IES DG-4-14

Design Guide for Roadway Lighting

Maintenance
 IES DG-4-14

IES Design Guide for

Roadway Lighting Maintenance

Publication of this Design Guide

has been approved by the IES.
Suggestions for revisions should
be directed to IES.
IES DG-4-14

Copyright 2014 by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America.

Approved by the IES Board of Directors, February 24, 2014, as a Transaction of the Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in any electronic retrieval system
or otherwise, without prior written permission of the IES.

Published by the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 120 Wall Street, New York, New York 10005.

IES Standards and Guides are developed through committee consensus and produced by the IES Office in
New York. Careful attention is given to style and accuracy. If any errors are noted in this document, please
forward them to Rita Harrold, Director Educational and Technical Development, at the above address for
verification and correction. The IES welcomes and urges feedback and comments.

Printed in the United States of America.

ISBN # 978-0-87995-287-7

DISCLAIMER

IES publications are developed through the consensus standards development process approved
by the American National Standards Institute. This process brings together volunteers represent-
ing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus on lighting recommendations. While the
IES administers the process and establishes policies and procedures to promote fairness in the
development of consensus, it makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness
of any information published herein.

The IES disclaims liability for any injury to persons or property or other damages of any nature
whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly result-
ing from the publication, use of, or reliance on this document

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or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the advice of a competent professional
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of this document shall not be attributable to the IES and is solely the responsibility of the certifier
or maker of the statement.
 IES DG-4-14

Prepared by:
Subcommittee on Lighting Maintenance and Light Sources
Of the IES Roadway Lighting Committee

J. Hart, Subcommittee Chair

K. Molloy, Vice Chair
J. Andrew Bloomfield, Secretary
M. Aitkenhead R. Harvey* A. Silbiger
J. Buraczynski W. Hughes J. Simard
D. Burroughs R. Jones C. Thomas*
B. Chau D. Okon V. Waight
P. Contos R. Rainer G. Westergren
J. Doyle P. Reed
T. Fenimore S. Rhea* *Advisory

Roadway Lighting Committee

N. Dittman, Chair
A. Silbiger, Vice Chair
E. Morel, Treasurer
W. Smelser, Secretary
M. Aitkenhead J. Doyle L. Leetzow L. Radetsky
B. Ananthanarayanan M. Dudas O. Letamendi* R. Rainer
C. Andersen M. Fee R. LeVere** P. Reed
S. Annoh* T. Fenimore J. Levy* P. Sabau
J. Armstrong J. Frazer* I. Lewin R. Schwab**
P. Arumugasaamy M. Freedman T. Li* C. Shaflik*
T. Baker M. Gabriel* D. Line* B. Shelby**
J. Bastianpillai R. Gibbons L. Livingston* J. Simmers*
J. Bloomfield R. Gupta P. Lutkevich* L. Smith
P. Box** G. Harlow* M. Maltezos M. Smolyzansky*
R. Bradford* J. Hart M. Mayer* F. Stohl*
S. Braun J. Harvey* J. McCormick** R. Topalova*
M. Bucci R. Harvey S. McKnight** A. Weaver*
J. Buraczynski* G. Hauser* D. McLean* S. Wentworth*
K. Burkett J. Havard** J. Meyers** S. Spitulski
E. Cacique* W. Hughes J. Mickel** R. Stark
C. Chadwick D. Husby** C. Miller* R. Stemprok
B. Chau* J. Jiao* K. Molloy* M. Tedesco
G. Chelvanayagam M. Janoff** D. Monahan P. Van Der Pol
A. Cheng* J. Jewell** C. Mondesir* R. Vincent
J. Cheung* R. Jones* J. Mugivan* V. Waight**
V. Cimino J. Josefowicz* K. Negash J. Weaver
R. Clear R. Kauffman H. Odle** S. Wegner
P. Contos** D. Keith D. Okon** R. Yeager
S. Coyle* E. Kramer B. Owen*
Charles Craig** J. Kroll D. Paulin* Advisory Members*
D. Crawford M. Kurtz* M. Pearse* Honorary Members**
M. Cunningham* C. Kwong* C. Pekar*
J. Degnan* S. Lansford P. Phillips*
IES DG-4-14
 IES DG-4-14

Contents

1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2.0
Factors Affecting Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.1 Lamp Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.2 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2.3 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4 Basic Relamping Practices and Choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5 Line Voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6 Leveling, Alignment, and Socket Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.7 Obstruction of Light and Photocontrols by Foliage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.8 Luminaires, Components, and Accessories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.9 Controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.9.1 Photocontrols – dusk to dawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.9.2 Part Night Photocontrols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.9.3 Networked Monitoring and Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

3.0 Lamp Failure Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

3.1 Incandescent Lamp Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Metal Halide Lamp Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 High Pressure Sodium Lamp Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.4 Low Pressure Sodium Lamp Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.5 Light Emitting Diode Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4.0
Troubleshooting Repair, and Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1 Information Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Basic Inspection Procedure when Responding to a Luminaire Malfunction Report . . . . . . . . . 9
4.3 Procedures for Night Patrol Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4 Troubleshooting Guide for HPS Luminaires and Photocontrols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.4.2 Summary of Possible Actions (Assumes daylight troubleshooting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

5.0 Pole and Luminaire Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

6.0 Paint/Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.0
7.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1.1 Fundamental Principals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1.2 Procedures before beginning work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.2 Electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.3 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.3.2 Designated Signaler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.4 Traffic Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.5 Environmental Protection and Health and Safety Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.5.1 Environmental Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.5.2 Health and Safety Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
IES DG-4-14

8.0 Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

9.0 Conventional Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

9.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.2 Preventative Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.3 Corrective Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

10.0 High Mast Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10.2 Preventative Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10.2.1 Raising and Lowering System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
10.2.2 High Mast Pole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10.3 Corrective Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

11.0 Tunnel Lighting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

11.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2 Tunnel Luminaire Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2.1 Luminaire Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2.2 Luminaire Relamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
11.2.3 Luminaire Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.3 Tunnel Washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11.4 Maintenance of Photocontrols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

12.0 Worker Training and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

13.0 Methods of Contracting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

14.0 Disposal of Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

15.0 New Sources and Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

16.0 Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16.1 Light Loss Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16.2 Record Keeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
16.3 Group versus Spot Relamping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16.4 Maintenance Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
16.5 Energy Costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

17.0 Maintenance Management System Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

17.1 Function Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
17.2 Record Keeping Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
17.3 Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
17.4 Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
17.5 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Annex A – Roadway Lighting Operations and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Annex B – Equipment Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The primary purpose of roadway lighting is to pro-
vide a safe nighttime environment for vehicular and
pedestrian traffic. For a lighting system to operate at
maximum effectiveness, the lighting system mainte-
nance should be considered and included during the
system design process. Once a system has been
designed and installed, proper maintenance then
becomes essential to the reliability and continued
high performance of the roadway lighting system.
Like any lighting system, a roadway lighting system
is subject to performance degradations. Exposure
to the unfriendly outdoor environment makes timely
system maintenance of paramount importance. If a
roadway lighting system is not properly maintained,
safety may be compromised in addition to the
increased costs of deferred maintenance.
The cost/benefit relationship of proper system main-
tenance should be determined by the individual
owner based upon the needs for, and commitment
to, system reliability. The purpose of this guide is to
provide the designer and owner with an understand-
ing of maintenance problems and procedures so
that sound decisions can be made on maintenance
practices that are appropriate for a roadway lighting
system.
2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING MAINTENANCE
The following operational factors affect the perfor-
mance of a Roadway Lighting Maintenance Program.
2.1 Lamp Life
The rated lamp life of HID lamps is the total operat-
ing time at which, under normal operating condi-
tions, 50% of any large group of initially installed
lamps is expected to have failed. This is a statisti-
cally determined estimate of median operational life.
For HID lamps used in most roadway applications,
the rated life is based on the life performance of a
large representative group of lamps usually operat-
ing 10 hours or more per start under controlled elec-
trical, thermal, and mechanical conditions.
Rated life is based on the survival of 50% of the
lamps and thus allows for individual lamps to vary
considerably from this value. Manufacturers' lamp
mortality or survival curves indicate the average
lamp failures that can be expected at any per-
centage of rated life. These curves are useful in
establishing a relamping schedule, which may be
IES DG-4-14
part of the total maintenance program. Rated life
is stated in hours; it is expected that 50% of the
lamps will remain operational at that stated point in
time. In a real world system, other factors can affect
life. Lamp mortality curves for all light sources are
available and can be obtained directly from lamp
manufacturers.
For discharge lamps it is important to understand
not only rated life but also the manner in which such
lamps perform over their life. For example, high-
pressure sodium lamps can be expected to cycle
on and off signaling the end of their life. If cycling
lamps are not replaced promptly, ignitor and/or bal-
last failure could result. This illustrates the need for
replacing discharge (HID) lamps before the end of
their rated life so that the designed-for illumination
levels are maintained and the number of outages
is reduced. Technology advances now make non-
cycling HPS systems available.
Factors that affect the life of all commercial dis-
charge lamps [i.e., high-pressure sodium (HPS),
low-pressure sodium (LPS), metal halide (MH)]
include:
• Installation (i.e., mechanical mounting of the
equipment) and vibration control
• Luminaire design and operating characteristics
• Lamp operating wattage
• Lamp ambient temperatures
• Ballast characteristics
• Line voltage
• Burning hours per start
Solid state sources with Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
do not presently have a rated life as other sources
do. LEDs rarely completely extinguish (“burn out”) as
discharge and filament sources do. Their rated life
can be defined as when the lumen output reaches
70%, known as L70, (or any specified percentage)
of initial output. Usually LED manufacturers provide
LED lumen maintenance information (See Section
2.2), but this is not LEDs rated life. Statistical infor-
mation on failure rates (e.g., B50, B10) should be
provided for LEDs, in order to obtain rated life.
2.2 Lamp Lumen Depreciation (LLD)
During their lifetime, the lumen output of most lamps
gradually diminishes. This gradual reduction in light
output with burning time is called lamp lumen depre-
ciation (LLD). Lamp lumen maintenance curves rep-
resent percentages of “initial” (first 100 hrs) or rated
light output at any specific operating time. These
life test lamps for HID are operated on the basis of
10 hours or more per start on ballasts of specified
electrical characteristics.
1
IES DG-4-14

Figure 1a. Lumen Maintenance for several Metal Halide Lamps. Actual mortality
curves are available from the various lamp manufacturers. (© Illuminating
Engineering Society of North America)

When applying these curves as a reference, the user

should be aware that some or all of the following fac-
tors may change the resultant initial and maintained
light output characteristics from those shown (see
Figure 1a,b,c):

• Lamp current crest factor for the (type of)

ballast to be used

• The lamp position in the luminaire

• The range of the supply voltage as compared

to the allowable variation swing in the input
voltage of the ballast

• The difference in the life and maintenance

characteristics of the lamp to be used as
Figure 1b. Typical Lumen Maintenance for High compared to those shown for the example 400-
Pressure Sodium Lamps. (© Illuminating Engineering watt HID lamps in Figure 1
Society of North America)

Figure 1c. LED Lifetime versus Junction

Temperature. (© Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America)
(Expected (B50, L70) lifetimes for
AlInGaP* (e.g., amber, red-orange, and
red) LED packages as a function of
junction temperature, and for different
drive currents. (B50, L70) is the time
to when either 50% of the population
is expected to have either failed
catastrophically (failure to emit light)
(B50), or degraded by more than 30%
from initial lumen output (L70). Note
that these curves vary considerably
with LED package and these data
should not be generalized.
*Aluminum/Indium/Gallium/Phosphorus

2
 IES DG-4-14

• For LED sources, operation under higher than ing cycle is the maximum time frame recommended
manufacturer’s recommended temperature or in relatively untainted environments. However, in
driving current is primarily responsible for lower industrial environments, where the luminaires are
lumen maintenance and rated life. For LED exposed to smoke and/or dust, it will be necessary to
source lumen maintenance projection, refer to establish a much shorter cleaning cycle period.
IES TM-21-11 Projecting Long Term Lumen
Maintenance of LED Light Sources. Depending upon the material to be cleaned, there
are a number of different techniques available. Glass
2.3 Luminaire Dirt Depreciation (LDD) refractors are easily cleansed with soap and water
or glass cleaner to restore light output to its original
In addition to lamp lumen depreciation over time, dirt level. A metal reflector finish can be severely dam-
accumulates both on the inside and outside of the aged by abrasives or solutions containing ammonia.
refractor, on the inside of the luminaire reflector, and The simplest procedure is to spray a non-abrasive
on the lamp. This dirt accumulation is responsible solvent on the reflector surface and then wipe dry
for an additional reduction in luminaire light output with a soft cloth: this method is slow, but effective.
and is known as luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD).
For guidance on the calculation of luminaire dirt Alternately, the reflector or refractor can be removed
depreciation refer to the latest edition of ANSI/IES from the luminaire, submerged in a tank of mild
RP-8-00/R05 Roadway Lighting. detergent and water, and then rinsed in clean water:

Select the appropriate curve in accordance with

L uminaire Dirt Depreciation F ac tor (L DD)

1.0
the type of ambient as described by the following
examples:
0.9 V er y C le an
VERY CLEAN – No nearby smoke or dust
C le an generating activities and a low ambient containment
0.8 level. Light traffic. Generally limited to residential
or rural areas. The ambient particulate level is no
Mo d e r a more than 150 micrograms per cubic meter.
te
0.7 CLEAN – No nearby smoke or dust generating
activities. Moderate to heavy traffic. The ambient
D ir ty
0.6 particulate level is no more than 300 micrograms
per cubic meter.
0.5 MODERATE – Moderate smoke or dust generating
activities nearby. The ambient particulate level is
V e ry not more than 600 micrograms per cubic meter.
0.4 D i r ty DIRTY – Smoke or dust plumes generating by
nearby activities may occasionally envelope the
0.3 luminaires.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 VERY DIRTY – As above but the luminaires are
E xpos ure T ime In Y ears commonly enveloped by smoke or dust plumes.

Figure 2. The luminaire dirt depreciation (LDD) factor for enclosed and gasketed roadway luminaires can be
estimated using this chart.

Cleaning reflectors, refractors, and lamps is very two rinses are suggested. If the water is hot, it is
important to counteract LDD. Factors affecting the best to air dry. While ultrasonic units may be used to
cleaning schedule are the atmosphere, the number aid in the washing process, rinsing is still required.
of suspended particulates in the luminaire's environ- If the reflectors or refractors are removed for clean-
ment, and the luminaire design. Luminaires that are ing, they should be replaced correctly in order to
installed under or near trees could accumulate tree maintain optical system integrity. The reflectors and
sap on the refractors, which will affect light trans- refractors of one luminaire type may fit another lumi-
mission. Removing tree sap from refractors made naire type, but might have very different optics. This
of plastic may require special cleaning solvents that could result in an unplanned change of light distribu-
will not damage the plastic refractor. tion with potentially serious consequences.

For group re-lamped systems, the cleaning cycle Both plastic and glass refractors are used in road-
should be an even multiple or sub-multiple of the lamp way lighting luminaires. The manufacturer should be
replacement time interval so that these two opera- consulted about the appropriate cleaning methods
tions can be combined. Generally a four-year clean- for these units.

3
IES DG-4-14
The optical assembly should be checked for irrevers-
ible degradation. Over time, exposure to ultraviolet
light from the lamp and the sun will cause refractors
made from polycarbonate to discolor. This discolor-
ation will reduce the light transmission to the point
where the refractor should be replaced to maintain
the designed lighting level.
2.4 Basic Relamping Practices and Choices
Due to the cost of labor, relamping is a particularly
expensive component of lighting system mainte-
nance. There are two relamping practices: spot
relamping and group relamping.
Spot relamping is the procedure of replacing a lamp
when it has failed. The response times to replace a
failed or cycling lamp should be established. Some
owners patrol a lighting system on a scheduled basis
replacing lamps as necessary. Many cities and utili-
ties depend upon police reports and citizen call-ins
to locate outages. Street lighting monitoring systems
will alert asset owners of light outages as well.
Group relamping is the procedure where all lamps
are periodically replaced on a “best time schedule.”
Over time, LDD and LLD can reduce the light output
of a luminaire by 50% or more of the initial output.
Replacing lamps before the end of their rated lamp
life and cleaning the luminaires reduces light depre-
ciation. The "best time schedule" is when the total
cost of installation, energy use, and relamping is at
its minimum. For many installations, a group relamp
conducted at 2/3 to 3/4 of the rated lamp life provides
the mix of minimum acceptable light levels and lim-
ited outages yielding the lowest cost. (See Section
17, Economics for a detailed economic analysis of
spot relamping versus group relamping). Regardless
of which schedule is chosen, all spent lighting com-
ponents should be recycled, or disposed of in accor-
dance with environmental regulations.
The optimum relamping period can be determined
from the manufacturer's lamp survival and lumen
maintenance curves. Alternatively, maintenance per-
sonnel can monitor illumination levels and relamp
at or near the minimum acceptable value. In either
case, luminaire cleaning should be scheduled to
coincide with the relamping to minimize labor costs.
As lighting levels applied to designs are based on
end of lamp life when developing a relamping policy
it is critical to consider the light loss factor applied
to the lighting design. For example if the light loss
factor is high (above 0.8) then one may relamp less
frequently than if the light loss factor was low (0.5 to
0.8). Some light sources such as probe start metal
halide may require relamping every year, whereas
4
other light sources may require relamping every 4
years. The maintenance of lighting levels is the pri-
mary tool for determining group relamping policy for
LED lighting systems. The jurisdiction maintaining
the lighting system should define relamping policy
and advise those undertaking design to apply the
proper factor to ensure lighting levels can be main-
tained through the end of lamps life.
Recognize that some lamp failures will occur before
the average rated life of the lamps is reached. Traffic
safety concerns alone dictate that failed lamps
should be replaced as the outages occur.
The spot or group relamping decision is a matter of
user choice, based upon design and economic con-
siderations. A group relamped installation has more
evenly aged lamps, while a spot relamped system
will have lamps of all ages. Modified spot relamping,
where lamps are replaced if they reach a “target life”
based on lumen maintenance considerations, can
limit lumen depreciation to an acceptable level.
It may cost less (on a per/lamp basis) to group relamp
and clean than to spot relamp and clean. This is off-
set by the fact that proportionately more lamps are
replaced and cleaned in a group-relamped system
than in a spot relamped system. But regardless of
program choice, well-planned schedules are needed
for purchasing lamps and then allocating personnel/
equipment in the most economical manner.
LED modules and/or fixtures may or may not be
replaced, determined by the manufacturer’s recom-
mendations. The relamp cycle is so long, that little
experience is available. Light Source replacement
may entail removing the fixture and re-soldering
modules. LEDs are becoming less expensive and
more efficacious every year. When the appropriate
time comes to “relamp” LED fixtures, it may be ben-
eficial to weigh the cost of a new luminaire against
the cost of the LED module and the labor required
to install it.
Except in the case of a lamp failure, the repair of a
failed HID roadway luminaire typically involves the
following:
1. Replace the entire luminaire on site.
2. Bring the failed luminaire to an off-roadway
facility for examination and repair/disposal.
The repair of a failed LED luminaire will typically
involve the same two steps.
At a given location, the labor, equipment and traffic
control costs to replace one luminaire would typically
be similar for both HID and LED luminaires.
 IES DG-4-14

2.5 Line Voltage
Line voltage variations of as little as plus or minus
5% may affect the proper operation of all lamps.
Proper power source and circuit design can mini-
mize voltage regulation problems. Selection of
regulated output ballasts for arc discharge lamps
will assure reasonable light output even with plus
or minus 10% variation in line voltage. With sub-
standard line voltage, reactor ballasts produce a
much greater reduction in light output than do regu-
lated ballasts. Line voltage above the standard will
increase light output, but shorten lamp life. When
checking voltage, check voltage with the load on at
the point of utilization.
Lamp instability or extinction can result if the line
voltage falls below a ballast’s rated input require-
ments. Even a momentary voltage drop, due to
routine switching by the utility, can cause arc tube
extinction. Before a conventional arc discharge
lamp can re-ignite, it should cool sufficiently to allow
restriking. Restrike time depends upon various oper-
ating factors. In general, low pressure sodium (LPS)
lamps restrike in one minute or less; high pressure
sodium (HPS) lamps require 1 to 5 minutes; and
metal halide (MH) lamps can take 10 to 15 minutes.
Special lamps and instant-restrike devices may be
available. (See the manufacturer’s data.)
Many LED sources use power supplies that sense
the incoming voltage and supply the correct output
current to the LEDs. The input voltage can “float” over
a broad range of voltages (consult specific manufac-
turer of your equipment) and is not subject to brown-
outs or “re-strike” issues as discharge lamps are.
Electronic ballasts/power supplies often are
designed to operate over a wide range of input volt-
ages and automatically sense the voltage applied.
Note that the lower the input voltage the higher the
input current.
2.6 Leveling, Alignment, and Socket Settings
Luminaires should be properly oriented and aligned
to perform as intended. Installation and mainte-
nance personnel should check the luminaires for
proper positioning. One important consideration
(where applicable) is that luminaires should be posi-
tioned parallel to the road surface. Some luminaires
incorporate built-in level indicators.
Many luminaire designs have various socket posi-
tions. The photometric data sheet shows the socket
position used in the photometric test.
2.7 Obstruction of Light and Photocontrols
by Foliage

The presence of low over-

hanging foliage may seri-
ously obstruct the light
delivered to the pavement
as well as impede traffic
movement (see Figure 3).
Tree trimming becomes
L uminaire essential to keep up with
growth. Field personnel
should work closely with
forestry organizations and
property owners to main-
Figure 3. Example of light obstruction caused by low tree foliage. (© Illuminating tain illumination require-
Engineering Society of North America) ments while minimizing
tree appearance issues
and horticultural damage
(see Figure 4).

Note that even with high-

mounted luminaires, it is
not necessary to prune
all trees to the height of
L uminaire
the luminaire. But it is
Minimum P runing L ine imperative to prune those
branches that fall below
the useful beam (see
Figure 4. This recommended pruning level maintains illumination and minimizes Figure 5). Foliage midway
tree damage. (© Illuminating Engineering Society of North America) between luminaires and

5
IES DG-4-14

L uminaire

Low Mount
Obs ervation L ine

Approx 2.5x mounting height

18 meters (60 ft) max dis tanc e
S etbac k

1. Stand on observation line

and look toward luminaire

2. Remove all tree branches that

fall below the line of sight
L uminaire

High Mount
Mounting
height

Obs ervation L ine

Approx 3x mounting height

30 meters (100 ft) max dis tanc e
S etbac k

Figure 5. Pruning guide for trees located near street lights. For any mounting height (MH), the pruning height
(PH) at distance (D) from the luminaire pole may be calculated from: PH = (4MH – D)/4. (© Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America)

6

below lamp level helps to screen distant sources; the
reduction in glare improves visibility and comfort for
motorists and pedestrians alike. This gain is particu-
larly important on local traffic and residential road-
ways where limited funds usually require relatively
long luminaire pole spacing, with correspondingly
high candlepower at angles near the horizontal.
Another gain comes from upward light reflected
downward to the roadway and sidewalk by the foli-
age. Although the amount is small, this reflected
light increases the general adaptation level. If the
luminaire uses photocontrols be sure to prune
potentially interfering foliage.
Note that foliage interference may lengthen luminaire
operating time uneccesarily and increase energy use.
2.8 Luminaires, Components, and
Accessories
Luminaires will provide long-term service if prop-
erly maintained. Proper maintenance includes the
replacement of broken or failed components and
accessories. The following items should be checked
during normal cleaning and relamping:
• Luminaire – for proper operation
• Refractors – for breakage or discoloration
• Gaskets, wildlife and vandal shields, and
hardware – for breakage, dirt build-up, or
corrosion
• Filters – for dirt build-up
• Photocontrol – for dirt build-up, proper
orientation, and proper operation
• Fixture cooling fins on LED luminaires –
for build-up of bird droppings, leaves or
other jetsam which could affect the thermal
management of the LED’s inside the luminaire.
Higher than specified thermal conditions can
affect the life and lumen output of the LEDs.
In addition, the electrical wiring within the luminaire,
at the pole base, and all connections, should be
checked. Luminaire life can be extended by pre-
venting the entrance of water and foreign matter.
Accumulated debris produces overheating that can
damage components.
2.9 Controls
Lighting controls typically consist of an individual
photocontrol on each luminaire or a single photo-
IES DG-4-14
control tied into a lighting contactor controlling a
group of lights.
Lighting may also be controlled via adaptive light-
ing control systems which can control, monitor and
record the operating status of luminaires in a lighting
system from a remote location using a computer via
the internet.
2.9.1 Photocontrols – dusk to dawn
Photocontrols should be checked for proper ori-
entation. This usually means aiming the window
north unless this allows the control to “see” other
light sources at night. This may involve a site visit
after dark.
Photocontrol life is dependent on several factors
including temperature, quantity and magnitude of
line surges, quality and design of the control, and
atmospheric conditions. Life may vary from 2-20
years. With a properly specified and manufactured
photocontrol, replacement at every routine lamp
change is not needed.
It is important to replace failed photocontrols with
devices having the same voltage rating and features.
An actual test of voltage at the luminaire receptacle
is required if the installer is not sure.
2.9.2 Part Night Photocontrols These photo-
controls generally turn on at dusk, but also contain
a timing mechanism that will turn the light off either
a set number of hours after dusk or, alternatively, at
a fixed time. Some of these controls will also turn
the light back on before dawn in order to allow such
activities as people going to work. In such a case,
the control will turn back off at dawn.
Part night photocontrols generally require similar
maintenance as a standard dusk to dawn photocon-
trol, keeping in mind that they are supposed to turn
off during certain periods.
Part night photocontrols designed to turn off at
a fixed time may or may not facilitate change for
Daylight Saving Time (DST). Such controls that
synchronize with W W V ("atomic clock" standard)
will change immediately. Others that estimate the
time of year might take about a week to change
to DST.
2.9.3 Networked Monitoring and Control
Systems A roadway lighting system may be joined
together into a network system. In such a system,
each fixture communicates with a larger system in
such a way that a central computer can monitor
and control the entire system. These systems com-
monly offer maintenance information in such a way
7
IES DG-4-14
that a problem such as a failed lamp is reported to
the central computer. This potentially streamlines
maintenance and improves overall system reliability
and performance. These systems also offer flexible
control of streetlights from the central control.
Such networked systems do add certain complexi-
ties that may require additional IT and communica-
tions expertise.
3.0 LAMP FAILURE MODE
There are different failure modes depending on
the light source involved. These failure modes are
described in the following sections.
3.1 Incandescent Lamp Failure
The cause of incandescent lamp failure is a broken
filament. This may be due to shock, vibration, exces-
sive voltage (higher than the lamp design voltage),
or normal end-of-life burnout. Air leaking into a bulb
cracked by rough handling or water damage can also
cause such failure.
3.2 Metal Halide Lamp Failure
With metal halide sources, a current-limiting device
(ballast) is used to control current flow through a
lamp. Light is produced when an electric current flows
through a mixture of gases and vaporized metals.
Normal end-of-life is due to deterioration of the elec-
trodes. This may cause the arc tube ends to blacken
and the light output to fall off dramatically. Eventually,
such an impaired lamp will no longer start.
If there is a mismatch between the ballast and the
lamp, damage to the arc tube will result and the
lamp will fail. Gases or metals lost from the arc tube
through migration to the outer bulb, or air leaking into
the outer bulb, will also cause lamp failure.
In some cases, near the end-of-life, the arc tube of a
metal halide lamp may rupture causing the outer enve-
lope to fracture. (See also NEMA Standard: LSD25,
Best Practices for Metal Halide Lighting Systems.)
3.3 High Pressure Sodium Lamp Failure
Although high-pressure sodium (HPS) arc tubes
are similar in appearance to metal halide arc tubes,
the primary failure mode of HPS lamps is different.
High-pressure sodium lamps should be used with
the appropriate HPS ballast designed for the rated
lamp wattage and lamp voltage. Gases, including
8
vaporized metals, can leak from the arc tube, or air
can leak into the outer envelope, resulting in failure.
Normally, as HPS lamps age, the voltage required to
keep the lamp operating increases to a point where
the ballast voltage can no longer sustain the current
flow, causing the lamp to extinguish. Once the lamp
has cooled sufficiently, it will re-ignite, causing an
on-and-off cycling condition. This cycling is typical for
an HPS lamp near the end of its life. Eventually the
lamp will no longer start. Lamps should be replaced
promptly to avoid damaging other components.
3.4 Low Pressure Sodium Lamp Failure
The most common failure of low-pressure sodium
(LPS) lamps is deterioration of the electrodes in the
arc tube. These lamps do not exhibit the on-and-off
cycle typical of old HPS lamps, but they eventually
reach a point where they will not start.
3.5 Light Emitting Diode failure
Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) rarely fail catastrophi-
cally. They generally diminish their light output over
long periods of time, although they will occasionally
stop emitting light due to a mechanical failure at the
conductor connecting to the junction.
4.0 TROUBLESHOOTING, REPAIR,
AND REPLACEMENT
Performing corrective work is the most expensive
part of a roadway lighting maintenance program. It is
important that accurate location and fault type informa-
tion be secured before dispatching service personnel.
Because there are many factors that can affect
roadway lighting, this section outlines a basic field
maintenance procedure, which may be adjusted to
fit individual systems.
When replacing lighting system components, care
should be taken not to compromise original pho-
tometric, electrical and structural performance.
Replacement components should meet the original
design intent as well as comply with current codes
and standards.
4.1 Information Gathering
Knowing the location of a failed/damaged light and
the nature of the malfunction will greatly reduce the
work time and repair cost. Exact location informa-
tion will minimize needless site investigations and
repeat complaints about unresolved problems. The
minimum information needed is:

1) L
 ocation – Street address or pole number or
relative location (e.g., near the pizza parlor)
2) Type of malfunction –
a. Dayburner
s. Light out
c. Light cycles
d. Other damage.
Utilizing a mapping or routing system will (efficiently)
minimize travel between repair sites.
4.2 Basic Inspection Procedure when
Responding to a Luminaire Malfunction Report
The following step-by-step procedure assumes:
1) P
 roper site location information has been
provided
2) M
 aintenance work will be performed during
daylight hours by qualified personnel
operating within appropriate safety policies
3) Inspection procedures include poles, lamps,
photocontrols, and plug-in starting aids
Upon arrival at the site, the following four steps
should be followed:
1) M
 ake visual inspection to confirm that the
pole, luminaire(s), wiring, and base are intact.
2) C
 over the photocontrol (or install a shorting
cap or activate the central control system) to
determine if the lamp ignites. If the lamp does
not ignite, replace it with a known good lamp.
3) C
 heck to determine that proper voltage is
present.
4) If a starting aid (ignitor) is present, replace
this ignitor with a known good unit.
If the preceding steps do not result in fault correc-
tion, replace the luminaire or make repairs according
to the maintenance procedure established for the
individual lighting system and update maintenance
records.
Note: Diagnostic equipment that plugs into the lamp
socket or photocontrol receptacle is available to
assist in troubleshooting luminaires.
4.3 Procedures for Night Patrol Service
When night patrol operations are used, it is up to
each service provider to determine the extent of
IES DG-4-14
repairs to be undertaken at night. Often, the night
patrol is used to identify non functioning luminaires
during the night time hours, logged for day shifts
to repair. Alternatively, a night shift may be used to
repair luminaires as they are found.
4.4 Troubleshooting Guide for HPS
Luminaires and Photocontrols
This troubleshooting guide is intended to help the
service person quickly diagnose a high-pressure
sodium (HPS) luminaire and assure that the prob-
lem is fixed on the first attempt.
4.4.1 Scope There are four commonly encoun-
tered problems with HPS lighting systems:
1) Lamp on continuously
2) Lamp cycles on-and-off
3) Lamp will not start
4) Lamp burns dimly
4.4.2 Summary of Possible Actions (Assumes
daylight troubleshooting)
1) Lamp on continuously (dayburner)
• Replace photocontrol with a new one of
correct ANSI type and voltage rating. Leave
it uncovered.
If the lamp continues to burn, then…
• Check for a loose or broken neutral from
luminaire supply to photocontrol socket.
2) Lamp cycles on-and-off
• Replace lamp with new lamp of correct
ANSI type and wattage rating.
If the lamp continues to cycle, then…
• Ensure that photocontrol is not aimed at
high-level light source.
If the photocontrol is aimed properly, then…
• Check for loose connections including
“seating” the lamp in the socket.
If the lamp continues to cycle, then…
• Check for line voltage fluctuations
• High ambient light levels or a photocontrol
aimed at a high-level light source can cause
lamp cycling. In some cases, if the luminaire
is aimed at a highly-reflective surface such
as a light-colored wall, the photocontrol
can trigger and cause the lamp to cycle. To
avoid this problem it is recommended that
9
IES DG-4-14
a night inspection be made and that the
photocontrol be aimed away from other light
sources and/or reflective surfaces. In severe
cases, a shield may need to be installed on
the photocontrol.
• High vibration installations, such as those
found on bridges or tall poles, can cause the
lamp to cycle. The best solution for this type
of cycling is to identify the vibration source
and then apply a damping device to the pole.
Cycling is the first symptom of a vibration
problem. It should be corrected as soon as
possible to avoid lamp and luminaire damage.
3) Lamp will not start
• Replace lamp with known good lamp of the
proper ANSI type and wattage rating.
If lamp does not start, then…
• Ensure that power is available at the luminaire’s
terminal block.
If power is available and the lamp will not start,
then…
• Visually inspect the ballast, capacitor,
photocontrol receptacle, and internal wiring for
burned windings or wiring and loose wires.
If the ballast, capacitor, receptacle, and wiring
appear undamaged, then…
• Install and cover a known good photocontrol or
install a shorting cap. Check that line voltage is
present on the red lead from the photocontrol
receptacle.
If the lamp will not start, then…
• Install a similar-wattage mercury lamp (for 200-
watt through 400-watt luminaires, a 250-volt
filament lamp may be used). If this test lamp
starts, it is a good indication that the ballast and
associated wiring is functioning properly and
the igniter is faulty; replace the igniter with one
known to be good and reinstall the HPS lamp.
• If the preceding actions fail to solve the
problem, replace the luminaire.
4) Lamp burns dimly
• Check for low supply line voltage; this
will nearly always be caused by a high
resistance connection on either the line or
the neutral coming into the luminaire.
If the line voltage is proper and the lamp is
still dim, then…
10
• Ensure that the luminaire voltage rating and
the line voltage match. This can be done by
reading the voltage rating of the luminaire on
the manufacturer’s label inside the luminaire.
If the luminaire is properly rated for the
supply voltage, then…
• Ensure that the correct wattage lamp is
installed. Again, this information can be
observed on the manufacturer’s label found
inside the luminaire. The ANSI lamp type
and wattage rating is stamped on the lamp
envelope. A higher-wattage lamp installed in
a lower-wattage luminaire (e.g., a 150-watt
lamp installed in a 100-watt luminaire) will
cause a dim lamp condition.
• Seal leakage between the base and the
glass envelope may cause a lamp to burn
dimly; replace the lamp.
• Lamps that burn dimly may indicate high
resistance faults to ground on underground
systems, especially on the neutral conductor.
If this is the case, the fault should be found
and repaired, or cable replaced.
5.0 POLE AND LUMINAIRE MATERIALS
Poles will require varying levels of maintenance
depending on their material. Pole base plates should
be exposed and free of dirt or other foreign materials
that may cause corrosion. Bolted connections should
also be inspected for corrosion and checked for tight-
ness, especially on structures such as bridges.
Aluminum, fiberglass, galvanized steel, concrete,
and wood poles don’t require preventative main-
tenance other than cleaning (the exception being
wood) to maintain appearance. Metal poles may be
subject to fatigue failure and should be inspected for
cracks around the hand-hole, or at the base weld.
Regular inspection of base mounted poles should be
conducted at specified intervals.
Breakaway bases may need to be inspected more
frequently than other pole bases, for the reasons
discussed in Section 9.0.
Luminaire housings are typically aluminum and
may be bare or painted and require minimum regu-
lar maintenance. Painted luminaires may require
repainting over time. Luminaire refractors are glass
or plastic. Plastic refractors may require replacing
over time due to yellowing by aging.

6.0 PAINT / COATING
Steel poles and other steel components may be
galvanized to protect them from corrosion. In most
cases galvanizing is applied to the pole by way of
the hot dip zinc galvanizing process. During the hot
dip process the molten zinc chemically combines
with the steel/iron surface to form a coating that is
very resistant to mechanical damage. Also, due to
the electromechanical difference between iron and
zinc, the zinc coating is consumed by oxidation in
preference to the iron, further increasing the resis-
tance to corrosion. Typically the pole is hot dipped
galvanized by the supplier. It may be possible to
make minor repairs to galvanized surfaces, using a
cold galvanizing paint that can be applied by aerosol
spray or more preferably brushed on. Regalvanizing
of the entire pole cannot be done in situ.
The life expectancy of an unpainted galvanized iron/
steel pole is determined by the thickness of the
zinc layer coating. In most instances, the coating is
corroded at a rate of approximately 0.1 to 0.2 mils
per year, with a mil being 1/1000th of an inch. This
means that with a typical coating of 3 mils, the coat-
ing can be expected to last 15 to 30 years.
In addition to galvanizing, or as an alternative to
galvanizing, poles may be painted or powder coated.
Painted coat finish will require ongoing refinishing to
both maintain appearance and maintain the structur-
al integrity of the pole. The finish is typically applied
to the outside of the pole only, leaving the inside
unprotected. Powder coating cannot be reapplied
to a pole in situ. Paint applied to a galvanized coat-
ing, will tend to last much longer, and with periodic
refinishing to the paint, can result in an indefinite life
for the coating.
The length of time before paint refinishing will
depend on the color, the quality of paint product,
and its application. All finishes will fade over time,
regardless of the coating technology or product
used. The fading of the finish will be accelerated by
prolonged exposure to ultra violet radiation. Darker
colors typically fade more than lighter colors. Prior
to refinishing poles, consult paint suppliers and pole
manufacturers to review coating products available
and also secure proper preparation procedures in
order to achieve the best results.
If the finish is peeling from the pole, adhesion of the
finish to the pole may be the problem. If possible, it
is recommended that a small test area be prepped
and painted and allowed to sit for one week to see
if the paint properly adheres. If it is proved that paint
adhesion is the problem, then the existing finish
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should be removed from the pole, and a new finish
applied under controlled conditions. Field refinishing
should be done in dry conditions taking great care to
protect motor vehicles and others using the roadway
from paint droppings.
For aluminum poles, if paint adhesion is still prob-
lematic after removal and re-application of paint,
then the aluminum pole manufacturer should be
contacted to help determine the cause of the
problem.
When the finish is applied, the adhesion of the fin-
ish should be tested by a qualified testing agency
in accordance with ASTM standards for paint adhe-
sion.
7.0 SAFETY
7.1 General
In carrying out any maintenance operation on the
roadway systems, it is essential to ensure that
basic safety rules are observed. The safety of
the maintenance workers and their equipment is
of extreme importance, and care should also be
exercised in ensuring for the safety of the traveling
public when proceeding through a roadway lighting
maintenance site.
All work performed during a maintenance operation
shall comply with all of the Federal, State, Provincial
and local laws and by-laws pertaining to the work, as
well as by the applicable electrical safety code and
the latest issue of UL, CSA standards or equivalents
pertinent to the work.
7.1.1 Fundamental Principles Preventing acci-
dents during a maintenance activity is vitally impor-
tant. Each person carrying out maintenance work
should take personal responsibility for his/her own
safety as well as the safety of others.
Maintenance work sites should be carefully checked
to make sure that the traffic controls are changed
to reflect changing maintenance conditions due
to work staging and progress, or if an immediate
improvement to the traffic control is needed.
7.1.2 Procedures before beginning work The
following steps should be taken before beginning
any type of maintenance work on the roadway:
• Obtain the necessary approvals and/or permits
from the road authority
11
IES DG-4-14
• Notify the police, fire department and the
appropriate road authority, if required, and any
other agencies which may be affected by the
maintenance activities
• Provide advice to the public of the works
planned or in progress, as appropriate, through
the local media
• Ensure that adequate signs, barricades and
markers are taken to the maintenance work site
to provide appropriate protection
• Ensure that the warning devices can be
properly placed to protect the maintenance
work site, and that trees, shrubs or other signs
do not obstruct them
• Ensure that vehicle and pedestrian movements
are properly separated
• If night protection is required, ensure that the
appropriate devices are available and that they
are in good condition
7.2 Electrical
No worker, other than qualified personnel should
connect, maintain or modify electrical equipment or
installations.
Refer to regional health and safety codes for “quali-
fied personnel” definitions. Every reasonable precau-
tion including the use of personal protective equip-
ment (PPE) should be taken to prevent a hazard to
a worker from an energized electrical conductor or
piece of equipment.
Electrical equipment, conductors and insulating
materials should be suitable for their use and should
be installed, maintained, modified and operated so
as to not pose a hazard to a worker.
Where appropriate, the power supply to electrical
installations, equipment or conductors should be dis-
connected, locked out of service and tagged before
any work is done.
7.3 Equipment
7.3.1 General All vehicles, machinery, tools and
equipment should be maintained in a condition so
that they do not endanger maintenance workers
or the public. No vehicle, machine, tool or piece of
equipment should be used if it is defective, hazard-
ous, under repair or being serviced.
12
No worker should operate a vehicle unless that work-
er is qualified to operate the vehicle and he/she has
a license to operate that vehicle on the highway. A
worker who is not qualified or licensed may operate
a vehicle provided that the worker is being instructed
in the operation of the vehicle and is accompanied
by a person who is qualified to operate the vehicle.
Modification of equipment should not occur without
consulting the manufacturer as this may compromise
safety.
7.3.2 Designated Signaler No vehicle, machine,
equipment, crane (or similar hoisting device), shovel,
backhoe (or similar excavating machine) should be
operated unless the operator is assisted by a sig-
naler where the operators view of the intended path
of travel of any part of it or its load is obstructed or
where it is in a location in which a person may be
endangered by any part of it or its load.
An operator of a vehicle, machine, equipment, crane
(or similar hoisting device), shovel, backhoe (or
similar excavating machine) who is required to be
assisted by a signaler should operate it as directed
by the signaler.
The signaler should be a qualified worker and should
not perform other work while acting as a signaler.
The signaler should communicate with the opera-
tor by means of as telecommunications system or,
where visual signals are clearly visible to the opera-
tor, by means of prearranged visual signals.
7.4 Traffic Control
It is recognized that, even with good signing and
advance warning devices, the set-up or removal
of traffic control (e.g., lane closures) on highways
inevitably involves an element of risk due to factors
such as driver inattentiveness or driving at exces-
sive speeds. There are risks for the traffic control
workers, risks for the operators of buffer vehicles (if
applicable) and risks for the motorists.
7.5 Environmental Protection and Heath and
Safety Hazards
7.5.1 Environmental Protection In carrying out
maintenance work, and in the handling of materi-
als either used during the maintenance activity or
to be disposed of after the maintenance activity is
completed, the workers should comply with all of the
applicable regulations.
7.5.2 Health and Safety Hazards In addition to
environmental protection issues, during a maintenance

activity the workers should meet all of the health and
safety regulations applicable to this type of work.
8.0 VIBRATION
Special considerations include vibration (many
bridges tend to bounce from vehicular traffic), which
can impact the life and performance of the lumi-
naires. Luminaires in areas of high vibration should
be equipped with safety cables in case the mounting
bolts vibrate loose. The luminaires and lamps should
also be designed and tested to withstand the antici-
pated vibrations. Poles may also be designed with
devices to dampen such vibrations.
9.0 CONVENTIONAL LIGHTING SYSTEMS
9.1 General
Conventional lighting systems typically consist of
poles less than 20 meters (66 ft) in height, with
each pole having one or two luminaires mounted
on it. Relamp and repair of the luminaires typically
requires the use of a bucket truck.
Conventional lighting pole assemblies may be
base mounted or direct buried. Base mounted pole
assemblies consist of a pole, luminaire, luminaire
mast arm, mounting bracket, base, and footing.
Base mounted lighting poles located near the
edge of the traveled portion of the roadway may be
mounted on breakaway bases.
Direct buried lighting pole assemblies consist of
a pole, luminaire, luminaire mast arm and mount-
ing bracket. The buried portion of the pole may be
supplemented with some form of encasement (e.g.,
concrete encasement).
9.2 Preventative Maintenance
As a minimum, each conventional lighting pole, includ-
ing luminaire and bracket, should be inspected and
maintained each time the lighting is relamped. All fas-
tenings should be checked and the luminaires cleaned.
Poles and pole bases should be inspected for signs
of cracking or other problems. The pole inspection
may be scheduled in conjunction with other preven-
tative maintenance work.
Seasonal effects and erosion may change the ground
level near a breakaway base. A breakaway base may
not perform as intended if its relative elevation above
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the ground is too high or too low. Therefore, as a
minimum, breakaway bases should be inspected
and maintained approximately once a year.
9.3 Corrective Maintenance
Priorities for corrective maintenance for lamp fail-
ures should take account of the percentage of lights
out and the relative impact on the overall effective-
ness of the lighting system.
For example, partial lighting at intersections, free-
way off ramps, and other decision points is typically
achieved using conventional lighting. At these loca-
tions the failure of one lamp may have a proportion-
ally greater impact, and thus a higher priority for
repair, than the loss of a single lamp on a section of
continuously lighted roadway.
10.0 HIGH MAST LIGHTING SYSTEMS
10.1 General
High mast lighting systems typically consist of poles
of 20 meters (66 ft) or greater height, with each
pole having clusters of 3 or more lights mounted
on a ring. The ring assembly can be lowered, thus
allowing workers to relamp and repair the high mast
luminaires without using a bucket truck.
The raising and lowering system consists of support
cables, winch assembly, attachment hardware, and
a portable or internal motor assembly. The raising
and lowering system facilitates luminaire mainte-
nance, but the raising and lowering system itself
should also be maintained.
10.2 Preventative Maintenance
10.2.1 Raising and Lowering System Preventative
maintenance work on the raising and lowering sys-
tem should not be conducted when there are high
wind speeds, or when there are severe weather
conditions.
It is important to perform preventative maintenance
on high mast lighting raising and lowering systems
at regular intervals. The luminaire ring assembly
should be lowered and inspected as part of this
maintenance work. Failure to do so may increase
the risk of equipment failures and safety problems.
Top-latching System - In a top-latched system the
luminaire ring latches to the head frame assembly at
the top of the pole. Once the ring is latched, the weight
of the ring is borne by the latching pins and drums.
13
IES DG-4-14
Non-latching/Bottom-latching System - In a non-
latched/bottom-latched system the weight of the
luminaire ring assembly is on the cables at all times.
Examples of possible problems with a high mast
raising and lowering system:
• Twisting of the support cables
• Power cable twisted around the support cables
• Deterioration or damage to the support cables
• Deterioration or damage where the support
cables connect to the luminiare ring assembly
• Winch cable overly loose or twisted on the
winch drum
• Deterioration, damage or loosening of the
connection of the luminaire to the support arm
and/or the support arm to the luminiare ring
assembly
• Deterioration or damage to the winch assembly
and/or winch cable
Examples of possible problems with a top-latching
system:
•L
 atching pins breaking (e.g., because the
luminaire ring was not level when it was latched)
• Failure of one or more pins to latch
• Failure of one or more pins to unlatch
Examples of possible problems with a non-latching/
bottom-latching system:
Pendulum motion and possible damage to the
cables if the luminaire ring was not fully docked
at the top of the pole.
10.2.2 High Mast Pole It is important to inspect
the bases of high mast poles for signs of cracking or
other problems. Binoculars may be used to perform
a cursory visual inspection of the outside of the pole
above 2 meters (6.6 feet). The pole inspection may
be scheduled in conjunction with other preventative
maintenance work.
10.3 Corrective Maintenance
Because it can affect worker safety or motorist safe-
ty, problems with the raising and lowering system
should be addressed without delay.
14
Some high mast lighting systems utilize a small
number of high wattage lamps per pole (e.g. , three
750 W lamps per pole ). In these systems the failure
of one lamp will result in a proportionally greater
loss of lighting on the roadway. Therefore the timely
replacement of a single failed lamp in a high mast
lighting system may be more important than it is with
a conventional lighting system.
11.0 TUNNEL LIGHTING SYSTEMS
11.1 General
Tunnel lighting systems have unique maintenance
requirements due to a harsh environment and chal-
lenging accessibility options. A well-defined mainte-
nance program should be established to extend the
useful life of the tunnel lighting system and maintain
designed lighting levels. When determining a tunnel
lighting maintenance plan, refer to ANSI/IES RP-22-
11, Recommended Practice for Tunnel Lighting for
additional maintenance considerations.
11.2 Tunnel Luminaire Maintenance
In order to minimize lane closures for repair and
maintenance of lighting fixtures, a well-developed
cleaning, relamping and replacement schedule
should be implemented. A good tunnel luminaire
maintenance plan will ensure that designed lighting
levels are maintained which allow drivers to maintain
speed and safely navigate in the tunnel.
11.2.1 Luminaire Cleaning It is important to regu-
larly clean the luminaire reflector and lenses due
to the atmospheric pollutants. The accumulation of
dirt, soot, and chemicals results in a loss in light
output and change in the photometric distribution.
Periodic cleaning both internally and externally will
vary depending on ambient conditions and luminaire
construction. Most LED luminaires are sealed to
Ingress Protection (IP) 65 or higher. If so, the LED
luminaire and lens should be cleaned on the outside
only. Re-establishing the IP rating after opening the
fixture may not be possible.
11.2.2 Luminaire Relamping Replacing inoper-
able lamps and ballasts is an expensive component
of tunnel lighting system maintenance. Spot relamp-
ing, or replacing a lamp only when it fails, requires
scheduled monitoring and can cause lighting levels
to be reduced by 50% or more of the initial output
due to lamp lumen depreciation (LLD) and luminaire
dirt depreciation (LDD). Whereas group relamping, or
relamping on a periodically recommended schedule,
allows the tunnel lighting system to maintain proper

luminance levels by replacing lamps when the rated
lamp life provides the minimum acceptable light lev-
els and offers the minimum number of lamp outages
which results in lower operating costs. Information
about the chosen lamp and its lumen depreciation
and mortality are available from lamp manufacturers’
tables and graphs. From these facts, a practical group
relamping maintenance schedule can be established.
Record keeping of lamp burnout performance is
recommended. For LED source “relamping” follow
recommendations from the luminaire manufacturer.
11.2.3 Luminaire Replacement Luminaire
replacement is necessary when luminaires are no
longer operable or become damaged. Mounting
location and luminaire construction directly affect the
amount of time that is required for lane closures.
11.3 Tunnel Washing
Tunnel interiors can benefit from routine washing
in order to maintain designed lighting levels. This
process entails spraying tunnel walls and luminaires
with high-pressure water and detergent, then scrub-
bing with rotating brushes and finally rinsing with
high-pressure water, which may have a detrimental
effect on the tunnel lighting system. Luminaires
should be designed to maintain water and dust tight-
ness in order to withstand this procedure.
11.4 Maintenance of Photocontrols
It is important that the photocontrols for areas inside
and outside the tunnel are checked and cleaned
periodically.
Tunnel threshold lighting may turn on during the day
in order to assist in eye adaptation. In such cases,
the threshold lighting may turn off at night and there-
fore may use a reverse operating photo control.
12.0 WORKER TRAINING AND SAFETY
It is important that those who maintain lighting sys-
tems have the proper qualifications and training to
do so safely.
The workers should have sufficient electrical train-
ing (e.g., licensed electrician) to safely maintain
the electrical component of the lighting system and
should also have training in the systems they will
use to perform the lighting maintenance work. Some
examples of this training are:
• Training in bucket truck operations for the
maintenance of conventional lighting systems
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• Training in the operation of the raising and
lowering systems used to raise and lower high
mast luminaire ring assemblies
• Training in proper work zone set up and
operation within a roadway corridor
Electrical training and licensing is typically done
through formal education and apprenticeship pro-
grams established or recognized by the local jurisdic-
tion.
Training on roadway lighting is available from orga-
nizations such as the International Municipal Signal
Association (IMSA); IMSA also provides training
on work zone safety. Training on high mast lighting
raising and lowering systems is typically product
specific and therefore should be obtained from the
supplier.
13.0 METHODS OF CONTRACTING
Maintenance may be undertaken by the owner’s
in-house maintenance staff or via a third party
agreement (contract) with a contractor. The more
traditional method is either directed on an “as-and-
when-needed” basis or it may be undertaken on a
regular schedule based on specifications. With a
specifications-based approach, the agency identi-
fies the means and methods to accomplish the
maintenance as well as the interval between main-
tenance activities.
A new approach is performance based mainte-
nance. This approach (also referred to as out-
come-based maintenance) differs significantly from
method-based maintenance in that quantifiable per-
formance outcomes are specified, rather than work
inputs. The important factor is that the specified
outcome is met, not the amount of work or services
provided. The effectiveness of the maintenance
activity is monitored by comparing defined objective
performance measures to actual conditions. The
benefit to this approach is that it can fix costs. In
order to undertake a performance-based contract,
the condition of the assets will need to be clearly
identified as part of the contract. An example of
performance based maintenance would be where
the outcome is to have 90% of the street lighting in
an area operating at all times. The asset condition
itself may be specified as an outcome, to ensure
that the lighting assets do not degrade to the point
where safety is compromised. The terms and condi-
tions do not define how, just the expected outcome.
The measure would define a method of checking to
verify the outcome is being met.
15
IES DG-4-14
14.0 DISPOSAL OF COMPONENTS
High intensity discharge (high pressure sodium
and metal halide) and low-pressure sodium lamps
may be classed as hazardous waste and, as such,
cannot be simply tossed out.
Hazardous waste lamps are added to the federal
list of universal wastes regulated under the U.S.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA).
Regulating these lamps as a universal waste under
40 CFR Part 273 provides better management of
them and facilitates compliance with RCRA haz-
ardous waste requirements. Under Subtitle C of the
RCRA, hazardous waste should be properly identi-
fied, stored, transported, treated and disposed.
Additionally, a number of states have banned the
disposal of mercury-containing lamps.
When these lamps are taken out of service, manu-
facturer’s data may be used to help determine
if they are a hazardous waste. Local and state
regulatory bodies should be consulted. Lamps
with hazardous materials can be disposed of at
waste depots approved to dispose of such material.
Further information on the disposal of hazardous
waste lamps can be found online at www.lampre-
cycle.org.
The arc tube of a low pressure sodium lamp con-
tains a somewhat greater amount of sodium than
that of a high pressure sodium lamp. Because sodi-
um will generate heat when exposed to water, it is
recommended that the sodium in the arc tube be
neutralized before disposal of lamps. One method
is to carefully break up used lamps in quantities of
20 or less, placing them in a clean dry container
in an open area. Once the outer lamps and arc
tubes are broken, use a hose to run water into the
container until the glass and other lamp parts are
completely covered. Allow the water to stand for a
few minutes; some bubbling may occur as a result
of the interaction between the sodium and the
water. After a short period of exposure to water, the
sodium will be completely neutralized. Disposal of
low pressure sodium lamps or lamp parts should
be done in accordance with applicable local, state
and federal regulations
Many light emitting diodes (LEDs) are Restriction
of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) compliant; how-
ever, there may be other components in the LED
luminaire that should be treated as hazardous
waste. Consult manufacturers Material Safety Data
Sheets (MSDS) data and local environmental
authorities.
16
15.0 NEW SOURCES AND COMPONENTS
Electronic ballasts – potential benefits include
improved color consistency, longer lamp life, improved
power factor and improved ballast efficiency resulting
in energy savings. If considering electronic ballasts
care should be taken to select appropriate protec-
tion against surges, adverse power quality, humidity
level in the ballast compartment and temperature
extremes.
Other emerging technologies include LED, plasma
and induction lighting.
For all new technological advances, it is important to
ensure that the product is certified safe by qualified
organizations such as UL and Canadian Standards
Association (CSA) before installation in the public
domain, and performance modeled to ensure proper
light metrics are met on the roadway.
16.0 ECONOMICS
One way to select the best roadway lighting system
for a specific application is to compare the cost of
various systems on a life cycle basis. The lifecycle
cost analysis includes consideration of costs such as
capital costs, cost of money, projected energy costs,
and maintenance costs. This section will address
only maintenance costs.
The primary benefit of proper system maintenance
is keeping operational costs low while preserving the
original lighting design concepts.
16.1 Light Loss Factors
Lighting design calculations may incorporate light
loss factors. These “maintenance factors” become
very important over the life of a lighting installa-
tion. If they are not controlled, the original design
concept and the initial investment may be lost or
seriously degraded. Careful monitoring, coupled
with prompt remedial action whenever component
failures occur, can result in significant savings in
the total operating cost.
16.2 Record Keeping
Records on the life history of each luminaire in the
system are important to the maintenance program.
This data helps identify problems before they arise,
enabling the system to perform at or near its design
goal while operating costs are kept to a minimum.
 IES DG-4-14

16.3 Group versus Spot Relamping 16.5 Energy Costs

Table 1 shows a sample maintenance cost compari-
son, using nominal costs, for both group-relamped
and spot relamped systems. The driving factors
in this comparison are the relative labor costs for
group relamping versus spot relamping. Travel time
increases for spot relamping, because only one
lamp is replaced per spot location, significantly
increasing labor costs. According to Table 1, this
expense more than compensates for the increase in
material (lamp) costs associated with group relamp-
ing, and makes group relamping the less expensive
alternative.
In general, for HID lamps, the energy consumption
of a system is the same with new lamps and clean
luminaires as it is with old lamps and dirty lumi-
naires. For a group relamped system, the longer the
period between relamping and cleaning, the lower
the maintained lumen output of the luminaire. See
Table 1, which compares spot versus group relamp-
ing costs.
Timely repair of lamps that stay on continuously
(dayburners) is important to keep energy use and
lamp life within the original planned allowances.

Actual costs, and the relative merit of spot relamping

versus group relamping, will depend on the physi-
cal extent of the lighting system, and the fraction
of early failures that occur during the chosen group
relamping period.
16.4 Maintenance Budgets
Maintenance cost analysis should be undertaken
to develop a total annual maintenance budget for
a roadway lighting system. The largest costs are
those incurred for the replacement of luminaires.
Maintenance practices should be consistent with, or
improve upon, the original system design.
17.0 MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM GUIDELINE
The management system provides the information
and control needed for efficient operation and main-
tenance of the roadway lighting system. The need
for any or all of the following functions/records will
depend upon the maintenance system’s size and
type. Presented in this section is an example of one
utility's roadway lighting department structure and its
operating procedures.

Table 1: Economic Analysis Comparing Group-Relamped and Spot-Relamped Lighting Systems (Total Annual
Maintenance Costs).
Line # Item Description Group Relamp Spot Relamp
1 Total Number of Lights in System 50,000 50,000
2 Average Lamp Costs $10 $10
3 Number of Lights Cleaned and Group Relamped Per Year 12,500 -0-
4 Cost of Labor, Truck, and Components – Spot Relamp $100 $100
5 Cost of Labor, Truck, and Components – Group Relamp $11 -0-
Annual Spot Relamping/Cleaning Rate – Weighted average failure
6 0.060 0.145
rate. (Data taken from lamp manufacturer’s mortality curves.)
7 Estimated number of Spot Replacements Per Year #1 x #6 3,000 7,250
8 Annual Cost of Spot Replacements (#2 + #4) x #7 $330,000 $797,500
9 Annual Cost of Group Replacing and Cleaning (#2 + #5) x #3 $262,500 -0-
Total Cost (#8 + #9) $592,500 $797,500

NOTES:
This table is only an illustration of the differences in cost between a spot and group relamped system, and the
factors in this table are examples. Actual values should be determined by the user for each specific lighting
system, and be modified to serve individual situations and service provider needs.
Even with a group relamping program, there will always be some spot failures that need to be dealt with.
This example is based on a four-year relamping cycle and on lamp failures only. Lamp failure data does not
include cost recovery of prematurely failed lamps.

17
IES DG-4-14
Computerized systems for managing lighting assets
should be considered. Systems are available that
monitor critical functions of the luminaire, and even
detect outages. The information can be accessible
from a personal computer in the operations office of
a streetlight plant. Systems available feature com-
plete mapping tools; whereby, information on problem
streetlights is sent across the Internet and then repre-
sented on a geographical information system accurate
map. The software can then plot the most effective
route for maintenance crews, providing the specific
maintenance action to take place at each lamp.
17.1 Function Requirements
Personnel should be considered along with materi-
als and equipment and other factors that may affect
maintenance management. In the following list are
certain functions that should be included. (For addi-
tional details, see Annex A, Section A1.0.)
• Program direction
• Operations supervision
• Record keeping
• Inventory control
• Service and/or troubleshooting
17.2 Record Keeping Requirements
Records make it possible to schedule work effi-
ciently, identify problems, and forecast budgets.
Computerized asset management systems are avail-
able which can accomplish the required tasks.
Collection of the following data is recommended,
with all records computerized for easy access:
• Lighting system inventory (initiate and keep
current)
• Pole or luminaire numbering/identification
(properly locate all lights)
• Map sets (locations shown for all luminaires)
• Operation file (schedule all maintenance)
• Record of malfunctioning lights (note
components replaced when making repairs)
• Record of operational fieldwork completed by
field forces
• Tracking system for in-coming and out-going
materials, equipment warranty status, and any
defective materials
• Records documenting the proper disposal of
lighting system waste
18
Certain details are needed within the records to con-
trol and monitor the lighting system. This information
should include:
• Identification of poles and luminaires by number
and/or address, plus the geographical location
• Luminaire size and type, lamp wattage,
type and socket position (if possible, include
manufacturer’s catalog number).
• Manufacturer’s name for each lamp
(ANSI code/wattage), luminaire, ballast model/
type, and photocontrol
• Type of construction (overhead or underground
wiring)
• Type of poles (wood, aluminum, steel),
mounting height, manufacturer, catalog number,
bolt circle diameter, mast arm
(or bracket) length
• Original installation date and the replacement
dates of any component parts
• Maintenance records with outage information,
dates, and reasons
• Group and/or spot relamping dates
• Photometric data if applicable (isolux plots or
candela values)
17.3 Material Requirements
Proper materials are necessary for maintaining road-
way lighting system operation. A system for handling
these items should include or provide for:
• A list of approved manufacturers
• Material specifications
• Method for receiving new material
• Defective material returns (made under
warranty)
• Incoming material inspections
• Lighting system waste disposal
17.4 Equipment Requirements
All service vehicles should be equipped with suf-
ficient tools, traffic safety devices, and cleaning
equipment. Each vehicle should carry materials, lad-
 IES DG-4-14

ders, lift platforms, and buckets appropriate for the ANNEX A – ROADWAY LIGHTING
luminaire mounting heights. OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE

17.5 Operations
See Annex A for an example of a detailed main-
tenance plan. Such a plan can always be modified
to serve individual needs and/or organizational
structures.
By way of a hypothetical example, this Annex
describes the essential tools and information
needed for managing maintenance on all types
of roadway lighting systems. This example is
intended only as a general reference. Specific
details should be adjusted to suit end-user needs,
lighting system size, organizational structures, and
operating plans.

A1.0 MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

This management system provides essential tools

and information. These are needed for the effi-
cient operation/maintenance of any roadway lighting
installation.

A.1.1 Responsibilities of Management

Personnel

Program Director:
• Overall responsibility for program operation
• Financial planning
• Managing all supervisors

Operations Supervisor:
• Master maps and records
• Material requirements (quality control)
• Work scheduling
•C oncurrent responsibilities for material with the
purchasing section
• Repair shop personnel
• Service personnel

Purchasing Supervisor:
• Material specifications
• Purchasing requirements
• Material and vendor approval
• Material inventory
• In-warranty claims
• Inventory storage personnel

Transportation Supervisor:
• Vehicle specifications
• Fleet operation and maintenance
• Vehicle and vendor approval

Note: Some of the listed responsibilities may be

combined, or personnel may be added, depending
on the size of the lighting system.

19
IES DG-4-14
A.1.2 Program Work Flow
Operations (major repairs):
• Detailed work assignments issued to field
forces along with summary of material required
• Material requirements issued against stored
inventory (concurrent with above)
• Service personnel pick up material
• Service personnel complete assigned work
• Completed work is reported back to clerical
section
• Completed work is recorded throughout the
record system (job is closed)
• Returned material is sent to repair facilities for
testing and salvage (when appropriate)
• Test results are reported back to clerical section
for recording
Maintenance Procedures (daily):
• Initial trouble call received internally (by
telephone or through police listings)
• Order to correct trouble issued and released to
service personnel
• Service personnel investigate the trouble and
take corrective action
• Trouble corrected, details returned to record
section for recording
• Any recovered defective material is returned to
repair shop for inspection
• Material inspection report sent to record section
for recording
A.1.3 Records, Material, and Equipment Required
Records and Types (the following items should be
established):
• Master grid or scaled maps of the maintenance
area
• Master map summary (index of grid or scaled
maps)
• Computerized system (or a card file) containing
customer/data base summary
• Operation file for scheduling group relamping
work
20
• Means or method for recording major repair
work completed by the field forces
• Means or method for recording minor
maintenance or spot relamping work when
completed by the field forces
• Material record system, card, or computer
for tracking incoming and outgoing material,
in-warranty conditions, material problems, and
defective material
• The record system serves as the basis for flat
rate billing based on connected kilowatts and
conversion to kilowatt-hours.
Material and Equipment Requirements (needed to
operate/maintain any size roadway lighting system):
• New material purchasing agreements (tied into
the material record system)
• Material specifications and their approval
(written)
• Record keeping/handling for defective material
or in-warranty material (also tied into the
material records system)
• Vehicles (bring service personnel and
replacement parts to trouble site)
• Qualified and trained personnel
• Tools, cleaning equipment, and related material
A.2.0 APPLICATION
A.2.1 Preliminary Gathering of Information
Step one – Obtain the following data about the actual
lighting installation:
1. Identification by pole number and/or address,
plus geographic location
2. Type and size of lamp
3. Type of luminaire
4. Type of wiring (overhead or underground)
5. Manufacturer’s name for each lamp ( ANSI
code/wattage), luminaire, ballast model/type,
and photocontrol

6. Type of poles, length, luminaire mounting
height, pole manufacturer (catalog number,
bolt circle diameter), and mast arm (or
bracket) length
7. Installation and replacement dates
8. Maintenance record
9. Group relamping dates
10. Outage information (dates and reason)
Step two – Enter selected information from step one
(such as items 1, 2, and 3) onto a mapping record
system, preferably using maps that are to scale.
This scale is determined by the number of main-
tained luminaires and their geographic locations.
The remaining information should be entered in a
computer (or card) data file.
Identify each map or area by a code, which can be
used during operation of the maintenance system.
This code can be number(s), letter(s), or some
combination. Additional codes are needed for the
computer (or card) data files. This coding will prove
helpful later when information is assembled.
Subdivide the maintenance area into sectors. An
east-west-north-south grid system works well in
many areas.
Step three – Gather the following information from
the field for monitoring and controlling purposes. It is
suggested that two standard forms be used:
• One form should cover the luminaires to be main-
tained. It is issued to the field forces that perform
the necessary work. It should contain all the
details relative to these luminaires and a check-
off list for indicating finished work. The completed
form is then returned to the control point where
dates and corrective actions are recorded.
• The other form should identify spot or isolated
outages, and a supply of these forms should
be kept in all maintenance vehicles. Whenever
such repairs are done, the form is filled out and
then returned to the control point for entry into
the record-keeping system.
Special notes and instructions –The elements
necessary to operate an efficient and
economical lighting maintenance system have
just been listed and described. It is advisable
to have written instructions identifying all steps/
actions the field forces should take during a
group or spot relamping.
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As work is performed on individual luminaires,
the maintenance personnel should review their
findings and compare them with the information
provided on the work order. If there are any
errors, an appropriate section provided on the
work order should be checked.
When the work order has been completed, it
should be sent directly to the program control
point. These work orders should be turned in
daily so that information can be entered into
the record-keeping system promptly. Service
personnel should be expressly instructed
against delaying work sheet release.
A.2.2 Operations-Group Relamping
Prior to the start of a group relamping project, the
service personnel should receive a work order and
a summary sheet listing all affected luminaires.
Along with this summary sheet should be copies of
updated street lighting maps needed to complete
the assigned work.
The service personnel should then list all the dif-
ferent lamps and luminaires (sizes, types) they will
maintain under the work order and then give this list
to the “stores personnel” as advance notice of what
will be needed during the month when the work is
scheduled. This list breakdown should show lamp
sizes, lamp types, quantities, stock codes, and/or
catalog numbers.
Next, the service personnel should use the sum-
mary sheet to establish field routing with due regard
to the lane the maintenance vehicle will occupy on
the roadway. Thus all lamps can be group-replaced
in a uniform and orderly fashion.
Finally, the service personnel should proceed to
wash and relamp all luminaires listed on the work
order. Concurrently, service personnel should review
the installation dates of all photoelectric control-
lers and replace them when their in-service time is
found to exceed their assigned service life. Assigned
service life is dependant on controller type. For
example, based on experience, a ten-year life can
apply to cadmium-sulphide photoelectric controllers.
A2.3 Maintenance-Spot replacement
All routine lighting maintenance work, such as spot
replacement of lamps, photoelectric controllers,
or luminaires should be listed on a special form,
Outdoor Lighting Spot Replacement/Outage. This is
the only form where lighting troubles, problems, or
outages are reported.
21
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A2.3.1 Faulty or Defective Equipment
(In-Warranty)
•T
 he Outdoor Lighting Spot Replacement/Outage
form should be filled out for each piece of
equipment.
• A second form, Defective Equipment – Under
Warranty, should accompany the defective
piece of equipment.
All suspect equipment should first be returned
to the repair shop for inspection. Then
arrangements should be made (through the
buyer) to return known defective equipment to
the manufacturer for proper disposition.
A2.3.2 Faulty or Defective Equipment (Out-of-
Warranty)
•T
 he Outdoor Lighting Spot Replacement/
Outage form should be filled out for each
problem or outage.
• The equipment should be salvaged for usable
parts (e.g., refractors, doors, and ballasts) while
all remaining parts are scrapped.
• If and when service personnel are overstocked
with certain items, arrangements should be
made to transfer the excess to another service
person or return it to stock.
In no case should luminaire parts or lighting
equipment be scrapped or considered
obsolete without first getting approval from
the responsible Operations Supervisor. It is
important to develop procedures that guard
against the scrapping of any good materials.
If field personnel encounter problems when
replacing a failed part with a substitute produced
by another manufacturer, the details should
be reported to the Operations Office. Once a
solution has been found, it should become part
of the standard operating procedure.
A2.3.3 Defective Lighting Equipment (Parts or
Problems)
• New Equipment or Parts – Qualified personnel
should inspect all new lighting equipment
against established specifications and determine
it is in good condition prior to acceptance by the
Stores Department. Quality control personnel
should report all defective, damaged, or out-of-
spec equipment to the Operations Office. This
report should describe any damage and note all
22
exceptions to the specifications.
• Equipment or Parts in Stores Department –
Once the lighting equipment has been accepted
by the Stores Department, or shipped to the field,
all operational problems should be handled by
the Operations Supervisor who will seek assis-
tance from other departments as necessary.
• Trial Lighting Equipment – Lighting equipment not
yet given formal standards approval includes non-
standard and newly-developed items, or devices
submitted for qualification testing. The Operations
Supervisor has responsibility for this equipment
and should assist in making any necessary field
arrangements. Maintenance personnel should
know about all trial equipment failures and should
check off “Trial Equipment” on the Outdoor
Lighting Spot Replacement/Outage form.
• Epidemic Equipment Failures – The
Maintenance Department is responsible for
reporting epidemic equipment failures to
Procurement so procurement specifications can
be corrected.
A.3.0 LONG RANGE PLANNING
A.3.1 Condition Surveys
The roadway lighting system is dynamic over time
during a municipality's growth period. As growth slows
and and the municipality approaches full maturity, inter-
departmental competition for maintenance and capital
planning funding from municipal coffers will increase.
An effective tool to justify maintenance and capital
budgets is the use of a plant condition survey. Utilizing
existing records together with a purposeful visual audit
will produce data to help prioritize pressure points in
maintaining the overall roadway lighting system.
The condition survey starts with deployment of an
audit team to visually inspect the condition of the
street lighting equipment. The audit team may be
deployed with data collection equipment and com-
puter programs based on existing records informa-
tion. Key data to verify and record includes:
• Pole nameplate data: type, manufacturer, year
of manufacture, height, class, and serial number
• Pole condition through visual inspection
• Concrete pole conditions: good, cracked, spalled,
gaped, exposed reinforcing bars, leaning, above
grade hand-hole missing or compromised.

• Metal pole conditions: good, discolored,
scratched, flaked, corroded, gaped, leaning,
above grade hand-hole cover missing or
compromised.
• Fiberglass pole conditions: good, scratched,
cut, punctured, leaning, above grade hand hole
missing or compromised.
• Wood pole conditions: good, weathered,
burned, infested, rotted, leaning
• Pole base conditions (where applicable): good,
cracked, chipped, spalled, bolts/studs loose,
corroded or missing
• Bracket data: style, length, bracing,
attachment method (stud, through bolt, banding,
combination)
• Bracket condition through visual inspection:
good, flaked, corroded, hanging
• Luminaire data: style, wattage (NEMA label),
photocontrol, shorting cap, relay
• Luminaire condition through visual inspection:
good, corroded, hanging, refractor broken or
missing
Once data is collected and evaluated, issues may be
categorized, as follows:
Condition Categorization
1. Severe - Immediate attention required.
Includes but not limited to severe pole leaning,
broken, gaped, rusted through, or rotted,
exposed electrical wiring, hanging luminaire
and bracket
2.Intermediate - Scheduled attention required.
Includes but not limited to moderate pole
leaning, moderate to severe cracking or
spalling (but not through)
3. Low - Issue logged for future attention.
Includes but not limited to slight pole leaning
and minor deterioration.
Where data reveals condition issue trending, for
example, significant pole deterioration in a given
area, capital planning may be required.
The age of the pole, compared to industry standard
longevity data, or asset devaluation modeling, is
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one indicator that helps prioritize potential projects.
The other key factor to consider is the installed field
condition of the plant. For example, if the installa-
tion is safe, stable and in good condition, yet aged
in comparison to the overall system, and another
installation is compromised yet is not as old, the
replacement priority rests with the installation that
compromises public safety the most, and in this
case, the older system falls down the priority listing
in comparison.
A.3.2 Capital Planning
Long-range capital planning of a roadway lighting
system is essential to maintain the system in good
operating condition without allowing it to deteriorate
to lower standards. Capital planning focuses on
replacing major infrastructure parts of the system,
like poles and cable.
The condition survey, together with maintenance
records, can help prioritize those areas that need
rehabilitation the most.
For example, a map can be plotted by pole age data
collected from the condition survey, and analyzed
beside cable fault data collected through mainte-
nance. The highest cable fault area combined with
pole age indicates prime locations where a pole and
cable replacement program is required.
A comprehensive long-range capital plan may
include:
• pole, luminaire and associated hardware
replacements
• cable replacements
• pole base repair or replacement
• system replacements for obsolete or poor
performing installations
program funding for third party shared
infrastructure relocations affecting roadway
lighting (public electrical distribution poles
and excavations, traffic poles)
• augmentation of lighting where no or little
lighting exists
The capital plan is run in conjunction with the
regular everyday maintenance program to ensure
the best possible roadway lighting system for justi-
fied costs.
23
IES DG-4-14
ANNEX B – EQUIPMENT TESTING
The testing of roadway lighting equipment is very
important. Tests should occur before the owner
agrees to purchase and install any new components
in a lighting system. After initial (or qualification)
tests, each order delivered should be spot-checked
to confirm that the equipment meets specifications.
The designed-for lighting level may be greatly affect-
ed by any change in equipment quality.
Most often overlooked is the testing of lighting equip-
ment removed from the field. In fact, such testing will
pay for itself and may even offset much of the on-site
labor cost for maintenance. It will also return equip-
ment to service, provide mortality information, and
establish records that give an in-depth look at condi-
tions system-wide. Even when equipment is found
unusable or subject to premature failure, testing will
help determine the reasons. The extent of the testing
will vary depending on the lighting system objectives.
Test records will be among the most important tools
affecting future installations, maintenance proce-
dures, budget planning, and other matters associ-
ated with the lighting system. It is also important
that lighting designers know about maintenance
problems. This information assists them with future
projects.
24
DEFINITIONS
Corrective Maintenance: Activities required to
repair unexpected failures of equipment. Depending
on the nature of the failure, immediate action may
be required.
Part Night Photocontrol: A photocontrol that func-
tions by turning off a load for some portion of a night
in accordance with one or more of the following
options:
fixed time photocontrol: A photocontrol that
functions by turning a load on at dusk and off at a
time interval (X) specified by the producer or with
a user selectable device that determines a time
interval choice.
real clock time part night photocontrol: A pho-
tocontrol that incorporates an integral time clock
and functions by turning on a load at dusk and
off at a real clock time (C) determined by a user
selectable device on the photocontrol.
half night photocontrol: A photocontrol that
functions by turning a load on at dusk and off with
a calculated algorithm that determines the mid-
point between dusk and dawn.

AM burn photocontrol: A photocontrol that func-
tions by turning a load on at a specified clock time
(AM) or after a specific duration (AM), following a
part night turn off function described in Sections
3.10.1, 3.10.2, or 3.10.3 (X, C, or ½ Night).
part year (seasonal) photocontrol: A photocon-
trol that acts as a normal dusk to dawn control
but leaves the load entirely off during a specific
season. Usages might include coastal lights that
remain off during a season to benefit turtles or a
park that closes during a specific season.
Preventative Maintenance: Scheduled mainte-
nance carried out on equipment at specified inter-
vals that includes, but is not limited to, checking,
testing, cleaning, tightening or lubricating of equip-
ment, as well as minor repairs ( generally with hand
tools and materials on hand ). The purpose of pre-
ventative maintenance is to identify problems and
ensure they are corrected before failures occur.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
D. McLean, P.Lutkevich and I.Lewin., Guide for
the Design of Roadway Lighting. Roads and
Transportation Association of Canada, 2006.
Rea, M. S. (editor), IES Lighting Handbook,
9th Edition. New York: Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America, 2000.
Clark, F., “Accurate Maintenance Factors.”
Illuminating Engineering, Vol. 58, No. 3, p.124,
March 1963.
Van Dusen, Harold A. Jr., “Street Lighting
Luminaire Dirt Depreciation.” Illuminating
Engineering, Vol. 66, No. 2, p. 122, February
1971.
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Van Dusen, H. A. Jr., “Maintenance and
Adjustment Factors in Street Lighting Design
Calculations.” Journal of the Illuminating
Engineering Society, October 1971, p. 62.
Roadway Lighting Handbook. Federal Highway
Administration Package 78-15. December 1978.
Standard Practice Subcommittee of the IES
Roadway Lighting Committee, ANSI/IES RP-8-
00 (R2005), American National Standard
Practice for Roadway Lighting. New York:
Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America, 2000.
Subcommittee on Energy Management of the
IES Roadway Lighting Committee, IES DG-13-
98, Guide for the Selection of Photocontrols
for Outdoor Lighting Applications. New York:
Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America, 1998. (Withdrawn*)
CIE 33A/B-1977, Depreciation of Installations
and their Maintenance (in Road Lighting).
Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage,
Vienna, Austria, 1977.
Highway and Rail Transit Tunnel Maintenance
and Rehabilitation Manual, Federal Highway
Administration, March 2003
P.Lutkevich and D.McLean, International
Municipal Signal Association Roadway Lighting
Level II Certification Course, 2007
Subcommittee on Roadway Tunnels and
Underpasses, ANSI/IES RP-22-11, IES
Recommended Practice for Tunnel Lighting,
Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America, 2011
ANSI C136 Series: Standards for Roadway and
Area Lighting Equipment, National Electrical
Manufacturer’s Association
IES Lighting Handbook, 10th Edition, 2011.
Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America, New York, 2011.
* For copies of withdrawn documents, contact the
Director of Technology, Illuminating Engineering
Society of North America. rharrold@ies.org
25
120 Wall Street, 17th Floor
New York, NY 10005
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