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w
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N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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 ww.. w
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ww SECOND REVISION TEST –wwww
www.Padasalai.Net - No.1 Educational Website in Tamilnadu
wwCOMMON 2023
THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT
Std – XII
N N eett Physics
N Neett
a i:.i3.00
. Hours a i .i. a i
l l
Time
a l l a Marks : 70
l l a
assaNote
a
: i) Answer all the questions. a ad da
Choosea ssaa– I
Part
the most appropriate answer from theaadda
given a ssaa
four
ww P
alternatives and write.the
. ww.P
Poption code and the corresponding answer..P
ww ww w www 15 X 1 = 15
1) c) wave nature of moving electron
2) d) 9.27 × 10−24 Am-2

N
3)
Nett
e
b) inside the shell
N Neett
lalai.i. 4) c) increased into two times
1.414 × 10−8 T l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aa aa
5) a)
6) b) 0.7 V
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
7) d)
. PPaa
double refraction
. . P
. Paa

.N
8) b) 5m
w w
w www
9) b) www
1:3
𝐴−𝑍−2
www
10) b)

lai
𝑍−6
11) b) frequency modulation
N Ne
12)etta) 1:9
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa 13) a) aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
14) c) R/4 w
w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
Ω w w
w
da

15) b) ww
0.5
Part – II
w
w
6 x 2 = 12
Pa

N N e tt NN ett
Note : Answer any six of the following Questions No. 24 is Compulsory.
e e
l a
l i
a .16)
i . Why are NOR and NAND gates calledlaluniversalai .i. gates? l a
l i
a
assaa  NAND and NOR gates are known
aad d a as s aasauniversal gates because any other logic gateacan
a ad d as saa
be
w.

. P
.
made from NAND or NOR
w w P gates.
ww . P
. P
ww w wGive an example.
17) What is isotone? w w w w
ww

12
Isotones are the atoms of different elements having same number of neutrons. 𝐵 and 5
13
6𝐶 are examples of isotones with 7 neutrons each.

NN eett NNe ett

l a
l i
a .i. Stopping potential is that the value of thelanegative
18) Define stopping potential.
lai .i. (retarding) potential given to the l a
l i
a
assaa collecting electrode A which is a
emitted and make the P aa dd as
just
aa to stop the most energetic photoelectrons
s
sufficient
a a dd aasaa
s
w w . . P
photocurrent zero.
w w . P
. P
w w
19) State Huygen’s
w wprinciple w w ww
According to Huygens principle, each point on the wavefront behaves as the source of
secondary wavelets spreading out in all directions with the speed of the wave. These are

N Neett N N e e tt
called as secondary wavelets. The envelope to all these wavelets gives the position and

lalai.i. l l i
shape of the new wavefront at a later time.
a a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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wwwofwGamma rays. wwww
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20) Give two uses
It is used in radio therapy for the treatment of cancer and tumour, in food industry to kill
pathogenic microorganism.

N N eett N Ne ett
lalai .21)
i . State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction.
l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa First law
a a
Whenever magnetic flux dd a as saawith a closed circuit changes, an emf is induced
linked
a ad da assaina
w w .
the circuit which lastsP.
inPthe circuit as long as the magnetic flux is .P
changing.
w w .P
Second law w w of induced emf in a closed circuit is equal w
wwmagnitude
The wwtow the time rate of change of
magnetic flux linked with the circuit.

NN ee tt
22) Define magnetic dipole moment.
N N eett
lalai.i. The magnetic dipole moment is defined lasalathei.iproduct
. of its pole strength and magnetic lalai

et
assaa a assabya .
length. It is a vector quantity, denoted
a a d d
𝑝⃗𝑚

a d
a da assaa
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
23) What is mean by superconductivity?
w w ww
www www
The resistance of certain materials become zero below certain temperature T . This temperature is known
c

as critical temperature or transition temperature. The materials which exhibit this property are known as
superconductors.

l a
l i
a NN tt
.i. Solution
through it for 5 minutes.
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. N tt
24) Find the heat energy produced in a resistance of 𝟏𝟎 𝛀 when 5 A current flows
ee e e
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa R = 10 Ω, I = 5 A, td
aa =da
5a
ssaa
minutes = 5 × 60 s
aaddaassaa
H = I Rt
= 5 ×w10w
×w
.2
P
. P w
w . P
. P
w×w w
www
da

2
5 × 60
=w25 10 × 300
= 25 × 3000
= 75000 J (or) 75 kJ
Pa

N Neet t Part – III

N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .
i .
Answer any six of the following Q. No. 30
l a
is
lai .
i .
compulsory. 6 x 3 = 18 i
l a
l a
s aa
as 25) Discuss the basic properties a a s a a
s field lines. a as sa a
d d
aa start from a positive charge and end at negative
of electric dd
aacharges or at
w.


aww . P
.
The electric fieldPlines . P
. P
ww outward and for a
w w
infinity. For
negative
positive w
wwpoint charge, the electric field lines point radiallywinward.
point charge the electric field lines point
w w
radially
ww

 The electric field vector at a point in space is tangential to the electric field line at
that point.

N Neett
N eett
The electric field lines are denser (more closer) in a region where the electric field
N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
has larger magnitude and less dense in a region where the electric field is of smaller

assaa aadd asaa

s
ad
a d s
a aa
s
magnitude. In other words, the number of lines passing through a given surface area
a a
perpendicular to the lines is proportional to the magnitude of the electric field in that
region.
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
 w
www w
www
No two electric field lines intersect each other. If two lines cross at a point, then
there will be two different electric field vectors at the same point, As a consequence, if
some charge is placed in the intersection point, then it has to move in two different
directions at the same time, which is physically impossible. Hence, electric field lines do

N Neett not intersect.

N N e e tt
lalai.i. 
l a
l i
a .i. l a i
a
The number of electric field lines that emanate from the positive charge or end at a
l
assaa s saa ssaa
negative charge is directly proportional to the magnitude of the charges.
d d aa daa
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26) Write difference between Peltier effect and Joule’s effect.

Peltier effect
NNeet t When an electric current is passed throughNNaecircuit
e t t of a thermocouple, heat is
lalai .i. evolved at one junction and absorbed at lthealaother
i .i. junction. This is known as Peltier effect. lalai
assaa Joule’s effect
2
a d
a d
H = I Rt The heat developeda a ssa a
a ad da a
in an electrical circuit due to the flow of current
ssa a
varies
directly as
(i) thew w w .ofPPcurrent
.the ww .P
.P
ww
(ii)
w
square
the resistance of the circuit and wwww
(iii) the time of flow.

NNe et tand 2000 A m respectively. If the magnetising

N Nee t t is 1000 A m , then which one
27) Two materials X and Y are magnetised whose values of intensity of magnetisation are 500

lalai.i. among these materials can be easily magnetized?.

A m –1 –1

l a
l i
a .i. field –1

l a
l i
a

et
assaa a ad da a ssaa
aad da as aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w ww w ww
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l al ai N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa a ad da as saa
aad d a ass aa
w
w . P
. P w w . P
. P
w w
wlength of the solenoid is large when compared
www
da

wwthe
28) Assuming that to its diameter, find the
equation for its inductance.
Pa

NN e ett
Self-inductance of a long solenoid
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. Consider a long solenoid of length l andlalcross-sectional
ai .i. area A. Let n be the number of ai
l l a
s
asaa turns per unit length (or turn
a a s
density) a
ofa
sproduced inside is almost uniform and isddirected
the solenoid. When an electric current i
a
is
as saa
passed
dd
aaas shown in Figure 4.20. The magnetic field aa d
w.

through the solenoid, a magnetic field

w . P
. P ww . P
. P
isw
along the axis of the solenoid at any point
w w
ww B = μ ni
inside the solenoid given by
ww w w
ww

0
As this magnetic field passes through the solenoid, the windings of the solenoid are

N N ett N N ett
linked by the field lines. The magnetic flux passing through each turn is
e e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aad daa ssaa
a ad a assaa
d(the total
w w .
The total magnetic fluxPP
. by N = n l) is
linked or flux linkage of the solenoid
w
with
w .NP
. P
turns
number of turnsw w
www N is given
www

NNeett N N e e tt
lalai.i. We know that l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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Comparing the above equations, we get

NN e ett N Ne ett
lalai .i. From the above equation, it is clear thatlinductance
a
l ai .i. depends on the geometry of the solenoidlalai
assaa (turn density n, cross-sectional aread
a a da
A, a ssaal) and the medium present inside the solenoid.
length
a ad daa s s
If
athea
w w . P
. P
solenoid is filled with a dielectric medium of relative permeabilityμr
, then
w
w .P.P
www w www w

N eett
29) List the uses of polaroids.
N N N eett
lalai.i. 1. Polaroids are used in goggles and cameras
l a
l ai .toi.avoid glare of light. l a
l i
a

et
assaa 3Da
2. Polaroids are used to take d
aa d as saai.e., holography.
pictures
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
3. Polaroids are used to P
. optical stress analysis.
improve contrast in old oil paintings.
. P
. P

.N
w w w
wused as window glasses to control the intensityww
4. Polaroids are used in
w w w
w light.
w w
5. Polaroids are of incoming
6. Polarised laser beam acts as needle to read/write in compact discs (CDs).

lai
7. Polarised light is used in liquid crystal display (LCD).

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
30) A monochromatic light is incident on an equilateral prism at an angle 30 0and is emergent
a
sa
assaa a a aa
at an angle of 750 What is the angle of deviation produced by the prism?
dda as s ddaass
Solution
Since, thew . PP aa
. is equilateral, A = 60 ; . P
. Paa
w w
prism 0

w w
w
www www
da

0 0
Given, i = 30 ; i = 75
1 2

Equation for angle of deviation, d = i1 + i2 – A

Substituting the values, d = 30° + 75° – 60° = 45°
Pa

N Neett N N
The angle of deviation produced, d = 45°eett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa 31) Awhich aas
proton and an electron have same de
a ad d saa wavelength. Which of them moves fasteraaand
Broglie
aad d s aa
s
w.

w w . P
possesses more kinetic
. P energy?
w w. P
. P
www w w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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 w w.. w w..
ww–wlife wwww
w of a radioactive nucleus? Give the expression.
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32) What is half

We can define the half-life T1/2 as the time required for the number of atoms

N e et t present to reduce to one half of the initialNNamount.

initially
N eett
lalai .i. The half-life is the important characteristic
l a
l i
a .iof. every radioactive sample. Some lalai
assaa radioactive nuclei are knownaadtodahave assahalf-life
a as long as 10 years and some nucleiaassaa
14
aadd
. P
have very shorter half-life
w w P
. in terms of the decay constant. At t w
time (10 -14
s).
ww . PP
. number of
undecayed w
w
wwN = N / 2 .
We can express
nuclei
half-life
0
www = T ,
1/2the

By substituting this value in to the equation N = N0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 , we get

N0 / 2 = N0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑇1/2
N N ee tt ½ = 𝑒 −𝜆𝑇1/2 or 𝑒 𝜆𝑇1/2 = 2
N N e ett
lalai.i. Taking logarithm on both sides and rearranging
l a
l i
a .i.the terms, l a
l i
a

et
assaa 𝑇
ln 2
=
1/2 = 𝜆
0.6931

a
𝜆
ad daas saa
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. PP . P
. and limitations of fiber optic communication.
. P

.N
w ww
33) List out the advantages
w w w
Merits
www www

lai
i) Fiber cables are very thin and weigh less than copper cables.

N Neett N N ett
ii) This system has much larger band width. This means that its information carrying
e
l a
l i
a .i. capacity is larger.
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
iii) Fiber optic system is immune to electrical interferences.
dda s
a s
iv) Fiber optic cables are cheaper than copper cables.
ddaass
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
Demerits
w w w
w are more fragile when compared to copperwww w w w
da

w w
i) Fiber optic cables
ii) It is an expensive technology.
wires.
Pa

N Neett N Ne ett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
la i .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa Prepared by
aa ddaas aa
s
w.

ww. P
. P A. Muthuganesh., M.Sc., .
M.Phil.,
w w P
. P
B.Ed., PhD.,
w
www Department of Physics,
wwww
ww

K. V. S. Matric. Hr. Sec. School,

Thoothukudi – 628002.

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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Part – IV
Answer all the questions. 5 x 5 = 25
N N e ett NNe tt
e
lalai .34)
i a
l i
a .i. two parallel, current-carrying lalai
. a) Derive the expression for the force lbetween
assaa conductors.
a ad daa ssaa
a addaassaa
ww . P
. P ww .P.P
www w www w

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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34) b) Define Radioactive Disintegration law. Obtain the expression for number of
Radioactive atoms present at particular instant of time.
NNeett N Neett
lalai .i. Law of radioactive decay l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa we have bulk material aof d
a da as saa
radioactive a
sample which contains a vast number
ad d
ofa as
the
aa
s
w w P
radioactive nuclei.and
. Pnot all the radioactive nucleus in a sampleww.P
. Pat the time.
decay
wwww wwww

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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35) a) Explain the determination of the internal resistance of a cell using voltmeter.

N Neett
Determination of internal resistance
N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aad da as saa
aaddaassaa
w w . P
. P w
w .P.P
wwww w
www

N Nett
e N Nee tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa The emf of cell ε a d
isa
a
d as saa
aa d a a ss
dacross
aa
. PP measured
PP
by connecting a high resistance voltmeter
.the external resistance R as shown in Figure . . Since the

.N
w w w
wvery little current for deflection, the circuit
it without connecting
w ww
wbe considered as
2.20(a).
w
voltmeter wdraws ww may
open. Hence the voltmeter reading gives the emf of the cell. Then, external resistance

lai
R is included in the circuit and current I is established in the circuit. The potential

N Neett N Neett
difference across R is equal to the potential difference across the cell (V).

l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i.
The potential drop across the resistor R is
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
V = IR--------------- (1)
aaddaa a ddaa
Due to internal resistance r of the cell, the voltmeter reads a value V, which is
a
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
less than the emf of cell ε. It is because, certain amount of voltage (Ir) has dropped
w
www w
www
da

across the internal resistance r.

Then V = ε – Ir
Ir = ε – V---------- (2)
Dividing equation (2) by equation (1), we get
Pa

N Neett 𝐼𝑟 𝜀− 𝑉
N Nee tt
l a
l i
a .i. 𝐼𝑅
=
𝑉
l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa
]R ----------(3) aa aa
𝜀− 𝑉
R= [
𝑉
Since ε, V and Ra d a
d ass d a ass
dWe can
a a a
w.

w
also find the total
w . PP are
. that flows in the circuit.
current ww. P
known, internal resistance r can be determined.
. P
Due w
wwtow this internal resistance, the power deliveredww w wcircuit is not equal to
to the
ww

power rating mentioned in the battery. For a battery of emf ε, with an internal
resistance r, the power delivered to the circuit of resistance R is given by

N Neett N N ett
P = Iε = I (V + Ir) (from equation 2)
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
Here V is the voltage drop across the resistance R and it is equal to IR.
a
assaa aa aa
Therefore, P = I (IR +Ir)
d aass
P = I2 R + I2 r -------------(4)
d d a
d s
a s
.P. Paa . P Paa
Here I 2r is the power delivered to the internal resistance and I 2R is the power
.
w w
w w w
w
www www
delivered to the electrical device (here it is the resistance R). For a good battery, the
internal resistance r is very small, then I 2r << I 2R and almost entire power is
delivered to the external resistance.

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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 w w .. ww..
wwdiffraction wwwwfor n minimum.
w at single slit and obtain the condition
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35) b) Discussw
the th

Diffraction in single slit

N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aadda assaa
aaddaassaa
ww . P
. P w w .P.P
ww
Let
w w
a parallel beam of light (plane wavefront) fallw
w
ww on a single slit AB
normally
of width a as shown in Figure 7.17. The diffracted beam falls on a screen kept at a

N Nett
e N N ett
distance D from the slit. The center of the slit is C. A straight line through C
e
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i.
perpendicular to the plane of slit meets the center of the screen at O. Consider any
l a
l i
a

et
point P on the screen. All the light reaching the point P from different points on the
assaa as
a aa
s
slit make an angle θ with the normal CO.
aadd ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
PP P P
All the light waves coming from different points on the slit interfere at point P
. . . .

.N
w w
w www
(and other points) on the screen to give the resultant intensities. The point P is in the
www www
geometrically shadowed region, up to which the central maximum is spread due to
diffraction. We need to give the condition for the point P to be of various minima.

lai
The basic idea is to divide the slit into even number of smaller parts. Then, add

N Neett N N ett
their contributions at P with the proper path difference to show that destructive
e
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
interference takes place at that point to make it minimum. To explain maximum, the
a
sa
assaa aa aa
slit is divided into odd number of parts.
ddaass
Condition for P to be nth minimum
ddaass
. P
. Paa . P
. Paa
Dividing the slit into 2n number of (even number of) equal parts makes the
www w w
w
www www
da

light produced by one of the corresponding points to be cancelled by its counterpart.

Thus, the condition for nth minimum is,
𝑎 𝜆
=
2𝑛 2
Pa

N Nee tt a sin θ = nλ
N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i.
Where, n = 1, 2, 3 ... is the order of diffraction minimum.
l a
l i
a
assaa 36) a) Obtain the expressionaforadelectric
d aa s saafield due to an infinitely long charged wire.
aad d aa s aa
s
w.

(i) Electric fieldww. P P

. an infinitely long charged wire www. . P
P
w
wwwan infinitely long straight wire having uniformww
Consider
due to
wcharge density λ(charge
linear
ww

per unit length). Let P be a point located at a perpendicular distance r from the wire. The electric
field at the point P can be found using Gauss law.

N Neett N Neett
We choose two small charge elements A1 and A2 on the wire which are at equal
distances from the point P. The resultant electric field due to these two charge elements
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
points radially away from the charged wire and the magnitude of electric field is same at all

assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
points on the circle of radius r. Since the charged wire possesses a cylindrical symmetry, let
us choose a cylindrical Gaussian surface of radius r and length L.

w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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The total electric flux through this closed surface is calculated as follows.

N Neett N Nee tt
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa a ad daa s aa
s
a ad da a ssaa
w w . P P
the. curved surface, is parallel to and
𝐸⃗⃗ ww .P
𝐴⃗
P
. For the top and
𝐸⃗⃗ .d𝐴⃗ = E dA.
w w w is perpendicular to and
It is that for
w
bottom surfaces, 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝐴⃗ w w ww
𝐸 . d𝐴⃗ = 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗
Substituting these values in the equation (1) and applying Gauss law to the cylindrical
surface, we have

N Nett
e N N e ett
lalai.i. l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa a d
a daa s saa
the electric field for the entire curved surface isa ad aa s
d E is
aa
s
. PP
Since the magnitude of
. and is given by . PP constant,
. charge density

.N
w w
taken out of the integration
w Q Q = λL
w w w
, where λ is the linear
wwwper unit length) www
encl encl

(charge present

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l
Here ∫ 𝑑𝐴 total area of the curved i
a NN e
surface
tt
e
.i. = 2πrL. Substituting l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aa aa
=

this in equation (3), we get

d a
d s
a s ddaass
. P
. Pa a . P
. Paa
w w w w w w
www www
da
Pa

N Neett In vector form,

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l ai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
ad a as saa
aad a
d s
a aa
s
w.

w w . P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
Thew w w field due to the infinite charged wire depends
electric ww ww rather than which
on 1/r 1/r2
ww

is for a point charge.

Equation (1.67) indicates that the electric field is always along the perpendicular

N Neet t and if λ < 0, then points perpendicularly inward N N e tt

direction ( r ) to wire. In fact, if λ > 0 then E points perpendicularly outward ( r ) from the
e
l a
l i
a .i. wire E
l a
la i. i. (-𝑟̂ ).
l a
l i
a
assaa a a d
wire of finite length, the electric
s
The equation (1.67) is true only
d a a s
field
aneed
afor annotinfinitely
be
long charged wire. For a charged a
radial at all points. However,
aad a as s
dand far
equation
a
(1.67) for such a wire
w w . P
.
isPtaken approximately true around the mid-point
ww .
of P
. P
the wire

www
away from the w both ends of the wire.
www w

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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36) b) What is dispersion? Obtain the equation with necessary explanation.

N Neett N Ne ett
lalai .
i . The angle of deviation produced
l
by
a
l a
ai .
i .
prism is so far discussed only for
l a
l i
a
assaa s saa s saa
monochromatic light (i.e. light of single colour). When white light enter in to a prism, an
effect called dispersion takesd
a a a a Dispersion is splitting of white light into itsda
dof colours of light is called its spectrum.PPaad
place. a
. P
.
constituent colours. This
w w P band
w w ..
wwwwa beam of white light passing through a prism.
Dispersive
Consider
Power
wwwwIt gets dispersed into its
constituent colours.
If the angle of prism is small of the order of 10o, the prism is said to be a small angle

N Nett
e N Neett
prism. When rays of light pass through such prisms, the angle of minimum deviation also

lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
becomes small. Let A be the angle of a small angle prism and δ be its angle of minimum
a

et
assaa aa aa
deviation, then equation (6.89) becomes,
ddas
a s d a
d s
a s
. P
.Paa . P
. Paa

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
Kindly send me your PP a a
questions and answerkeys to us : PP da
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37) a) Obtain Einstein’s photoelectric equation with necessary explanation.

N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w .P.P
w
www w
www

N Nett
e N Neett
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a

et
assaa aaddas
a aa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
. P
.P . P
. P

.N
w w
w www
www www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
Kindly send me your PP a a
questions and answerkeys to us : PP da
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37) b) i) What are Fraunhofer lines? How are they useful in the identification of elements
present in the Sun?
N e et t lines
Fraunhofer
N N N ee tt
lalai .i.lines When l a
l a .i .
the spectrum obtained from the Sun isiexamined, it consists of large number of dark
l a
l i
a
assaa lines. The a a d
absorption spectra for various
s s
(line absorption spectrum). These dark
d a a aalines inarethecompared
materials with the Fraunhofer
aa dd
lines in
s
solar spectrum are known as Fraunhofer
a a saa
the
solar spectrum, which helps
ww . P
. P
in identifying elements present in the Sun’s .P.P
atmosphere.
w w
www w www w

NN e ett NN eett
lalai.ii)i.If the relative permeability and relativelalpermittivity
ai .i. of a medium are 1.0 and 2.25 lalai

et
assaa respectively.Solution:
a ad daa saa
Find the speed of theselectromagnetic wave in this medium.
a d
a a
d s
a aa
s
. PP
. of the medium, ε = 2.25 www. . PP

.N
Relative permeability of the medium, μ
w w w = 1 r

www
Relative permittivity r
www

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
Speed of electromagnetic wave, v = 1με√
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

N Neett N Ne e tt
l l i
a .i. l la i .i.
38) a) Derive an expression for phase angle between the applied voltage and current in a
a a l a
l i
a
assaa aa aa
series RLC circuit.
d da ass d a
d –a s s
aa a a
w.

w w . P
.
AC circuitPcontaining a resistor, an inductor, and a
. P
. P
capacitor
ww
in series
w w a circuit containing a resistor of resistance
Series RLC circuit:
wwConsider w
wwwR, an inductor of
ww

inductance L, and a capacitor of capacitance C connected across an alternating voltage

source. The applied alternating voltage is given by the equation.

N Neett υ = Vm sin ωt …… (1)

N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

NNeett N N e e tt
lalai.i. Let i be the resulting circuit current inlathe
l i
a .circuit
i . at that instant. As a result, the lalai
assaa voltageKindly a
is developed across R, L and C.
d d as saa
daassaa
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questions and answerkeys to us : PP da
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 w w .. w
w ..
ww
We know
ww wwwwacross L (V ) leads i
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that voltage across R (V ) is in phase with i, voltage
R L
by π/2 and voltage across C (VC) lags i by π/2.

N Nee
Thet t phasor diagram is drawn with current asNN theeet t phasor. The current is
reference
lalai .represented
i . by the phasor
l al a i .i. l a
l i
a
assaa ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐼 , V by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ a a
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ dda assaa
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗. aa dda a ssaa
R

w w . P
𝑂𝐴 ; V by 𝑂𝐵
. P L and V by 𝑂𝐵
C

w
w .P.P
The length w
wwofw these phasors are w
www
OI = Im, OA = ImR, OB = Im,XL; OC = ImXc

NN e et t circuit is cither effectively inductive orN N e et t or resistive that depends on

lalai.the
i. value of V or V Let us assume that V l>alVai..i.so that net voltage drop across L – C lalai
The capacitive

et
assaa combination is V < V whichaisadrepresented ssaa by a phasor ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ s aa
s
1 c L C

L C
da a 𝐴𝐷 .
a adda a
. P P
. the diagonal ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ . P P
. VR and

.N
w w w
w OE is equal to V . Therefore, w w w
(V – V ) andw
L C
wlength
By parallelogram
its
law, 𝑂𝐸
m
gives the
www
resultant voltage u of

l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
lai l a
l i
a N
.i. Neett
l a
l i
a
sa
assaa aaddaasaa
s
aaddaassaa
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
da
Pa

NNe e tt N N e tt
e
l a
l i
a .i. Z is called impedance of the circuit which
l a
lai .refers
i. to the effective opposition to the lalai
assacircuit
a current by the series RLC circuit. The
a ad da as saa triangle and impedance triangle are given
voltage
aad da assaa
in
w.

the graphical figure.

w w. P
. P w w. P
. P
w
www wwww
ww

N Neett N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaasaa
s
ad
a a
d s
a aa
s
w
w .P. P w
w. P
. P
w
www w
www

N Neett N N e e tt
lalai.i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a
assaa d d aas saa
daassaa
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wwww ww
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From phasor diagram, ww
the phase angle between n and i is found out from the following relation
Special cases Figure: Phasor diagram for a series
(i) If XL > XC, (XL – XC) is positive and phase angle φ

Neett N Neett
is also positive. It means that the applied voltage leads the current by φ (or current lags
N
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
behind voltage by φ). The circuit is inductive.
l a
l i
a
assaa aadd assaa
∴ υ = Vm sin ωt; i = Im sin(ωt + φ)
a aaddaassaa
(ii) If XL < XC, (XL – XC) is negative and φ is also negative. Therefore current leads voltage
ww. P
. P
by φ and the circuit is capacitive.
w
w .P.P
w
www w
www
∴ υ = Vm sin ωt; i = Im sin(ωt + φ)
(iii) If XL = XC, φ is zero. Therefore current and voltage are in the same phase and the
circuit is resistive.

N Ne ett ∴ υ = Vm sin ωt; i = Im sin ωt

NN eett
lalai .iDraw
. the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier
l a
l i
a .i. and explain its working. l a
l i
a

et
assaa Half The aa aa
38) b)
wave rectifier circuit
d da ass d aa ss
d and a
half wave rectifiera a a a
. PP circuit
.
. circuit, either a positive half or thewnegative PP
. half of the AC
consists of a transformer, a p-n junction diode

.N
w ww
w by the diode while the other half is blocked.
resistor. In a half wave
input is passedw
rectifier ww
wOnly one half of the
w
through w w
input wave is rectified. Therefore, it is called half wave rectifier. Here, a p-n junction diode

lai
acts as a rectifier diode.
eett
During the positive half cycle
N N N Neett
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
a .i. l a
l i
When the positive half cycle of the AC input signal passes through the circuit,
a
sa
assaa saa
s ssaa
terminal A becomes positive with respect to terminal B. The diode is forward biased and
aaddaa a ddaa
hence it conducts. The current flows through the load resistor RL and the AC voltage
a
ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
developed across RL constitutes the output voltage V0 and the waveform of the output
w
www w
www
da

voltage.
During the negative half cycle
When the negative half cycle of the AC input signal passes through the circuit,
terminal A is negative with respect to terminal B. Now the diode is reverse biased and does
Pa

Neett N Neett
not conduct. Hence no current passes through RL. The reverse saturation current in a diode is
N
l a
l i
a .i. l a
lai .i. l a
l i
a
negligible. Since there is no voltage drop across RL, the negative half cycle of AC supply is
assaa suppressed at the output.
ad
adaassaa
aaddaasaa
s
w.

ww. P
. P w
w . P
. P
w
www w
www
ww

N Neett N N e e tt
l a
l i
a .i. l a
l ai.i. l a
l i
a
assaa aaddaassaa
a ad da as saa
ww .P. P w w . P
. P
w
wwoutput
The w
w of the half wave rectifier is not a steadywDC
ww voltage but a pulsating
wave. This pulsating voltage cannot be used for electronic equipments. A constant or a
steady voltage is required which can be obtained with the help of filter circuits and voltage
eett
regulator circuits.
N N N N e e tt
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Efficiency (η) is the ratio of the output DC power to the AC input power
a l a
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supplied to the circuit. Its value for half wave rectifier is 40.6 %.
d d aa s daa s
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Prepared by
A. Muthuganesh., M.Sc., M.Phil., B.Ed., PhD.,
N Neett N Neett
lalai .i. l a
l i
a .i.
Department of Physics,
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K. V. S. Matric. Hr. Sec. School,

ddaass Thoothukudi – 628002.

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