Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in

Biota from the Marine Ecosystem of Indonesia

A Sudaryanto1*, Dede Falahudin2, S Takahashi2, T Isobe3, T Kunisue4

1 Research Center for Environmental and Clean Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency
(BRIN), Geostech 820 Building, Puspiptek Serpong, Banten, Indonesia
2 Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime

University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama 790-8566, Japan

3 Japan Environment and Children’s Study Programme Office, National Institute for Environmental

Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan

4 Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-

8577, Japan

*E-mail address: agus.sudaryanto.1@brin.go.id

THE 1ST INDONESIA INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON PCB MANAGEMENT

HOTEL INDONESIA KEMPINSKI, JAKARTA, 4 – 5 OCTOBER 2023

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 Introduction
- Overview PCBs
- Objectives

Methodology
Outline Presentation - Samples and Locations
- PCBs Analysis

Results and Discussion

- Level of PCBs
- Health Risk Assessment
- Biomagnification

Conclusion

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 Clm Cln
m + n = 1~10

• 209 possible congeners

• Various technical mixtures are available1 Commercial Formulation2
• Widely used as dielectric fluids in transformer and Product Mixtures Producer

capacitor; insulators, additive in carbonless copy paper Kanechlor (KC) Japan

- KC300, -400, -500, -600
and plastics etc. Arochlor (Ar) USA
• World total production: >1.3 million tons between 1929 - Ar1242, -1254, 1260, etc.
Chlophen Russia
and 1989; 1/3 of them entered into environment2 - Chlophen A30, -A40 etc.

• Under list of Stockholm Convention to be reduce and Chlorofen Poland

eliminate (Indonesia ratified on July 2009) References:

1Ishikawa et al., 2007
2Breivik et al., 2002

Source: Meironyté et al. 1998.

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 Potential Sources of PCBs Pollution in Indonesia
Inventory of PCBs In Transformer
1) Emissions from stored
commercial products
2) Re-evaporation of
PCBs that Results from DEXIL
contaminate soil,
sediment and water
surfaces
3) Synthesis during
thermal processing
Results from GC-ECD

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 Concern Over PCBs

Properties:
➢ Persistent
➢ Bioaccumulative Sources
➢ Biomagnification
➢ Long range
Dermal contact & Ingestion

atmospheric
transportation.

Potential adverse
effects:
➢ Disrupt thyroid
hormone
➢ Neurobehavioral
changes
➢ Fetal development
➢ Cancer, etc.

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 Objectives
The present study overview concentration of PCBs in biota representing
different trophic levels in the marine environment of Indonesia with special
references to Jakarta Bay and Indian Ocean Southern Java:

• Biological occurrence
✓ Levels
✓ Contaminant profiles

• Biomagnification pattern
✓ Trophic level vs concentration
✓ Trophic magnification factor

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 Jakarta Bay (2017)
• Coastal Fish and Shellfish
representing different Cirebon (2007)1
trophic Levels • Coastal General fish

Gangga Island (2014)2

• Deepsea fish (Coelacanth; n=1)

Samples were
Lampung Bay (2007)1 analyzed for 62
• Coastal General fish
PCB Congeners
using GC-MS at
Lada Bay (2007)1 Center for
• Coastal General fish Marine
Environmental
Indian Ocean
Studies (CMES),
Southern Java (2015)
• Fish representing different Trophic
Ehime
Levels University Japan

(1) Sudaryanto et al., 2007. Levels and distribution of organochlorines in fish from Indonesia. Environment International 33 (2007) 750–758
(2) Falahudin et al. 2023. First insight into accumulation of characteristics and tissue distribution of PCBs, PBDEs, and other BFRs in the living
www.bppt.go.id BPPT RI @BPPT_RI @BPPT_RI Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis). Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30(17):1-13
 Fish and shellfish Samples from Jakarta Bay

Fish and shellfish

samples
representing
different trophic
Levels in Jakarta Bay

Trophic Level (TL)

TLconsumer = 2 + (δ15Nconsumer–δ15Nzooplankton)/3.8

(Fisk et al., 2001; Muir et al., 2003)

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 Fish Samples from Indian Ocean Southern Java
Lipid TL W
Station Date Species Common Name n TL
(%) (cm) (gr)
ST-7 26092015 Shortfin lizardfish Saurida micropectoralis 3 0,90 26-28 170-230 4.3
ST-7 26092015 Yellowtail scad Alepes melanoptera 3 2,8 16-18 110-160 4.2
ST-9 26092015 Large-scale croaker Johnius heterolepsis 3 2,6 24 200-210 3.4
ST-9 26092015 Black pomfret Parastromateus niger 3 3,6 16-17 120-160 2.9
ST-9 26092015 Largescale tonguesole Cynoglossus arel 3 0,17 29-34 120-200 3.5
ST-9 26092015 Common hairfin anchovy Setipinna tenuifilis 1 5,8 14-15 14-17 3.6
ST-11 26092015 Largefin Croaker Johnius macropterus 3 2,0 22-28 140-300 3.3 Fish samples
ST-11 26092015 Bigeye Hairtail Trichiurus sp. 3 3,9 74-77 240-255 4.4
ST-11 26092015 Roughback sea catfish Arius crossocheilus 3 3,5 32-42 470-900 3.5 representing
ST-11 26092015 Japanese Threadfin Bream Nemipterus japonicus 3 3,1 20-23 90-205 4.1 different trophic
ST-12 26092015 Donkey croaker Argyrosomus sp. 3 1,2 15-21 35-145 4.0
ST-12 26092015 Common hairfin anchovy Setipinna tenuifilis 2 7,1 13-14 13-17 3.6
Levels (TL) in Indian
ST-14 26092015 Blackspotted threadfin Polydactilus microstoma 3 1,4 15-16 40-50 3.9 Ocean Southern Java
ST-14 26092015 Bludger Carangoides gymnostatus 3 2,8 15-16 50-60 4.1
ST-14 26092015 Brushtooth lizardfish Saurida undosquamis 3 0,63 25-28 130-230 4.5
ST-14 26092015 Concertina fish Drepane longimana 3 2,3 18-24 150-420 3.5
ST-14 26092015 Kawakawa Euthynnus affinis 3 5,0 56-59 639-697 4.5

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 Concentrations of PCBs in Biota from Various Ecosystem
PCBs = sum 62 target PCB congeners from mono- to deca-PCBs

Indian Ocean South Java

Concentrations of PCBs varied according to species and locations
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 Comporasion of PCBs and Other POPs in Fish within Indonesian Waters
(ng/g lipid wt.)
Jakarta Bay Cirebon
Lampung Bay 1600,0

Concentration (ng/g lipid wt)

1400,0
PBDEs
1200,0
PCBs
1000,0
DDTs
800,0
CHLs
600,0
Lada Bay HCHs
400,0

200,0 HCB

0,0

Eastern Indian Ocean

Bogor (1) Sudaryanto et al., 2007. Levels and distribution of organochlorines in fish
from Indonesia. Environment International 33 (2007) 750–758
(2) Sudaryanto et al. 2005. Geographical Distribution of Polybrominated
Diphenyl Ethers and Organochlorine Compounds in Fish From Indonesia.
ST7 ST9 ST11 ST12 ST14 Organohalogen Compound, 67, 598-601.

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 AO MS SCS WPO

EPO

JB =Jakarta Bay
INDONESIA
EIO EIO = East Indian Ocean
WIO INDONESIA JB = Jakarta Bay
WIO = West Indian Ocean
Referense: EPO = East Pacific Ocean
1. Bonito et al. 2016, Evaluation of the global impacts of mitigation on persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic pollutants in marine fish. WPO = West Pacific Ocean
PeerJ4: e1573. AO = Atlantic Ocean
2. Hao et al. 2014. Occurrence of Persistent organic pollutants in marine fish from the Natuna Island, South China Sea. Marine Pollution
MS = Mediteranean Sea
Bulletin, 85, 274-279.
3. Sun et al. 2014. Persistent organic pollutants in marine fish from Yongxing Island, South China Sea: Levels, composition profiles and SCS = South China Sea
human dietary exposure assessment. Chemosphere 98, 84-90.
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 PCB Congeners Profiles among Species from Jakarta Bay
60

15 50 Flathead
12 Spinefoot 40

9 30
6 20
3

0
10 Congener Specific Accumulation
0
20
of PCBs in Biota
16 Catfish
12

• Benthic / Filter Feeder Biota

Composition (%)

8
3 Shrimp
4

0
Crab Represent profile of PCBs
15 2
Perch A J. Spinefoot
Flathead
congeners close to sediment as
12 Mussel
Catfish C Flounder sink of PCBs

PCA-2 (46 %)
9
1 Mussel Mussel
6
Spinefoot Catfish

• Pelagic / higher trophic Biota

3 Flathead Perch
0 0 S. Spinefoot

B Croaker Represent profile of PCBs

Barracuda
25
-1
Barracuda Sole congeners close to their feed
Mono-

Di- Tri- Tetra- Penta- Hexa- Hepta- Octa-

Nona-
Deca-

20 H. Mackerel
-2 Conger
15
Barracuda
-2 0 2 4
10
PCA-1 (54 %)
5

PCB Congeners

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 Human Health Risk Assessment Through Fish Consumption
Common Name Fat PCBs Daily Intake HQs SFC Hazard Quotients (HQs):
(%) (ng/g wet wt) (µg/Kg/day) (DI/RfD) (Kg/person/day) Daily intake
HQ =
Green mussel 1.9 5.1 0.0059 0.0059 9.7 RfD
Shrimp 0.59 1.1 0.0013 0.0013 44 HQ > 1 … Risk may occur
Crab 0.79 6.7 0.0077 0.0077 7.4
Smudgepot spinefoot 2.8 12 0.014 0.014 4.1
- Reference dose (RfD) for PCBs1:
Java spinefoot 3.0 25 0.029 0.029 2.0
1.0 µ/Kg body weight/day
Sailfin catfish 1.7 22 0.026 0.026 2.2
Little jewfish 1.1 9.7 0.011 0.011 5.1 - Average fish consumption2:
Northern sand flathead 0.53 3.7 0.0042 0.0042 14 57 g/person/day
Large-toothed flounder 0.79 4.3 0.0049 0.0049 12
- Adult body weight:
Moses Perch 0.88 6.7 0.0076 0.0076 7.5
50 Kg
Patterned tongue sole 0.82 15 0.017 0.017 3.3
Diamond trevally 0.66 2.7 0.0031 0.0031 18 - SFC:
Black-edged conger 1.4 8.8 0.010 0.010 5.7 Safety fish consumption
Giant seapike 0.32 10 0.012 0.012 4.9 References:
1. Oostdam et al., 1999
Average IO-SJ Fish 2.9 0.70 0.0015 0.0015 2.7 2. FAO, 2007

Minimal human health risk (HQ<<1)

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 Relationship between PCBs and Trophic Levels (TL) of Biota from
Jakarta Bay and Indian Ocean Southern Java
Jakarta Bay
3,5 3
Indian Ocean Southern Java
TMF: Trophic Magnification Factor 0,5
Log Conc. (ng/g lipid wt.)

3 CB-153 2,5 CB-180

2,5 Log concentration = (b x TL) + a 0
2
2
TMF = 10b
1,5 -0,5
1,5 TMF > 1, p<0.05…biomagnified
1
1
-1
0,5 y = 0.45x + 0.43 0,5 y = 0.60x - 0.54 (Fisk et al., 2001; Muir et al., 2003)
0
TMF= 2.8, p<0.0005
0
TMF= 4.0, p<0.0005
-1,5 PCBs
1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
-2
2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5
1 4 Trophic Level (TL)
PCBs
Log Conc. (ng/g lipid wt.)

0,5
CB-209 3,5
3 An increasing trend between [PCBs] and TL was
0
2,5 observed in biota from Jakarta Bay, with TMF values
-0,5
2 significantly greater than one (p<0.05), but not for Indian
-1
y = 0.37x - 1.5
TMF= 2.3, p<0.005
1,5 y = 0.33x + 1.7
TMF= 2.2, p<0.0005
Ocean Southern Java,
-1,5 1
1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Trophic Level (TL) Trophic Level (TL)

Biomagnification of PCBs present in Jakarta Bay food web

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 TMF and significance (p values) for PCBs in Jakarta Bay Food Web
Congener TMF p value Congener TMF p value Congener TMF p value
CB-8 1.0 0.72 CB-99 2.2 <0.001 CB-157 2.3 <0.0005
CB-15 1.0 0.69 CB-119 2.3 <0.005 CB-188 1.4 <0.01
CB-19 1.1 0.85 CB-87 2.1 <0.05 CB-178 3.0 <0.0005
CB-18 1.1 0.71 CB-110 1.7 0.089 CB-187 3.2 <0.0001
CB-28 1.8 0.33 CB-123 1.3 0.28 CB-183 3.2 <0.00005
CB-33 0.65 0.053 CB-118 1.9 <0.01 CB-177 2.4 <0.0005
CB-22 0.88 0.25 CB-114 1.5 <0.05 CB-171 3.0 <0.00005
CB-37 0.91 0.53 CB-105 1.9 <0.01 CB-180 4.0 <0.00005
CB-54 1.0 0.71 CB-126 1.1 0.37 CB-191 2.4 <0.0001
CB-52 1.3 0.32 CB-155 2.4 <0.0005 CB-170 3.8 <0.00005
CB-49 1.9 0.11 CB-151 2.7 <0.0005 CB-189 2.0 <0.005
CB-44 1.4 0.53 CB-149 2.1 <0.005 CB-202 3.1 <0.0001
CB-74 1.4 0.22 CB-153 2.8 <0.0005 CB-201 2.8 <0.00005
CB-70 0.99 0.76 CB-168 1.7 0.11 CB-199 4.0 <0.0001
CB-81 1.1 0.44 CB-138 2.3 <0.0005 CB-194 5.9 <0.0005
CB-77 0.68 <0.0005 CB-158 2.2 <0.005 CB-205 1.5 <0.005
CB-104 1.0 0.52 CB-128 2.3 <0.0005 CB-208 2.1 <0.005
CB-95 1.7 0.086 CB-167 2.4 <0.0005 CB-206 2.6 <0.0001
CB-101 1.7 <0.05 CB-156 2.7 <0.0005 CB-209 2.3 <0.005
PCBs 2.2 <0.0005

TMF> 1; p<0.05… biomagnifications Large number of PCB congeners show significant

TMF<1; p<0.05……. trophic dilution
biomagnification through food web
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Characterization of the Contaminants
 PCBs were detected in all biota representing different trophic levels and locations, indicating ubiquitous
contamination of these compounds in biota from marine ecosystem of Indonesia.
 Large margin safety due to consumption of fish (adverse affects may occur at consumption of fish > 2
kg/day, depending on fish species)

Biomagnification Behavior
 Positive correlations between TL and concentrations of PCBs were observed at biota representing
trophic levels in Jakarta Bay, indicating that PCBs are biomagnified in Jakarta Bay ecosystem
 Large number of PCB congeners show significant biomagnification through food web, which indicates
the extensive high of biomagnification of PCBs in Jakarta Bay foodweb.

Evidence of PCBs biomagnification through food web warrants

continuous monitoring study and its potential toxic effects
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 THANK YOU

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