Lecture 2

Network Models
 2.1 A protocol
- It is a set of rules that govern data communications.
- It determines what is communicated, how it is
communicated and when it is communicated.
- The key elements of protocol are syntax, semantics and timing
Elements of a Protocol
◼ syntax
◼ Format of the data:(how to read the bits - field delineation)

◼ Semantics
◼ Interprets the meaning of the fields/bits

◼ Knows which fields define what action

◼ Timing
◼ When data should be sent

◼ Speed at which data should be sent and received.

 2-2 LAYERED TASKS

❖ First Scenario

• In the first scenario, communication is so simple that it can

occur in only one layer.
• Assume Maria and Ann are neighbors with a lot of common
ideas. Communication between Maria and Ann takes place in
one layer, face to face, in the same language
 2-2 LAYERED TASKS
The concept of layers is our daily life.

As example:
• consider two friends
communicate
through postal mail.

• The process of
sending a letter is
complex if there were
no services available
from the post office.
 2-2 LAYERED TASKS
❖ Second Scenario
 2-2 LAYERED TASKS
❖ Principles of Protocol Layering
1) First Principle
The first principle dictates that if we want bidirectional
communication, we need to make each layer so that it is
able to perform two opposite tasks, one in each direction.
➢ The third layer task is to listen (in one direction) and
talk (in the other direction).
➢ The second layer needs to be able to encrypt and
decrypt. The first layer needs to send and receive mail.
 2-2 LAYERED TASKS
❖ Principles of Protocol Layering
2) Second Principle
Two objects under each layer at both sites should be
identical.
➢ The object under layer 3 at both sites should be a
plaintext letter.
➢ The object under layer 2 at both sites should be a
ciphertext letter.
➢ The object under layer 1 at both sites should be a piece
of mail.
 2-3 THE OSI MODEL

• International Standards Organization (ISO),

Established in 1947,
• Defined as a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international
standards.
• Almost three-fourths of countries in the world
are represented in the ISO.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model was introduced in
the late 1970s.
 THE OSI MODEL
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is
defined in seven Layered Architecture as shown in the
following figure.

Note

ISO is the organization;

OSI is the model.

Figure 2.2
Seven layers of the OSI model
 Standardization Framework of OSI
the functions at each layer are
developed independently and
simultaneously
change in standards in
one layer need not
affect existing software in
another layer
Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

In the following we briefly describe the functions

of each layer in the OSI model.
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next node
Note

The unit of communication at the

physical layer is a bit.
 Figure 2.7 Data Link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next hop.
Note
The unit of communication at the data
link layer is a frame.
Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

Note The unit of communication at the

network layer is a datagram.
Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery
 Figure 2.10 Transport Layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.
The unit of communication at the transport layer
Note is a segment, user datagram, or a packet,
depending on the protocol used in this layer.
 Figure 2.11 :
Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
 Figure 2.12 Session Layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.
 Figure 2.13 Presentation Layer

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.
 Figure 2.14 Application Layer

The application layer is responsible for providing

services to the user.
Note The unit of communication at the application
layer is a message.
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
• The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not
exactly match those in the OSI model.
• The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined
as having four layers:
• host-to-network.
• Internet.
• transport.
• application.
• However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we
can say that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made
of five layers: physical, data link, network,
transport, and application.
 Physical Layer
◼ Physical interface between data transmission device
(e.g. computer) and transmission medium or network
◼ Physical Layer operations deal with:

- Characteristics of transmission medium

- Signal levels and Encoding
- Data rates
Network Access Layer
▪ Exchange of data between end system and network
▪ Destination address provision
▪ Invoking services like priority
 Internet Layer (IP)
• Systems may be attached to different networks
• Routing functions across multiple networks
• Implemented in end systems and routers
Transport Layer
▪ Reliable delivery of data
▪ Ordering of delivery
End to end transfer of data
May include reliability mechanism (TCP)
Hides detail of underlying network
Application Layer
• Communication between processes or applications
• e.g. http, SMPT
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
 Figure 2.17 Layers in the TCP/IP Protocol Suite

TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
 Figure 2.18 Communication at application layer
A B
Application Legend Source Destination D Data H Header Application

Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D5 D5
Message

D5 D5
TCP/IP Message
Protocol Suite
 Figure 2.19 Communication at transport layer
A Legend Source Destination D Data H Header B
Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D4 H4
Segment

D4 H4
Segment
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
 Figure 2.20 Communication at the network layer
Legend Source Destination D Data H Header
A R1 R3 R4 B
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D3 H3
Datagram

D3 H3
Datagram
TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
 Figure 2.21 Communication at the data link layer

Legend Source Destination D Data H Header

A R1 R3 R4 B
Data link Data link

Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr

H2

D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame

TCP/IP
Protocol Suite
 Figure 2.22 Communication at the physical layer

Legend Source Destination

A R1 R3 R4 B
Physical Physical
layer layer
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

011 ... 101

01
1.
..
10
1

011 ... 101 011 ... 101

TCP/IP
Protocol Suite