CHNG I

XU HNG PHT TRIN CA TD TRN TH GII

I.1 VI NT V LCH S PHT TRIN CA H THNG GSM

TD c a ra u tin M l h thng dn dng s dng cu trc
(cell) bng tn 150 MHz vo nm 1946.
T nhng nm 60 knh thng tin di ng c di tn 300 KHz vi k thut
FM bng tn 450 MHz c hiu sut s dng ph tng gp 4 ln so vi trc.
Thng 12 nm 1971 ngi ta a ra h thng cellular k thut tng t, iu
ch tn s di tn 850 MHz.
Thng 10 nm 1983 h thng TD AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
Service) ca M c a vo s dng v pht trin mnh m.
chu u, cc nc Bc u pht trin h thng cellular NMT (Nordic
Mobile Telephone) vi bng tn 450 MHz (NMT - 450) vo nm 1981 v bng
tn 900 MHz (NMT - 900) vo thng 10 nm 1986.
nc Anh pht trin h thng cellular 900 MHz trn c s tiu chun
AMPS ca M vi tn gi TACS (Total Access Communication System) vo nm
1985.
Ti Ty c pht trin h thng cellular bng tn 450 MHz vi tn l
C-450 t thng 11 nm 1985.
Tuy nhin do nhu cu ngy cng tng nht l v dung lng, cc h thng
ny dn dn khng tho mn c na. Mt khc do cc tiu chun ca cc h
thng khng tng thch nhau lm cho s chuyn giao khng rng nh mong
mun.
Trc nhng vn trn vo thng 9 nm 1987 trong hi ngh Chu u v
bu chnh vin thng, 17 quc gia Chu u ang s dng in thoi di ng s
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k mt bin bn ghi nh lm nn tng cho mng thng tin di ng s thng nht

ton Chu u.
Nm 1988, vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI - European
Telecommunication Standard Institute) thnh lp nhm chuyn trch v dch v
thng tin di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile Telecommunication). Nhm
ny c nhim v a ra cc tiu chun thng nht cho h thng thng tin di ng
s GSM di hnh thc cc khuyn ngh ly cc tiu chun ny lm c s cho
mng thng tin di ng, lm cho chng tng thch vi nhau. Thc hin iu ny
GSM c quan h mt thit vi cc t chc tiu chun vin thng khc trn th
gii.
Vi GSM vic thc hin lu ng (roaming) chu u l hon ton t
ng, ngoi ra GSM cn cung cp mt s tnh nng khc nh thng tin s liu tc
cao, Fax v cc dch v khc ...
Ngy nay h thng TTD ton cu GSM chim ti hn 70% th trng
TTD ton th gii vi hn 600 triu thu bao do hn 450 nh cung cp dch v
172 quc gia. Qua khng nh u th ca h thng GSM vi cc h thng
TTD khc.
Cc h thng GSM vn ang thu ht c s quan tm ca cc nh khai
thc dch v mi do GSM c :
- H thng tiu chun r rng
- D dng trong trin khai, lp t
- p dng cu trc m cho vic roaming quc t
- Cung cp dch v gia tng gi tr
Do vy vic chp nhn GSM ng ngha vi vic thu c li nhun nhanh,
t chu ri ro v tho mn c nhu cu khch hng.
iu to nn s thnh cng ca h thng GSM l gii php u cui ti
u cui hon thin, t h tng mng li v dch v n thit b u cui, my
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cm tay v h thng tnh cc. Qua GSM tr thnh tiu chun chung cho h
thng thng tin di ng ton cu mang li nhiu dch v di ng cho khch hng
ng thi cng khng nh v th mnh m ni tri ca mnh trong th trng cc
th h thng tin di ng.
GSM to ra mt hnh lanh quan trng cho s pht trin lnh vc thng tin di
ng trong tng lai, qua vic a ra cc gii php trc tip dn ti s pht trin
ca cng ngh TTD th h 3 : GPRS, EDGE v W-CDMA.
I.2 NHNG HN CH CA GSM TRONG THI K HIN NAY
Vn ln nht t ra cho cc nh khai thc dch v thng tin di ng GSM
l tc v dung lng.
H thng GSM s khng cn duy tr c sc mnh v thnh cng ca
mnh nu nh cc nh khai thc s dng nhiu th h cng ngh GSM k trn
khai thc trn cng mt nn tng mng.
Khi s lng thu bao tng ln nhanh v nhng i hi v tc bt u
bc l nhng hn ch ca h thng GSM:
- Chuyn mch knh khng thch hp vi cc tc s liu cao
- S lng ph ti nguyn do mt knh lun trng thi m ngay c khi
khng c lu lng i qua
Do hn ch v dung lng ca tn s sng mang (mi tn s ch cho php
ti a 8 knh thoi cng lc) v vic s dng li tn s gy ra nhiu trng tn s
(C/I) nn vn kh khn t ra cho cc nh khai thc dch v cc thnh ph
ln tp trung thu bao vi mt ln l lm th no p ng dung lng khch
hng m khng lm suy gim cht lng dch v.
Nn tng ca vic phn chia lu lng, ph sng ca TD l da trn c
s mng t bo. Khi lu lng tng ln vt qu kh nng dung lng ca mt
trm thu pht th bin php gii quyt l phi tng thm trm. Vn t ra y
l chng ta ch c th tng ln n mt mc gii hn no trong phm vi khong
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cch gia 2 trm khng b nh hng gy ra nhiu. Hay ni cch khc l bn

knh ca t bo ph sng c gii hn. Nu vt qu gii hn ny th cht lng
dch v s khng m bo.
Chnh v cc l do nn hip hi GSM th gii cng vi cng ng GSM
ang tp trung nghin cu hnh thnh mt ln sng cng ngh mi. l s kt
hp th gii cng ngh thng tin (IT/Internet) vi th gii TTD, qua kt hp
sc mnh k nng, kinh nghim ca 2 lnh vc ny to ra hnh lang pht trin
mi cho GSM, GPRS, 3G.
I.3 CC TH H TTD TIP THEO
I.3.1 TTD th h 2+
Bc pht trin tip theo ca tin trnh pht trin thng tin v tuyn th h 2
hng ti th h 3 l GPRS.
GPRS l gii php cho php chuyn ti v thc hin cc dch v truyn s
liu trn mng in thoi di ng. Dch v v tuyn gi chung GPRS cho php p
dng nguyn tc v tuyn gi truyn d liu ca ngi s dng mt cch hiu
qu gia cc my u cui di ng GSM v mng d liu gi. Cc gi d liu c
th c nh tuyn trc tip t my u cui GPRS ti cc mng chuyn mch
gi. Phin bn hin nay ca GPRS h tr cc mng da trn tiu chun IP nh
mng Internet/Intranet cng nh cc mng X.25.
thc hin thm chc nng ny cn nng cp v lp t thm mt s thit
b chuyn mch knh d liu v dch v nhn tin ngn SMS.
Ti nay c trn 70 mng GPRS c khai thc, thng mi ho. GPRS
l cng ngh c s dng cung cp truyn s liu vi tc cao hn.
GPRS s dng a khe thi gian tng vic truyn d liu nhng GPRS
khng phn b cc khe thi gian ny cho mt ngi s dng m nhiu ngi s
dng cng dung chung cc khe thi gian nhn v truyn d liu khi cn. V vy
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GPRS s dng cc tn s v tuyn hiu qu hn rt nhiu v lm tng dung lng

ca sng mang.
Tuy nhin trong phng thc hot ng ca GPRS cc ng dng ca ngi
s dng khng c p ng mt cch tc thi mi khi c yu cu m lun c
mt tr nht nh trong vic truyn d liu. V vy GPRS rt thch hp cho cc
dch v chuyn d liu dng gi nh hin th Web, truyn ti hnh nh hoc d
liu.
Thc t hin nay tc truyn ti cao nht ca GPRS khong 40 Kbit/s tuy
nhin tc ny c th c nng cao hn khi c cc ci tin v thit b u cui
v p dng m ho mi.
Mt c tnh quan trng na ca GPRS l ngi s dng c th t ch
lun kt ni (always online). Ch ny khng chim dng cc khe thi gian m
khe thi gian ch c s dng khi d liu c truyn i hay nhn n nhng n
cho php s dng kt ni dch v lin tc. VD: e-mail, intranet...
S p dng dch v gi d liu v tuyn chung GPRS cho hai chun th h
hai l GSM v TDMA/136 mc du nng tc truyn d liu ln n 171,2
Kbit/s vn cha p ng c chun v tuyn th h 3 nh IMT-2000 do s
hn ch trong vic ng dng dch v a phng tin.
Dch v GPRS to ra tc cao ch yu nh s kt hp ca cc khe thi
gian, cho php tng tc truyn ln 8 ln nu s dng c 8 khe thi gian ca tn
s sng mang. Tuy nhin do k thut ny vn da vo k thut iu ch GMSK
nguyn thu, k thut iu ch ny lm hn ch tc truyn v c th thay th
bng mt k thut iu ch mi c th nng tc iu ch ln 2 n 3 ln. Do
nu kt hp vic ghp khe thi gian v thay i k thut iu ch ta s c tc
truyn t yu cu ca chun di ng th h 3. chnh l cng ngh EDGE.
tng tc truyn trong EDGE ngi ta s dng k thut iu ch
8PSK thay th cho k thut iu ch GMSK. Hin ti GSM/GPRS cung cp tc
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truyn d liu t 11,2 n 22,8 Kbit/s cho mt khe thi gian. EDGE s cho php
tc truyn t 11,2 n 59,2 Kbit/s cho mt khe thi gian v nu ghp nhiu khe
thi gian s cho tc truyn ti a 384 Kbit/s.

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I.3.2 Hng ti thng tin di ng th h 3 (3G)

Thng tin di ng 3GSM l mt b phn quan trng trong dng cng ngh
h GSM, v hin ang c ng h mnh m nh l mt gii php cng ngh ti
u cho thng tin di ng th h 3.
Nm 1992, ti Hi ngh v Thng tin v tuyn th gii (WARC), cc nc
ng phn b di tn dng cho cc h thng 3G l bng tn 2 GHz. ITU
t tn cho cc h thng 3G l IMT-2000, UMTS hay 3GSM/WCDMA. ng
thi cc c quan v tiu chun ho ang xc tin vic xy dng tiu chun gm
cc tham s p ng yu cu ca thng tin di ng th h 3 qua d n c tn
3GPP(Third Generation Partnership Project). Tham gia d n ny c nhiu t chc
tiu chun ca cc nc nh Lin minh chu u, Nht Bn, Hn Quc, Trung
Quc, Bc M ... n nay mng 3G u tin c trin khai ti Nht Bn. D
kin cc mng 3G mi s tip tc c trin khai trong cc nm 2002-2003.
Mng 3G s bao gm cc c tnh sau :
- Dch v thoi vi cht lng cao hn nhiu so vi mng GSM nh s
dng b m c kh nng thch ng a tc cht lng cao(AMR).
- Truyn dn chuyn mch knh d liu tc cao, hin nay cho php
truyn vi tc 64 Kbit/s. N c th cho php truyn hnh nh video
vi cht lng trung bnh cho cc ng dng ca dch v in thoi thy
hnh.
- Chuyn mch gi tc cao, cho php cung cp cc dch v truyn d
liu vi tc t 384 Kbit/s ti 2Mbit/s
- Cc dch v nh v
- Cc dch v khc nh : SMS, th in t, bn tin hin th bng hnh nh,
li ni v cc dch v thng ti a phng tin khc.
- Chuyn tip cuc gi sang cc mng GSM/GPRS.
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Hin ti 3GPP ang khn trng xc tin xy dng tiu chun 3G, d
kin nm 2002- 2003 s c c tiu chun p dng chung. n nay xc nh
c mt s tham s nh :
- Thoi bng rng (wideband speech)
- Kh nng thng tin a phng tin y , cho php cung cp cc dch
v hn hp gm c thoi, d liu v hnh nh video, cng nh truy nhp
c vo mng Internet (WWW)
- Tng cng cc dch v nh v

Di ng
th h 3G

Trc
tip

EDGE

GPRS

GSM

Hnh I.1: Hai phng hng trin khai th h di ng 3G

Theo thng k ca Hip hi GSM th gii, n nay c 80-85% s lng
cc nh khai thc thng tin di ng trn th gii, v tt c cc nh khai thc ti
chu u la chn 3GSM/WCDMA l tiu chun mi cho pht trin thng tin di
ng th h 3. Tuy 3GSM c chn l nn tng cho mng thng tin di ng
tng lai, nhng hin nay cc nh khai thc ang nghin cu hng pht trin n
3G trn c s thc tin tn dng ti a h tng c s GSM hin nay qua vic xy
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dng cc tiu chun chuyn tip 2,5G nh GPRS, EDGE. Trong nhiu khuyn
ngh chn GPRS l bc chuyn tip trung gian dn n 3G. GPRS khng phi l
ng tt nhanh nht pht trin n 3G, m n gip cho cc nh khai thc d
dng thc hin chuyn i th trng v mng di ng GSM hin ti theo hng
3G trn c s m bo ti u ho vn u t, h tng hin c, ng thi cng
cung cp cho khch hng s dng ngay c cc dch v mi ca mng 3G.
Mt hng khc pht trin ln 3G l t GSM u ni trc tip vi cc
mng v tuyn WCDMA. Phng thc ny cho php s dng ngay c h thng
3G hin i tc cao nhng chi ph xy dng rt tn km, gi thnh dch v
cao, chm thu hi c vn u t.

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CHNG II
TNG QUAN V MNG GPRS

II.1 CC C IM DCH V CA GPRS

GPRS cho php ngi dng truyn s liu t u cui n u cui mt
cch hiu qu vi cc ng dng c tnh cht bng pht. l cc ng dng c mt
trong cc tnh cht sau y :
- Truyn s liu gin on, khng c chu k.
- Truyn s liu c chu k vi cm s liu c kch thc nh.
- Truyn s liu khng c chu k vi cc cm s liu c kch thc ln
vi Kb.
Trong GPRS c hai loi dch v s liu c h tr. l:
- Dch v im ti im PTP.
- Dch v im ti a im PTM.
II.1.1 Dch v PTP
Cc dch v PTP cung cp cho khch hng kh nng trao i d liu gia 2
ngi dng. Mt ngi gi d liu cn ngi kia nhn.
C 2 loi dch v PTP khc nhau :
- Dch v PTP nh hng kt ni
- Dch v PTP phi kt ni
Dch v nh hng kt ni cho php ngi dng gi cc gi tin ti ngi
khc. Mt chuyn mch knh o c thit lp gia cc thu bao v lin kt logic
gia cc thu bao c duy tr, vic truyn cc bn tin l tin cy. Vi loi kt ni
nh hng PTP ny GPRS c th h tr cc giao thc nh X.25 ...
Dch v phi kt ni cho php ngi dng gi nhng gi tin n l ti ngi
khc. Tng gi tin l nhng thc th ring bit v khng c quan h vi cc gi c
trc hoc c sau. y l mt loi dch v datagram v vic chuyn cc bn tin l
ng tin cy. Loi dch v ny h tr cc giao thc Internet IP.
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II.1.2 Dch v PTM

Dch v PTM a ra cho thu bao c hi gi bn tin ti nhiu ngi nhn
ch vi mt yu cu dch v. Thu bao c th nh ngha vng m bn tin c gi
v nhng thuc tnh khc.
Dch v PTM chia ra 2 loi :
- PTM - Multicast
- PTM - Group Call
II.1.3 Cht lng dch v
Mt trong nhng im cn xem xt trong mng GPRS l kh nng p
ng yu cu ca khch hng v tc d liu. GPRS c chc nng cho php lm
tng hoch gim ti nguyn ca mng n nh cho GPRS da trn kh nng phn
b ng v c iu khin bi nh khai thc.
Vi mi loi dch v mong mun cung cp truyn s liu, cc khch hng
tng lai lun mun c s tin cy rng h s c m bo mt cch chc chn
v cht lng. Do cc k thut phi bao gm cc c ch gip cho vic kim
sot c tt. lm c iu ngi ta a ra cc thng s QoS thch hp :
- Mc u tin ca dch v : cao/trung bnh/thp
- Mc tin cy : cao/trung bnh/thp
- tr : 4 lp
- thng ti : tc bit ti a(IRT) v tc it trung bnh.
II.2 CC C TRNG CHNH CA GPRS T GC NGI
DNG
II.2.1 Tc
Theo l thuyt, tc ti a c th t c vi GPRS l 171,2 Kbps khi c
tm khe thi gian u c s dng ng thi v khng c cc bin php chng
li. Ngi ta cho rng, GPRS c th cung cp cho ngi s dng cc tc t 9,6
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Kbps ti 115 Kbps. Tc ny ln gp khong 2 ln tc truyn s liu hin ti

ca mng c nh v gp khong 10 ln tc truyn s liu trong GSM theo
phng thc chuyn mch knh.
II.2.2 Tnh tc thi
Vic truyn s liu theo phng thc c ca GSM cn thi gian thit lp kt
ni t 20-25 giy. GPRS cung cp cc iu kin thun li cho vic to cc kt ni
tc thi trong s liu c th c gi hoc nhn mt cch tc thi ngay khi cn
thit. y chnh l l do khin ngi dng cho rng h tnh trng lun kt ni.
Tnh tc thi l mt u im ca GPRS so vi vic truyn s liu bng phng
thc chuyn mch knh ca GSM.
II.2.3 Cc ng dng mi
GPRS cho php cung cp nhiu ng dng mi cho ngi dng. Nhng ng
dng ny trc y khng th cung cp cho ngi dng do cc gii hn ca
chuyn mch knh. GPRS cho php ngi dng c th duyt Web, chat, FTP trn
my tnh ca h thng qua mng PLMN.

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II.3 Cc c trng chnh ca GPRS t gc mng

II.3.1 Chuyn mch gi v hiu qu s dng ph
GPRS thc hin truyn s liu ngi dng qua GSM bng phng thc
chuyn mch gi. Chuyn mch gi a ra nhng u im ng k so vi chuyn
mch knh ch yu do bn cht khng i xng v khng lin tc ca s liu cn
truyn qua mng.
Chuyn mch knh

Chuyn mch gi

Hnh II.1: S khc bit gia chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi
Trong chuyn mch gi nhiu knh truyn c dng chung v c chia
s cho nhiu ngi s dng mng. GPRS cho php mt ngi dng c th chim
dng c 8 khe thi gian truyn s liu mt khc cng c th chia s cho 8 ngi
dng.
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Hin ti mng GSM da trn cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v do sa

i cu trc mng l cn thit h tr cng ngh chuyn mch gi ca GPRS.
Tuy nhin cc c tnh vt l quen thuc v cn bn ca giao din v tuyn gn
nh khng b thay i mc d mt lot cc knh v tuyn GPRS mi c nh
ngha thm. Ti nguyn v tuyn ca mng c th c chia s ng gia cc
dch v thoi v cc dch v s liu. Nh vy s ngi dng thc s m mt cell
phc v ph thuc vo ng dng no ang thc hin v bao nhiu s liu cn
truyn. iu ny gip gim bt s knh d phng cho gi cao im trong mt cell
so vi chuyn mch knh.
T hnh v cho ta thy khc bit c bn gia phng thc chuyn mch knh
v chuyn mch gi. Trong khi chuyn mch theo phng thc knh cung cp
mt u ni trong ton b thi gian phc v th chuyn mch gi ch cung cp u
ni khi c nhu cu truyn cc gi tin.
II.3.2 Kt ni mng s liu
GPRS c th kt ni vi cc mng s liu X.25 v cc mng IP. Nhng ta
c th thy rng phn ln lu lng truyn ti qua mng GPRS s t Internet hoc
tp hp cc Intranet v di dng gi IP. Lc mng GPRS s ng vai tr nh
l mt mng con ca Internet vi cc MS GPRS c coi nh cc my u cui.
Do cc ng dng trn Internet u c th thc hin qua GPRS nn cc nh khai
thc mng PLMN c c hi tr thnh cc nh cung cp dch v Internet khng
dy.
II.3.3 H tr c TDMA v GSM
Cn ch rng GPRS khng ch c th trin khai trn GSM m cc mng
PLMN theo tiu chun TDMA/IS-136 hin ang ph bin Bc M cng c th
trin khai GPRS tin ti 3G.
II.4 CC HN CH CA GPRS
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III.4.1 Dung lng cell gii hn cho tt c ngi dng

GPRS c nh hng mnh n dung lng cell hin ti ca mng. Ti
nguyn v tuyn trong mt cell l hu hn li c s dng cho c dch v thoi
v s liu. iu ny s lm gim s knh ginh cho dch v thoi. S nh hng
ny ph thuc vo s khe thi gian d tr cho GPRS.
II.4.2 Tr chuyn tip
Cc gi GPRS c truyn i bng nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch. Trong qu
trnh truyn c th c gi b tht lc v phi truyn li. chnh l nguyn nhn
c th gy ra tr truyn dn trong GPRS. iu ny lm cho cc ng dng cn
video tr nn km cht lng.
II.4.3 Tc trong thc t thp hn
Tc ti a GPRS t c theo l thuyt l 171,2 Kbps khi mt ngi dng
chim c 8 khe thi gian v khng c li. iu ny l khng c thc trong thc t.
Do tc s thp hn v ph thuc vo nh khai thc cng nh thit b.
II.5 CC NG DNG CHO GPRS
Chat : Nhiu thnh vin trong mng PLMN c xu hng s dng dch v
phi thoi by t kin ca mnh. GPRS cho php ngi dng c th tham gia
vo cc phng chat c sn trn mng Internet. Ngi dng c th s dng dch v
PTM-M cho mc ch ny.
Truyn cc thng tin vn bn v hnh nh : Cc thng tin nh : qung co,
gi c, thi tit, kt qu th thao, giao thng ... c th chuyn ti ngi s dng.
Cc thng tin ny khng nht thit phi dng vn bn m c th l hnh nh,
biu ... hoc cc bn tin ny di qu 160 k t. Lc GPRS s c la chn
thay th cho SMS.
nh tnh : Cc bc tranh, nh, thip mng ... c th truyn qua mng di
ng nh l trong mng c nh.
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Duyt Web : Duyt Web vi chuyn mch knh khng th c ng dng

lu di. V tc hn ch ca chuyn mch knh, nn Web Browser phi mt
nhiu thi gian ch thng tin. GPRS cho php ci thin iu ny.
Truy nhp mng LAN t xa : Vi tc v tnh tc thi ca GPRS, ngi
dng hon ton c th truy nhp v ly thng tin t mng LAN ca h ra trong khi
ang di chuyn hoc khng gn my tnh ca mnh.
Truyn file : ng dng ny bao gm mi hnh thc download s liu qua
mng di ng. S liu c th l ti liu hoc l phn mm chng trnh. Ngun s
liu c th l cc site FTP thng thng cng c th l Telnet, HTTP, c s d
liu ca cng ty ...
II.6 CU TRC MNG GPRS
EIR

BTS

PSTN
Gatewa
y MSC

MSC/VLR

ISDN
IN ...

BSC

HLR/
AC

SSS

Internet
Intranet
PDN

PCU

MS
Operation
Maintenane
Center

OMC

Serving
GSN

BSS

Gatewa
yGSN

GSS

GPRS

Hnh II.2: Cu trc Logic mng GSM/GPRS.

GPRS l dch v chuyn mch gi chung thc hin trn mng GSM, n cho
php my di ng truy nhp c vo mng Internet v cc mng d liu gi PDN
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khc. Vic trin khai GPRS i hi s thay i ln trong kin trc mng GSM
cho php mng lm vic c vi c s liu ca chuyn mch knh v s liu
chuyn mch gi. Ba thc th mi c thm vo mng. l :
- GGSN : Gateway GPRS Support Node
- SGSN : Serving GPRS Support Node
- PCU : Parket Control Unit
Cc phn t ny lin kt vi cc phn t ca mng GSM thng qua mt lot
cc giao din mi nh ngha. Cc giao din mi nh ngha cho GPRS u bt
u bng tin t G.
II.6.1 GGSN
GGSN l phn t c chc nng tng t vi GMSC trong GSM. GGSN l
nt c truy nhp bi mng ngoi trong trng hp cn truyn s liu ti mt
MS trong mng. GGSN s nhn cc gi s liu nh tuyn chng ti SGSN ang
phc v MS SGSN truyn cc gi ny ti MS.
GGSN c kt ni ti mng PDN qua giao din Gi. pha trong mng
GGSN c kt ni ti cc SGSN qua giao din Gn. Giao din ny cho php cc
PDU ca mng IP v mng X.25 bn ngoi u c truyn i nh nhau trong
mng GPRS.
II.6.1.1 Cc chc nng chnh ca GGSN
- Qun l di ng
- Qun l phin.
Chc nng ny cung cp kh nng qun l cc Packet Data Protocol (PDP)
Context trong cc nt SGSN v GGSN. N bao gm cc th tc kch hot, thay
i v ngng kch hot PDP Context. Ch c GGSN mi c quyn kch hot PDP
Context. Nu PDP Context cha c a ch tnh th GGSN c th cung cp mt a
ch tm thi hoc ly mt a ch t vng phc v (Radius Server) ca ISP cho
PDP Context.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

- Qun l gi.
Chc nng ny bao gm tt c cc th tc cn thit cho vic nh tuyn v
truyn cc gi d liu thng qua cc nt SGSN hoc GGSN. Mng ng trc
GPRS c chc nng nh tuyn v cc gi d liu (PDUs) s c truyn ti ch
thng qua mng. Vic ny c thc hin bi mt s giao thc nh GTP hay IP.
Ngoi chc nng ny ra th mng GPRS cng ging nh bt k mt mng IP no
khc. Trong mng IP th chc nng nh tuyn c thc hin bi mt IP router,
cn trong mng GPRS th GGSN s m nhim chc nng nh tuyn. Cc phn
mm hin nay ch s dng c trong mng IPversion4.
- C s d liu.
Khi GGSN thc hin vic kch hot mt PDP Context th n c nhim v phi
lu tr v qun l nhng d liu sau:

Nhn dng thu bao di ng.

Giao thc (PDP type) v a ch (PDP address) gi d liu.

a ch IP ca SGSN ni m MS ang hot ng.

Cht lng dch v QoS.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II.6.1.2 CU TRC PHN CNG CA MT GGSN

GGSN
File server platform

Ethernet

File server (with DAT, HDD)

File server (with DAT, HDD)
SC
ATM SP platform

to
LIC:STM1

H
U
B

ABC

SP:GTP

Gn

MCP
SP:ISP

to Internet
LIC

Gi
HNH II.3:

S CU TRC PHN CNG CA MT GGSN

ATM SP PLATFORM BAO GM CC KHI SAU :

B X L SERVER (SP) CHU TRCH NHIM X L CC HOT
NG H THNG V CC NG DNG PHN MM.
CARD GIAO DIN (LIC) CUNG CP CC KT NI : GN, GI ...
CARD IU KHIN TRUNG TM KT HP VI SP IU
KHIN HOT NG CA H THNG.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

FILE SERVER PLATFORM BAO GM CC SPARC COMPACT

PCI PLATFORM C NI VI CC THIT B CA ATM
SP PLATFORM THNG QUA MT B HUB.
II.6.2 SGSN
SGSN l phn t c chc nng tng t vi MSC trong mng GSM. SGSN
phi gii quyt cc vn qun l di ng v an ninh.
SGSN c th c kt ni ti MSC/VLR ca mng GSM qua giao din Gs.
II.6.2.1 Cc chc nng chnh ca SGSN
- Qun l di ng.
Vic thit lp dch v chuyn mch gi c khi to t MS s c thc
hin bi SGSN bao gm cc th tc nhn dng v nh a ch. S nhn dng thu
bao quc t IMSI c s dng ti giao din ngi dng.
Thu bao GPRS s c nhn thc qua th tc GPRS attach. HLR s cp
nht khu vc hot ng mi ca thu bao, sau cung cp cc thng s ca thu
bao cho SGSN. Nh chc nng qun l di ng ca SGSN s thit lp mt lin
kt logic tm thi n thu bao di ng. Chc nng ny lun phi thc hin u
tin v nu khng c th tc GPRS attach th SGSN s khng nhn bit c s c
mt ca thu bao di ng trong h thng ca mnh. Khi thu bao di ng di
chuyn sang mt khu vc thuc mt SGSN khc th n phi khi to mt th tc
cp nht nh tuyn, tuy nhin thng tin v thu bao ny vn c SGSN c lu
gi cho n khi hon tt qu trnh cp nht khu vc mi.
- Chc nng an ninh.
Chc nng nhn thc ca GPRS hot ng tng t nh ca GSM tuy
nhin n do SGSN thc hin.
Th tc nhn thc GPRS c khi to cng vi qu trnh cp nht khu
vc nh tuyn khi mt thu bao GPRS di chuyn n gii hn qun l ca SGSN
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

hoc trong th tc GPRS attach. thc hin qu trnh nhn thc ny th SGSN
mi s gi n SGSN c mt yu cu cp nht ba thng s :
S ngu nhin cho vic nhn thc (RAND)
Signed response (SRES)
Cipher key (Kc)
Qu trnh nhn thc s so snh thng s SRES c gi ti bi MS vi s
SRES c cung cp bi SGSN c. Nu chng trng nhau th qu trnh nhn thc
l hon thnh. Ngc li SGSN s thng bo n MS v thot khi chc nng an
ninh.
- Qun l phin.
Qun l phin s cung cp cc chc nng cho qu trnh qun l PDP Context
trong cc nt ca GPRS bao gm vic kch hot, thay i v ngng kch hot PDP
Context.
Chc nng qun l phin c thc hin c SGSN v GGSN. N cung cp
tt c cc thng tin cn thit ca cc cm d liu gi cn truyn (PDUs) cho qu
trnh khi to PDP Context gia mt thu bao v mt PDN.
- Qun l ti nguyn.
Qun l ti nguyn cung cp cc chc nng cho hot ng ca h thng c
bit l cc thng s v cht lng QoS. N nh ngha cc th tc tnh ton h
tr yu cu ti nguyn truyn d liu ca ngi dng, th tc quyt nh ngun ti
nguyn c th cung cp u, th tc d tr ti nguyn...
- Qun l gi d liu.
Qun l gi bao gm tt c cc chc nng cn cho qu trnh nh tuyn v
truyn cc gi d liu (PDUs) trong cc nt GGSN v SGSN.
- Qun l h thng nhn tin ngn SMS.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Mt h thng SMS nu truyn thng qua SGSN v d nh qua knh v

tuyn ca GPRS s hiu qu hn l truyn qua MSC ca GSM. Do , SGSN thit
lp mt h thng SMS truyn cc bn tin ngn gia cc thu bao ca GPRS v
GSM vi trung tm dch v tin ngn SMSC. Giao din Gd c nh ngha kt
ni SGSN vi SMS-GMSC, n h tr cho c dch v nhn tin ngn thng thng
SMS MO v dch v nhn tin u cui di ng SMS TM.
- C s d liu.
SGSN lu gi cc d liu ging nh MSC/VLR, bao gm cc thng tin
qun l di ng :
S nhn dng thu bao di ng GPRS.
PDP type v PDP address
Nhn dng im truy nhp lp mng NSAPI
a ch IP ca GGSN v s TID
Cht lng mng QoS
SGSN qun l tt c cc thu bao di ng GPRS trong khu vc dch v ca
n bng cc to ra cc context qun l di ng v context giao thc ng gi d
liu cho thu bao di ng. SGSN cng kt ni vi BSS thng qua cc frame relay
(FR)
II.6.2.2 Cu trc phn cng ca SGSN
Cu trc phn cng ca SGSN gm ba khi chnh l : hai khi ATM SP
platform v mt khi ATM MP platform.
Trong mt khi ATM MP platform gm :
B x l chnh (MP) l trung tm x l v hot ng ca khi. N
c ci t cc phn mm ng dng v cc chc nng ca GPRS c
thc hin y.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Card giao din (LIC) cung cp cc giao din ti mng chuyn mch
ATM: Gd, Gr, Gs ...
Mng chuyn mch ATM (ASN) ni gia MP v LIC bao gm cc
b ghp knh ATM (AMX) v mng li ASN.
Trong mt khi ATM SP platform gm :
B x l server (SP) x l hot ng ca h thng v cc ng dng
phn mm
Card giao din (LIC) cung cp cc kt ni : Gb,Gi,Gn ...

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ATM MP platform

to HLR/AC
LIC:E1

MP:PD/SH

ATM SP platform

to GMSC

LIC:GTP

Gi
Gb

Gn
MP:SM

MP:MM/CAP

SP:GTP

LIC:FR

to BSS

SP:GTP

MP:SL

MCP

LIC:STM1

A
S
N

LIC:STM1

ATM SP platform

MP:ACC
LIC:STM1

MP:OAM/
STAT

MCP
LIC:STM1

TCP/IP

SC

Hnh II.4: S cu trc phn cng ca mt SGSN

II.6.3 PCU
Chc nng chnh ca BSS cho GPRS ch yu nm PCU, PCU phi qun
l cc chc nng ca Frame Relay, x l cc bo hiu dch v mng, cc bo hiu
BSSGP, nh tuyn cc bn tin, truyn s liu ngi dng ...
PCU cng phi c cc chc nng qun l cc knh v tuyn GPRS, tin
hnh o QoS, chuyn i cc gi s liu thnh dng c th truyn trn giao din
v tuyn.
II.7 GIAO DIN TRONG MNG GPRS
GPRS c cc giao din sau :
II. 7.1 Gb : giao din gia SGSN vi BSS
Giao din Gb l giao din kt ni vi mng ng trc chuyn tip khung.
Theo cc tiu chun ETSI, giao din gia BSC v SGSN phi l cc giao din Gb.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Vic truyn cc gi d liu n v (PDU) gia SGSN v BSC qua mng chuyn
tip khung c coi l hon ton trong sut. Mt SGSN c th kt ni vi nhiu
BSC nhng mt BSC ch c php kt ni vi duy nht mt SGSN thng qua
mt kt ni vt l.
Giao din kt ni gia SGSN v BSC (Gb) c th c thc hin theo
phng thc trc tip im - im hay thc hin qua mt mng chuyn tip
khung. Cc giao thc chuyn tip khung c quy nh trong cc ti liu ca (RFF
Frame Relay Forum). Trong c ch kt ni im - im, BSC s ng vai tr
nh mt i tng s dng cn SGSN ng vai tr nh mt mng. Nu kt ni
gia BSC v SGSN c thc hin thng qua mt mng chuyn tip khung th c
BSC v SGSN u ng vai tr nh l cc i tng s dng.
C 4 phng thc kt ni thng qua mng chuyn tip khung:
Kt ni trc tip c nh qua mng c chuyn mch thi gian khng
ng b bit. Phng thc ny p dng trong trng hp SGSN v BSS
c kt ni thng qua mt kt ni c nh v khng c chuyn tip
khung, s d nh vy l do MSC s dng thit b chuyn mch thi gian
khng ng b bit. Tc truyn s liu ti a cho mt kt ni c nh
o l 64 Kbit/s.
Kt ni bng mng chuyn tip khung ng b bit. Do d liu c
truyn theo phng thc ng b bit, cc khe thi gian c th kt hp
t c tc 2 Mbit/s cho mt kt ni.
Kt ni bng mng chuyn tip khung khng ng b. Trong trng
hp ny, thit b chuyn mch thi gian khng ng b bit c nhim v
xo bit ng b gia hai khe thi gian. Kt qu l tc truyn d liu
ti a ca mt khe thi gian l 64 Kbit/s.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Kt ni trc tip. BSS v SGSN c ni trc tip bng mt ng

cp ng b bit, khng s dng chuyn tip khung. Tc ti a l
2Mbit/s.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. 7.2 Gi : giao din gia GGSN vi mng ngoi

Giao din Gi l giao din gia GGSN v mng d liu gi ngoi nh cc
mng Internet/Intranet. N s dng cc dch v chun ca mng IP truyn cc
gi d liu ca ngi dng. Giao din Gi cng c chc nng nh tuyn v trao
i thng tin nh tuyn.
Cc kt ni sau c th c h tr :
Kt ni ti cc nh cung cp dch v Internet cng cng(ISP).
Kt ni trc tip ti mng Internet.
Kt ni ti nh cung cp dch v a phng.
II.7.3 Gn : giao din gia cc nt GSN vi nhau trong cng mt mng
Gn l giao din gia cc nt GSN ca cng mt mng PLMN. N thc hin
kt ni cc nt GSN ti mng IP GPRS ng trc(backbone). Ti giao din Gn
cung cp cc giao thc ng hm truyn cc gi d liu t GSN ra mng
ng trc.
Hai kiu mng ng trc c th l:
Mt mng IP bao gm mng li router vi kh nng nh tuyn cc
IP datagram. Nt GSN c kt ni vo mt trong cc router bng mt
hoc mt vi kt ni im ti im hay bng mt hoc mt vi giao din
Ethernet. Nt GSN khng cn c kh nng nh tuyn.
Mt mng im ti im c hnh thnh t cc kt ni lp 2 hoc
lp 1. Nt GSN c th c kt ni bng cc PVC hoc cc ng cp
ring. Mng kiu ny c th l mng y sao cho cc nt c th
truyn d liu ti bt k nt no khc trong mng, hay l mng khng
y m GSN phi cung cp mt nh tuyn c th ti mt nt
khc.
Mng ng trc GPRS cng c th l s kt hp ca hai loi mng trn.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II.7.4 Gp : giao din gia cc nt GSN ca cc mng khc nhau

Giao din Gp cng tng t nh giao din Gn nhng n thc hin kt ni
gia cc nt GSN ca hai mng GPRS ng trc khc nhau.
II.7.5 Gr : giao din gia SGSN vi HLR
Dch v quan trng nht ca mt thu bao di ng l c th truyn hoc
nhn d liu trong khu vc phc v. Cc thng s ng k ca mt thu bao di
ng c SGSN khai bo trong HLR v cung cp n cho cc khu vc ln cn.
HLR s gi cho SGSN tt c cc d liu cn h tr dch v cho thu bao di
ng.

SGSN qun l tt c cc thu bao di ng trong vng phc v ca n.

N xc nh c v tr ca thu bao di ng, h tr giao thc truyn d liu gi

v cc im truy nhp PDN tng ng. Cc thng tin ny c truyn nh giao
din Gr.
II.7.6 Gd : giao din gia SGSN vi SMS-GMSC/IWMSC(SM-SC)
Giao din Gd l giao din gia trung tm dch v bn tin ngn SMSC v
SGSN dng truyn cc bn tin ngn cho dch v nhn tin ngn.
II.7.7 Gs : giao din gia SGSN vi MSC/VLR
Giao din Gs l giao din gia MSC/VLR vi SGSN trong trng hp kt
hp gia cc dch v chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh v d nh vic cp
nht thng tin v v tr thu bao c th kt hp thnh mt th tc chung.
Gs s dng dch v ca mng bo hiu SS7 cho vic trao i thng tin.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II.7.8 Um : giao din gia BTS v MS

Giao din v tuyn Um l giao din gia trm thu pht BTS vi thu bao di
ng MS.
MSC/
VLR

HLR

Gs

SM-SC

Gr

Gd
GPRS

MS

BSC

SPC

Gb SGSN

Gn GGSN

CAP

Gn

Gn

SGSN

Gi PDN

Gp

GGSN

Other PLMN
Hnh II.5: Cc giao din trong mng GSM/GPRS.
II.8 CC THAY I CA GPRS SO VI GSM
trin khai GPRS, ngoi vic b sung ba phn t c trng h tr GPRS
nh trnh by phn trn, ta cn cn phi c nhng thay i i vi cc phn
t khc c trong mng GSM.
II.8.1 Thay i HLR
Cc thng tin mi m HLR phi lu gi thm nh : a ch IP, a ch SS7
ca SGSN ang phc v MS, cc tham s QoS, loi PDP ngm nh ca MS, a
ch PDP ca MS, PDP context ca MS c lu gi SGSN hay b xo ...
Cc chc nng mi ca HLR : chn thng tin thu bao, xo thng tin thu
bao cho SGSN, x l v gi cc thng tin nh tuyn cho GGSN ...
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HLR c thm hai giao din mi l : Gc v Gr. Mt iu d thy l phc

v c c GSM v GPRS, HLR i hi mt nng lc x l cao hn, b nh tt
hn...
Remote SC
Um

ABC

MS

Abis

TE

MT

BTS

Ethernet O&M

SGSN

GGSN

Gn

BSC Gb

Gi

ISP

Local SC

PDN
PCU

Gr
GPRS

HLR/
AC
MSC/
VLR

Gd

GP

CAP

Gs
SM-SC

SPC

GSM
SGN
Hnh II.6: Cc giao din trong mng GSM/GPRS.
II.8.2 Thay i MSC/VLR
Th tc qun l di ng cn c s thay i : phi h tr Combinated
GPRS/ISMI Attach, h tr Combined RA/LA Update, khng cn s cp nht v tr
nh k na, nhn gi MS s dng dch v chuyn mch knh trong GPRS nhng
tr li li nhn trn giao din A.
MSC c thm giao din mi Gs gia MSC vi SGSN.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II.8.3 Thay i BSS

BTS mi cn c nng cp h tr hai giao thc hon ton mi l LLC
v MAC. Nu nh khai thc mun s dng gin m ho mi ca GPRS th vic
thay i vi BTS l bt buc.BTS c thm giao din mi Gb.
II.9 MNG TRUYN DN TRONG GPRS
GPRS s dng IP trong mng ng trc GPRS v Frame Relay trong
ng truyn dn SGSN-PCU.
Mng trc GPRS trong ni b mng PLMN l mt mng IP kt ni cc
SGSN v GGSN trong mng GPRS vi nhau. Mng trc ny truyn cc s liu
v bo hiu ca ni b mng GPRS .
Mng trc GPRS lin mng PLMN l mt mng IP kt ni cc mng trc
ni b v cc GSN ca cc mng PLMN khc nhau. Mng trc lin mng ny c
th l mng PDN, Internet, hoc cc knh thu ring.
on truyn dn SGSN-PCU trong cc giai on u ca GPRS dng mng
Frame Relay. Theo cc ti liu k thut v GPRS th mng Frame Relay ny c
th c thay th bng mng ATM.
II.10 THIT B DI NG GPRS
Mun s dng cc dch v GPRS th phi dng cc thit b di ng thch
hp c h tr GPRS. Cc MS ny cho php ngi dng s dng c hai cng ngh
GSM v GPRS.
Mt GPRS MS c th hot ng mt trong ba ch . Ch hot ng
s tu thuc vo cc dch v m MS tham gia, v d nh ch GPRS hay c GSM
v GPRS. Ba ch hot khc nhau c nh ngha di dng cc loi di ng
v c th c nh ngha nh sau :
Loi A : Loi ny h tr vo mng ng thi, kch hot ng thi, gim st
ng thi, yu cu ng thi v lu lng ng thi. Do , thu bao s dng MS
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

loi A c th thc hin hai dch v GSM v GPRS cng mt lc, tu thuc vo s
i hi QoS.
Loi B : Loi ny h tr vo mng ng thi, kch hot ng thi, gim st
ng thi. Tuy nhin, loi ny ch h tr hu hn cc yu cu ng thi cc
knh o GPRS khng b xo khi c s hin din ca lu lng chuyn mch knh.
Di nhng iu kin , cc kt ni o GPRS s trng thi bn hoc gi.
Lu lng ng thi khng c h tr bi MS loi B. Thu bao c th tin hnh
hoc nhn cuc gi cho mt trong hai dch v mt cch lin tip nhng khng
ng thi. Vic la chn mt trong hai dch v thch hp c tin hnh t ng.
Loi C : Loi ny h tr vo mng khng ng thi, v d ch s dng ln
lt. Nu c hai dch v u c h tr, MS loi C c th tin hnh hoc/v nhn
cuc gi t dch v la chn ngm nh hoc la chn bng tay.

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

KT LUN
Gii php GPRS c th y tc truyn d liu ln 270 Kbps. Mc ch
ca phng n ny l gii quyt vn dch v ca in thoi di ng. Khi s
dng dch v GPRS vo mng bc u s nng cp tc truyn n 64 Kbps
nn c th ng dng cc dch v thng mi in t, truyn d liu nhanh
chng v mng di ng kt ni c vi mng chuyn mch gi PDN sau
khi t n tc 270 Kbps th cc ng dng mng ISDN, dch v a phng
tin cng tng bc c trin khai.
Mt hn ch ca GPRS l tuy c a vo p dng trn th gii nhng
gi thnh ca u t cn kh cao. Hn na nu dch v GPRS c lu lng cao
th dung lng mng GSM cn phi m rng nht l phn v tuyn v mi cuc
truyn d liu s chim n 8 khe thi gian, gp 8 ln dung lng thoi, mt
khc mng GSM l khi pht trin mng v tuyn dung lng ln cao s b nh
hng cht lng li do vic gii hn bn knh ph sng.
u im ca gii php GPRS l da trn nn tng mng GSM nn tn dng
c thit b. Mng di ng ca chng ta hin nay l hai mng VinaFone v
MobiFone u s dng cng ngh GSM do s tn dng thit b v khng
gy sc cho ngi s dng.
Mt khc gii php ny cng c u im l c th tng bc thm d th
trng dch v chn thi im u t nng cp thch hp. Khi a gii php
EDGE khng thay i nhiu v phn cng nn tit kim u t.

CHNG I......................................................................1
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

XU HNG PHT TRIN CA TD TRN TH GII...........1

I.2 NHNG HN CH CA GSM TRONG THI K HIN NAY. 3
I.3 CC TH H TTD TIP THEO.....................................4
I.3.1 TTD th h 2+ ...............................................................4
II.1 CC C IM DCH V CA GPRS...........................10
II.1.1 Dch v PTP..................................................................10
II.1.2 Dch v PTM .................................................................11
II.1.3 Cht lng dch v........................................................11
II.2.1 Tc ..........................................................................11
II.2.2 Tnh tc thi.................................................................12
II.2.3 Cc ng dng mi........................................................12
II.3.2 Kt ni mng s liu.....................................................14
II.3.3 H tr c TDMA v GSM................................................14
III.4.1 Dung lng cell gii hn cho tt c ngi dng...........15
II.4.2 Tr chuyn tip............................................................15
II.4.3 Tc trong thc t thp hn......................................15
II.5 CC NG DNG CHO GPRS......................................15
II.6 CU TRC MNG GPRS............................................16
II.6.1.2 CU TRC PHN CNG CA MT GGSN...................19
GGSN...........................................................................19
...........................................................................................19
HNH II.3: S CU TRC PHN CNG CA MT GGSN...19
ATM SP PLATFORM BAO GM CC KHI SAU :....................19
B X L SERVER (SP) CHU TRCH NHIM X L CC HOT
NG H THNG V CC NG DNG PHN MM................19
CARD GIAO DIN (LIC) CUNG CP CC KT NI : GN, GI .... .19
CARD IU KHIN TRUNG TM KT HP VI SP IU
KHIN HOT NG CA H THNG.....................................19
FILE SERVER PLATFORM BAO GM CC SPARC COMPACT PCI
PLATFORM C NI VI CC THIT B CA ATM SP
PLATFORM THNG QUA MT B HUB..................................20
MCP.............................................................................24
MCP.............................................................................24
HLR...................................................................................29
GGSN................................................................................29
BSC...................................................................................29
SGSN.................................................................................29
PDN...................................................................................29
GGSN................................................................................29
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SGSN.................................................................................29
II.8 CC THAY I CA GPRS SO VI GSM......................29
II.8.1 Thay i HLR..................................................................29
II.8.2 Thay i MSC/VLR...........................................................30
II.8.3 Thay i BSS..................................................................31
II.9 MNG TRUYN DN TRONG GPRS............................31
II.10 THIT B DI NG GPRS ........................................31

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