐′ = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎 .
Allow bearing pressure of soil is 180 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 .
No surcharge load .
Solution:
a ) Given :
ℎ = 6𝑚
𝛾𝑠 = 18 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3
∅ = 30°
𝜇 = 0.45
32
𝑓𝑦 = 400𝑀𝑝𝑎 , 𝑓𝑐′ = 21𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 180𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Assume unit weight of Concrete
𝛾𝑐 = 24 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚3
b) Base Thickness :
The Base Thickness Between ( 0.07 to 0.1 )*h
𝑇 = 0.07 ∗ 6000 𝑡𝑜 0.1 ∗ 6000
𝑇 = 420 𝑡𝑜 600 𝑚𝑚
Say 𝑻 = 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
c) The Lateral Soil Force & Moment :
Using the width of wall is 1m
1 − sin (∅) 1 − sin (30) 1

𝐶𝑎 = = =
1 + sin (∅) 1 + sin (30) 3
1
𝑃𝑎 = 𝐶𝑎 𝛾𝑠 𝑦 = ∗ 18 ∗ 𝑦 = 6𝑦
3
1 1
𝐻𝑎 = 𝑃𝑎 𝑦 = (6𝑦)𝑦 = 3𝑦 2
2 2
𝑦 𝑦
𝑀𝑦 = 𝐻𝑎 = 3𝑦 2 ∗ = 𝑦 3
3 3
𝒚 ≡ 𝑻𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒐𝒑 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎.
d) Stem Thickness :
Assume the top thickness of Stem (𝒕𝒕 ) = 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑓𝑦 400
𝑚= = = 22.41
0.85 𝑓𝑐′ 0.85 ∗ 21
(𝑓𝑐′ − 28) ∗ 0.05

𝛽1 = 0.85 − ( )
7
33
𝛽1 = 0.85 If 𝑓𝑐′ < 28 ≤ 𝑀𝑃𝑎
0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐′ 𝛽1 600 0.85 ∗ 21 ∗ 0.85 600

𝜌𝑏 = ∗( )= ∗( ) = 0.0227
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦 400 600 + 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.7 𝜌𝑏 = 0.7 ∗ 0.0227 = 0.0159
Use 𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟓𝟗
Assume 𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝝆𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝜌 = 0.5𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.5 ∗ 0.0159 = 0.0079
1.4 √𝑓𝑐′
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑜𝑟 0.25
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
1.4 √21
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 0.0035 𝑜𝑟 0.25 = 0.0028
400 400
Use 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟓
1 1
𝑅𝑢 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 (1 − 𝑚𝜌) = 0.0079 ∗ 400 (1 − ∗ 22.41 ∗ 0.0079) = 2.88 𝑀𝑃𝑎
2 2
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 𝑀𝑦
𝑦 = ℎ − 𝑇 = 6 − 0.6 = 5.4𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 ∗ 5.43 = 251.94𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 𝑀𝑢 251.94 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 = ⟹ 𝑑 = √ = √ = 312𝑚𝑚
∅𝑏𝑑2 ∅𝑏𝑅𝑢 0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2.88
𝑑𝑝 20
𝑡𝑏 = 𝑑 + 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + = 312 + 50 + = 372𝑚𝑚 ,assume 𝑑𝑝 = 20𝑚𝑚
2 2
𝑺𝒂𝒚 𝒕𝒃 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎
20
𝑑 = 400 − 50 − = 340𝑚𝑚
2
Check of Shear :
𝑦 = ℎ − 𝑇 − 𝑑 = 6 − 0.6 − 0.34 = 5.06𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6 𝐻𝑎 = 1.6 ∗ 3 ∗ 5.062 = 122.9𝑘𝑁
34
∅ 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 =
6
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 6
√21 ∗ 1000 ∗ 340 ∗ 10−3 = 194.76𝑘𝑁 ,∅ = 0.75
𝑽𝒖 < ∅𝑽𝒄 #OK
e) Base Length :
By use Professor Ferguson Theory and refence to picture ( 3.2 )
𝑊 = 𝛾ℎ𝑥 = 18 ∗ 6 ∗ 𝑥 = 108𝑥
𝑦=6
𝑀𝑦 = 63 = 216𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
∑ 𝑀𝑎 = 0
𝑥
108𝑥 ∗ − 216 = 0
2
216 ∗ 2
𝑥=√ = 2𝑚
108
𝟑 𝟑
Base Length ( L ) = 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐 ∗ 𝟐 = 𝟑𝒎
35
f) Factor of safety against overturning :
𝑀𝑜
𝐹. 𝑆1 =
𝑀𝑦=6
Righting Moment
Area ( m2 ) Force ( kN ) Moment Arm (m) Moment ( kN.m )

𝐴1
𝑊1 = 24 ∗ 0.27 2
= 0.5 ∗ 0.1 ∗ 5.4 1 + 3 0.1=1.067 6.91
𝑊1 = 6.48
𝐴1 = 0.27
𝐴2 = 0.3 ∗ 5.4 𝑊2 = 24 ∗ 1.62 0.3
1.1 + = 1.25 48.60
𝐴2 = 1.62 𝑊2 = 38.88 2
𝐴3 = 3 ∗ 0.6 𝑊3 = 24 ∗ 1.6 3
= 1.5 64.80
𝐴3 = 1.8 𝑊3 = 43.2 2
𝐴4 = 5.4 ∗ 1.6 𝑊4 = 18 ∗ 8.64 1.6
3− = 2.2 342.14
𝐴4 = 8.64 𝑊4 = 155.52 2
𝑴𝒐 = ∑ 𝑴
𝑹𝒗 = ∑ 𝑾
𝑴𝒐
𝑹𝒗 = 𝟐𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟖𝒌𝑵
= 𝟒𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑵. 𝒎
36
Overturning moment(𝑀𝑦 ) = 63 = 216𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
462.45
𝐹. 𝑆1 = = 2.14
216
𝑭. 𝑺𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 > 𝟐 #OK
g) Footing Soil Pressures :

𝑅𝑣 𝑅𝑣 𝑒𝑐
𝑞= − ±
𝐴 𝐼
𝑀𝑜 − 𝑀𝑦=6 462.45 − 63
𝑋̅ = = = 1.01𝑚
𝑅𝑣 244.08
𝐿 3
𝑒= − 𝑋̅ = − 1.01 = 0.49𝑚
2 2
3
244.08 244.08 ∗ 0.49 ∗ (2)
𝑞=− ±
1∗3 1 ∗ 33
12
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = −161.09 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −1.63 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
𝒒𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏. 𝟎𝟗 𝒌𝑵⁄ 𝟐 < 𝑸𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒌𝑵⁄ 𝟐 #OK

𝒎 𝒎
h) Factor of safety against sliding :
𝜇𝑅𝑣
𝐹. 𝑆2 =
𝐻𝑎
Resistance force ( 𝜇𝑅𝑣 ) = 0.45 ∗ 244.08 = 109.86𝑘𝑁
Sliding force ( 𝐻𝑎 ) = 3 ∗ 62 = 108𝑘𝑁
109.83
𝐹. 𝑆2 = = 1.02
108
𝑭. 𝑺𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟐 < 𝟏. 𝟓 #Not Good needs a key
37
We Provide a Key :
𝐶𝑝 = 1⁄𝐶 = 3
𝑎
3 3
𝐻𝑝 = ∗ 18(1.2 + 𝑎)2 − ∗ 18 ∗ 1. 22
2 2
𝐻𝑝 = 27(2.4𝑎 + 𝑎2 )
𝐹 = 𝜇1 𝑅1 + 𝜇2 𝑅2
𝜇1 = 0.45
38
𝜇2 = tan(∅) = tan(30°) = 0.577
1.75
𝑞𝑥 = 1.63 + (161.09 − 1.63) = 94.65 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
3
1.75 1.25
𝐹 = 0.45(94.65 + 1.63) + 0.577(161.09 + 94.65) = 130.14 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
2 2
𝐹 + 𝐻𝑝
𝐹. 𝑆2 = ⟹ 𝐻𝑝 = 𝐹. 𝑆2 ∗ 𝐻𝑎 − 𝐹 = 1.5 ∗ 108 − 130.14 = 31.86𝑘𝑁
𝐻𝑎
31.86 = 27(2.4𝑎 + 𝑎2 ) ⟹ 𝑎2 + 2.4𝑎 − 1.18 = 0
𝑎 = 0.42𝑚
By use CRSI theory
2 2
𝑎 = 3 𝑇 = 3 ∗ 0.6 = 0.4𝑚
Say The Depth of Kay ( 𝒂 ) = 𝟎. 𝟓𝒎
i) Heel Design :
𝑊𝑢 = 1.2 ∗ 𝐷 + 1.6 ∗ 𝐿 = 1.2(24 ∗ 0.6) + 1.6(18 ∗ 5.4) = 172.8 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
𝑉𝑢 = 𝑊𝑢 ∗ 𝐿ℎ = 172.8 ∗ 1.6 = 276.48𝑘𝑁
20
𝑑 = 600 − 50 − = 540𝑚𝑚
2
∅ 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 = 6
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 6
√21 ∗ 1000 ∗ 540 ∗ 10−3 = 309.32𝑘𝑁 < 276.48𝑘𝑁 #OK
1.6 0.02
𝑀𝑢 = 172.8 ∗ 1.6 ( + 0.05 + ) = 237.77𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2
𝑀𝑢 237.77 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 = = = 0.91𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 5402
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢 1 2 ∗ 22.41 ∗ 0.91

𝜌= (1 − √1 − )= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.0023
𝑚 𝑓𝑦 22.41 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0159
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
39
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
Use 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0035 ∗ 1000 ∗ 540 = 1890𝑚𝑚2
1000𝐴𝑏 1000 ∗ 314

𝑆= = = 166 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 1890
Use ∅𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎@𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
j) Toe Design :
2
𝑞𝑥 = 1.63 + (161.09 − 1.63) = 107.94 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
3
1
𝑉𝑢 = 1.6(107.94 + 161.09) = 215.22𝑘𝑁
2
20
𝑑 = 600 − 50 − = 540𝑚𝑚
2
∅ 0.75
∅𝑉𝑐 = 6
√𝑓𝑐′ 𝑏𝑑 = 6
√21 ∗ 1000 ∗ 540 ∗ 10−3 = 309.32𝑘𝑁 < 215.22𝑘𝑁 #OK
12 1 2
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 ((107.94 ∗ ) + (161.09 − 107.94) ∗ ∗ 12 ) = 114.70𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2 2 3
𝑀𝑢 114.70 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 = = = 0.44𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 5402
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢 1 2 ∗ 22.41 ∗ 0.44

𝜌= (1 − √1 − )= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.0011
𝑚 𝑓𝑦 22.41 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0159
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
𝝆 < 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏
Use 𝝆𝒎𝒊𝒏 , 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑑 = 0.0035 ∗ 1000 ∗ 540 = 1890𝑚𝑚2
1000𝐴𝑏 1000 ∗ 314

𝑁= = = 166 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 1890
40
Use ∅𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎@𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
k) The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at toe and heel :
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 600 = 1080𝑚𝑚 , 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎
1000 ∗ 201
𝑁= = 186 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
1080
Use ∅𝟏𝟔𝒎𝒎@𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
l) The Development Length for toe and heel:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑠 𝜓𝑒
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) 𝑑𝑝
′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑟𝑡
1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ∗ ( )
𝑑𝑏
𝝍𝒕 = 𝟏 , 𝝍𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖 , 𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏 , 𝝀 = 𝟏 , 𝒌𝒓𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒄𝒃 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 , 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑟𝑡 50 + 0
= = 2.5 < 2.5
𝑑𝑏 20
400 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 1
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) ∗ 20 = 508𝑚𝑚
1.1 ∗ 1 ∗ √21 ∗ 2.5
m) Stem Design :
The vertical reinforcement in back face :
We divided the height of wall for Three parties :
1) The bottom part of wall :
𝑦 = ℎ − 𝑇 = 6 − 0.6 = 5.4𝑚
𝑀𝑦 = 5. 43 = 157.46𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 ∗ 157.46 = 251.94𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
20
𝑑 = 400 − 50 − = 340𝑚𝑚 , 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑝 = 20𝑚𝑚
10
𝑀𝑢 251.94 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 = = = 2.422𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 3402
41
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢 1 2 ∗ 22.41 ∗ 2.422
𝜌= (1 − √1 − )= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.0065
𝑚 𝑓𝑦 22.41 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0159
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
Use 𝜌 = 0.0065
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0065 ∗ 1000 ∗ 340 = 2210𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑏 = 314𝑚𝑚2
1000𝐴𝑏 1000∗314
𝑆= = = 142 ≈ 100𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 2210
Use ∅𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎@𝟏𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
2) The medium part of wall :
2(ℎ − 𝑇) 2(6 − 0.6)

𝑦= = = 3.6𝑚
3 3
𝑀𝑦 = 3.63 = 46.65𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 ∗ 46.65 = 74.64𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
100
ℎ = 400 − = 366𝑚𝑚
3
20
𝑑 = 366 − 50 − = 307𝑚𝑚 , 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑝 = 20𝑚𝑚
10
𝑀𝑢 74.64 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 = = = 0.88𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 3072
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢 1 2 ∗ 22.41 ∗ 0.88

𝜌= (1 − √1 − )= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.00225
𝑚 𝑓𝑦 22.41 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0159
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.0035 ∗ 1000 ∗ 307 = 1075𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑏 = 314𝑚𝑚2
42
1000𝐴𝑏 1000 ∗ 314
𝑆= = = 292 ≈ 200𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 1075
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3ℎ 𝑜𝑟 450
Use 𝑆 = 200𝑚𝑚
Use ∅𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎@𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
3) The top part of wall :
6 − 0.6
𝑦= = 1.8𝑚
3
𝑀𝑦 = 1.83 = 5.83𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 1.6 ∗ 5.83 = 9.33𝑘N.m
2 ∗ 100
ℎ = 400 − = 333𝑚𝑚
3
20
𝑑 = 333 − 50 − = 273𝑚𝑚 , 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑝 = 20𝑚𝑚
10
𝑀𝑢 9.33 ∗ 106
𝑅𝑢 = = = 0.139𝑀𝑃𝑎
∅𝑏𝑑2 0.9 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2732
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑢 1 2 ∗ 22.41 ∗ 0.139

𝜌= (1 − √1 − )= (1 − √1 − ) = 0.00035
𝑚 𝑓𝑦 22.41 400
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0159
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0035
Use 𝜌 = 1.3𝜌 = 1.3 ∗ 0.00035 = 0.00046
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑 = 0.00046 ∗ 1000 ∗ 273 = 126𝑚𝑚2 , 𝐴𝑏 = 314𝑚𝑚2
1000𝐴𝑏 1000 ∗ 314

𝑆= = = 2492 ≈ 800𝑚𝑚
𝐴𝑠 126
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3𝑇 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 3 ∗ 600 𝑜𝑟 450𝑚𝑚
Use 𝑆𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 450𝑚𝑚
43
𝑆 = 400𝑚𝑚
Use ∅ 𝟐𝟎 @ 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
The vertical reinforcement in front face :
Use the minimum reinforcement
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0015 ∗ 1000 ∗ 400 = 600𝑚𝑚2 , 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎
1000 ∗ 113
𝑁= = 188 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
600
Use ∅𝟏𝟐@𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
n) The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement in stem:
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0025𝑏ℎ
𝐴𝑠 = 0.0025 ∗ 1000 ∗ 400 = 1000𝑚𝑚2
At front face :
2
Use 3 𝐴𝑠
2
𝐴𝑠 = 3 ∗ 1000 = 667𝑚𝑚2, 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎
1000 ∗ 113
𝑆= = 169 ≈ 150𝑚𝑚
667
Use ∅𝟏𝟐@𝟏𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
At back face :
1
Use 3 𝐴𝑠
1
𝐴𝑠 = 3 ∗ 1000 = 333𝑚𝑚2, 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟏𝟐𝒎𝒎
1000 ∗ 113
𝑁= = 339 ≈ 300𝑚𝑚
333
Use ∅𝟏𝟐@𝟑𝟎𝟎𝒎𝒎 𝒄⁄𝒄
44
o) The development length for stem reinforcement :
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑠 𝜓𝑒
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) 𝑑𝑝
′ 𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑟𝑡
1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ∗ ( )
𝑑𝑏
𝝍𝒕 = 𝟏 , 𝝍𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖 , 𝝍𝒆 = 𝟏 , 𝝀 = 𝟏 , 𝒌𝒓𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒄𝒃 = 𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 , 𝒅𝒃 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎
𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑟𝑡 50 + 0
= = 2.5 < 2.5
𝑑𝑏 20
400 ∗ 1 ∗ 0.8 ∗ 1
𝑙𝑑 = ( ) ∗ 20 = 508𝑚𝑚
1.1 ∗ 1 ∗ √21 ∗ 2.5
45
46
4 CHAPTER FOUR COMPUTER PROGRAM
4.1 Flowchart:
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
4.2 Results of program
Design data
overall height [h] =6000mm
Height of front backfill[h'] =1500 mm
Unit weight of soil [γs] =18 kN/m^3
Unit weight of concrete [γc] =24 kN/m^3
Angle of internal friction [α] =30
Strength of concrete [fc'] =21 MPa
Yield strength of steel [fy] =400 MPa
Coefficient of friction [μ] =0.45
Allow bearing capacity [Qallow] =180 kPa

qmin= 1.6133
qmax= 158.786
72
Key is to be provided
Dimensions of cantilever retaining wall
The top thickness of stem [tt] = 300 mm
The bottom thickness of stem [tb] = 400 mm
The height of stem [h] = 5400 mm
The thickness of footing [T] = 600 mm
The length of footing [L] = 3000.0 mm
The length of toe footing [Lt] = 1000.0 mm
The length of heel footing [Lh] = 1600.0 mm
The depth of key is [a] = 500 mm
ρmax= 0.01593
ρmin= 0.00349
73
DESIGN OF HEEL CANTILEVER
Input the diameter of the bar for the heel
As= 1889.999
Bars diameter [dp](mm)=20

The main reinforcement for the heel:
∅ 20 @ 150 mm c/c
74
DESIGN OF TOE CANTILEVER
Input the diameter of the bar for the toe

The main reinforcement for the toe:
∅ 20 @ 150 mm c/c
Input the diameter of the bar for temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at toe and heel

The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at the toe and the heel
∅ 16 @ 150 mm c/c
75
The development length for heel and toe
Do you wont to paint reinforcement with epoxy ? yes=1, no=2, = 2
Was normal concrete used ? yes=1 no=2 = 1

The development length for the heel & the toe [Ld]= 507.8525445492186 mm
76
DESIGN OF STEM
We divided the height of wall for Three parties
1) The bottom part of wall
Input the diameter of the bars for stem

The main reinforcement of stem at bottom part :
∅ 20 @ 100 mm c/c
2) The medium part of wall

As= 1073.333
The main reinforcement of stem at medium part :

∅ 20 @ 200 mm c/c
3) The top part of wall

As= 110.219
The main reinforcement of stem at top part :
∅ 20 @ 400 mm c/c
77
Do you wont to paint reinforcement with epoxy ? yes=1 no=2 = 2
Was normal concrete used ? yes=1 no=2 = 1

The development length for stem [Ld]= 507.852 mm
Input the diameter of the bars for vertical reinforcement in front face of wall
As= 600.0

The main reinforcement of vertical reinforcement in front face of wall:
∅ 12 @ 150 mm c/c
Input the diameter of the bars for The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem
for front face

The reinforcement of temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem for front face:
∅ 12 @ 150 mm c/c
Input the diameter of the bars for The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem
in back face

The main reinforcement of temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem for back
face:
∅ 12 @ 300 mm c/c
78
5 CHAPTER FIVE RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Input Data:
In this chapter the resultants of manual design are compared with those obtained from the
developed computer program.
Table( 5 . 1 ) Input data
Items Symbolic Unit Value
Hight of wall H M 6
Unit weight of soil 𝛾𝑠 𝑘𝑁⁄ 18

𝑚3
Unit weight of concrete 𝛾𝑐 𝑘𝑁⁄ 24
𝑚3
Angle of friction 𝛼 Degree 30
Coefficient of friction 𝜇 - 0.45
Yield strength of steel 𝑓𝑦 𝑁⁄ 460

𝑚𝑚2
Compressive strength of concrete 𝑓𝑐′ 𝑁⁄ 21
𝑚𝑚2
Allowable bearing capacity of soil 𝑄𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑘𝑁⁄ 180
𝑚2
79
5.2 Output Data
Table( 5 . 2 ) dimensions of cantilever retaining wall, factors of safety and bearing
pressure.
Symb- Manual Percenta-

Items Unit Program calculation
olic calculation ge error
The top
thickness of tt mm 300 300 0
stem
The bottom
thickness of tb mm 400 400 0
stem
The height of
h mm 4500 5400 0
stem
The thickness
T mm 600 600 0
of footing
The length of
L mm 3000 3000 0
footing
The length of
Lt mm 1000 1000 0
toe footing
The length of
Lh mm 1600 1600 0
heel footing
The factor of
safety against 𝑆. 𝐹1 - 2.14 2.1250 0.7%
overturning
The factor of
safety against 𝑆. 𝐹2 - 1.02 1.0025 1.75%
sliding
The depth of
A mm 500 500 0
key
80
The minimum
bearing of 𝑞𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑁⁄ 1.63 1.6133 1.03%
𝑚2
soil
The
maximum
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐾𝑁⁄ 161.09 158.786 1.45%
bearing of 𝑚2
soil
81
Table( 5 . 3 ) Design of heel cantilever.

The ultimate
𝑉𝑢 kN 276.48 276.48 0
shear force
The resistance
∅𝑉𝑐 kN 309.32 309.323 0
shear force
Ultimate
𝑀𝑢 kN.m 237.77 237.7728 0
moment
The ratio of
𝜌 - 0.0023 0.002325 1.1%
reinforcement
The minimum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 0.0035 0.00349 1.23%
reinforcement
The maximum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 0.0159 0.01593 0.19%
reinforcement
The area of
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 1890 1889.999 1.20
reinforcement
The diameter
∅ 𝑚𝑚 20 20 0
of the bar
Spacing S 𝑚𝑚 150 150 0
The develop
𝐿𝑑 𝑚𝑚 508 507.852 0.02%
length
The area of
temperature
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 1080 1080 0
and shrinkage
reinforcement
82
The diameter
∅ 𝑚𝑚 16 16 0
of the bar
83
Table( 5 . 4 ) Design of toe cantilever.

The ultimate
𝑉𝑢 kN 215.22 212.1457 0.03%
shear force
The resistance
∅𝑉𝑐 kN 309.32 309.323 0
shear force
Ultimate
𝑀𝑢 kN.m 114.7 113.058 1.45%
moment
The ratio of
𝜌 - 0.0011 0.00109 0.89%
reinforcement
The minimum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 0.0035 0.00349 1.24%
reinforcement
The maximum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 0.0159 0.01593 0.19%
reinforcement
The area of
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 1890 1889.999 1.2%
reinforcement
The diameter
∅ 𝑚𝑚 20 20 0
of the bar
The develop
𝐿𝑑 𝑚𝑚 508 507.852 0.02%
length
The area of
temperature
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 1080 1080 0
and shrinkage
reinforcement
The diameter
∅ 𝑚𝑚 16 16 0
of the bar
84
85
Table( 5 . 5 ) Design bottom part of stem cantilever.

The ultimate
𝑉𝑢 kN 122.9 127.802 3.84%
shear force
The resistance
∅𝑉𝑐 kN 194.76 194.759 0
shear force
Ultimate
𝑀𝑢 kN.m 251.94 251.942 0
moment
The ratio of
𝜌 - 0.0065 0.00653 0.49%
reinforcement
The minimum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 0.0035 0.00349 1.24%
reinforcement
The
maximum
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 0.0159 0.01593 0.19%
ratio of
reinforcement
The area of
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 2210 2220.896 0.49%
reinforcement
The diameter
∅ 𝑚𝑚 20 20 0
of the bar
The develop
𝐿𝑑 𝑚𝑚 508 507.852 0.02%
length
86
Table( 5 . 6 )Design medium part of stem cantilever.

Ultimate
𝑀𝑢 kN.m 74.64 74.6496 0.01%
moment
The ratio of
𝜌 - 0.0025 0.00226 10.51%
reinforcement
The minimum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 0.0035 0.00349 1.24%
reinforcement
The maximum
ratio of 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 0.0159 0.01593 0.19%
reinforcement
The area of
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 1075 1073.333 0.15%
reinforcement
87
Table( 5 . 7 )Design top part of stem cantilever.

Ultimate
𝑀𝑢 kN.m 9.33 9.3312 0.01%
moment
The ratio of
𝜌 - 0.00035 0.000359 2.62%
reinforcement
The
minimum
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 - 0.0035 0.00349 1.24%
ratio of
reinforcement
The
maximum
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 - 0.0159 0.01593 0.19%
ratio of
reinforcement
The area of
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 129 110.21 17.03%
reinforcement
Spacing S mm 400 400 0
88
Table ( 5 . 8 ) The vertical for front face and temperature and shrinkage reinforcement
for stem
Symb- Manual Program Percenta-

Items Unit
olic calculation calculation ge error
The front face of wall

The area of
vertical 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 600 600 0
reinforcement
The diameter of
∅ 𝑚𝑚 12 12 0
the bar
The area of
temperature and
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 667 666.66 0.05%
shrinkage
reinforcement
The diameter of
∅ 𝑚𝑚 12 12 0
the bar
The back face of wall

The area of
temperature and
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑚2 333 333.33 0.1%
shrinkage
reinforcement
The diameter of
∅ 𝑚𝑚 12 12 0
the bar
89
MANUAL COMPUTER
MAMBER
SOLUTION SULOTION
Top thickness 300 mm 300 mm
Bottom
400 mm 400 mm
thickness
Front face
The
reinforcement
∅20@100𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅20@100𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
for the bottom
part
The
reinforcement
∅20@200𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅20@200𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
STEM
for the medium

part
The
reinforcement ∅20@400𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅20@400𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
for the top part
Temperature
and shrinkage ∅12@300𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅12@300𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
reinforcement
Back face
The vertical
∅12@150𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅12@150𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
reinforcement
Temperature
reinforcement
90
MANUAL COMPUTER
MAMBER
SOLUTION SULOTION
Thickness 600 mm 600 mm

HEEL
The main
∅20@150𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅20@150𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
reinforcement
Temperature
reinforcement
Thickness 600 mm 600 mm

TOE
The main
∅20@100𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐 ∅20@100𝑚𝑚 𝑐⁄𝑐
reinforcement
Temperature
reinforcement
91
6 CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
6.1 Conclusion
• A computer program has been developed for the design of cantilever retaining
walls is accordance with ( ACI-381-14) Design Code , using python computer
programming language.
• .the result obtained from the developed program showed good correlation with
the manual design procedure.
92
6.2 Recommendations
6.2.1 Recommendations for the study
Computer-aided design may be expended to include design of other types of walls e.g.
gravity wall , counterfort retaining walls and buttress retaining walls
6.2.2 Recommendations for future studies

Programming languages have become many, available, can be learned, mastered
quickly and easily for free, so we recommend learning programming languages (python
is one of the easiest languages to start with ).
Focusing on the computer in all its programs and languages in universities and colleges,
and including it as a basic subject in the course.
93
REFFERENCE
1. Design of Reinforced Concrete NINTH EDITION by Jack C. McCormac &
Russell H. Brown.
2. Reinforced Concrete Mechanics and Design 6th Edition by JAMES G.
MACGREGOR & JAMES K. WIGHT.
3. Structural Concrete Theory and Design Sixth Edition M. Nadim Hassoun &
Akthem Al-Manaseer.
4. Reinforcement Concrete Design Third Edition by Thomas Y. Crowell
Harper & Row, Publishers.
5. https://images.app.goo.gl/3iqmttkCFZa59P2M6.
6. https://images.app.goo.gl/vWi9bGWu87TXW8n9A.
94
APPENDICES
###########################################################################
# AL-Hikma College of Science and Technology #
# Department of Civil Engineering #
# COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALLS #
import numpy as np
import sympy as sp
import math as ma
###########################################################################
# Input data #
print ("Design data")
h =float(input("Height of overall [h](mm)="))
hp =float(input("Height of front backfill [h'](mm)="))
γs =float(input("Unit weight of soil [γs](kN/m^3)="))
γc =float(input("Unit weight of concrete [γc](kN/m^3)="))
α =float(input("Angle of internal friction [α]="))
fc =float(input("Strenght of concrete [fc'](MPa)="))
fy =float(input("Yeild strenght of steel [fy](MPa)="))
μ =float(input("Coefficient of friction [μ] ="))
Q_all=float(input("Allow bearing capacitiy [Qallow](KPa)="))
###########################################################################
# Ranking's equations #
y=1
α=(α*np.pi)/(180)
Ca =(1-np.sin(α))/(1+np.sin(α))
#print(Ca)
A
pa=Ca*γs*y
Ha=0.5*Ca*γs*y**2
My=0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
###########################################################################
# The maximum & minimum ratios of reinforcement #
m=fy/(0.85*fc)
if fc<28:
β1=0.85
else :
β1=0.85-(0.05/7)*(fc-28)
ρb=((0.85*fc*β1)/fy)*(600/(600+fy))
ρmax=0.7*ρb
if (1.4/fy)>=(0.25*fc**0.5/fy):
ρmin=1.4/fy
else :
ρmin=(0.25*fc**0.5/fy)
###########################################################################
# The thickness of footing #
T=0.07*h/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
if T>=300:
T=T
else :
T=300
###########################################################################
# The thickness of stem #
B
tt=300
ρ=0.5*ρmax
y=(h/1000)-(T/1000)
My=0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
Mu=1.6*My
Ru=ρ*fy*(1-0.5*m*ρ)
d=((Mu*10**6)/(0.9*1000*Ru))**0.5
tb=(d+50+10)/50
tb=ma.ceil(tb)*50
if tb<300 :
tb=300
###########################################################################
# Check of shear in stem #
d=tb-50-10
y=(h-T-d)/1000
Vu=1.6*0.5*Ca*γs*y**2
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
#print("Vu=",Vu,"Vc=",Vc)
while Vu>Vc :
d=(Vu/Vc)*d
tb=(d+50+10)/50
tb=ma.ceil(tb)*50
d=tb-50-10
Vu=1.6*0.5*Ca*γs*y**2
Vc=(1.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
C
###########################################################################
# The footing length #
ω=γs*h*10**-3
y=h/1000
X=(((0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3)*2)/(ω))**0.5
X=(X*1000)/50
X=ma.ceil(X)*50/1000
L=(3/2)*X*1000
Lt=(1/3)*L
Lh=L-Lt-tb
#print("L=",L,"Lt=",Lt,"Lh=",Lh)
###########################################################################
# Factor of safety against overturning #
W1=0.5*((tb-tt)/1000)*((h-T)/1000)*γc
W2=tt*(h-T)*10**-6*γc
W3=L*T*γc*10**-6
W4=Lh*(h-T)*γs*10**-6
#print(W1,W2,W3,W4)
Rv=W1+W2+W3+W4
M1=W1*(Lt+(2/3)*(tb-tt))*10**-3
M2=W2*(Lt+(tb-tt)+tt/2)*10**-3
M3=W3*(L/2)*10**-3
M4=W4*(L-(Lh/2))*10**-3
#print (M1,M2,M3,M4)
MR=M1+M2+M3+M4
#print(MR)
D
y=h/1000
My=0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
FS1=MR/My
print("FS1=",FS1)
while FS1<2 :
W1=0.5*((tb-tt)/1000)*((h-T)/1000)*γc
W2=tt*(h-T)*10**-6*γc
W3=L*T*γc*10**-6
W4=Lh*(h-T)*γs*10**-6
# print(W1,W2,W3,W4)
Rv=W1+W2+W3+W4
M1=W1*(Lt+(2/3)*(tb-tt))*10**-3
M2=W2*(Lt+(tb-tt)+tt/2)*10**-3
M3=W3*(L/2)*10**-3
M4=W4*(L-(Lh/2))*10**-3
# print (M1,M2,M3,M4)
MR=M1+M2+M3+M4
# print(MR)
y=h/1000
My=0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
FS1=MR/My
# print(FS1)
if FS1<2:
Lh=Lh+500
L=Lt+tb+Lh
Lt=L-Lh-tb
E
else :
break
x=((MR-My)/(Rv))*10**3
e=((L/2))-x
qmin=(Rv/L)*10**3-((Rv*e*(L/2)*10**3)/(L**3/12))
qmax=(Rv/L)*10**3+((Rv*e*(L/2)*10**3)/(L**3/12))
print("qmin=",qmin)
print("qmax=",qmax)
while qmax>Q_all :
L=L+500
Lt=L/3
Lh=L-Lt-tb
W1=0.5*((tb-tt)/1000)*((h-T)/1000)*γc
W2=tt*(h-T)*10**-6*γc
W3=L*T*γc*10**-6
W4=Lh*(h-T)*γs*10**-6
Rv=W1+W2+W3+W4
M1=W1*(Lt+(2/3)*(tb-tt))*10**-3
M2=W2*(Lt+(tb-tt)+tt/2)*10**-3
M3=W3*(L/2)*10**-3
M4=W4*(L-(Lh/2))*10**-3
MR=M1+M2+M3+M4
y=h/1000
My=0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
FS1=MR/My
if FS1<2:
F
Lh=Lh+500
L=Lt+tb+Lh
Lt=L-Lh-tb
else :
x=((MR-My)/(Rv))*10**3
e=((L/2))-x
qmin=(Rv/L)*10**3-((Rv*e*(L/2)*10**3)/(L**3/12))
qmax=(Rv/L)*10**3+((Rv*e*(L/2)*10**3)/(L**3/12))
break
###########################################################################
# Factor of safety against sliding #
y=h/1000
Ha=0.5*Ca*γs*y**2
F=μ*Rv
FS2=F/Ha
print("FS2=",FS2)
if FS2<1.5 :
print("We need to provide a key")
hp=hp-300
Cp=1/Ca
μ1=μ
μ2=np.tan(α)
x=Lh+150
qx=qmin+((qmax-qmin)*x/L)
F=((μ1*(qmin+qx)*x*0.5)+(μ2*(qmax+qx)*(L-x)*0.5))*10**-3
Hp=1.5*Ha-F
G
a1=sp.symbols('a1')
eq=a1**2+2*a1*hp*(10**-3)-(2*Hp)/(Cp*γs)
sol=sp.solve(eq,a1)
for n in sol :
if n>0 :
a1=n
else :
print("NO need to provide a key")
a1=a1*1000
a1=a1/500
a1=ma.ceil(a1)*500
#By use CRSI theory
a2=(2*T/3)/500
a2=ma.ceil(a2)*500
#print (a2)
if a1>a2 :
a=a1
else :
a=a2
###########################################################################
# Design of heel cantilever #
# Check of shear:
Wu=(1.2*(T*γc)+1.6*(γs*(h-T)))*10**-3
d=T-50-10
Vu=Lh*Wu*10**-3
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
H
print("VC=",Vc,"Vu=",Vu)
while Vu>Vc :
d=(Vu/Vc)*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
print("T=",T)
Wu=(1.2*(T*γc)+1.6*(γs*(h-T)))*10**-3
d=T-50-10
Vu=Lh*Wu*10**-3
print(Vu)
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
print("Vu=",Vu,T,d,"Vc=",Vc)
print("Dimensions of cantilever retaining wall")
print("The top thickness of stem [tt]=",tt,"mm")
print("The bottom thickness of stem [tb]=",tb,"mm")
print("The height of stem [h]=",h-T,"mm")
print("The thickness of footing [T]=",T,"mm")
print("The length of footing [L]=",L,"mm")
print("The length of toe footing [Lt]=",Lt,"mm")
print("The length of heel footing [Lh]=",Lh,"mm")
print("The depth of key is [a]=",a,"mm")
# Design The reinforcement of heel
Mu=Wu*Lh*((Lh/2)+50+10)*10**-6
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
I
print("ρ=",ρ)
print("ρmax=",ρmax)
print("ρmin=",ρmin)
print(" ")
print(" ")
if ρ>ρmax :
ρ=0.5*ρmax
Ru=ρ*fy*(1-0.5*m*ρ)
d=((Mu*10**6)/(0.9*1000*Ru))**0.5
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
Wu=(1.2*(T*γc)+1.6*(γs*(h-T)))*10**-3
d=T-50-10
Vu=Lh*Wu*10**-3
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
# print("Vu=",Vu,"Vc=",Vc)
while Vu>Vc :
d=(Vu/Vc)*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
d=T-50-10
Vu=Lh*Wu*10**-3
# print(Vu)
Vc=(1.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
Mu=Wu*Lh*((Lh/2)+50+10)*10**-6
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
J
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
if ρ<ρmin :
ρ=ρmin
print("DESIGN OF HEEL CANTILEVER ")
#print("Mu=",Mu)
As=ρ*1000*d
print("Input the diameter of the bar for the heel")
print("As=",As)
db=int(input("Bars diameter [dp](mm)="))
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S=ma.floor(S)*50
Smax=450
if Smax>3*T :
Smax=3*T
elif S>450 :
Smax=450
if S>Smax :
S=Smax
print("The main reinforcement for the heel: ")
print("∅",db,'@',S,"mm c/c")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# Design of toe cantilever #
K
# Check of shear
print("DESIGN OF TOE CANTILEVER ")
x=Lh+tb
qx=qmin+((qmax-qmin)*x/L)
Vu=(1.6*(qmax+qx)*Lt/2)*10**-3
print("Vu=",Vu)
d=T-50-10
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
while Vu>Vc :
d=(Vu/Vc)*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-50-10
Vc=(1.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
# Design of reinforcement
Mu=1.6*((qx*Lt**2/2)+1/3*(qmax-qx)*Lt**2)*10**-6
print("Mu=",Mu)
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
print("ρ=",ρ)
if ρ>ρmax :
ρ=0.5*ρmax
Ru=ρ*fy*(1-0.5*m*ρ)
d=((Mu*10**6)/(0.9*1000*Ru))**0.5
T=(d+50+10)/100
L
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-50-10
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
while Vu>Vc :
d=Vu/Vc*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-60
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
elif ρ<ρmin :
ρ=ρmin
As=ρ*1000*d
print("Input the diameter of the bar for the toe")
print("As=",As)
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S=ma.floor(S)*50
if Smax>3*T :
Smax=3*T
elif S>450 :
Smax=450
if S>Smax :
M
S=Smax
print("The main reinforcement for the toe: ")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at toe and heel #
As=0.0018*1000*T
print("Input the diameter of the bar for temperature & shrinkage reinforcement"
"at toe and heel")
print("As=",As)
db1=int(input("Bars diameter [dp](mm)="))
Ab=np.pi*db1**2/4
S=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S=ma.floor(S)*50
if S>3*T :
S=3*T
elif S>450 :
S=450
print("The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at toe and heel")
print("∅",db1,'@',S,"mm c/c")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# The development length #
print('The development length for heel and toe')
N
cb=50
krt=0
z=(cb+krt)/db
if z>2.5 :
z=2.5
ψt=1
k=str(input("Do you wont to paint reinforcement with epoxy ? yes=1, no=2, = "))
if k==1 :
ψe=1.2
elif k==2 :
ψe=1
else :
ψe=1
if db>=22 :
ψs=1
else :
ψs=0.8
r=str(input("Was normal concrete used ? yes=1 no=2 = "))
if r==1 :
λ=1
elif r==2 :
λ=0.75
else :
λ=1
Ld=db*((fy*ψt*ψs*ψe)/(1.1*fc**0.5*λ*z))
print("The development lenght for heel & toe [Ld]=",Ld,"mm")
O
print(" ")
print(" ")
##########################################################################
# Design of stem #
# The vertical reinforcement in back face
# We divided the height of wall for Three parties
# 1) The bottom part of wall
print("DESIGN OF STEM")
print("We divided the height of wall for Three parties ")
print("1) The bottom part of wall ")
y=(h-T)/1000
d=tb-50-10
Mu=1.6*0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
#print("Mu=",Mu)
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
#print("ρ=",ρ)
if ρ>ρmax :
ρ=0.5*ρmax
Ru=ρ*fy*(1-0.5*m*ρ)
d=((Mu*10**6)/(0.9*1000*Ru))**0.5
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-50-10
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
while Vu>Vc :
P
d=Vu/Vc*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-60
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
elif ρ<ρmin :
ρ=ρmin
As=ρ*1000*d
#print('y=',y,'d=',d,'ρ=',ρ,'Mu=',Mu)
print("Input the diameter of the bars for stem")
#print("As=",As)
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S1=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S1=ma.floor(S1)*50
if S1>3*tt :
S1=3*tt
elif S1>450 :
S1=450
if S1>Smax :
S1=Smax
print("The main reinforcement of stem at bottom part : ")
print("∅",db,'@',S1,"mm c/c")
Q
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# 2) The medium part of wall
print(" 2) The medium part of wall ")
y=2*(h-T)/(1000*3)
d=(tb-100/3)-50-db/2
h2=tb-100/3
Mu=1.6*0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
#print("Mu=",Mu)
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
#print("ρ=",ρ)
#print('ρmin',ρmin,'y=',y,'d=',d,'ρ=',ρ,'Mu=',Mu)
if ρ>ρmax :
ρ=0.5*ρmax
Ru=ρ*fy*(1-0.5*m*ρ)
d=((Mu*10**6)/(0.9*1000*Ru))**0.5
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-50-10
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
while Vu>Vc :
d=Vu/Vc*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
R
d=T-60
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
elif ρ<ρmin :
ρ=ρmin
As=ρ*1000*d
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S2=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S2=ma.floor(S2)*50
if S2>3*h2 :
S2=3*h2
elif S2>450 :
S2=450
S2=S2/S1
S2=ma.floor(S2)*S1
print("As=",As)
print("")
print("The main reinforcement of stem at medium part : ")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# The top part of wall
print(" 3) The top part of wall ")
S
y=(h-T)/3000
d*(tb-2*100/3)-50-db/2
h3=tb-2*100/3
Mu=1.6*0.5*Ca*γs*y**3/3
#print("Mu=",Mu)
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
ρ=1.3*ρ
#print("ρ=",ρ)
if ρ>ρmax :
ρ=0.5*ρmax
Ru=ρ*fy*(1-0.5*m*ρ)
d=((Mu*10**6)/(0.9*1000*Ru))**0.5
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-50-10
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
while Vu>Vc :
d=Vu/Vc*d
T=(d+50+10)/100
T=ma.ceil(T)*100
d=T-60
Vc=(0.75*(fc**0.5)*1000*d*10**-3)/6
break
Ru=Mu*10**6/(0.9*1000*d**2)
T
ρ=(1-(1-2*Ru*m/fy)**0.5)/m
As=ρ*1000*d
#print(ρ,As)
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S3=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S3=ma.floor(S3)*50
if Smax>3*h3 :
Smax=3*h3
elif Smax>450 :
Smxa=450
if S3>Smax :
S3=Smax
S3=S3/S2
S3=ma.floor(S3)*S2
print("As=",As)
print("The main reinforcement of stem at top part : ")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# The development length

#
cb=50
krt=0
z=(cb+krt)/db
if z>2.5 :
U
z=2.5
ψt=1
k=str(input("Do you wont to paint reinforcement with epoxy ? yes=1, no=2, = "))
if k==1 :
ψe=1.2
elif k==2 :
ψe=1
else :
ψe=1
if db>=22 :
ψs=1
else :
ψs=0.8
r=str(input("Was normal concrete used ? yes=1 no=2 = "))
if r==1 :
λ=1
elif r==2 :
λ=0.75
else :
λ=1
Ld=db*((fy*ψt*ψs*ψe)/(1.1*fc**0.5*λ*z))
print("The development lenght for stem [Ld]=",Ld,"mm")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# The vertical reinforcement in front face
V
As=0.0015*tb*1000
print("Input the diameter of the bars for vertical reinforcement in front face "
"of wall ")
print("As=",As)
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S=ma.floor(S)*50
if Smax>3*T :
Smax=3*T
elif S>450 :
Smax=450
if S>Smax :
S=Smax
print("The main reinforcement of vertical reinforcement in front face of wall:"
" ")
print(" ")
print(" ")
###########################################################################
# The temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem #
#for front face
As1=0.0025*tb*1000
As=2*As1/3
print("Input the diameter of th bars for The temperature & shrinkage"
"reinforcement at stem for front face ")
W
#print("As=",As)
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S=ma.floor(S)*50
if Smax>3*T :
Smax=3*T
elif S>450 :
Smax=450
if S>Smax :
S=Smax
print("The reinforcement of temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem for"
"front face: ")
#for back face
As=As1/3
print("Input the diameter of th bars for The temperature & shrinkage "
"reinforcement at stem in back face ")
#print("As=",As)
Ab=np.pi*db**2/4
S=(1000*Ab/As)/50
S=ma.floor(S)*50
if Smax>3*T :
Smax=3*T
elif S>450 :
X
Smax=450
if S>Smax :
S=Smax
print("The main reinforcement of temperature & shrinkage reinforcement at stem"
"for back face: ")

Retaining Walls

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Retaining Walls

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‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬

HIKMA COLLEGE FOR SCIENCE AND

Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the of

‫ِين ُه ْم ِِل َ َمانَاتِ ِه ْم َو َ‬

‫طأْنَا َربَّنَا َوالَ‬‫اخ ْذنَا ِإن نَّسِينَا أ َ ْو أ َ ْخ َ‬

‫سورة البقرة اآلية (‪)286‬‬

I Thank Allah first and last

To our supervisor Prof. Dr. Ahmed Eltayeb for his valuable

We wish as well to express our gratitude to the staff of Hikma

We also send great thanks to Dr. Hafiz Mohamed Ibrahim, for

Our thanks extended to our families and friends.

The results solved very good comparison.

‫مقارن النتائج كانت جيدة جدا ً ‪.‬‬

ACKNOWLEDGMENT........................................... ............. III

LIST OF CONTENTS.............................................. ..............VI

LIST OF TABLE....................................................... ..............IX

LIST OF FIGURES………………………………… ............. X

CHAPTER ONE INTRODECTION

1.2 Research problem.... ..........................................................................................1

1.3 Research Objective.. ...........................................................................................1

1.3.1 General objectives..... ...................................................................................1

1.3.2 Special objectives…… ..................................................................................1

1.4Research Methodology..... ...................................................................................1

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW

2.2 Types of Retaining Walls….................................................................................3

2.3 Drainage.................. ..........................................................................................6

2.4 Force in Retaining Walls...... ..............................................................................7

2.5 Active and Passive Soil Pressure…. .....................................................................8

2.6 Effect of Surcharge........................................................................................... 12

2.7 Footing Soil Pressure…. ................................................................................... 14

2.9 Realistic Examples of Retaining Walls............................................................... 16

2.9.1 Local Examples 16

2.9.2 International Examples 17

CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLGY

3.1.1 The Overall of Hight Wall..... ..................................................................... 20

3.1.2 The Thickness of Stem..... ........................................................................... 21

3.1.3 The Thickness of Base….. ........................................................................... 22

3.1.4 The Length of Base……................................................................................ 22

3.2 Factor of Safety Against Overturning…. ........................................................... 24

3.3 Factor of Safety Against Sliding.... .................................................................... 25

3.4 Design Procedure for Cantilever Retaining Walls…........................................... 27

3.4.1 Design of Stem..... ...................................................................................... 27

3.4.2 Design of Heel Cantilever….. ...................................................................... 28

3.4.3 Design of Toe Cantilever…………………………………………………………………………………..28

3.5 Design Requitements…. .................................................................................... 31

3.6 Example of Cantilever Retaining Wall…. .......................................................... 32

CHAPTER FOUR COMPUTER PROGRAM

4.2 Results of program... ........................................................................................ 72

CHAPTER FIVE RESULT AND DISCUSSION

5.2 Output Data……….. ........................................................................................ 80

CHAPTER SIX CONCLUSION AND

6.2 Recommendations…. ........................................................................................ 93

6.2.1 Recommendations for the study…............................................................... 93

6.2.2 Recommendations for future studies..... ...................................................... 93

Table( 5 . 1 ) Input data ............................................................................................. 79

Figure (3. 1) Cantilever retaining wall with tapered stem(1). ............................... 21

1.2 Research problem

1.3 Research Objective

1.3.2 Special objectives

1.4 Research Methodology

Contains the conclusion and recommendations.

2.2 Types of Retaining Walls

Figure (2. 1) Types of retaining walls(3).

Figure (2. 2) More types of retaining walls(1).