AN ASSESSMENT ON THE IMPACTS OF DROUGHT ON SOYABEAN PRODUCTION IN

LAKWANA SUB COUNTY OMORO DISTRICT, NORTHERN UGANDA

BY
OBAL RONALD
20/U/0298/GAE/PS
20001000298

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND

HUMANITIES IN PATIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF
A BACHELOR DEGREE OF ARTS EDUCATION FROM GULU UNIVERSITY.

AUGUST, 2023.
 DECLARATION

I Obal Ronald declare that this research report about “Assessment of the impact of drought on soybeans
production in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro district”, was a result of my finding and has never been
produced by anybody for award in any institution

Signature………………………………………… Date…………………………………………………...

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 APPROVAL

This is to certify that this research report on “Assessment of the impact of drought on soybeans
production in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro district” has been done under my supervision

Signature…………………………………………... Date…………………………………………

Mr. Bindhe Fred

Supervisor

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 DEDICATION

This research report is dedicated to my mother who has been instrumental at every stage of my
development. This research report is also dedicated to my family members, friends and my lecturers for
the knowledge they have offered to me during my studies at Gulu University. Am grateful for all your
supports that made this work possible.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I would like to acknowledge the varied support of the following people whose contributions have enabled
the success of this work.
First and fore most I would like to thank the Almighty God for the wisdom, mercy and grace that enabled
me to reach this far.
My dear Mother Mego. Anek Jacklyn for the selfless support both financially and morally rendered to me
during my study.
My supervisor Mr Bindhe Fred for his guidance and supportive remarks given to me throughout the
course of this study
Last but not least, my friends for the constructive time we had together which has enabled this research
report to be completed successfully.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
DECLARATION...........................................................................................................................................ii
APPROVAL.................................................................................................................................................iii
DEDICATION..............................................................................................................................................iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................................ix
LIST OF FIGURES.......................................................................................................................................x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................................xi
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................xii
CHAPTER ONE............................................................................................................................................1
1.0. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................1
1.1. background of the study......................................................................................................................1
1.2. Statement of the problem....................................................................................................................3
1.3. General Objective...............................................................................................................................3
1.4. Specific objectives..............................................................................................................................3
1.5. Research Questions.............................................................................................................................4
1.6. Scope of the study...............................................................................................................................4
1.6.1 Geographical scope.......................................................................................................................4
1.6.2 Content Scope...............................................................................................................................4
1.6.3 Time Scope...................................................................................................................................4
1.7 Justification of the study......................................................................................................................4
1.8 Conceptual Framework........................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO...........................................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW..............................................................................................................................6
2.0 Introduction..........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 The frequency of droughts...................................................................................................................6
2.2 The dangers of droughts on soya beans production.............................................................................7
2.3 The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts......................................................8
2.4 Conclusions of the literature review....................................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE.....................................................................................................................................10
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.................................................................................................................10
3.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................10
3.1 Research design.................................................................................................................................10

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 3.2 Study area...........................................................................................................................................10
3.2.1 Location......................................................................................................................................10
3.2.2 Climate........................................................................................................................................11
3.2.3 Vegetation...................................................................................................................................11
3.2.4 Drainage......................................................................................................................................11
3.2.5 Major economic activity.............................................................................................................11
3.3 Study population................................................................................................................................11
3.4 Data collection methods.....................................................................................................................12
3.4.1 Interview method........................................................................................................................12
3.4.2 Questionnaire methods................................................................................................................12
3.5 Data collection tools..........................................................................................................................12
3.5.1 Interview guide...........................................................................................................................12
3.5.2 Questionnaire guide....................................................................................................................13
3.6 Sampling procedure...........................................................................................................................13
3.6.1 Purposive Sampling....................................................................................................................13
3.6.2 Random Sampling.......................................................................................................................13
3.7 Data analysis......................................................................................................................................13
3.8 Limitations and delimitations............................................................................................................13
CHAPTER FOUR........................................................................................................................................15
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS.................................15
4.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................15
4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent........................................................................15
4.1.1 Sex of the respondents................................................................................................................15
4.1.2 Age distribution of respondent....................................................................................................15
4.1.3 Marital status of the respondents................................................................................................16
4.1.4 Education level of the respondents.............................................................................................16
4.1.5 Duration of stay in the study area...............................................................................................17
4.2 The frequency of droughts in Lakwana sub county...........................................................................18
4.2.1 Whether they are experience drought in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district..........................18
4.2.2 How frequent is droughts in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district............................................19
4.3 The dangers of droughts on soya bean production............................................................................19
4.3.1 Whether they noticed that droughts have effects on soya beans production..............................19
4.3.2 the dangers of droughts on soya beans production in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district.....20
4.4 The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts....................................................22
CHAPTER FIVE.........................................................................................................................................24

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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................24
5.0 Introduction........................................................................................................................................24
5.1 Summary............................................................................................................................................24
5.2 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................24
5.3 Recommendation...............................................................................................................................24
5.4 Areas for future research....................................................................................................................25
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................26
APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................................27
Appendix ⅰ) Consent form.......................................................................................................................27
Appendix ii) Questionnaire guide............................................................................................................27
Appendix ⅳ) Estimated budget...............................................................................................................33
Appendix ⅴ) Time framework.................................................................................................................33

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 4. 1:Sex of the respondents................................................................................................................15

Table 4. 2: Age distribution of respondent..................................................................................................15

Table 4. 3: duration of stay..........................................................................................................................17

Table 4. 4:Total monthly rainfall in (mm) for omoro district (barogal) From 2010-2020..........................19

Table 4. 5: The dangers of droughts on soybeans production.....................................................................20

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 4. 1: Marital status of the respondents..............................................................................................16

Figure 4. 2: Education level of the responde...............................................................................................17

Figure 4. 3: whether there is drought in lakwana sub county......................................................................18

Figure 4. 4: Frequency of experiencing drought..........................................................................................19

Figure 4. 5: Whether they noticed that droughts have effects on soya beans production............................20

Figure 4. 6: photograph of soybeans drying up before maturity in Lujorongole parish in lakwana

subcounty.....................................................................................................................................................21

Figure 4. 7: The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts on soya bean production in

Lakwana sub county, Omoro District..........................................................................................................22

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FAOSTAT – Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database.

GDP – Gross Domestic Product
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
MAAIF – Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries.
MFPED – Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development
MWE – Ministry of Water and Environment
NEMA – National Environment Management Authority.
NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
UBOS – Uganda Bureau of Statistics
USDA – United States Department of Agriculture.
WMO – World Meteorological Organization.

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 ABSTRACT

The study focused on assessing the impacts of drought on soya bean production in Lakwana sub county
Omoro district, northern Uganda. The objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of
droughts, to examine the dangers of droughts on soya bean production and to determine adaptation
strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts. The study used a cross-sectional survey to assess the
respondent’s views on the implications of drought on soybeans production and the study gathered
information from the field on the frequency of drought in Lakwana sub county Omoro District using trend
analysis of climatic data for a period between 2012 to 2022 and used questionnaires and interviews to
attain information on the dangers of drought on production of soybeans and drought adaptation strategies
by soybean farmers in Lakwana sub county Omoro District, the study gathered information from 100
respondents. The study major findings revealed that droughts occur in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro
District and it pose a serious danger on soya bean production such as Crops yielding poorly with 75% of
responses strongly agreeing, Crops become stunted with 60% strongly agreeing, Crops fail to germinate
with 30% strongly agreeing to it while only 5% strongly agreed that crops completely die. The study
further revealed that most farmers have adapted few and less scientific strategies towards drought Such as
Seasonal timing before planting with 65 (65%) of the respondents, 27(27%) of the respondents adapted to
droughts through Planting of drought resistant crops, Irrigation farming is carried out by 5(5%) of the
respondents while mulching is carried out by 3 (3%) of the respondents and 0% adapted by Digging
valley dams to provide water. The study’s major recommended that Government should invest in the
Climate information and advisory services, NGOs and Government Should Increase investment in
irrigation infrastructure in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District. Furthermore, Government should
facilitate research on developing drought-tolerant soya bean varieties

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.0. Introduction.
This research study was to assess the impacts of drought on soya bean production in Lakwana Sub county
Omoro district. This chapter consist of the background of the study, statement of problem, general
objective, specific objectives, research questions, scope of the study, the significance of the study,
conceptual framework,

1.1. background of the study

Climate change is an important contemporary issue which affects agriculture both crop production and
animal husbandry globally (Battisti and Naylor, 2009). Climate change is expected to increase in the
frequency and intensity of heat wave, which could have a significant impact on crops yield (Ashley A.
McCune,2018). Droughts is a prolonged periods of abnormally low rainfall that leads to shortage of
water, affecting various aspects of the environment, agriculture, ecosystems, and human societies, it can
lead to crops failure, water scarcity, reduced hydropower generation, and even contribute to conflicts over
limited resources (Svoboda, Brad, and Peterson, 2018). Drought has been a constraint to crop production
for the foods in USA in 2011 and 2012 (Zribi, Dridi, Amri, Lili-Chabaane, 2016).

Drought occurs when soil moisture is depleted to the extent that crop and pasture yields are significantly
affected. Agricultural drought definitions link various characteristics of meteorological drought to
agricultural impacts, focusing, for example, on precipitation shortages, departures from normal, or
numerous meteorological factors such as evapotranspiration (Wilhite and Glantz, 1985).

Drought is the world’s costliest disaster and affects a large number of people every year; for example, an
average cost of 6 to 8 billion US$ is caused annually by global drought (Mavromatis, 2007). Drought is
seen as an environmental issue with a series of studies conducted and evaluated for the considered
decrease in water available due to precipitation challenges. In Uganda for instance, seven major drought
episodes were experienced between 1991–2000, followed by others in 2010/2011, 2016 causing an
estimated $237 million economic loss (MWE, 2017) and severe hydrological stresses on water
catchments (MWE, 2012). These were mainly experienced in the cattle corridor and Northern regions of
the country.

In Uganda, agriculture contributes about 20% to the gross domestic product (GDP), 48% to export
earnings and employs about 73% of the population. More than four million households depend on small-
scale farming for their livelihoods with poverty reduction relying on improvements in agriculture (Epule,
James D., Shuaib and Laurent, 2017). Agricultural systems in Uganda are highly sensitive to climatic

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conditions, and major droughts in the last decade have had significant impacts, including in 2006 that
resulted in higher food prices and droughts in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, which compromised hydro-
power generation and livestock and food production (Laurent et al, 2017). The damages associated with
the 2010 and 2011 droughts led to a deficit of 2.8 trillion Uganda shillings, an equivalent of US$ 1.2
billion or 7% of Uganda’s GDP (Laurent Lepage et al, 2017).

Soya bean is the world’s leading economic oilseed crop. Processed soya beans are also the largest source
of vegetable oil and protein feed. In addition to being a source of macronutrients and minerals, soybeans
contain secondary metabolites such as isoflavones (Sakai and Kogiso, 2008), saponins, phytic acid,
oligosaccharides, goitrogens (Liener, 1994) and phytoestrogens (Ososki and Kennelly, 2003). Global
production of soya bean in 2007 was around 219.8 million metric tonnes (mmt). The country with the
greatest output was the USA, producing 70.4 mmt, followed by Brazil (61 mmt), Argentina (47 mmt) and
China (14.3 mmt) (Soystats, 2008). Its global production increased to over 340 million tons in 2020
(FAOSTAT, 2021). However, soya bean production is often limited by environmental stresses, including
drought (Abdelrahman et al., 2020). This lead reduces soya bean yields and quality, and can also increase
vulnerabilities to pests and diseases (Boote et al., 2019).

The effects of drought on soya bean production can vary depending on the timing and severity of the
stress, as well as the specific soya bean species grown (Prado et al., 2019). Drought stress can affect
various aspects of soya bean growth and development, including leaf photosynthesis, root growth and
seed filling (Liang et al., 2018).

Studies on the effect of drought on soya bean production has focused on various aspects, including the
physiological and biochemical mechanisms of drought stress (Nguyen et al., 2021), the genetic basis of
drought tolerance in soya bean (Dhanapal et al., 2020), and the development of drought-tolerant soya
bean varieties through breeding and genetic engineering (Abdelrahman et al., 2020).

In addition to these scientific studies, there have also been economic and social analyses of the impact of
drought on soya bean production. For example, a study in Brazil found that drought reduced soya bean
yields by up to 50%, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers (Schneider et al., 2021). Another
study in Nigeria found that drought reduced household income and food security for soya bean farmers
(Oyinbo et al., 2021). Overall, research on the effect of drought on soya bean production highlights the
need for effective drought mitigation and adaptation strategies for soya bean farmers, as well as the
development of drought-tolerant soya bean varieties to ensure food security and sustainable agriculture in
drought-prone regions.

Climate projections in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) forecast an increase in the intensity and frequency of

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droughts with implications for crop production. While studies have examined how soya bean might be
affected at the continental level, there have been few national or sub-national studies of vulnerability of
soybeans in Uganda.

1.2. Statement of the problem

The United Nations estimates that droughts affects over 1.5 billion people each year and cause up to $124
billion in economic losses. The effects of droughts are likely to become more severe in the future due to
climate change. Africa is the most drought-prone continent in world with countries like Ethiopia, Kenya,
Zimbabwe and Sudan (FAO,2020). Drought in Sudan 1984 caused reductions in crop production
resulting to over 50,000 deaths and the country highly suffered social, economic capacity losses basically
of nomadic tribes who were heavily depending on local agriculture system services (Coles, 2004). The
threat that climate change represents for Uganda and its economic development has been documented for
years such as reduced crop yields and food insecurity, water scarcity, displacement and migration (Tol,
Hepworth & Goulden, 2009). The Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative Index (2019) ranks Uganda
as the 15th-most-vulnerable country in the world to climate change such droughts and floods, and the
49th-least-prepared country to combat its effects. The major economic activity in Lakwana Sub county is
Subsistence agriculture. The main crops grown in the Sub County includes Soya Beans, Maize, Beans,
millet, cassava. Farmers also grow vegetables, fruits and coffee. Livestock such as cattle, goats, pigs are
also common among farmers. Agricultural sector is the largest contributor to the GDP of Omoro District,
accounting for over 80% of the total output in 2022 (UBOS,2022). The impact of drought is severe in
areas where rain fed subsistence agricultural activities are practice. most farmers in Lakwana sub-county
and in Omoro district largely depends on nature for growth and development of their crops which this
study focused to determine impact of droughts on soya bean production in Lakwana sub-county Omoro
district

1.3. General Objective

The main purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of drought on soya bean production in Lakwana
Sub county Omoro district.

1.4. Specific objectives

The specific objectives of the study were;

i. To determine the frequency of droughts in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District,

ii. To examine the dangers of droughts on soya bean production in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro
District,
iii. To determine adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts in Lakwana Sub

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 County, Omoro District.

1.5. Research Questions.

In order to carry out this study, the following questions offered guidance in attempt to address the
problem.

i. What was the frequency of droughts in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District?
ii. What were the dangers of droughts on soya bean production in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro
District?
iii. What were the adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts in Lakwana Sub
County, Omoro District?

1.6. Scope of the study

The research was carried out along geographical, content and time scopes as seen below.

1.6.1 Geographical scope

The study was conducted in Omoro District, however it was limited to Lakwana Sub County and targeted
the farmers that grow soya beans.
1.6.2 Content Scope
The research study specifically focused on the impact of droughts on soya beans production in Lakwana
Sub County, the study was to establish the frequency of drought in Lakwana Sub County, the study was
also to assess the dangers of drought on soya bean production and to advance adaptation strategies by
soya bean farmers towards droughts in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District.

1.6.3 Time Scope

The duration of the study was a period of six to eight months (6-8 months) and the key information that
was considered ranged from 2014-2022, this was to ensure that all the relevant information was gathered
and analysed properly.

1.7 Justification of the study

The findings of the research study increases awareness among soya bean farmers about the effects of
drought on crop production so as to develop appropriate measures to address this issue. The study
provides information helping the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, and the ministry
of disaster preparedness and refugee to plan in devising mechanism for averting the effect of droughts
that reduce crop productions.
To the scholars and researchers, the findings of the study contributes to the existing literature about
droughts and its impact on soya bean production in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District.

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1.8 Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Drought
Soya Bean production
low rainfall
Poor germination
Hot temperatures
Stunted growth
Low humidity
Yellowing of leaves

Extraneous Variable

Floods

Pests and diseases

Soil erosion

The above conceptual framework showed that the independent variables which were the effects of
droughts like low rainfall, hot temperature and low humidity has impact on the dependent variables which
was soya bean production. For instance, low rainfall leads to poor germination of crop. Low soil moisture
can reduce crop germination rates by up to 50% (John P. Mitchell, 2016)., hot temperature leads to
stunted growth. Climate change is expected to increase in the frequency and intensity of heat wave, which
could have a significant impact on crops yield (Ashley A. McCune,2018). However, the conceptual
framework also showed the impact of extraneous variable on the dependent variable like floods which
leads to crop failure (Dr Friederike Otto et al, 2018), soil erosion which affects the soil fertility leading to

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low production, pest and diseases which also reduce crops yields. In this regard extraneous variable were
controlled since this study was not interested in their impact.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction.
This chapter reviewed literatures related to the variables under study. The study was focused on the
frequency of droughts, the dangers of droughts on soybean production and adaptation strategies by soya
bean farmers towards droughts

2.1 The frequency of droughts.

Droughts are natural hazards that can cause severe impacts on agriculture, water resources, and
ecosystems. The frequency of droughts can vary depending on the region, climate, and other factors.
Drought is a global problem that is affecting all continents. The frequency and severity of droughts have
increased in recent decades, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. Climate change is the
main driver of this trend, as it is causing temperatures to rise and rainfall patterns to become more erratic.
(IPCC, 2014). Droughts have a significant impact on the global economy and people. Crop failures
caused by drought lead to food shortages and price increases. Livestock deaths due to drought can also
lead to economic losses for farmers. Droughts can also increase the risk of disease outbreaks, as people
are forced to live in closer proximity to livestock and other animals, (World Bank, 2019).

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report states that "globally,
drought frequency and intensity is likely to increase in the 21st century in some regions, including the
Mediterranean, central Europe, central North America, and southern Africa" (IPCC, 2014). drought is a
frequent and recurring feature of climate in most parts of the United States and that approximately 30 to
60 percent of the United States is usually in some stage of drought at any given time" (NOAA, 2020). The
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) reports that "the frequency, duration, and intensity of
droughts have been increasing in many parts of the world, particularly in regions where precipitation
variability is high" (WMO, 2018).

global drought frequency has been analyzed and was noted that global droughts have become more
frequent and intense since the 1970s, with a noticeable jump in the early 1980s" (Dai ,2011). Droughts in
the western United States over the past 1,200 years are not unprecedented, but they occur in a context of
rising temperature and diminished snowpack, which exacerbate their effects" (Cook et al. 2014). Drought

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is a recurrent hazard in Uganda. The country has experienced at least 10 droughts since 1960, with the
most recent drought occurring in 2016-2017. Droughts are caused by a combination of factors, including
below-average rainfall, high temperatures, and changes in wind patterns (World Bank, 2019). The
frequency of droughts in Uganda has increased in recent decades. This is likely due to climate change,
which is causing temperatures to rise and rainfall patterns to become more erratic. Climate change is also
expected to make droughts more severe in the future (Ayers J. M. and Amani, F, 2017)

Droughts have a significant impact on Uganda's economy and people. Crop failures caused by drought
lead to food shortages and price increases. Livestock deaths due to drought can also lead to economic
losses for farmers. Droughts can also increase the risk of disease outbreaks, as people are forced to live in
closer proximity to livestock and other animals (Ayers J. M. et al 2017). The most severe impacts of
drought are felt in the Karamoja region of Uganda. Karamoja is a semi-arid region in the north of the
country that is home to a population of over 2 million people. The region is already vulnerable to drought
due to its dry climate, and climate change is expected to make the region even more susceptible to
droughts. (Uganda Bureau of Statistics, 2020).

2.2 The dangers of droughts on soya beans production.

Soybean is one of the most important crops globally, with a significant contribution to food security and
economic growth. However, the production of soybean is highly susceptible to drought stress, which is a
major constraint to its productivity and yield. Drought stress affects various physiological and
morphological aspects of plants. drought reduces leaf area, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic rate,
resulting in decreased biomass accumulation (Farooq et al, 2009). Furthermore, drought stress alters root
morphology, reducing root length, surface area, and volume (Manavalan et al, 2009).

The worst economic effects of droughts occur in agricultural sectors due of the reliance of the sectors on
the surface and groundwater supply (Berthoud and Bryan, 2011). there have been economic and social
analyses of the impact of drought on soya bean production. For example, a study in Brazil found that
drought reduced soya bean yields by up to 50%, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers
(Schneider et al., 2021). Another study in Nigeria found that drought reduced household income and food
security for soya bean farmers (Oyinbo et al, 2021)

The immediate effect of drought is the fall of production because of inadequate and poor distributed
rainfall. (Berry, Kelly, 2008). Drought stress can cause significant reductions in soybean growth,
development, and yield. The authors also reported that drought stress can lead to changes in the
physiological and biochemical processes of soybean plants, resulting in reduced photosynthesis, water-
use efficiency, and nutrient uptake (Bhatnagar-Mathur et al, 2015)

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Drought can cause significant reductions in soybean yield, with losses ranging from 10% to 50%.
(Sinclair and Rufty, 2012). The authors also noted that drought stress can affect various stages of soya
bean growth, including germination, emergence, vegetative growth, flowering, and pod development.
(Sinclair et al, 2012)

Drought is an occurring situation in Sudan that for example in 1984 caused the crop production
reductions. Because of this, close to 55,000 people died and the country highly suffered social, economic
capacity losses basically of nomadic tribes who were heavily depending on local agriculture system
services (Coles, 2004) Drought has caused withering of crops hence a shoot up of food prices including
beans, meat, maize and milk products as a result of water scarcity to produce adequate food and crop,
leading to malnutrition of tens of thousands of people (MAAIF, 2002). Drought has also resulted into
parched fields, dusty roads and failures in water supply in some regions. In its extremes, drought has
caused hunger, famine, starvation and hence human death, increase in production costs, among others
(NEMA, 2010).

Furthermore, a study by (Boote et al, 2013) found that the effects of drought stress on crops production
can be exacerbated by other environmental factors, such as high temperatures and low soil fertility. The
authors reported that the combination of drought stress and high temperatures can lead to significant
reductions in yield, with losses ranging from 20% to 80%.

2.3 The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts.

Drought is a major threat to crop production worldwide. In the United States, drought has caused an
average of $1.3 billion in crop losses each year since 1990 (USDA, 2022). Soya bean farmers are
adapting to drought in a variety of ways, including changing crop varieties, planting more drought-
tolerant crops, and using irrigation.

Increasing investment in irrigation infrastructure, Irrigation is a way that crop farmers can adapt to
drought. Irrigation can provide water to crop during dry (periods, which can help to protect yields. Crops
like soybean yields were significantly improved by supplemental irrigation during drought periods
(Fageria et al.,2009). Furthermore, studies by (Kandel et al., 2019) and (Tadesse et al., 2018) showed the
importance of efficient water management and the use of low-cost irrigation technologies, such as drip
irrigation, for maximizing water-use efficiency and crops yield under drought conditions.

Crop rotation and diversification can help mitigate the adverse impacts of drought by reducing soil
moisture depletion and improving soil fertility. soybean-corn rotation increased soil water content and
improved soybean yield under drought conditions (Gann et al., 2019). Intercropping soybean with

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drought-tolerant crops, such as sorghum and millet enhance crop productivity and resilience to water
stress (Mpheshea et al., 2018) and (Ncube et al., 2020)

There has been development of drought-tolerant crops varieties through breeding and genetic engineering
(Abdelrahman et al., 2020). Soybean farmers can adapt to drought by planting more drought-tolerant
varieties. Drought-tolerant soybean varieties have been developed that can withstand periods of dry
weather and still produce a good yield. These varieties are often bred to have deeper roots, which allows
them to access water from deeper in the soil. They may also be bred to have thicker leaves, which helps
them to retain water. For instance, an early maturing soya beans breed is grown in southern united states
of America planted during March–April in regions where later maturing breed have previously been
grown. The early maturing breed start flowering in late April to early May and set pods in late May, thus
completing the reproductive stage before the period of possible drought in July–August (Heatherly and
Elmore 2004). In addition to planting drought-tolerant crops varieties, farmers can also adapt to drought
by planting more drought-tolerant crops. Some crops, such as corn, are more susceptible to drought than
others. Soybean farmers can reduce their risk of drought losses by planting a mix of crops, including
some that are more drought-tolerant. (Zhang X., Yang H. and Li, J. 2019).

Climate information and advisory services plays a vital role in helping farmers adapt to drought by
providing timely and accurate information on weather patterns, crop management practices, and market
conditions. Research by farmers in drought-prone regions of Hungary were able to reduce drought
impacts by using climate information services to make informed decisions on planting dates and irrigation
practices (Matyasovszky et al., 2019). Similarly, studies by (Omotayo et al., 2020) and (Nhamo et al.,
2019) showed the importance of farmer-centered extension services and the use of mobile technologies
for disseminating climate information and adaptation strategies towards droughts. Planting crops at the
right time of year. Soybeans should be planted when the soil is moist and the weather is cool, using cover
crops to improve soil health and reduce erosion, this also help to retain water in the soil and Managing
weeds and pests to reduce competition with crops for water and nutrients. Managing weeds and pests can
help crops to produce a better yield (Yang H et al., 2019).

2.4 Conclusions of the literature review

This chapter reviewed literatures related to the variables under study. The study was focused on the
frequency of droughts, the dangers of droughts and adaptation strategies by farmers towards droughts. the
literatures are not of Lakwana Sub-county in Omoro district indicating a geographical, time, and
methodological gap. The study hence was set to fill these gaps.

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 CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter presented the methods and techniques that was used to gather data for the research problem.
It defined the research design, study area, study population, data collection methods, data collection tools,
sampling procedure, data analysis, limitations and delimitations

3.1 Research design

The study used a cross-sectional survey to assess the respondent’s views on the implications of drought
on soybeans production in Lakwana sub county with a mix of methods, using qualitative and quantitative
approaches to gather clear and detailed information for the research problem

3.2 Study area

The study covered the area of Lakwana Sub-county in Omoro district with four parishes which includes,
Teopok, Lujorongole, Parak and Lanenober. Lakwana Sub-county is located West of Omoro District
Headquarter at Latitude 2°35’29” N and Longitude 32°26’18” E. it’s bordered by Koro Sub-county
North, Lakwaya Sub-county in Northeast, Bobi Sub county in the West and Opaya in South

3.2.1 Location
Lakwana Sub-county is located West of Omoro District Headquarter at Latitude 2°35’29” N and
Longitude 32°26’18” E. it’s bordered by Koro Sub-county North, Lakwaya Sub-county in Northeast,
Bobi Sub county in the West and Opaya in the South.

Figure 3. 1:Map of the study area

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3.2.2 Climate
Lakwana sub-county in Omoro District enjoys dry and rainy seasons the same as the rest of Acholi Sub-
region and Uganda at large. The rainy season runs from late March to the end of November and hits two
peaks in a year. The average rainfall was approximately 1,450mm per annum during 2006 to 2010.
Compared to the southern part of Uganda, such as Kampala, the rainy and dry seasons in Acholi Sub-
region are clearly distinct in terms of rainfall (UBOS, 2011). The climate here is classified by the
Köppen-Geiger system as Aw: Tropical Savannah, wet

3.2.3 Vegetation
Lakwana Sub county is located in Omoro district in northern region of Uganda where Savannah
grasslands dominate. In Lakwana, short grasses appear, and there are areas of open woodland; thorn trees
and Borassus palms also grow. Savannah grasslands cover most of Uganda but vary in different regions
depending on the altitude and temperatures (Nkuringo safaris, 2020).

3.2.4 Drainage
Lakwana sub county do not have any major water bodies however it is traversed by wealth of small
stream such as Hima stream in Keto, Tochi in Lagwedola, Opaya streams in Opaya village, Laminamak
in Akeca, Gulu-gulu in Laminopabo village and many others.

3.2.5 Major economic activity

The major economic activity in Lakwana Sub county is Subsistence agriculture. The main crops grown in
the Sub County includes Soya Beans, Maize, Beans, millet, cassava. Farmers also grow vegetables, fruits
and coffee. Livestock such as cattle, goats, pigs are also common among farmers. Agricultural sector is
the largest contributor to the GDP of Omoro District, accounting for over 80% of the total output in 2022
(UBOS,2022).

3.3 Study population

The research was carried out in Lakwana Sub-county, Omoro district in Northern Uganda among various
groups of people including the local community, farmers and administrators. The population of Lakwana
is estimated to be 15300 (UBOS, 2020)
The sample size was determined using Slovin's formula as indicated below;

n = N / (1+Ne2).

Whereas:

n = no. of samples

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N = total population

e = error tolerance (level)

e= 100-90= 10%=0.1

N= 15300

n=15300/ (1+15300x0.1x0.1)

n=99

Therefore, the sample size was 100.

3.4 Data collection methods

The following methods was used in study.

3.4.1 Interview method

The study employed interview method which involves collection of data through oral questioning of
respondents either individually or as a group. Face-to-face interviews provide rich data, offer the
opportunity to establish rapport with the interviewees, and help to explore and understand complex issues
(Sekaran, 2013). Interview was done with key informants like the Agricultural Officer of Omoro District.
The interviewer made an appointment with the respondents

3.4.2 Questionnaire methods

The study also used questionnaires which involves presenting a written question to be answered by the
correspondents. Basically there was hand delivery to the respondents. This method was to encourage
anonymity which might have resulted in to honest opinions. Crop farmers in Lakwana sub county were
randomly selected and provided equal chances of participating in the study. The questions were read and
interpreted in local language for the farmers who are illiterate and for literate farmers the questionnaire
were delivered by hand delivery and then later collected.

3.5 Data collection tools.

The data collecti’]on tools were Interview guide and questionnaire

3.5.1 Interview guide.

The researcher interviewed the respondent using fixed list of questions in a standard sequence in order to
get information related to the study. This was done on a key informant like Agricultural Officer of Omoro
district and community leaders of Lakwana Sub county.

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3.5.2 Questionnaire guide.
The researcher used questionnaires as one of the tools of data collection. These questionnaires guides
were administered to the respondents by the researcher through hand delivery and he explained to them
the purpose of the study in order to obtain reliable data from them. The questionnaires were designed base
on both closed and open- ended questions in order attain respondents’ perception on drought.

3.6 Sampling procedure.

The study employed both purposive and random sampling.
3.6.1 Purposive Sampling.
The study used purposive sampling, Here the respondents were identified before the researcher went to
the field to carry out the survey. this sampling technique helped the researcher to target particular people
who were relevant for the study. It was used in selecting key informants like district agricultural officer
and Community leaders in Lakwana sub county due to believe of having vital information regarding
assessment of drought and its implications on soya beans production.
3.6.2 Random Sampling.
Random sampling was use in selecting respondents from the study population of crop farmers in the area
of study. Crop farmers in Lakwana sub county were randomly selected and provided equal chance of
participating in the study.

3.7 Data analysis.

The quantitative data that was collected during the study was analyzed using Statistical Package for
Social Scientists (SPSS) and STATA software to generate figures, tables, percentages and charts from
which conclusion and recommendations were made. The study employed the frequency and percentages
in determining the relationship that exist amongst the variable and the degree of the connection.

Qualitative data that was gathered from interview, content analysis was employed and the of the results
were interpreted based on personal assessments to determine the validity of the findings.

3.8 Limitations and delimitations

The limitation of this study included
Limited funds for conducting the research which limited the study area to only Lakwana Sub county.
Mistrust by the public, some people thought the research may not have much to offer hence unwillingness
to respond or giving wrong information.
The delimitations of the study include.
the area of study was limited to an area which can be well funded in order ensure proper data collection
for research study

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To eliminate mistrust, a letter of introduction was obtained from Gulu University, faculty of Education
and Humanities. Permission from local council one was obtained to carry out the research in the area.

For confidentiality, participants were not asked to mention their names during interviews or even in the
questionnaires

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 CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF THE FINDINGS
4.0 Introduction
This chapter deals with data presentation based on the field results, analysis and discussion of the
findings. Data was collected, analysed and processed to make it useful and understandable. Data was
collected, tabulated and then analysed.

4.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent

This focused on establishing the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents in the area of study

such as; Sex, age, marital status, level of education, period of stay in the study area.

4.1.1 Sex of the respondents

Respondents were asked questions related to their age and the results are shown in the table below:

Table 4. 1:Sex of the respondents

Gender Frequency Percentage

Male 58 58
Female 42 42
Total 100 100
Source: field data 2023

Table 4.1 represent the sex of the respondents. it shows that 58 out of 100 which represents 58% of the
respondents were female while 42 out of 100 representing 42% of the respondents were male. This
therefore means that the majority of the respondents were female and the female dominates by 58%

4.1.2 Age distribution of respondent

Respondents were also asked questions related to their age and the results are shown in the table below:

Table 4. 2: Age distribution of respondent

Age Groups Frequency Percentage

18-28 19 19
29-39 22 22
40-50 35 35
51-above 24 24
Total 100 100
Source: Field Data 2023

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Table 4.2 show the age of the respondents. It shows that 19 out of 100 which represents 19% were
between 18-28 years of age, 22 out of 100 which represents 22% were between 29-39 years of age, 35 out
of 100 which represents 35% were between 40-50 years of age and 24 out of 100 which represents 24%
were 51 years and above. This indicates that majority of the respondents were between 40-50 years of age
followed by those aged 50 years and above.

4.1.3 Marital status of the respondents

Respondents were asked questions related to their marital status and the results are shown in the table
below:

Figure 4. 1: Marital status of the respondents

marital status of the respondents

12%

25%

63%

Married Divorced Single

Source: Field data 2023

The figure 4.1 reveals that the marital status of the respondents, where married were 63 representing 63%
of the respondents, the findings further reveal that divorced respondents were 25 representing 25% of the
respondents and single respondents were 12 representing 12% of the respondents. Therefore, most of the
respondents were responsible hence making this information valid for effective decision making.

4.1.4 Education level of the respondents

Respondents were asked questions related to their educational level and the results are shown in the table
below:

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Figure 4. 2: Education level of the responde

Education level of the respondents

40 35
35
30 25
25 21
19
20
15
10
5
0
Non formal Education Primary Education Secondary Education Tertiary and
University education
Education level

Source: Field data 2023

Findings in figure 4.2 reveal that majority respondents ended in primary level constituting 35%, 25
reached secondary constituting 25%, 21 attended tertiary and university education constituting 21%
and19 respondents attended informal Education constituting 19% of the respondents .The study results
reveal that the level of education in the study are is low and the data was attained from respondents who
derives livelihoods directly from agriculture therefore information attained is suitable for decision
making.

4.1.5 Duration of stay in the study area

Respondents were asked questions related to their duration of stay and the results are shown in the table
below

Table 4. 3: duration of stay

Duration Frequency Percentage

1-4 years 4 4

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 5-9 years 16 16

10-14 years 15 15

15years and Above 65 65

Total 100 100

Source: Field Data 2023

Basing on the duration of stays, the table 4.3 reveals that majority of the respondents lived in the study
area for 15 years and above with 65 respondents representing 65%, 16% lived for a period of 5-9 years,
15 stayed for 10-14 years representing 15% and 4 stayed for 1-4 years representing 4%. The results
indicate that the study respondents understand the status of drought and crop production given that the
status in Lakwana

4.2 The frequency of droughts in Lakwana sub county

The first objective focused on examining the frequency of drought in Lakwana sub county in Omoro

district. The data collected from the field are provided below.

4.2.1 Whether they experienced drought in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district.
Respondents were asked whether they experienced droughts in Lakwana sub county, Omoro District. The
result is shown in the table below.

Figure 4. 3: whether there is drought in lakwana sub county

whether there were drought in lakwana sub county

16

84

Yes No

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
Source: Field data 2023

Figure 4.3 reveal that majority of the respondents (84 responses representing 84%) provided that there has
been drought in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district while (16 responses representing 16%) disagreed.
The results indicate that data it’s true that drought is being experienced in Lakwana sub county, Omoro
district.

4.2.2 How frequent is droughts in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district

Respondents were asked how frequent is droughts in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district. The data
collected from the field are provided in the assessments provided below.

Figure 4. 4 Yearly drought occurrence in omoro district From 2010-2020

yearly drought occurrence in omoro from 2010-2020

6

0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

years

Source: Field data 2023

Figure 4.4 reveal that the years with the highest frequency of droughts were 2013 and 2015 with five
months of droughts, years with the lowest frequency of droughts were 2011, 2012, 2015, 2017, 2018 and
2019 with three months of drought. the most intensive drought was experience in January, 2012 with 0.3
mm of rainfall. The year with most prolonged was 2012 with three-month long drought which lasted from

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
January to March. The drought conditions in Omoro has been fluctuating over the years from 2010-2020.

Drought in Lakwana sub county, Omoro District is a recurring condition with at least 3 months of dry
spell annually this has affected crop production and pastures growth. Drought is a serious problem in
Lakwana sub county, Omoro District. Climate change is responsible for the increase in frequency and
severity.

The findings are in agreement with previous studies such as Mubiru (2021) who argued that the frequency
and severity of drought in Uganda have increased in the recent decades. Drought is a major threat to food
security and sustainable development in Uganda and the frequency is expected to increase in the future
due to due to climate change (Nakyeyune, 2020). global drought frequency has been analyzed and was
noted that global droughts have become more frequent and intense since the 1970s, with a noticeable
jump in the early 1980s" (Dai ,2011). the frequency, duration, and intensity of droughts have been
increasing in many parts of the world, particularly in regions where precipitation variability is high"
(WMO, 2018).

4.3 The dangers of droughts on soya bean production

The Second objective of the study focused on examining the dangers of droughts on soya bean production
in Lakwana sub county, Omoro District

4.3.1 Whether they noticed that droughts have effects on soya beans production
Respondents were asked question related to the effects of droughts on soya beans production

Figure 4. 5: Whether they noticed that droughts have effects on soya beans production

Whether they noticed that droughts have effects on

soya beans production

96

Yes No

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
Source: Field data 2023

Figure 4.5 reveal that majority of the respondents 96 (96%) agreed that they have noticed that droughts
have effects on soya beans production in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district while (4 responses
representing 4%) disagreed. The results reveals that data it’s true that drought have effects on soya beans
production in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district.

4.3.2 the dangers of droughts on soya beans production in Lakwana sub county, Omoro
district
Table 4. 4: The dangers of droughts on soybeans production

The dangers of droughts on soybeans production SA A D SD

a) Crops fail to germinate 30 48 18 4

b) Crops become stunted 60 25 10 5

c) Crops yield poorly 75 15 6 4

d) Crops completely die 5 15 54 27

Source: Field data 2023

Table 4.4 reveal that the worst effects on soya beans production in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district is
Crops yield poorly with 75% of responses strongly agreeing to it, Crops become stunted with 60%
strongly agreeing, Crops fail to germinate with 30% strongly agreeing to it while only 5% strongly agreed
that crops completely die.

Furthermore, the study reveal through interviews that drought has effects at every stage of soybeans
production starting from ploughing of the garden since the ground develop hard pan, poor intake of
fertilizer since there is no rain to dissolve it, crops dies before maturing leading to serious economic
losses.

The study findings are in agreement with previous studies such as Sinclair and Rufty, (2012) who noted
that drought stress can affect various stages of soya bean growth, including germination, emergence,
vegetative growth, flowering, and pod development.

Secondly, Bhatnagar-Mathur et al (2015) argued that Drought stress can cause significant reductions in
soybean growth, development, and yield. The authors also reported that drought stress can lead to
changes in the physiological and biochemical processes of soybean plants, resulting in reduced

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and nutrient uptake.

Finally, the study findings are in agree with study by Schneider et al. (2021) who argued that drought
reduced soya bean yields by up to 50%, resulting in significant economic losses for farmers and Another
study in Nigeria found that drought reduced household income and food security for soya bean farmers
(Oyinbo et al, 2021)

4.4 The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts

The third objective of the study focused on examining the adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers
towards droughts on soya bean production in Lakwana sub county, Omoro District

Figure 4. 6: The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts on soya bean production in

Lakwana sub county, Omoro District

70 65
60

50

40

30 27

20

10 5 3
0
Irrigation farming Seasonal timing Planting of Digging valley Mulching of the
before planting drought resistant dams to provide garden
crops water

The adaptation strategies

Source: Field data 2023

Figure 4.6 reveal that majority of the farmers in Lakwana Sub County adapted to drought through
Seasonal timing before planting with 65 (65%) of the responses, 27(27%) of the responses adapted to
droughts through Planting of drought resistant crops, Irrigation farming is carried out by 5(5%) of the
responses while mulching is carried out by 3 (3%) of the responses and 0% adapted by Digging valley
dams to provide water. The study Furthermore reveal through interviews that farmers in Lakwana Sub
County adapted to very few strategies towards droughts with less scientific method such Seasonal timing
before planting of crops be practice by most soybean farmers, we carry out seasonal timing but with the
changes in the rainfall patterns it is difficult for us to predict. We also carry out Crop rotation, simple

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
irrigation for crops grown near swamps and streams and Intercropping is also being practiced by some
farmers in our area. These methods however have limited effectiveness against drought.

The study findings are in agreement with previous studies such Yang H et al. (2019) argued that Planting
soybeans at the right time of year. Soybeans should be planted when the soil is moist and the weather is
cool, using cover crops to improve soil health and reduce erosion, this also help to retain water in the soil
and Managing weeds and pests to reduce competition with soybeans for water and nutrients. Managing
weeds and pests can help soya beans to produce a better yield.

Secondly it agrees with studies by Zhang X., Yang H. and Li, J. (2019) who also argued that farmers can
adapt to drought by planting more drought-tolerant crops. Some crops, such as corn, are more susceptible
to drought than others. Soybean farmers can reduce their risk of drought losses by planting a mix of
crops, including some that are more drought-tolerant.

Also, in agreement with Gann (2019) who argued that Crop rotation and diversification can help mitigate
the adverse impacts of drought by reducing soil moisture depletion and improving soil fertility. soybean-
corn rotation increased soil water content and improved soybean yield under drought conditions. Finally,
the study is in agreement with Mpheshea (2018) and Ncube (2020) who argued that Intercropping
soybean with drought-tolerant crops, such as sorghum and millet enhance crop productivity and resilience
to water stress

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 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Introduction
This chapter focused on writing the summary of the study, conclusion and recommendations.
5.1 Summary
The main purpose of the study was to assess the impacts of drought on soya bean production in Lakwana
Sub county Omoro district. The specific objectives of the study were; to determine the frequency of
droughts in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District, to examine the dangers of droughts on soya bean
production and to determine adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts in Lakwana Sub
County, Omoro District.

5.2 Conclusion
The research concluded that droughts existed in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District and the frequency
of droughts have been increasing over the years this has create effects on yields of soybeans and this also
results in to loss of income to the farmers. The study concluded that drought has adverse negative impact
on the agriculture with crops failure, Crops yielding poorly, Crops become stunted, Crops fail to
germinate, crops completely die in Lakwana Sub County, Omoro District, drought has effects at every
stage of soybeans production starting from ploughing of the garden since the ground develop hard pan,
poor intake of fertilizer since there is no rain to dissolve it, crops dies before maturing leading to serious
economic losses. Finally, on the adaptation strategies the study concludes that farmers in Lakwana Sub
County adapted to very few strategies towards droughts with less scientific method such Seasonal timing

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before planting of crops, planting drought resistant crops, construction for valley dams provide water,
mulching, Crop rotation and simple irrigation

5.3 Recommendation
The following were the recommendations of the study.

First the study recommended that Government should invest in the Climate information and advisory
services. This information should be easily accessible to farmers by using radios and community based
publication, this would help soybean farmers adapt to drought by providing timely and accurate
information on weather patterns, crop management practices, and market conditions.

The study also recommended that NGOs and Government to Increase investment in irrigation
infrastructure, soybean farmers can improve their production through supplemental irrigation during
droughts. financial support from the Government of Uganda and NGOs to develop simple irrigation
technologies that can be used by an individual farmer or as groups of farmers is necessary to alleviate
farmers’ response toward droughts.

The study recommended that Government should facilitate research on developing drought-tolerant soya
bean varieties through breeding and genetic engineering. Quick maturing variety of soybeans seeds
should be introduced to farmers this crops will help farmers reduces the impact of droughts

5.4 Areas for future research

The study presents the following as future areas that the research needs to be based on.

The impact of farmers’ perception on adapting strategies toward droughts in Lakwana sub county, Omoro
district

“farmers’ coping and adaptation strategies to drought and other water related risks in a changing climate

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
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 APPENDICES

Appendix ⅰ) Consent form

Dear/Madam

I am Obal Ronald a third year student pursuing a bachelor of arts education at Gulu university; I
am carrying out research on assessing the impact of drought on soya beans production in
Lakwana sub county Omoro district. You have been included to participate in this Study through
random selection of individuals and your contribution is very important for the success of this
research. You will be asked to respond to the few questions in the questionnaire, and there is no
risk of participating in the study as This study is being done strictly for academic purposes only
protection of your identity will not appear anywhere the questionnaire, the interview guide or in
the final report. The information given is valuable and confidential and your participation in this
study will contribute to addition of information about drought and its impacts. I humbly request
for your time

Your participation will be highly appreciated.

Sign to accept…………………………. Date………………………….

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
Appendix ii) Questionnaire guide
I am Obal Ronald a third year student pursuing a bachelor of arts education at Gulu university; I
am doing research on assessing the impact of drought on soya beans production in Lakwana sub
county Omoro district. your opinions are important and highly required for the success of this
Study. I humbly request for your time to fill this questionnaire.

Your participation will be highly appreciated.

SECTION A: Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent

For this Section, circle or tick (√) in the box the right answer that suit your
information’s.

1. What is the sex of the respondent?

a) Male b) Female
2. Age range of the respondent
a) 18-28 years b) 29-39 years
c) 40-50 years d) 51 years and above

3. What is your marital status?

a) Single b) Married

c) Divorced d) others

4. What is your level of education?

a) Non formal education b) Primary Education

c) Secondary education d) Tertiary and university education

5. How long have you stayed in Lakwana sub county?

a) 1-4 years b) 5-9 years

PAGE \* MERGEFORMAT 26
 c) 10-14 years d) 15 and above

SECTION B: The frequency of droughts

6. Do you experience drought in Lakwana Sub county in Omoro District, Uganda?

a) Yes b) No

7. Frequency in experiencing drought?

a) Months a year b) At least 3 Months a year

c) 6 Months a year

SECTION C: The dangers of droughts on soya bean production

8. Have you noticed that droughts have effects on soya beans production?
a) Yes b) No

9. The following relates to the effects of droughts on soya beans production. In your opinion, tick
them according to scale; SA- Strongly Agree, A- Agree, D- Disagree, SD- Strongly Disagree

The effects of droughts on soybeans production SA A D SD

a) Seeds fail to germinate

b) Crops become stunted

c) Crops yield poorly

d) Crops completely die

10. Apart from the above suggestions are there other ways drought affect soya beans production
in Lakwana sub county, Omoro district?

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SECTION D: The adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts

The following relates the adaptation strategies by soya bean farmers towards droughts. In your
opinion, tick the once you have adapted

a) Adaptation strategies
b) Irrigation farming
c) Seasonal timing before planting
d) Planting of drought resistant crops
e) Digging valley dams to provide water
f) Mulching of the garden

23) In your opinion, what other The adaptation strategies can be applied to mitigate the dangers
droughts on soya beans production do you suggest?
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Thank You

Appendix iii) Interview guide

Dear/Madam

I am Obal Ronald a third year student pursuing a bachelor of arts education at Gulu university; I
am doing research on assessing the impact of drought on soya beans production in Lakwana sub
county Omoro district

You have been included to participate in this Study through random selection of individuals and
your contribution is very important for the success of this research. You will be asked to respond
to the few questions in the questionnaire, and there is no risk of participating in the study as this
study is being done strictly for academic purposes only protection of your identity will not
appear anywhere the questionnaire, the interview guide or in the final report. The information
given is valuable and confidential and your participation in this study will contribute to addition
of information about drought and its impacts. I humbly request for your time

Your participation will be highly appreciated.

1) What dangers does drought have on soybeans production in Lakwana Sub county, Omoro
District?

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2) What adaption mechanisms are undertaken by farmers towards droughts in Lakwana sub
county Omoro district?
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3) What has government done in improving in soya beans production in Lakwana Sub
county, Omoro District during droughts periods?
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4) What adaptive measures need to be developed to enhance the performance of the soya
beans during droughts periods in your opinion?
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 Appendix ⅳ) Estimated budget
S/no Items Unit cost Quantity Total
1 Photocopying papers 20000 1 Ream 20000/=
2 Note books 3000 2 books 6000/=
3 Pens 1000 2 pens 2000/=
4 Printing 12000 2 copies 24000/=
5 Binding 3000 2 copies 6000/=
6 Transport 60000/=
7 Communication 20000/=
8 Research assistance 50000 1 person 50000/=
9 Reserved 50000
TOTAL 238000/=

Appendix ⅴ) Time framework

S/No Activities 2023 2023

MAR APR MAYJUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC

1 Topic formulation

2 Writing of research
proposal

3 Correction of research
proposal

4 Data collection

5 Data analysis and

interpretation

Final report writing and

submission

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 TOTAL MONTHLY RAINFALL IN (mm) FOR OMORO DISTRICT (BAROGAL)
FROM 2010-2020
JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUN JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
2010 23.5 121.08 179.85 159.31 255.49 78.53 154.48 183.8 278.61 342.9 42.48 76.93
9
2011 31.04 35.26 173.15 168.61 371.16 255.49 105.4 312.98 451.25 330.9 396.04 51.26
3
2012 0.3 18.76 23.6 417.35 277.9 144.21 140.17 167.69 205.35 268.2 192.48 135
3
2013 49.69 20.75 199.9 301.63 160.3 69.15 73.7 226.05 191.27 214.5 184.6 34.27
1
2014 13.54 14.43 115.07 150.11 192.18 163.55 101.05 165.63 126.73 297.7 81.18 10.68
9
2015 2.76 57.58 173.85 286.92 329.78 197.73 135.51 146.16 137.1 344.8 394.24 82.97
3
2016 45.35 17.69 101.03 227.76 237.63 83.85 108.66 178.96 200.00 152.7 103.03 28.85
9
2017 10.87 48.81 118.84 180.46 174.83 159.8 246.66 260.53 281.16 304.8 197.44 0.79
9
2018 0.89 30.31 90.87 349.82 266.72 224.99 78.83 240.33 115.4 217.1 161.31 49.29
9
2019 7.61 21.92 37.14 150.51 303.47 312.79 205.92 247.4 312.59 436.8 189.53 182.41
2020 43.06 9.59 116.36 225.57 316.83 207.44 237.44 234.66 45.73 388.8 274.76 0.6
3
Appendix vi) total monthly rainfall in (mm) for Omoro district

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