DIPLOMATIC

SERVICES AND PROTOCOL

ORE Nr.
SEMESTRUL TOTAL inclusiv EVALUARE DE CREDITE
curs seminar act. ind.
ZI: I 150 30 14 106 examen 5
My name is Dragos Duca, I graduated from ASEM just like you. I defended my thesis in economics, and now I work in State
Protocol. I will be your professor throughout this semester, and I will not only strive to teach you theory but also to share details from
my own experience so that you can ask any questions regarding the field that interests you. Today, we are starting a new course
that I hope will be interesting and useful for your future professional activity.
The course is called "Diplomacy and Protocol" and is structured as follows: The course is valued at 5 credits and has a total
of 150 hours, including 30 hours of lectures, 14 hours of seminars, and 108 hours of individual activities.
For the course, I have prepared PowerPoint presentations and supplementary materials. During the lectures, I will provide
you with a list of questions and bibliographic resources from which you will complete your individual activities such as reports,
essays, and PowerPoint presentations. During the seminars, you will present the prepared materials, and we will discuss relevant
questions related to the respective topics. PhD in economics
Dragoș DUCA
DIPLOMATIC SERVICES AND PROTOCOL
The course is structured into 4 modules

Tema 1. – 6 ore
GENERAL CONCEPTS REGARDING DIPLOMATIC SERVICE AND PROTOCOL

Tema 2. – 8 ore
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE: STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS

Tema 3. – 6 ore
OTHER TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS

Tema 4. – 10 ore
THE ROLE OF PROTOCOL IN MODERN DIPLOMACY
Questions for the Topic 1. GENERAL CONCEPTS REGARDING
THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE AND PROTOCOL

1. What is the origin of the word DIPLOMACY

2. Starting with which year the term diplomacy is used
3. Give the definition of diplomacy
4. What is the study object of diplomacy?
5. What is the role of DIPLOMATES in the international events
6. What are the qualities of a successful diplomat
7. Give the definition of the notion of negotiation
8. Name and describe the three phases of negotiation
9. What qualities must a successful negotiator have?
10. What are the tactical elements of negotiations?
11. What are the strategic elements of negotiations?
12. Describe in one sentence the most important (6) strategies used in negotiation
13. Name and describe the most important stages in the evolution of diplomacy
14. What is the notion of immunity in diplomacy
15. What are the privileges of diplomats and members of their families.
 Questions for the Topic 2. DIPLOMATIC SERVICE: STRUCTURAL
AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
1. What are the basic conditions necessary for the establishment of diplomatic relations.
2. Name the types of diplomatic missions.
3. What are Permanent/temporary Diplomatic Missions
4. What are specialized diplomatic missions
5. What are the stages of establishing and developing diplomatic relations
6. Name and describe the duties of the offices and sections of a diplomatic mission
7. Name the national normative acts that regulate the activity of the diplomatic service
8. Name the international treaties that regulate the activity of the diplomatic service
9. What are the general objectives of the diplomatic service in the Republic of Moldova
10. What is bilateral/multilateral diplomacy
11. Name the types and give examples of international organizations
12. When did the first international organizations appear and what was their purpose
13. Define the notion of "diplomatic service".
14. Determine the functions of the diplomatic mission.
15. Determine the main departments and functions of the MAE IE of the Republic of Moldova.
16. Determine the structure and functions of the consular service.
17. Characterize the peculiarities of the EU-RM visa regime.
18. Define the permanent representation at the international organization.
19. Determine the essential conditions for successful activity in the field of multilateral diplomacy.
20. List the UN bodies in which the Republic of Moldova was represented.
Questions for the Topic 3. OTHER TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC
RELATIONS

1. Name and describe the types of diplomacy by field of activity

2. Name and describe the types of diplomacy according to the form of representation
3. Name and describe the types of diplomacy according to the space of deployment
4. Name and describe the types of diplomacy according to the time of activity
5. Name and describe the types of diplomacy from the point of view of transparency
6. What is interparliamentary diplomacy?
7. Which international inter-parliamentary organizations do you know?
8. Describe the objectives of economic diplomacy
9. Give examples of celebrity diplomacy
10. Give examples of scientific diplomacy
11. What is digital diplomacy characterized by?
Questions for the Topic 4. THE PROTOCOL SERVICE IN
MODERN DIPLOMACY
1. What are the four different domains that protocol tools belong to?
2. Name the most important protocol tools
3. What are the four aspects that need to be respected in the protocol service
4. Name the most important events, carried out with the use of ceremonial protocol
5. Explain the concept of International Courtesy
7. What is the need to know the particularities of the host country in the diplomatic service
8. What is the protocol in the use of state insignia (4-5 situations)
9. What are the stages of establishing a new ambassador
10.What are the closing stages of the diplomatic mission
11.What do you know about the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps
12.Name and describe the types of notes, letters, memoranda used in diplomatic correspondence
13.State the most important aspects with reference to smoking
14.Describe the elements of protocol that must be observed at receptions
15.What are the elements of clothing required at various protocol events
16.What are the necessary tools for the success of a successful business meeting
17.What are the basic rules of good manners in business:
18.What is the sequence of norms that the label assumes:
19.What references does the clothing convey about the wearer?
20.What are the three clothing classes defined by the dress code?
21.Briefly describe the 3 dress classes defined by the dress code.
22.What are the eight important steps in sales success.
 BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIVĂ
1. BENIUC V. Obiectul relaţii internaţionale: abordări prin prisma noilor provocări//IRIM.– Chişinău: IRIM, CEP USM, 2006, p.4-8.
2. CANDEA, R & CANDEA, D Comunicarea manageriala-concepte, deprinderi, strategie; Editura Expert, Bucuresti, 1996
3. DINU M., Comunicarea - repere fundamentale, Editura Stiintifica, Bucuresti, 1997
4. DUPOND, C La negociation- conduite, theorie, aplications, Editura Dalloz, Paris, 1995
5. FICEAC B. Tehnici de manipulare, Editura Nemira, Bucuresti, 1996
6. GEORGESCU T. Negocierea afacerilor, Editura Porto Franco,Galati, 1992
7. GULEA M. Strategii, tactici şi tehnici de negociere,ASE,Bucuresti,1995
8. MARIN G. Uzante diplomatice şi de protocol, A.S.E., Bucuresti, 1996
9. PISTOL G. Negocierea - teorie şi practica, Institutul national de cercetari comerciale, Bucuresti, 1994
10. PRUTIANU Ș. Comunicare şi negociere în afaceri, Editura Polirom, Iasi, 1998
11. PUIU Al. Tehnici de negociere, contractare şi derulare în afacerile economice internationale, Editure Tribuna Economica, Bucuresti,1997
12. TEOSA V., CIOBU E. Relaţii internaţionale ca obiect de cercetare şi de studiu (1996-2006): evoluţie şi perspective // USM, 2006, p.52-67.
13. TEOSA V., MOSNEAGA V. Studii în relaţii internaţionale: unele consideraţii privind aspectele teoretice, aplicative şi civice // Studii Internaţionale.
Viziuni din Moldova. Chişinău: CEP USM, 2009, p.14-27.
14. VASILESCU Gr. Studii internaţionale în Republica Moldova: experienţa speci-alizărilor/ Studii internaţionale: viziuni din Moldova. Publ. periodică şt.-
metodologică /Col. red.: V. Teosa ş.a. Vol.1. Nr.1, 2007. – Chişinău, 2007, p.7-14.
15. VOICULESCU, DAN: Negocierea - forma de comunicare în relatiile interumane. Editura Stiintifica, Bucuresti, 1991
16. RIZESCU Gh. Diplomatia parlamentara. Rolul ei in solutionarea problemelor internationale, Ed. Lumina Lex, Bucuresti, 2000
Alte surse:
www.assembly-weu.org/en/documents/sessions_ordinaires/rpt/2000
www.eag.org.uk
www.grberridge.co.uk/dip_comp_
https://www.asp.gov.md/ro/informatii-utile/misiunile-diplomatice
https://mfa.gov.md/ro/content/consulii-onorifici-ai-republicii-moldova
https://diplomacy.state.gov/what-are-the-tools-of-diplomacy/

1. LAW No. 217 of 17-09-2010 regarding the State Flag of the Republic of Moldova
2. LAW No. 32 of 07-03-2013 regarding the State Coat of Arms of the Republic of Moldova
3. LAW No. 160 of 15-10-1998 for completing the Law on the National Anthem of the Republic of Moldova
4. NATIONAL HERALDIC COMMISSION DECISION No. 281 of 25-06-2014 regarding the approval of the standard Regulation for the use of the
coat of arms, the flag, the anthem and the corporate color
ASSIGNMENTS FOR INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITIES AND SEMINARS
Topic 1. THE HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE AND EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMACY UNTIL OUR DAYS/MODERN DIPLOMACY
Topic 2. THE ROLE OF NEGOTIATIONS IN DIPLOMACY
Topic 3. STRUCTURE OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Topic 4. FUNCTIONS OF THE DIPLOMATIC SERVICE IN GENERAL AND IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA IN PARTICULAR
Topic 5. THE CONSULAR SERVICE: STRUCTURE, MISSIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Topic 6. TYPES OF DIPLOMACY BY: FIELD AND TIME OF ACTIVITY, FORM OF REPRESENTATION, PLACE OF DEVELOPMENT
Topic 7. BILATERAL DIPLOMACY: TYPES, ROLE AND FUNCTIONS
Topic 8. MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY: TYPES, ROLE AND FUNCTIONS
Topic 9. PARLIAMENTARY DIPLOMACY
Topic 10. CELEBRITY DIPLOMACY
Topic 11. ECONOMIC DIPLOMACY
Topic 12. BUSINESS DIPLOMACY
Topic 13. DIGITAL DIPLOMACY
Topic 14. RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF DIPLOMATIC EMPLOYEES
Topic 15. DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA ABROAD
Topic 16. DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS FROM ABROAD IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Topic 17. INTERNATIONAL DIPLOMATIC MISSIONS
Topic 18. THE PROTOCOL SERVICE OF THE RM: STRUCTURE, MISSIONS AND FUNCTIONS
Topic 19. PROTOCOL TOOLS
Topic 20. THE PROTOCOL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE USE OF STATE INSIGNIA
Topic 21. PROTOCOL TOOLS
Topic 22. THE PROTOCOL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE USE OF STATE INSIGNIA
Topic 23. RULES OF PROTOCOL IN THE FRAMEWORK OF RECEPTIONS AND PROTOCOL ACTIONS
Topic 24. EVOLUTION OF PROTOCOL IN DIPLOMACY AND NEGOTIATIONS
Topic 25. DIPLOMACY – THE ART OF NEGOTIATION
Topic 26. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES IN DIPLOMACY
Topic 27. QUALITIES OF A SUCCESSFUL DIPLOMAT
 Tema 1 – 6 ore GENERAL CONCEPTS REGARDING
DIPLOMATIC SERVICE AND PROTOCOL
Today, we will begin with the first module, which consists of presenting the material in 3 sets
of lessons, totaling 6 hours. The first lesson is titled

Lecția 1 1. The Importance and Purpose of the Course

2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm
3. The Profession of Diplomat

Lecția 2
1. Diplomacy: The Art of Negotiation
2. Negotiation Phases
3. Negotiation Strategies and Tactics

Lecția 3
1. The Evolution of Diplomacy and Negotiations
2. Old Diplomacy and New Diplomacy
3. International Treaties Regarding Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities
 TEST OF INITIAL/PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT
Before starting the course, I would like us to create and discuss a preliminary test together to assess
your knowledge about this course and understand how you perceive its importance for your future
profession. The most active students will have the opportunity to receive their first grades already. For
this activity, you have 30 minutes to note down your answers, after which we will discuss each
individual's opinions.

1. Why do you believe it is necessary to be diplomatic in

communication?
2. Provide 2-3 examples of diplomatic behavior.
3. Based on which criteria can you distinguish a diplomatic person?
4. In your opinion, why is a diplomatic career attractive today?
5. Do you aspire to pursue a diplomatic career in the future? Why?
6. What are your expectations from the course on Diplomatic Services
and Protocol?
 GENERAL CONCEPTS REGARDING DIPLOMATIC
SERVICE AND PROTOCOL

Congratulations on the first assessment exercise and the knowledge you have demonstrated in
this field. Now, let's move on to the actual topic. So, we will begin with the first lesson in which
we will discuss the following questions:

Lecția 1

1. The Importance and Purpose of the Course

2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm
3. The Profession of Diplomat
1. THE IMPORTANCE AND
PURPOSE OF THE COURSE
1. The Importance and Purpose of the Course
The course "Diplomacy and Protocol„
holds significant importance due to the following reasons

1. Enhancing Diplomatic Skills

2. Promoting International Understanding
3. Facilitating Effective Diplomatic Engagements
4. Ensuring Proper Protocol Adherence
5. Safeguarding National Interests
6. Building Networks and Partnerships
7. Promoting Peace and Stability
1. The Importance and Purpose of the Course
The course "Diplomacy and Protocol"
encompasses a broad scope of topics and areas of study.
Some of the key aspects covered within the course may include:

1. Introduction to Diplomacy
2. Diplomatic Skills and Practices
3. Diplomatic Protocol
4. Diplomatic Etiquette
5. International Relations and Diplomatic Systems
6. Diplomatic Immunities and Privileges
7. Public Diplomacy
8. Diplomatic Strategies and Techniques
9. Diplomatic Protocols in Multicultural Contexts
10. Contemporary Diplomatic Challenges
2. DIPLOMACY – DEFINITION
AND PARADIM
 2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm

The origin of the term

The word "diplomacy" originates from the Greek word "diploo," which
means "to double," referring to the practice of preparing official
documents or diplomas in duplicate.

One of these documents served as a letter of authorization to the

envoys, while the other document was kept in the archives.

The person who possessed this duplicate document was called a

diplomat, and their activity became known as diplomacy.
 2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm
The h i s t o r y
 The term "diplomacy" was first used in the English language as early as 1645.
 In 1693, Leibniz published the work "Codex juris gentium diplomaticus."
 In 1726, Jean Dumont printed the collection of treaties titled "Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens."
 In both cases, the term referred to collections of documents concerning international relations.
 Later, this term was extended to include individuals involved in these matters.

The history of the usage of the term "diplomacy" spans several centuries. The term itself has evolved
over time to encompass various aspects of international relations and diplomatic practices. Here is a
brief overview of the history of the term "diplomacy":
Early Usage: The term "diplomacy" originated from the Greek word "diploma," which referred to official
documents issued in duplicate. In ancient times, diplomats were individuals entrusted with the task of drafting
and exchanging such documents.
17th Century: The term "diplomacy" began to be used in the English language around 1645. During this time, it
primarily denoted the collection and study of diplomatic documents, particularly treaties and agreements.
18th Century: In the 18th century, the term "diplomacy" started to encompass both the documentation aspect
and the individuals involved in diplomatic activities. Works such as Leibniz's "Codex juris gentium diplomaticus"
and Dumont's "Corps universel diplomatique du droit des gens" contributed to the codification and
documentation of diplomatic practices.
 2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm

The concept of diplomacy further evolved in the 19th century with the emergence of modern diplomatic
institutions and the establishment of diplomatic protocols and conventions.
The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations in 1961 played a significant role in defining the rights
and responsibilities of diplomats and shaping modern diplomatic practices.

Today, diplomacy refers to the auxiliary science of history dedicated to the preparation
and authenticity of documents.

The word "diplomat" comes from the French word "diplomate," which has its roots in the Latin word
"diploma." The term "diploma" refers to a letter or an official document issued by an authority to certify a
fact or a right.
In the diplomatic context, "diplomat" refers to a person who officially represents a country or an
organization in international relations and is tasked with promoting the interests of the respective entity,
facilitating negotiations, and maintaining diplomatic relations with other states or international
organizations.
Therefore, the origin of the word "diplomat" is closely related to the concept of official documents and
certifications, which are used in diplomatic relations to validate and support the official actions and
positions of a state or an organization.
 2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm
Diplomacy is the practice and art of conducting negotiations and maintaining relations between
nations or other entities in the international arena. It involves the exchange of information,
dialogue, and negotiations to promote understanding, resolve conflicts, and advance the
interests of the parties involved.
Diplomacy plays a crucial role in facilitating cooperation, preventing and managing disputes, and promoting
peaceful resolutions.
Diplomacy encompasses a wide range of activities, including diplomatic negotiations, representation,
communication, and the implementation of foreign policies. It involves diplomats representing their
respective countries or organizations, engaging in dialogue with other diplomats, participating in
international conferences and treaties, and working towards consensus and mutual understanding.
Diplomacy refers to the art and practice of conducting international relations between states and other
political entities. It is a process in which international actors promote their interests, communicate, negotiate,
and cooperate to achieve beneficial outcomes.
Diplomacy involves the use of tactics and strategies to obtain compromises and agreements between parties
with different or conflicting interests. The purpose of diplomacy is to maintain peace, stability, and
cooperation among nations, resolving conflicts through peaceful means and facilitating dialogue and the
exchange of information.
Diplomacy can involve diplomatic meetings, negotiations, international agreements, representing states in
international organizations, and other activities that promote good relations between nations.
 2. Diplomacy - Definition and Paradigm

 Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting international relations between states and
other political entities.

 Diplomacy involves promoting interests, communication, negotiation, and cooperation to

achieve beneficial outcomes.

 Diplomacy employs tactics and strategies to obtain compromises and agreements between
parties with different or conflicting interests.

 The goal of diplomacy is to maintain peace, stability, and cooperation among nations. It aims
to resolve conflicts through peaceful means and facilitate dialogue and information
exchange.

 Diplomatic activities include diplomatic meetings, negotiations, international agreements,

representing states in international organizations, and other activities promoting good
relations between nations.
3. THE PROFESSION OF A
DIPLOMAT
 3. The profession of a diplomat

For many individuals, diplomats promote their government's objectives

through subtle stratagems and sophisticated dissimulation, deceiving
their interlocutors: heads of state, ministers, colleagues.

It is often repeated with pleasure and a seemingly serious tone of jest

that "a diplomat is an honest person who lies in service to their
country."

Of course, this is merely a joke that retains its relevance.

 3. The profession of a diplomat
 Diplomats contribute to the formation of a state's foreign policy in an advisory capacity.
International treaties, agreements, alliances, and other manifestations of foreign policy are
negotiated by diplomats before being approved by national politicians.

 Diplomats meet with the key authorities of their host country, as well as their foreign
counterparts. At the same time, it is necessary to establish contacts with local dignitaries,
who may sometimes be hesitant and difficult to reach, requiring skill and tact. The personal
relationships that can be built on such occasions will always be among the most valuable for
the development, which the ambassador is responsible for, of good relations between the
two states.

 Ambassadors must be able to organize protocol actions whenever the interests and
circumstances require.

 The ambassador must constantly align the views of their government with those of the
government they are accredited to.

 Diplomats can be expelled from the host country.

 3. The profession of a diplomat

The object of diplomacy consists of using peaceful methods and the practice of
conciliation to strengthen a country's ties with others from different geographical
areas, developing friendly relations with neutral countries, as well as managing
relationships with hostile governments.

In fulfilling this immense task of peacebuilding, the actions of diplomatic mission

heads can be characterized by four terms:

1. Representation
2. Protection
3. Information
4. Negotiation
 3. The profession of a diplomat
The concept of REPRESENTATION constitutes the fundamental element

 An ambassador represents the government of their country before the authorities/state to

which they are sent. They are vested with the necessary authority to speak on behalf of their
government, which forms the basis of any negotiation.

 Tasked with receiving and transmitting the communications exchanged between the two
governments, the head of a diplomatic mission serves as a permanent and reliable
intermediary in the relations between states, acting as an official and authorized source to
present any information concerning their country.

 The public conduct, as well as the personal life of the ambassador and their mission, must be
impeccable. The moral conduct of diplomats should be an essential criterion for selection and
assignments. A state that knowingly allows itself to be represented by someone who does not
deserve respect is not respecting itself.

 Lastly, each government should provide its personnel sent abroad to represent them with the
necessary means to present the best possible image of their country to both the authorities
and the local population.
 3. The profession of a diplomat
NEGOTIATION entails finding amicable and diplomatic solutions, transactional and
honorable agreements, and it is one of the most exciting and yet disheartening tasks of the
diplomat's profession

The success the ambassador will achieve in negotiations depends on their conduct in both
public and personal life and the authority they have established in managing and leading the
dialogue. In these activities, the head of the mission must demonstrate discernment and
insight. It is in negotiation that the professional value of diplomats and their skillful actions are
measured.

In all circumstances, the primary duty of a diplomat is to act in good faith. They will not be
listened to, followed, or achieve a solid outcome if their counterparts do not know that they are
an individual genuinely representing their government, who knows the direction they are
heading and how far they can go, who can substantiate their positions with solid arguments,
and sincerely seeks a reasonable and satisfactory resolution to the matter at hand.

If their professional authority or moral worth is challenged, the reservations of their
counterparts will hinder the negotiation from reaching a sound and effective solution. If caught
lying, they will be permanently discredited.
 3. The profession of a diplomat
A diplomat must:

•Have a curious nature: One who is not interested in the specificities of the country
they live in and neighboring countries, who does not visit them, cannot perform their
profession well.
•Have a cosmopolitan spirit, meaning they are capable of objectively showing interest
and sympathy towards individuals and affairs from foreign countries, even if they are
vastly different from their own.
•Be a linguist. It is observed that everywhere, "foreign languages can be learned by
moderately gifted people if they consider it worth the effort... No person should choose
a diplomatic career if they do not feel capable of making this simple and essential
effort."
•Be sociable. Diplomatic society is a small, closed environment subject to strict, albeit
unwritten, rules. Diplomats who work together in one place may encounter each other
again in different parts of their careers.

And that is not all.... What is three times necessary for a

diplomat - is tact. Tact entails respecting the conventions.