Ok!

, Actually OSI model is an abstract like to fully understand the entire Networking
Process,

OSI model, infect is used to explain how data is used to travel from one computer to
another weather in LAN or WAN network. Actually this entire process of sending and
receiving data within two networked systems is quite complicated to simplify this entire
process. This has always been a scientific approach that if you want to explain or
understand a complex process, just divide it into multiple, manageable piece and try to
understand them individually.

Thus, Experts at that time, fragmented this process in multiple parts called LAYERS. So at
early stage, This was known as TCP/IP reference model by DOD - US Dept. of Defense
having only 4 Layers:

1. Physical (L1)
2. Internet (L2)
3. Transport (L3)
4. Application (L4)
For more simplicity and make it more comprehensive, ISO came up with a new refined
model referred to as ISO/OSI model. that can better classified the functions of Data
communication - that includes Cable Media, Types of signaling, Protocols, IP
addressing, Scope, Encapsulation, Encryption, Encoding etc.,

7-Layer OSI Modes is as follow: (Remember: A,P,S,T,N,D,P)

7. Application

6. Presentation

5. session

4. Transport

3. Network

2. Data-link

1. Physical
Remember, It’s always written from Bottom to top, aha, actually in the reverse order:

So, Let’s come on to your main question - Analogy:

Just take it as an Under-construction building that is to be built from the very first its
Foundation, then Ground floor, First floor, Second and so on. So we always start
construction from the bottom and not from the top. Right!, In the same way OSI model
also starts form its 1st-layer at the bottom most (Physical) and then we start going up
with the upper layers.
ISO/OSI Model addresses the requirement to be understood mainly 3 kind of
audience:

1. Students
2. Engineers / Implementers or Network Troubleshooters working at Job
3. Protocol Designer/ Developers & Manufacturers of Network Devices
and Products
For Student to understand the whole concept

For Engineers at filed to develop a Troubleshooting approach to find the fault in entire
Network.

For Manufactures, to identify or classify their device will work on which device and to
submit their specification to standardized Authorities like IEEE, ISO, IETF, ITU-T, EIA/TIA,
CE etc.,

Let’s say you want to send a gift to your friend who lives in New Delhi from your location
that is Mumbai. Your gift is Bicycle and it’s a fold-able, Yes, You can fold it to make the
transit easier Assume it as A PC want to send the Data to some other PC in a network.
Here your bicycle or say data is not possible to directly as it is, to the destination.

So, our first job should be to create a packaging all necessary parts of bicycle; in multiple
boxes if it is required; Assume this entire transit path to the destination as the 7 layers of
OSI.

You (in Mumbai) is the Source and Your friend (in New Delhi) is the Destination.

1. The cargo or Truck works as a Physical Layer

2. Local Delivery Receipt at Local Transport office / Address proof etc
works as a Data-link info.
3. The entire route from and to the Destination, Addressing information
with Drivers; which high-way or pass to take; when to hold; where is the
toll between are the function of IP and Routing Protocols at Network
Layer.
4. The whole transport company or system, Load & Unload facilities; (Yes
Sounds like Physical but different) here Transport level Protocol will work
like TCP and UDP, in case of TCP, it also acknowledge the consignment
in proper position; tracking its current location, any damage status in a
connection oriented manner; means the sender will be kept informed
that his consignment is going through a right way, timely and safely, is
the role of Transport Layer.
5. Session Layer maintains the Session establishment that is like a Ticket
generation, a new call opening; that will be tracked through out the
path until the consignment reach to its final destination. You may
consider a Receipt no. or order or tracing number assigned by the
courier company for tracking and this session will only closed when the
parcel reach to the address in New Delhi and now you don’t need to
 track or worry about your parcel. Thus your order or session will be
closed.
6. Presentation layer takes care of security and confidentiality around this
parcel, your order through packaging, unique Bill id, OTP verification
etc.,
7. Application Layer!, Any guesses?, wow, Your friend has just unpacked
the gift on his birthday morning the moment the Presentation layer has
unwrapped / decapsulate the box upto the process of re-assembling the
Bicycle and start riding in the street of New Delhi.
As the surprise is now revealed and enjoyed by your friend, Assuming the Application
layer has pulled out the Pure usable data from the lower layer. and Now enjoy the
application, of course an application of riding a new Bicycle!

So, Now understand the Real analogy.

Thus Actually, We need to make some changes as it flows through the path. Because
let’s say you are sending some video, music or text file to the other PC. It can not be sent
using a copper or any media/cable as a copper cable can actually transfer or can flow
electrical signal or say current only through it. So how can we make it possible to send a
file through it?

So here, Our OSI model comes into the picture,

OSI model uses concept of Encapsulation at sending Host

and Decapsulation at receiving Host

Sending Host wraps up or puts the data-bulk into specific format encoded into the form
identified by that specific lower layer and finally handed down to that specific layer.

When you type a letter to be mailed to your specific friend over a network, You may
probably use any application say word, or mail client, text box — That
represents Application Layer.

1. Operating System, Web browser, Mail-service, word processor work as

an Application layer
2. Same way, Presentation Layer receives this Data-bulk and also add some
specific information and encapsulates further into a form which can be
processed by the lower layer and handed down to the Session Layer.
3. So, Each upper layer Encapsulates its datagram into one understood by
the lower layer and increases the size of data pay-load; This is how the
data at application layer will be the liter and at the Physical layer
heaviest one.
4. Thus, Journey of the data from Application layer called as User Data
travels down to Physical data known as a stream of Binary bits or
electrical signals finally becomes ready to be sent via copper media and
reaches to the other end Host’s Physical layer.
 5. Now, at this Host, the responsibility of Physical layer is to send this
stream upwards by decapsulating the information of this physical layer
and make it possible to read by Data-link layer. Thus the reverse
process gets started at the receiving host in its OSI stack.
6. And finally, reaches to the Application layer in the form of Formatted
User Data after Decapsulating all headers from the Pure Data.
Now at this stage data is PURE, that can be directly used by user in its original form
such as a text file, MP3 music file or any movie file.

You can get more insight by following pictographical representation:

Above image is from the Book of CCNA study guide by a well-known Author - Todd
Lammle.

So this is how the layers in sequence, adds or removes their additional information
that is received from its above or below layer to Encapsulate or Decapsulate the
entire payload.

Hope my effort will help you understand the entire process of communication through
ISO/OSI Model.

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