URBANIZATION

 Processes of urbanisation
 URBAN GROWTH :
 is an increase in number of urban population in a country.

 URBANISATION:
 is an increase in percentage of urban population in a
country.
 Natural increase: There is urban growth when there is
natural increase in the urban population.
 There is urbanisation when the natural increase in the urban
population is greater than in the rural population.
3-2 Rural-urban migration Pull factors attract people to the
cities.

 There are better job opportunities.

 There are higher income and higher living standard.
 There are better educational and medical facilities.

 Push factors drive people to leave rural areas.

 There is unemployment due to farm mechanisation.
 There are lower income and lower living standard.
 There are inadequate educational and medical facilities.
 There are inadequate farmland, crop failure and famine.
 There are poverty, debt and hard farm life.
Urbanisation in developed countries
 Urbanisation started in the late 18th century
during the Industrial Revolution.
 The main causes are the pull factors, e.g.
industrial development provides employment
opportunities.

 The level of urbanisation is high, e.g. over 70%.

 However, the rate of urbanisation now slows

down or even declines because
suburbanisation occurs.
 Migration

 Human migration is the movement by people from

one place to another with the intentions of settling
temporarily or permanently in the new location.

 The movement is often over long distances and from

one country to another, but internal migration is also
possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally.
There are four variations of migration depending on where the
destination and source are located

1)Rural – Urban: Traditional rural-urban migration exists in India

as villagers seek to improve opportunities and lifestyles. This has
shown a gradual increase, with its share in total migration rising
from 16.5% to 21.1% between 1971 and 2001.

2) Urban – Urban: There has been slight increase of urban to

urban migration from 13.6% to 14.7% over three decades (1971-
2001).
3) Rural – Rural: According to the 2001 census data, rural to rural
migration has been the most dominant. In 2001, rural to rural
migration (during the last decade) has accounted for 54.7% of
total migration within2 Study on Internal Migration and regional
disparity, 2002. 7

4) Urban – Rural: It is not that only rural to urban migration is

prevalent. Though unnoticed, the last decade the urban to rural
migration figure stands as 6.2 million people, i.e. approximately
6% of the population that moved between 1991-2001
DURATIONS:
The duration for how long a migrant stays at his/her destination
is subject to personal and economiccircumstances and it falls
into three broad categories:

1) Temporary/seasonal
2) Semi-permanent
3) Permanent

Seasonal migration has long been practiced in the rural areas,

particularly among landless laborers and marginal farmers with
limited livelihood options. Often times it begins with male
members of the family going out of their villages to work,
returning when the employment is complete due to seasonal
and market related reasons.
 Problems of Migrants

 LACK OF LOW COST HOUSING

 LACK OF BASIC SERVICES

 INSECURITY

 SUBSEQUENT HEALTH PROBLEMS

Consequences of urbanization

• Rapid rise in urban population, in India, is leading to many

problems like increasing slums, decrease in standard of living
in urban areas, also causing environmental damage

• The Industrial Revolution in the 18th century caused countries

like United States and England to become superpower nations
but the present condition is worsening.
Urbanization in India
began to accelerate after independence, due to the country's
adoption of a mixed economy, which gave rise to the
development of the private sector.

Urbanisation is taking place at a faster rate in India. Population

residing in urban areas in India, according to 1901 census, was
11.4%.
This count increased to 28.53% according to 2001 census, and
crossing 30% as per 2011 census, standing at 31.16%.According to
a survey by UN State of the World Population report in 2007, by
2030, 40.76% of country's population is expected to reside in
urban areas.
As per World Bank, India, along with China,
Indonesia, Nigeria, and the United States, will lead
the world's urban population surge by 2050
 SLUM

A Slum, for the purpose of Census, has been defined as residential

areas where dwellings are unfit for human habitation by reasons
of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangements and design of
such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of street, lack
of ventilation, light, or sanitation facilities or any .
Why do urban slums exist?

The existence of slums is caused and sustained by a number of

forces, including rapid rural-to-urban migration, insecure
tenure, and globalization. Rural-to-urban migration amplifies
slum formation because city planning and management
systems are unable to effectively manage the considerable
population influx.
By 2017, India's slum population will rise to 104 million

India's slum population will surge to 104 million by 2017

- or around 9% of the total projected national
population of 1.28 billion that year.

According to data provided in Parliament, Maharashtra,

Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
will host the largest chunks of India's slum population .
factors responsible for the formation of
slum

 RAPID INDUSTRIALISATION
 POPULATION GROWTH
 LACK OF ZONING
 DECENTRALIZATION
 LACK OF EDUCATION
 POVERTY
 REPAIR AND MAINTANCE
 INADQUATE POWERS
EFFECTS OF SLUM ON TOWN LIFE

 UNHEALTHY CONDITIONS DUE TO LACK OF SERVICES

 ABSENCE OF SOCIO CULTURAL LIFE
 INCREASE IN CRIME RATE
 INCREASE IN POLLUTION,NOISE,AND
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
 OVERLOAD ON SERVICES
Recent years have seen a dramatic growth in the
number of slums as urban populations have increased in
developing countries.
Nearly a billion people worldwide live in slums, and
some project the figure may grow to 2 billion by 2030, if
governments and global community ignore slums and
continue current urban policies.
United Nations Habitat group believes change is
possible.

To achieve the goal of “cities without slums”, claims

UN, governments must undertake vigorous urban
planning, city management, infrastructure
development, slum upgrading and poverty reduction.
Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY)
• Three-tiered approach – Improving existing slums

• Relocation/upgrading/redevelopment – Preventing future

slum formation

• Lifting regulatory barriers

• Subsidizing mortgage for the poor – Improving governance

• Decentralization

• Information base (e.g. Slum GIS)

Slum removal
Some city governments and state officials have simply sought to
remove slums.
This strategy for dealing with slums is rooted in the fact that
slums typically start illegally on someone else’s land property, and
they are not recognized by the state. As the slum started by
violating another's property rights, the residents have no legal
claim to the land.

Critics argue that slum removal by force tend to ignore the social
problems that cause slums. The poor children as well as working
adults of a city’s informal economy need a place to live. Slum
clearance removes the slum, but it does not remove the causes
that create and maintain the slum.
Slum relocation

Slum relocation strategies rely on removing the slums and

relocating the slum poor to free semi-rural peripheries of cities,
sometimes in free housing.

This strategy ignores several dimensions of a slum life.

The strategy sees slum as merely a place where the poor lives. In
reality, slums are often integrated with every aspect of a slum
resident’s life, including sources of employment, distance from
work and social life
Slum upgrading

Some governments have begun to approach slums as a possible

opportunity to urban development by slum upgrading.

• This approach was inspired in part by the theoretical

writings of John Turner in 1972.
• The approach seeks to upgrade the slum with basic
infrastructure such as sanitation, safe drinking water, safe
electricity distribution, paved roads, rain water drainage
system, and bus/metro stops.
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT

• Article 14 of the Indian Constitution

provides that the State shall not deny
to any person equality before law or
the equal protection of laws within
India.

• Article 19 of the Indian Constitution

provides that the all citizens shall have
the right to freely move throughout
India and also to reside and settle in
any part of India.
Article 38 of the Indian Constitution
provides…………….

that the State shall strive to minimize the inequalities in

income and endeavor to eliminate inequalities in status,
facilities and opportunities not only amongst individuals
but amongst group of people residing in different areas.
HISTORY

• 1990: A Special autonomous authority Slum Rehabilitation

Authority (“SRA”) was established. The Developers were
encouraged to develop the underlying land of the slums and
incentive of FSI for constructing tenements for sale in open
market was allowed in lieu of free housing for slum dwellers.
• 1997: The Government of India sanctioned the modification to
the Development Control Regulation Nos.33(10), 33(14) and 60 of
the Development Control Regulations.
POWERS AND DUTIES OF SRA

• The powers, duties and responsibilities of SRA are as follows:

• to survey and review existing position regarding Slum areas.

• to formulate schemes for rehabilitation of slum areas.

• to get the slum rehabilitation scheme implemented.

• to do all such other acts and things as may be necessary for

achieving the objective of rehabilitation of slums.

• SRA can declare any area as slum rehabilitation area in

accordance with SRS. All slum rehabilitation areas come under
the jurisdiction of SRA.
• SRA undertakes aforesaid functions through its
departments such as Planning & Implementation;
Building Permission and Supervision; Eligibility
Certification, eviction on non-participants and
declaration of slum areas and slum rehabilitation areas;
Registration of co-operative housing societies; Land
Management; Community Development; Accounts and
Finance; and General Administration.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SLUM REDEVELOPMENT AND SLUM
REHABILITATION

• Whilst Slum Redevelopment Scheme is for

improvement of living conditions of slum dwellers,
and to make them habitable with basic amenities such
as clean drinking water, sanitary, street lighting, etc.
However, Slum Redevelopment Scheme do not
provide for rehabilitation.

• SRS aims at providing good housing to the slum

dwellers as specified in the SRS of an area consisting
of 225* sq. ft. free of cost and self contained .
SALIENT FEATURES OF SLUM REHABILITATION
SCHEME
• According to the Slum Rehabilitation Scheme of Government
of India (‘SRS”) every slum structure existing prior to January 1,
1995 are legalised and treated as protected structure.

• Every slum dweller whose name appears in the electoral rolls

as on January 1, 1995 and who continues to stay in the slum is
eligible for rehabilitation.

• Under the SRS, every eligible residential slum structure is

provided with an alternative tenement admeasuring 225.00* sq.
ft. preferably at the same site, irrespective of the area of slum
structure.
SALIENT FEATURES OF SLUM REHABILITATION SCHEME

• Every eligible slum structure that is being used for commercial

purposes is granted an alternative tenement having area equal to
the structure subject to an upper limit of 225.00* sq. ft.

• Under the SRS, minimum of 70% of eligible slum dwellers can

form a cooperative housing society for implementation of SRS.

The slum dwellers can appoint a developer for execution of SRS.

• The underlying land is used as a resource for the SRS.
PROBLEMS FOR SLUM DWELLERS

• Inhuman and dangerous living conditions due to lack of

security;

• Constant fear of losing their homes;

• No hygienic and sanitary facilities;

• No clean drinking water;

• No basic civic services like waste collection and disposal;

• No properly maintained drainage system;

• No electricity or paved roads.

ADVANTAGES OF SLUM REDEVELOPMENT

• Slum redevelopment facilitates proper and planned

development of large parcels of land.

• Such planned development increases the supply in congested

cities like Mumbai and exerts downward pressure on existing
property rates. Such planned development also reduces
burden on infrastructure.
• SRS encourages through public private partnerships (PPPs)
facilitates access prime and large tracts of land. Due to the
incentives of SRS including higher-than normal floor space index
(FSI) costs of land reduces thereby enabling developers to gain
higher margins on saleable portions
SALIENT FEATURES OF SLUM REHABILITATION SCHEME

• The plots which are reserved for public purposes and which are
over run by slums can also be taken up for implementation of a
SRS. In case of plots reserved for unbuildable reservations, 33% of
the reservation area is left free for the intended reservation.

• In case of plots reserved for buildable reservations, a certain

predetermined proportion of the permissible built up area is to be
constructed as per the requirement of user agency and handed
over free of cost to the city administration as a part of SRS.
• Slum Rehabilitation Authority (“SRA”) is empowered as single
window approving authority for development under the SRA.

• An additional 5% FSI incentive for commercial area is available

to the projects being implemented by either a society of slum
dwellers directly or a NGO.
SALIENT FEATURES OF SLUM REHABILITATION SCHEME

• The developer puts in resources in the form of money, men and

material for construction of free houses for the slum dwellers.

• The developer is compensated for his efforts in the form of free

sale component.
• The developer is required to construct the rehabilitation
tenements on the plot itself.

• The balance FSI left is allowed for construction of free sale

tenements. Along with the free rehabilitation tenements the
developers also have to provide space for amenities like a
creche (Balwadi), society office, welfare centre.
• Along with the free rehabilitation tenements the developers
also have to provide space for amenities like a creche
(Balwadi), society office, welfare centre.

• The developers are allowed to construct tenements for sale

in the open market.

• The area allowed for sale in the open market is equal to the
area of tenements constructed for Rehabilitation of slum
dwellers.
• Floor Space Index (known as FAR elsewhere) upto 2.5
is allowed for SRS.

• The spill over entitlement to the developer is

permissible for sale in the form of transferable
development right in the open market.

• These transferable rights can be utilised on other non

slum pockets subject to the provisions of
Development Control Regulations , 1991.
Rajiv Awas Yojna

Rajiv Awas Yojana envisages a “Slum-Free India” with inclusive

and equitable cities in which every citizen has access to basic
civic and social services and decent shelter.
It aims to achieve this vision by

• encouraging States/Union Territories to tackle the problem

of slums in a definitive manner, by a multi-pronged approach
focusing on:

• Bringing all existing slums, notified or non-notified within the

formal system and enabling them to avail of the same level
of basic amenities as the rest of the town;

• Readdressing the failures of the formal system that lie

behind the creation of slums;

.
• and Tacking the shortages of urban land and housing that keep
shelter out of reach of the urban poor and force them to resort
to extralegal solutions in a bid to retain their sources of
livelihood and employment
CHALLENGES IN SLUM REDEVELOPMENT

• The Government should encourage the PPP model. Many SRA

schemes that has followed this model in past have been
successful in Mumbai such as SRA development done by
developers such as Ackruti, HDIL, Unitech and Hiranandani.

• Having said that there are certainly challenges to effective

slum redevelopment largely depends on ownership of land. In
case the land is privately owned, there is often resistance from
the owner in parting with it. Also it is difficult to ascertain the
existing slum dwellers as there is no authentic record upto date
is available in respect of all slum pockets.
ROAD BLOCKS ON SLUM REDEVELOPMENT

• There exists no authentic and acceptable record of slum

dwellers in respect of most slum areas around the country.
Hence, despite regulations and policies being in place for SRA,
the redevelopment is not effectively implemented. Further, in
order to avoid misuse of the liberated land effective
implementation is essential.

• Often due to apprehensions and objections of slum dwellers

the SRS cannot be effectively implemented.
ARANYA HOUSING

B.V. DOSHI
STREET VIEW