David Proposal

THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES ON MAIZE
PRODUCTION IN KAKIRI SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT
BY
KIDHUBO DAVID
19/U/EKD/14166/PD
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR ARTS IN
ECONOMICS OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
MAY, 2023
1
DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research report is my original work and that it has never been
presented to any University for any academic award.
SIGNATURE........................................... DATE ……………………………

KIDHUBO DAVID
19/U/EKD/14166/PD
i
APPROVAL
This is to certify that KIDHUBO DAVID carried out research entitled “The impact
Agricultural extension services and Maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district”
under my supervision and this research proposal meets the basic requirements for submission
SIGNATURE.............................................. DATE……………………………
(SUPERVISOR)
ii
DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to my parents who devoted moral, spiritual and financial support so as
to see me through. They have been great source of motivation and inspiration throughout my
academic life.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost I would like to thank the almighty God for enabling me reach this time of
my education successfully.
I deeply appreciate my supervisor a lecturer at the department of Economics for his

unwavering support and professional advice as my supervisor that he shared with me
throughout the period of the study, not forgetting the time he sacrificed for me out of his tight
schedules to supervise my work.
My sincere gratitude goes to all lecturers and staff of Kyambogo University especially the
department of Economics and Statistics for their support throughout my bachelor’s program in
general and in particular this research report. They have added to my knowledge as I pursued
my bachelors of Arts in Economics.
Special thanks go to my family that laid a strong academic foundation upon which I have been
able to reach this far. It was amidst scarcity of resources that they managed to educate me as
well as instilling important core values of hard work, persistence and determination into me.
Finally, I would like to thank everyone including my course mates and friends in particular
who contributed to this study and pray that the almighty God blesses you all thousand folds.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Contents
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................i
APPROVAL................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.......................................................................................................iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................v
LIST OF TABLES.....................................................................................................................vi
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................viii
ABSTRACT...............................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE.........................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................1
1.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................1
1.1 Background to the Study.......................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement................................................................................................................2
1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study...........................................................................................3
iii. To examine the role of market linkage on maize productivity in Kakiri sub county,
Wakiso district.............................................................................................................................3
1.4 Research Questions.............................................................................................................3
iii. What is the role of market linkage on maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso
district?........................................................................................................................................3
1.5 Significance of the Study......................................................................................................3
1.6 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................4
1.6.1 Subject Scope.....................................................................................................................4
1.6.2 Geographical Scope............................................................................................................4
v
1.6.3 Time Scope.........................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER TWO.......................................................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW.........................................................................................................5
2.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................5
2.2 The role of agriculture inputs and maize productivity....................................................5
2.3 Agricultural technical advice and maize productivity.....................................................6
2.4 The role of market linkage on poverty reduction.............................................................8
2.5 Summary of literature review................................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................11
METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................11
3.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................11
3.1 Research Design..................................................................................................................11
3.2 Study Population.................................................................................................................11
3.3 Sample Size determination..................................................................................................11
3.4 Sampling Techniques and procedures.................................................................................12
3.4.1 Simple Random Sampling.............................................................................................12
3.4.2 Purposive Sampling.......................................................................................................12
3.5 Data Collection Methods..................................................................................................13
3.5.1. Questionnaire Survey....................................................................................................13
3.5.2 Interviews........................................................................................................................13
3.6 Data Collection Instruments................................................................................................13
3.6.2 Interview Guide................................................................................................................14
3.7 Data Collection Procedure................................................................................................14
3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation...........................................................................................14
3.8.1 Qualitative Data................................................................................................................14
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3.8.2 Quantitative Data..............................................................................................................15
3.9 Limitations to the Study......................................................................................................15
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................16
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 16
4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................16
4.2 Response rates.....................................................................................................................16
4.3 Findings on background characteristics..............................................................................16
4.3.1 Respondents by Sex.........................................................................................................16
4.3.2 Age of the Respondents....................................................................................................17
4.2.2 Marital status of respondent.............................................................................................18
4.3.4 Level of education of the respondents..............................................................................18
4.4 Empirical findings...............................................................................................................19
This section presents the empirical findings of the study according to the objectives. The
empirical findings are analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis for the
respective findings.....................................................................................................................19
4.4 The relationship between and agriculture inputs and maize productivity...........................19
4.5 The relationship between and technical advice on maize productivity...............................22
4.6 The relationship between and market linkage on maize productivity.................................24
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS..........................................................................................................28
5.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................28
5.2 Summary of Findings..........................................................................................................28
5.2.1 Agriculture inputs and maize productivity.......................................................................28
5.2.2 Technical advice and Maize productivity........................................................................28
5.2.3 Market linkage and Maize productivity...........................................................................28
5.3 Discussion...........................................................................................................................29
vii
5.4 Conclusions.........................................................................................................................32
5.4.1 Agricultural inputs and Maize productivity.....................................................................32
5.5 Recommendations...............................................................................................................33
5.5.1 Agricultural inputs and Maize productivity.....................................................................33
5.6 Limitations of the study.......................................................................................................35
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................36
APPENDICES.............................................................................................................................i
APPENDIX ONE: QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR FARMERS............................................i
SECTION D: THE ROLE OF MARKET LINKAGE ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY IN

KAKIRI SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT.................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: Study population and sample (According to Morgan Krejcie table).......................11
Table 4.2: Response rates..........................................................................................................16
Table 4.3: Summary statistics on sex of the respondents..........................................................17
Table 4.4: The relationship between and technical advice and maize productivity..................20
viii
Table 4.5: Correlation Matrix for the relationship between agriculture inputs and maize
productivity...............................................................................................................................21
Table 4.6: The relationship between and technical advice on maize productivity...................22
Table 4.7: Correlation Matrix for technical advice and maize productivity.............................23
Table 4.8: The relationship between and market linkage on maize productivity.....................24
Table 4.9: Correlation Matrix for market linkage and maize productivity...............................27
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Presents the summary statistics on the Age of the respondents..............................17
Figure 4.2: Marital status of respondents..................................................................................18
Figure 4.3: Level of education of the respondents....................................................................19
x
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
ILO: International Labor Organization
LDC: Less Developed Countries
MAAIF: Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry And Fisheries
MoFPED: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development
MoGLSD: Ministry of Gender, Labor and Social Development
PMA: Plan for Modernization of Agriculture
UBOS: Uganda Bureau of Statistics
xi
ABSTRACT
The study examined the relationship between agricultural extension services and maize
production in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district. The study was premised on the following
research objectives: To assess the role of agriculture inputs on maize productivity in Kakiri
sub county, Wakiso district, to determine the effect of technical advice on maize productivity
in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district and to examine the role of market linkage on maize
productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district. The study adopted a descriptive cross
sectional survey design where both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used. In this
study, a total number of 75 respondents were expected but 60 respondents returned the survey
instruments representing a response rate of 80%. The data was collected using questionnaires,
interviews and quantitative data analysis was done using Pearson correlation coefficients for
the quantitative findings. Firstly, findings revealed that there is a positive significant
relationship between agriculture inputs and maize productivity r value was 0.772 and p values
=0.000. Secondly, findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between
technical advice and maize productivity r value was 0.212 and p values =0.000. Thirdly,
findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between market linkage and
xii
maize productivity r=0.622 and P=0.000. Findings revealed that smallholder farmers often
face constraints when they want to access markets or when they want to improve their
competitiveness in markets. Smallholder farmers often have low market access as compared
to their larger and more capitalized colleagues. It was recommended that: farmer groups
should be supported in order to help the extension staff make wider coverage and take
advantage of interpersonal communication. There is need to create appropriate information
channels among the farmers. The loans should be given at low interest rates since most of the
farmers in Kakiri Sub County cannot afford loans at high interest rates.
xiii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the background to the study, problem statement, purpose of the study,
objectives of the study, research questions, and scope of the study, significance of the study
and definition of operational variables.
1.1 Background to the Study
Agriculture is the backbone of Less Developed Countries (LDC). It is a core for economic
growth, rural development and poverty alleviation. It accounts for between 30-60% of the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) among LDCs, it employs more people than any other sector
as much as 70% in most cases (UNDP, 2007). It’s the major source of foreign exchange; it
supplies the bulk of basic food and provides subsistence and other income to more than 70%
of LDCs population (IFAD, 2005). In East Asia and pacific countries, which have
experienced rapid economic growth, the sector accounts for 46% of employment, 16% of
GDP and more than 10%of exports (MAAIF, 2019?)
By world standards, Africa is a minor producer of maize, accounting for only 7% of global
production. Average annual production is estimated at 49 million tons during the period 2005-
2007 (FAOSTAT 2023 ). Maize yields in Africa are quite low by world standards and average
1.7 tons/ha in 2006 compared to the global average of about 5m tons/ha (FAOSTAT, 2023 ).
Agriculture accounts for 75% of employment, 23% of GDP and 47% of the total exports
(UNDP, 2019). Crops and livestock sector employs 77% of the working population (14-60
years old). 83% of the female population are engaged in agriculture compared to 3% in the
industry and 16% in service and 42% of Ugandans in the rural areas are living below the
poverty line (UBOS, 2022). In order to transform social economic livelihood of people,
government of Uganda launched the Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA) in 2000.
In Uganda, Wakiso district is the main producer of maize, with an average production of
about 8.9 million metric tons a year over the past 10 years (Amos, 2017). More than 8,000
commercial producers are responsible for the major part of Ugandan crop, while the rest is
produced by thousands of small scale producers (Amos, 2017). Maize is produced mainly in
west, central and eastern regions of the country with a total of 6.9 million metric tons of maize
1
in 2006/07 (UBOS, 2021). Despite the declining contribution of agriculture to overall Gross
Domestic Product now estimated at 15.1%, the sector remains the main source of livelihood to
nearly 73% of the Uganda’s labor force. Maize is the number-one staple for the urban poor, in
institutions such as schools, hospitals and the military. Also, the crop is the number-one
source of income for most farmers in eastern, northern and north-western. Because of the
multiplicity of uses, maize is highly regarded as a strategic food security crop in Uganda,
(MAAIF, 2022). In 2008, 2009 and 2010 862,000 hectares, 887,000 hectares and 167,000
hectares were under production respectively that produced 1266 metric tons in 2008, 1272
metric tons in 2009, 2374 metric tons in 2010 (UBOS, 2022).This trend shows an increase in
maize national output at a macro level but it’s not a guarantee of increase uniformly in all
regions.
Statistics from the Uganda National Household Survey of 2015/16 show that maize was
cultivated on an estimated area of 1.54 million hectares (ha) of agricultural households
(Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS, 2018). Kakiri Sub County produces 3% of the maize
produced from the central region, for the past three years (UBOS, 2018). The area under
maize production is the largest of all crops constituted 19.0% of the total area under crop
production. This resulted into a yield of 55,882 metric tons as compared to the previous years;
this was attributed to favorable rains that were received throughout the seasons as of the
period between 2000 to 2009, the yield was low as compared to that of 2010 (UBOS, 2020).
1.2 Problem Statement
Majority of Ugandan households derive their livelihood from agriculture which according to
the Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS), 2019, agriculture sector (farming, livestock, fishing
and forestry) engaged over 71.9% of the working population. Agriculture in Uganda is
dominated by small holder farmers who occupy the majority of land and produce most of the
crop and livestock products (Salami et al. 2016). Despite all these endeavors by government
for instance through Operation Wealth Creation (OWC) among others to improve the
performance of the agricultural sector since it employs most Ugandans especially in the Kakiri
sub county, the sector has not fully stabilized and developed to amicably crack down the
challenge of low productivity in the country due to low agricultural output and productivity
emanating from such various productivity constraints as unavailability of quality seeds and
proper irrigation, and lack of linkages between formal and informal seed sector, lack of
2
agricultural inputs, pests and diseases, insufficient skilled agricultural labor force, (MAAIF,
2016). It is based on this background that the researcher examined the impact of agricultural
technical advice on maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district.
1.3 Purpose of the study
To examine the impact of agricultural extension services on maize production in Kakiri sub
county, Wakiso district.
1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study
i. To assess the role of agriculture inputs on maize productivity in Kakiri sub county,
Wakiso district
ii. To determine the effect of technical advice on maize productivity in Kakiri sub
county, Wakiso district
iii. To examine the role of market linkage on maize productivity in Kakiri sub county,
Wakiso district
1.4 Research Questions
i. What is the role of agriculture inputs on maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County,
Wakiso district?
ii. What is the effect of technical advice on maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County,
Wakiso district?
iii. What is the role of market linkage on maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County,
Wakiso district?
1.5 Significance of the Study
The findings may highlight the importance of agriculture towards household incomes and
productivity which will encourage policy makers and other development partners to
strengthen agriculture through appropriate policy recommendations.
The findings were useful to future researchers who were studying a similar topic as they used
it as literature review.
The research may benefit the people of Wakiso district to know why their household incomes
are low, what affects their productivity since the study will come up with policy measure and
recommendations on how to improve productivity and house hold incomes.
3
1.6 Scope of the Study
The study was conducted within specific scope in terms of geography; content and time to
enable the researcher contextualize the study.
1.6.1 Subject Scope
The study examined different aspects of the two variables, impact of agricultural technical
advice on farmer’s productivity and income in Wakiso district. The study was guided by the
following objectives; to assess the role of agriculture inputs on maize productivity in Wakiso
district, to determine the effect of technical advice on maize productivity in Wakiso district
and to examine the role of market linkage on maize productivity in Wakiso district.
1.6.2 Geographical Scope
Geographically, the study was carried out in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district. Wakiso
District lies in the Central Region of the country, bordering with Nakaseke
District and Luweero District to the north, Mukono District to the east, Kalangala
District in Lake Victoria to the south, Mpigi District to the southwest and Mityana District to
the northwest.[2] Wakiso, where the district headquarters are located, lies approximately 20
kilometres (12 mi), by road, northwest of Kampala, the capital of Uganda and the largest city
in the country
1.6.3 Time Scope
This study were fully completed within three (3) years of the researcher’s study program
running from February 2023 to June 2023 so as to deeply study and analyze the impact of
agricultural technical advice on productivity and income so as to come up with a coherent
report.
4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This section provided review of the available literature related to the topic under the study. It
will contain literature from various sources like text books, journals, Newspapers and internet
relating to the operation wealth creation (OWC) and farm productivity.
2.2 The role of agriculture inputs and maize productivity
Kiiza et al (2016) has also shown that access to market linkage has a positive and significant
impact on the intensity of adopting improved seed for all crops while adoption of improved
seed has a positive and significant effect on farm yields and gross farm returns. In order to
create hybrid seeds two or more different inbred lines are crossed (Smale, et al. 2016) Treated
seeds can be covered in a chemical solution, often fungicides or insecticides, prior to planting
(McMullen, et al. 2001). A disadvantage of improved seeds is that the ability to increase the
yield s drops when improved seeds are recycled (Smale, et al., 2009). This means that if the
seeds are planted a second or third time the yield were lower than when the seeds are new.
New seeds must therefore be purchased prior to each sowing period to get the higher yield.
The need for new seeds means additional costs for farmers, but the advantage is a higher
yield, which increases the farm income.
The overall goal of OWC is to enhance household participation in commercial agricultural

production through community mobilization, equitable and timely distribution of inputs and
facilitation of agricultural production chains (OWC, n.d). Focus was also put on reduction of
subsistence farming by embarking on serious national socio-economic transformation of the
country. The target beneficiaries are all farming households in addition to civilian veterans
(MAAIF, Standing orders of procedure for OWC, 2015). However, the specific target is the
68% of the farmers in the subsistence economy (Angina, 2017).
Agricultural technical advice me basically distributes free agricultural inputs to farmers in the
DLGs. The inputs include cash crops such as coffee, tea, citrus, mangoes, and cassava. It also
focuses on food security crops such as maize, livestock and a smaller range of enterprises
(Mugasi, 2017). Inputs are delivered in the months of March/April and August/September in
5
the first and second seasons respectively (MAAIF, Standing orders of procedure for OWC,
2017).
Brodeur and Clerson (2015) state that from the perspective of having to feed the ever
increasing world population (nine billion people by 2050) in conditions that ensure the
sustainability of agricultural resources, government intervention remains relevant in the 21 st
century. However, production can be boosted if governments support various yield enhancing
efforts. Importantly, investment in research and development practices in order to increase
seed varieties, seed resistant to pests or availability of high yielding seeds is one of such
interventions (Akkaya,Bimpikis and Lee, 2016). Kiiza et al (2016) has also shown that access
to market linkage has a positive and significant impact on the intensity of adopting improved
seed for all crops while adoption of improved seed has a positive and significant effect on
farm yields and gross farm returns.
The adoption and extensive use of improved agricultural technologies is vital for poverty
reduction and improved food and nutritional security in enveloping countries (Barrett et al.,
2013). At the farm level, adoption of improved dairy cows could potentially improve milk
yield, which translates into higher production per unit area or per cow. Increased milk
production will stimulate rural milk markets and the integration of smallholders into improved
value chains, thus improving producer incomes, which in turn can be used to purchase other
foods to satisfy household nutritional needs (Staal et al., 2014).
2.3 Agricultural technical advice and maize productivity
Agricultural technology adoption is the application of mechanical technology and increased
power to agriculture (Moyo et al. 2015). It involves use of tractors, human powered and
animal powered implements, irrigation systems, food processing and related technologies,
new seed varieties and equipment. Adoption of agricultural technologies can improve maize
productivity both directly and indirectly (Moyo et al. 2015). The direct effects include the
productivity gains and low cost of production which can improve income of the adopters
while the indirect benefits from the technology adoption may come in the form of increased
supply which may lower food prices.. Adoption of improved technology has been identified as
a key measure towards achieving food security (Langyintuo et al., 2016). Peasant farmers
have the potential to enhance their welfare as well as their food security situation if they make
6
use of improved agricultural technologies (Mendola, 2017). Dissemination of information on
elite agricultural technologies is a key intervention for increased productivity hence improved
livelihood. Effective extension system needs to continuously be updated and fine-tuned by
new information derived from research that is relevant to farmers’ needs (Picciotto and
Anderson, 2015).
Advisory services to farmers in which (Nederlof & Wennink, 2018) argues that when services
are delivered to the users as a response to their needs, their perception of quality is considered
through determining quality is reported to be subjective and dependent on criteria used by the
service users to assess quality. Some of the criterions for assessing quality of service they
referred to were for instance with equipment, reliability for instance time, responsiveness,
competence and courtesy among other parameters.
Research and adoption of technological improvements are crucial to increasing maize

production and reducing poverty, while sustaining the agro-ecosystems that support
livelihoods (Kassie et al., 2011; Asfaw et al., 2012). According to the PEAP, 2004, declines in
agricultural incomes fueled a three percent increase in income poverty and hence widened
inequality between 2000 and 2003. To this effect, many efforts have been made to improve
the performance of the Agricultural sector, in Uganda. For example, Uganda’s past and
current medium term plan has been focused on modernizing agriculture as an engine for
economic growth and poverty eradication. One area of intervention by government is
agricultural extension and technologies aimed at improving productivity in farm and non-farm
activities in a bid to improve maize productivity
The adoption of technologies and better practices is the core of extension interventions. Target
farmers in extension need to pass in a certain process before achieving their ultimate goal of
improving productivity. The process includes awareness, knowledge, adoption of technology
or practice and change in farmers’ productivity (FAO 2016). To this end, various extension
methods are used, such as extension contacts, meetings, mass media, demonstrations, etc. In
addition to these, there are informal networks where technologies, knowledge and practices
are spread to other farmers. Bringing agricultural growth has been a main agenda for most
sub-Saharan African countries. Investment in technical advice is an important tool for
improving maize production and increasing farmers’ incomes (Anderson 2016). During the
7
last decade the country has witnessed modest increases in agricultural production mainly as
result of increase in production area and to a limited extent, use of improved technology.
However, these increases have not resulted into increased profitability of agricultural
production and household incomes. This has been primarily due to low adoption of existing
technologies (Benin et al, 2017). In particular, poverty in most developing countries is largely
a result of low maize production arising from very low utilization of modern inputs and
technology
2.4 The role of market linkage on poverty reduction
Given the increasing scarcity of land, particularly among the poor, future increase and
productivity are unlikely to come from expansion in crops acreage or pastureland, but from
increase in land and pasture productivity through adaptation of improved technologies
(Rossetti & Godfrey, 2003). Agricultural technical advice evaluation indicated that improved
maize production and profitability due adoption of improved technologies introduced under
Agricultural technical advice especially for tubers and pulses- New entries are vanilla, garlic,
mangoes and onions which showed to very high returns and with good regional and world
market export potential (Jens et al. 2018).
For farmers to increase maize production , they should be assured of market, good price, and
information about the existence of such market. Russia and India established information
systems to help producers and consumers get market linkage . Prices were disseminated
through the internet, mass media and on information boards in the Ministry of information
centres and these had benefited both the producer and the consumer (Kevin & Sushma, 2015).
In Ugandan case, several methods have been used in dissemination of research results. This
includes seminars, demonstrations, farmer field schools, leaflets in local languages, brochures
in English, seed multiplication and sale, radio, documentary films and agricultural shows.
However most these methods were reported to have limitations, Agricultural shows are not
accessible to most farmers especially those in remote areas who lack transportation (Friis and
Kisauzi, 2014 as cited in William & Gray, 2014) and those methods, radio was found to be the
best method to reach farmers (Kevin & Sushma, 2015).
Pilar, Ruth & Hernando (2015) in their studies of Countries in Latin America and Caribbean
reported that in all the cases, it is agreed that market linkages associate with organizational
8
structure improved producer negotiating ability and profits were higher. In order to increase
the farmer’s bargaining power and get fair prices, Malawi and India encouraged group
marketing (Kevin & Sushma, 2015). The experience of India, Russia, Malawi, Latin America
and Caribbean showed that deliberate efforts need to be made to ensure that farmers get
improved technologies, information on markets, and if farmers are to get fair prices, they need
to market in groups.
After liberalizing Market, the government (through OWC) embarked on putting in place
avenues through which farmers could make linkages or have access to the market.
Consequently, improving linkages to the market was well one of the cardinal principles upon
which OWC was operationalized. Improving market linkages was meant to increase farmer’s
productivity and profitability through provision of market linkage and linking farmers to
research and to market (both input and output market). This was being done through; running
market linkage workshops for specific enterprises, conducting agricultural marketing research,
setting up market linkage service and providing training to farmers and how to use market
linkage to their advantage (MAAIF, 2016)
2.5 Summary of literature review
Most of the authors emphasize access to agriculture technical advice . The authors in their
findings are silent on how the issue of advisory services can be handled. The biggest gap on
the services is on implementation of the idea adumbrated. Although Agricultural
modernization has been popularized and promoted as an engine of economic growth and a
tool for bringing development to the locality, the approach to be used under OWC raises
questions. Many households in Wakiso district have been given inputs under the operation
wealth creation like coffee seedlings but they have little knowledge on how to handle these
seedlings. Meyer, Stamer and Jorg (2014) emphasizes that the biggest problem to farmers in
Uganda is access to market linkage . The gap from the onset remains critical as it underscore
the fact that market linkage is not adequately available to farmers in most parts of Uganda.
Therefore, the literature review above confirms that different scholars have conducted several
studies to establish the correlation between market linkage in rural house hold livelihood.
9
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction
This chapter presents research design, the area of study, target population, sampling
procedure, sample size, data collection methods and instruments, data analysis and
presentation.
3.1 Research Design
The study used a cross sectional survey design. A cross sectional design will enable this study
to collect information simultaneously from the different groups of respondents at one time.
While using the cross-sectional design, the study will apply both qualitative and quantitative
approaches to collect detailed facts Sileyew (2020). By using the quantitative approach, the
study will describe numerical data, statistics and statistical inferences which focused on
relationships between variables (Žukauskas et al., 2018). The qualitative approach helped in
collating narrative and descriptive facts to make a deeper exploration the study interests.
3.2 Study Population
Study population refers to a universal set of all members of real or hypothetical set of people,
events or subjects from which an investigator wishes to generate his result (Mugenda &
Mugenda, 2003). The study targeted people who participate in the OWC policy
implementation in the rural areas such as Agricultural extension workers, Sub County OWC
Coordinator and the farmers who are the major beneficiaries of the Agricultural technical
advice. This will include 75 peasant farmers who are beneficiaries of the Agricultural
technical advice, 4 Agricultural Extension workers and 1 OWC Coordinator.
3.3 Sample Size determination
The sample of this study was 75 respondents drawn from the above population. According to
Roscoe cited by Sekaran (2016), a sample size larger than 30 and less than 500 is appropriate
for most studies. Bailey (2018) argues that for the descriptive research, 10 percent of the
population is adequate and for research involving smaller population 40 percent may be
considered.
10
Table 3.1: Study population and sample (According to Morgan Krejcie table)
Category Population Sampl Selection method

e
OWC Coordinator 1 1 Purposive sampling
Extension workers 4 4 Purposive sampling
Peasant farmers 90 75 Simple Random sampling
Total 95 80
Source: Primary Data (2023)
3.4 Sampling Techniques and procedures
Purposive and stratified sampling procedures were employed by the researcher. Sekaran
(2016) suggests that purposive or judgment sampling involves choice of subjects who are
most advantageously placed or in the best position to provide the information required. 1
OWC Coordinator was purposively selected as well as 4 Agricultural Extension workers. 75
beneficiaries of this agricultural extension services were randomly sampled into strata.
3.4.1 Simple Random Sampling
Simple random sampling is a sampling technique where each participant can be chosen at any
one time to provide information concerning the study to eliminate bias in data collection.
Simple random sampling is a method used to select a smaller sample size from a larger
population, use it to investigate, and generalize to a larger group (Mugenda & Mugenda,
2003). The study used simple random sampling to select Peasant farmers. These sampling
techniques were used because it ensures that every member has an equal chance of being
recruited into the sample (Thomas, 2020).
3.4.2 Purposive Sampling
Purposive sampling in this study referred to a sampling technique that involves identification
and selection of individuals or groups of individuals that are proficient and well-informed
with a phenomenon of interest (Thomas, 2020). The sampling was applied in selection of
population categories including the Heads of departments and District executive members.
Given that these population categories are deemed to have varying levels of information
relevant to the study, the technique is preferred to enable to research use his judgment to
either take all or handpick those who are thought to have the most relevant information from
those categories (Amin, 2005).
11
3.5 Data Collection Methods
3.5.1. Questionnaire Survey
The questionnaire survey is a data collection method where closed ended questionnaires
measured on five point Likert scale were developed, according to the objectives of the study,
and administered to defined respondents (Muhammad & Kabir, 2018). The method is very
appropriate because it enables the researcher to collect data from very many respondents in a
short period of time (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2008). The method also minimizes bias since the
respondents are able to answer the questions from their own perspective (Amin, 2005). These
were applied on Peasant farmers.
3.5.2 Interviews
The interview, as a data collection method in this study, referred to face-to-face interactions
between the researcher’s team and respondents on specific questions about the study topic
(Amin, 2005). By and large the data collection technique will enable generation of qualitative
data as aligned to the study objectives. This method will enable the researcher to gather in-
depth information that will supplement the findings from the questionnaire survey (Sekaran,
2003). Furthermore, interviews were conducted because they have the advantage of ensuring
probing for more information, clarification and capturing non-verbal expressions of the
interviewees Respondents were prompted and probed to extract detailed information for the
study.
3.6 Data Collection Instruments
The researcher used both self-administered questionnaires and interview guide as instruments
to collect the required data.
3.6.1 Questionnaire Guide
A questionnaire in this study is a research instrument consisting of a series of questions and
other prompts used to gather mostly quantitative information from respondents. In particular,
self-administered questionnaires were used to capture primary data whereby the respondents
were left to read and answer the questions by themselves. A questionnaire template will carry
several question items to which respondents are requested to respond (Oso & Onen, 2008).
The questionnaire was a close-ended question and measured on a five point Likert scale where
the respondents will select an option reflecting extent of his/her agreement with the statement.
The questionnaires were used because of its convenience and efficiency in collection of
12
quantitative data from complex populations in their natural settings without influence of the
researcher (Muhammad & Kabir, 2018).
3.6.2 Interview Guide
An Interview guide is a document containing a set of pre-determined questions that the study
used to guide the interview (Amin, 2005). The researcher will prepare and use a semi-
structured interview guide to conduct interviews on Heads of departments and District
executive members. The guide was semi structured with some open–ended questions to
explore and probe further into how data usage influences Aids service delivery in Local
Government. The open-ended questions were therefore used to capture the qualitative data
about the study variables. The interviews were preferred to provide in-depth information
about the research question (Mugenda & Mugenda, 2003).
3.7 Data Collection Procedure
A letter of recommendation from the Kyambogo University to Wakiso district was obtained.
After successful defenses, the researcher will guarantee respondents the confidentiality of
their data. Respondents were given time to complete the study questionnaire. The data
collection process involved two main activities: collecting data and displaying data. Data were
collected by the researcher using questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaires are preferred
by researchers because they are inexpensive to manage, can be filled out as the respondents
like, and can quickly collect information from multiple respondents. Face-to-face interviews
are a more personal form of study, as interviewers worked directly with respondents and
interviewers asked follow-up questions, especially because it were generally easier for
respondents.
3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation
3.8.1 Qualitative Data.
Qualitative data analysis involved both thematic and content analysis, and, were based on how
the findings will relate to the research questions. Content analysis was used to edit qualitative
data and reorganize it into meaningful shorter sentences. Thematic analysis was used to
organize data into themes and codes were identified (Marsh et al, 2020). After data collection,
information of same category was assembled together and their similarity with the
quantitative data created, after which a report were written.
13
3.8.2 Quantitative Data
Quantitative data analysis involved use of both descriptive and inferential statistics in the
Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS). Descriptive statistics will entail determination
of measures of central tendency such as mean, standard deviation; frequency distributions;
and percentages. Data were processed by editing, coding, entering, and then presented in
comprehensive tables showing the responses of each category of variables. Inferential
statistics will include correlation analysis using a correlation coefficient in order to answer the
research questions (Marsh et al, 2020).
14
CHAPTER FOUR
PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF
RESULTS
4.1 Introduction
This Chapter presents the findings, analysis and interpretations to the findings. The findings
are presented according to the objectives of the study. The study focused on examining the
relationship between Agricultural Strategies and rural House hold livelihood in Kakiri Sub
County, Wakiso district. The study was premised on the following research objectives: to
assess the role of agriculture inputs on maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso
district, to determine the effect of technical advice on maize productivity in Kakiri sub
county, Wakiso district and to examine the role of market linkage on maize productivity in
Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district.
4.2 Response rates
The response rate of the study is presented in Table 4.4 below
Table 4.2: Response rates
Instrument Target Actual Response rate Response rate (%)

Questionnaire 75 60 80
Interview guide 05 05 100
From Table 4.4 above, out of the 75 distributed 60 were returned correctly filled representing
79%. Out of the 05 respondents that were targeted for interviews, all the five (05) were
interviewed implying a response rate of 100%. This response rate was deemed well enough
since it was over and above the 50% recommended by Amin (2005).
4.3 Findings on background characteristics
The demographic characteristics (education level, sex, among others) for the 60 respondents
were examined and findings are presented in the next subsection.
4.3.1 Respondents by Sex
The respondents were asked to indicate their sex because the researcher wanted to make sure
that the views of both male and female were adequately represented.
15
Table 4.3: Summary statistics on sex of the respondents
Gender Frequency Percentage

Female 28 47
Male 32 53
Total 60 100
Table 4.2 shows that the majority of the respondents were male (53%) and female were
(47%). Although the gender findings indicated a discrepancy in favor of males, the study was
representative since both males and female were included in the study sample.
4.3.2 Age of the Respondents
The study looked at age distribution of the respondents by age using frequency distribution.
The results obtained on the item are presented in table 4.1 below.
60
50
40
30
Percentage
20
10
0
20-29 30-39 40-49 50 and above
Source: primary data (2023)

Figure 4.1: Presents the summary statistics on the Age of the respondents
From the above Figure 4.2, the majority of respondents between the categories of 30-39 years
were 54%, those between 40-49 years were 16% and those that were above 50 years were 8%.
This implies that the majority of reapsndnets were mature enough to undertand the issues
that were being inveistgated and so were abale to provide reliable responses.
16
4.2.2 Marital status of respondent
The study considered the marital status of respondents were married, single and divorced
persons were interacted with while in the field. The established information in relation to
marital status was revealed as in figure 4.2 below.
Divorced Single
10%
30%
Married
60%
Source: Primary Data, 2023
Figure 4.3: Marital status of respondents
The study found out that 36(60%) of respondents were married, 18(30%) were single and only
6(10%) had divorced. The marital status of the respondents was therefore an important factor
to understand how agricultural extension services influence maize production in Kakiri sub
county, Wakiso district. This implied that majority of respondents were responsible people
with families and could understand how agricultural extension services helped to improve the
maize production.
4.3.4 Level of education of the respondents
By examining the highest educational qualifications of the study respondents, the researcher
wished to ascertain whether there were substantial differences in the responses as indicated in
the Figure 4.3 below.
17
60
50
40
30
Percentage
20
10
0
Primary Secondary Certificate Degree +
Source: primary data (2023)

Figure 4.4: Level of education of the respondents
The majority of the respondents were certificate holders making a total percentage of 55%, the
respondents with secondary were 33% and the bachelors holders were 5% and those at a
primary level of education were 7%. This implies that the respondents had good academic
qualifications and the right skills and knowledge to deliver. Besides, the respondents were
able to understand, read, interpret the questionnaire and gave relevant responses.
4.4 Empirical findings
This section presents the empirical findings of the study according to the objectives. The
empirical findings are analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative analysis for the
respective findings.
4.4 The relationship between and agriculture inputs and maize productivity
The items on agriculture inputs and maize productivity were structured basing on the
objective of the study. Items were measured on a five-point Likert scale where code 1 =
strongly agree, 2 = agree, 3 = Not sure, 4 = disagree and 5 = strongly disagree. Seven (06)
Items which are statistically tabulated and presented in the table below with the frequencies
and percentages according to the responses collected.
18
Table 4.4: The relationship between and technical advice and maize productivity
Statement SA A N D SD Mean Std D
Farmers are trained on improved 42% 50% 00 3% 05% 4.40 .491
seeds for maize which increases (25) (30) (00) (02) (03)
production
Farmers are empowered to 34% 51% 0% 10% 10% 4.28 .399
monitor and evaluate agriculture (20) (30) (00) (06) (06)
activities which improves maize
productivity
OWC has empowered farmers to 22% 51% 00 17% 10 3.99 1.00
identify their advisory needs (13) (30) (10) (06)
OWC has organized farmers to 31% 58% 00 5.0% 06% 4.44 1.76
sell their products collectively in (18) (23) (03) (03)
the Kakiri sub county
Operation Wealth Creation has 54% 40% 00 1.0 05% 4.70 .401
made possible for farmer groups (32) (24) (01) (03)
to receive and use improved
maize seeds
Distribution of quality maize 27% 61% 00 4.0% 8.0% 4.46 1.31
seeds improves agricultural (16) (36) (03) (04)
production
As to whether farmers are trained on improved seeds for maize which increases production,
the respondent’s responses indicated that cumulatively, the larger percentage (92%) of the
respondents agreed and 8.0% disagreed. The mean = 4.40 was above the median score, three,
which on the five-point Likert scale used to measure the items indicated that the respondents
agreed that Farmers are trained on improved seeds for maize which increases production.
Responses to the question as to whether farmers are empowered to monitor and evaluate
agriculture activities which improves maize productivity (85%) disagreed while 15% agreed.
The mean = 4.28 close to the median score, three, that indicated that farmers are empowered
to monitor and evaluate agriculture activities which improves maize productivity. This implies
19
that majority of the respondents participated in the extension project funded by Sasakawa,
NARO and BRAC.
With respect to whether OWC has empowered farmers to identify their advisory needs,
cumulatively the larger percentage (73%) agreed with 27% disagreeing. The mean = 3.99
which corresponded to agreed indicating that the majority of the respondents agreed that
OWC has empowered farmers to identify their advisory needs. The farmers interviewed noted
that the extension farmers displayed good knowledge about the practices they taught like
basin farming and mixed cropping indicating that they are well trained.
As to whether OWC has organized farmers to sell their products collectively in the Kakiri sub
county, cumulatively the larger percentage (89%) agreed with 11% disagreed. The mean =
4.44 meant that the respondents agreed that the farmers do not pay for the technical advice.
Various techniques were used to disseminate good agricultural practices to the farmers. These
however fell in three categories of extension methods. Under mass methods, the rally and the
printed media techniques were used. Under group, method demonstration, result
demonstration, farmers’ own discussion groups and formal discussion groups (courses) were
the used extension techniques. The farm visit technique on the other hand was used under the
individual method.
Regarding to whether Operation Wealth Creation has made possible for farmer groups to
receive and use improved maize seeds, cumulatively the larger percentage (94%) agreed and
6.0% disagreed. The mean = 4.70 implied that before in puts are given; farmers are educated
about their use.
As to whether distribution of quality maize seeds improves agricultural production,
cumulatively the larger percentage (88%) agreed with 18% agreeing. The mean = 4.46
implied that distribution of quality maize seeds improves agricultural production. Results
reveal that rouging, use of clean planting materials and use of resistant varieties were the
commonest practices learnt by over 70% of the respondents in the different projects during
interaction with the extension workers. Isolation of new plots from diseased crops was the
least used control practice by extension workers from Sasakawa and NARO.
Table 4.5: Correlation Matrix for the relationship between agriculture inputs and maize
productivity
20
Agriculture inputs Maize productivity
Agriculture inputs Pearson Correlation 1 .772(**)
Sig. (2-tailed) .007
N 61 61
Maize productivity Pearson Correlation .772(**) 1
N 61 61
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed). Source: Primary Data (2023)
The results show that the correlation coefficient is 0.772(**) and its significance level 0.000.
This implied that agriculture inputs significantly influences maize productivity in Kakiri Sub
County, Wakiso district. Therefore according to the results there is a positive significant
relationship between technical advice and maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso
district.
4.5 The relationship between and technical advice on maize productivity
The items on technical advice and maize productivity were structured basing on the objective
of the study. Items were measured on a five-point Likert scale where code 1 = strongly agree,
2 = agree, 3 = Not sure, 4 = disagree and 5 = strongly disagree. Seven (06) Items which are
statistically tabulated and presented in the table below with the frequencies and percentages
according to the responses collected.
Table 4.6: The relationship between and technical advice on maize productivity
Agricultural technical advice 21% 62% 00 14% 03% 4.04 .764
facilitate quality of advisory (13) (37) (08) ( 02)
services and promote adoption to
new crop enterprise and use of
modern agriculture production
technologies
OWC has been promoting new 34% 50% 00 06% 10% 3.86 1.25
local enterprises through (20) (30) (03) ( 06)
research
OWC has disseminated useful 13% 18% 00 17% 42% 2.44 .734
21
information to farmers on best (07) (10) (10) ( 25
areas of farming
New farming techniques have 13% 23% 00 24% 40% 2.01 .117
been taught to the farmers in (07) (13) (15) ( 23)
Kakiri sub county
Development in technology 17% 52% 00 08% 14% 3.62 1.07
creates opportunities, benefits (10) (38) (04) ( 08)
and efficiency gains for farmers
resulting to competitive
utilization of factors of
production
As to whether agricultural technical advice facilitate quality of advisory services and promote
adoption to new crop enterprise and use of modern agriculture production technologies, the
respondent’s responses indicated that cumulatively, the larger percentage (83%) of the
respondents agreed and 17% disagreed. The mean = 4.04 was above the median score, 3
which indicated that agricultural technical advice facilitate quality of advisory services and
promote adoption to new crop enterprise and use of modern agriculture production
technologies.
Responses to the question as to whether OWC has been promoting new local enterprises
through research, 50% agreed with the statement while 16% disagreed. The mean = 3.86
indicated that OWC has been promoting new local enterprises through research. The standard
deviation of 1.25 indicated those with deviating responses.
With respect to whether OWC has disseminated useful information to farmers on best areas of
farming, cumulatively the larger percentage (41%) agreed with 59% disagreeing. The mean =
2.44 which corresponded to disagreed indicated that OWC has not disseminated useful
information to farmers on best areas of farming which affect productivity of maize production
in kakiri sub county.
As to whether new farming techniques have been taught to the farmers in Kakiri Sub County,
cumulatively the larger percentage (64%) disagreed with 34% agreed. The mean = 2.01 meant
22
that new farming techniques have been taught to the farmers in Kakiri sub county. The
standard deviation of 0.117 indicated those with deviating responses. Relatedly notes that
rural communities are more attached to use the traditional ways of market linkage than of
using the new technology due to several factors. Yet, this time the technology is diversifying
in Kakiri sub county while we compare it every year. The number of mobile phone and radio
user are increasing among smallholder farmers in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district
As to whether the development in technology creates opportunities, benefits and efficiency

gains for farmers resulting to competitive utilization of factors of production, cumulatively the
larger percentage (88%) agreed with 12% agreeing. The mean = 3.62 implied that
development in technology creates opportunities, benefits and efficiency gains for farmers
resulting to competitive utilization of factors of production.
Table 4.7: Correlation Matrix for technical advice and maize productivity
Technical advice Maize productivity
Technical advice Pearson Correlation 1 .212*
N 60 60
Maize productivity Pearson Correlation .212* 1

N 60 60
The results show that the correlation coefficient is 0.212(**) and its significance level 0.000.
This implied that technical advice influences maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County,
Wakiso district. Therefore according to the results there is a positive significant relationship
between technical advice and maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district.
Therefore the alternative hypothesis that was earlier postulated is accepted.
4.6 The relationship between and market linkage on maize productivity
The items on market linkage and maize productivity were structured basing on the objective
of the study. Items were measured on a five-point Likert scale where code 1 = strongly agree,
2 = agree, 3 = Not sure, 4 = disagree and 5 = strongly disagree. Seven (06) Items which are
23
statistically tabulated and presented in the table below with the frequencies and percentages
according to the responses collected.
Table 4.8: The relationship between and market linkage on maize productivity
Farmers in Kakiri sub county are 22% 26% 00 48% 42% 3.00 .491
near the market source (13) (15) (29) (25)
Market linkage is availed by 48% 25% 00 17% 10% 3.88 .632
government to the farmers (29) (14) (10) ( 06)
Access to market linkage has enabled 19% 56% 00 12% 13% 3.94 .544
the farmers set the price for their (11) (33) (07) (07
products.
The good road infrastructure has 29% 52% 00 08% 11% 4.07 .946
enabled farmers move to access (17) (31) (04) (06)
market linkage
The farmers are into cooperatives for 32% 37% 00 11% 20% 3.75 .798
easy access to market linkage (19) (22) (06) (12)
Availability of modern technology 37% 51% 00 04% 08% 4.01 .401
has enabled farmers access market (22) (30) (02) (04)
linkage
There is able bodied leadership 41% 43% 00 12% 14% 3.92 .313
willing to look for market linkage (25) (22) (07) (07)
and avail it in Kakiri sub county
Farmers willingly invest resources to 22% 26% 00 48% 42% 3.00 .491
get access to market linkage even (13) (15) (29) (25)
when the government cannot
As to whether farmers in Kakiri Sub County are near the market source, the respondent’s
responses indicated 68 that cumulatively, the larger percentage (48%) of the respondents
agreed and 42% disagreed. The mean = 3.09 was above the median score, three, which on the
five-point Likert scale used to measure the items indicated the respondents were undecided
about farmers in Kakiri sub county are near the market source .
24
As to whether farmers in Kakiri Sub County are near the market source, the respondent’s
responses indicated 68 that cumulatively, the larger percentage (48%) of the respondents
agreed and 42% disagreed. The mean = 3.09 was above the median score, three, which on the
five-point Likert scale used to measure the items indicated the respondents were undecided
about farmers in Kakiri sub county are near the market source .
Findings revealed that farmers source of market linkage are: 88.8% is from fellow farmers,
56% relatives and 37.5% traders, mobile phone 25% and radio 23 % to find market price
information but newspapers and cooperative societies covered by far less user. The
government had done little to avail farmers with market linkage. Very few farmers access
market linkage on radios like radio west. Farmers in Kashari, Bubaare, Bukiro and Kagongi
Sub County were asked to rank the program they need to find from radio. Four programs were
listed which are commonly broadcasted via the radio. About 49.34% and 41.45% of the
respondent’s ranked agriculture program first and secondly news.
With respect to whether access to market linkage has enabled the farmers set the price for
their products, cumulatively the larger percentage (75%) agreed with 25% disagreeing. The
mean = 3.94 69 which corresponded to disagreed indicated that access to market linkage has
enabled the farmers set the price for their products.
A respondent noted that through training the farmers can get market linkage from extension
workers. Access to training refers how and from whom farmers are getting the training to find
crops price information. This were an indicator to access updated information via the possible
information delivering mechanism. In line with this, access to training is also used to diversify
skills and knowledge to use an old and emerging technology via different means of
interventions. During interviews, a famer said that:
“Our main problem is we do not have knowledge on how to access the daily
price information, even nobody tells us about the daily market price condition.
Yet, we usually listen price information via radio but while we go to marker the
information we got was not exactly the same because of this we usually face
problem due to lack of full market linkage and weak bargaining power
25
As to whether the good road infrastructure has enabled farmers move to access market
linkage, cumulatively the larger percentage (81%) agreed with 19% disagreed. The mean =
4.07 meant that the good road infrastructure has enabled farmers move to access market
linkage
Regarding whether the farmers are into cooperatives for easy access to market linkage. A
responsible officer, a records officer is in charge, cumulatively the larger percentage (69%)
agreed and 31% disagreed. The mean = 3.75 implied that the farmers are into cooperatives for
easy access to market linkage. A respondent noted that farmers are in groups that have helped
them access market linkage . In corroboration another farmer noted farmers frequently visit
markets, visiting market is a way of getting relevant information and cross checking
mechanism of pre-gathered information with the existing price
Whether availability of modern technology has enabled farmers access market linkage,
cumulatively the larger percentage (88%) agreed with 12% agreeing. The mean = 4.01
implied that availability of modern technology has enabled farmers access market linkage. A
farmer noted radio is listened to by 80 per cent of people living in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso
district, every week, reaching people isolated by language, geography, conflict, illiteracy and
poverty. Radios are widely listened to in Kakiri Sub County compared to those staying in the
Municipality who watch T.V and can afford Newspapers. Given that very few smallholder
farmers own phones, they rarely use this avenue to receive market linkage.
With mobile phones, farmers can simply make a call and determine the availability of inputs
from an input supplier and this reduces the cost of traveling. In addition, the mobile phone is
used to get information from extension staff on markets. Yet, among the total respondents
who owned mobile phone 28.6% have the information about the technology; the rest 71.4% of
the respondent did not access the technology. Three major challenges were identified which
are, 52.3 % did not know how to use their mobile to access the information, 32.3% of others
did not have any information about the technology and 15.4 % of the rest could not
understand the delivered information.
Table 4.9: Correlation Matrix for market linkage and maize productivity
26
Market linkage Maize productivity
Market linkage Pearson Correlation 1 .622 *
N 60 60
Maize productivity Pearson Correlation .622* 1

N 60 60
The results show that the correlation coefficient is 0.622 and its significance level 0.000. This
implied that market linkage significantly influence maize productivity. Therefore according to
the results there is a positive relationship between market linkage and maize productivity.
Therefore the alternative hypothesis that was earlier postulated is accepted.
CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter provides summaries of the findings from the study, discusses the empirical
results in view of the research objectives, and draws conclusions and finally
recommendations.
5.2 Summary of Findings
5.2.1 Agriculture inputs and maize productivity
The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was run and results showed that technical advice
significantly influences maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district. Therefore
according to the results the r value was 0.772(**), therefore there was a positive significant
relationship between technical advice and maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso
district. Therefore the alternative hypothesis that was earlier postulated is accepted. A
regression analysis was run and findings indicated that the adjusted r value was 0.334
27
implying that technical advice predicts maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso
district; in other words maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district is dependent
on technical advice.
5.2.2 Technical advice and Maize productivity
The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was run and results showed that the r value was
0.212(**) implying that technical advice significantly influences maize productivity in Kakiri
sub county, Wakiso district. Therefore according to the results there was a positive significant
relationship between technical advice and maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso
district. Therefore the alternative hypothesis that was earlier postulated is accepted. A
regression analysis was run and findings 78 indicated that adjusted r value was .395 implying
that technical advice predicts maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district; in
other words maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district is dependent on
technical advice.
5.2.3 Market linkage and Maize productivity
The Pearson Correlation Coefficient was conducted and the results showed r=0.622 implying
that market linkage significantly influences maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso
district. Therefore according to the results there was a positive relationship between market
linkage and maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district. Therefore the
alternative hypothesis that was earlier postulated is accepted. A regression analysis was run
and findings indicated that market linkage predicts maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County,
Wakiso district; in other words maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district is
dependent on market linkage.
5.3 Discussion
This subsection discusses of the findings which are discussed according to the respective
research objectives as earlier presented in chapter one
Findings revealed that there was a positive significant relationship between technical advice
and maize productivity in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district. Similar findings were observed
by Sendaula (2004) who observed a positive relationship between technical advice and
agricultural output. Findings revealed that three institutions (Sasakawa, NARO and Local
Government that are on ground in Kakiri Sub County) use more than three extension methods
28
to disseminate the climate smart technologies practices to the farmer. Sasakawa used four
extension techniques to reach the farmers. These 79 included; group meetings in different
communities under an extension worker, method demonstrations, farm visits and formal
discussion groups. The exercise was perceived by the majority of the respondents as being
successful. Group meetings were the most widely used and had a substantial relationship with
the perceived success of the project at a less than 5% level of significance. Tevera (2012)
noted that the smallholder farmers face challenges in asset ownership, and technical advice .
Also, it has been noted that smallholder farmers participate in both crop and livestock
production, even though they lack substantial amount of land and education. In marketing, the
majority of the sampled farmers still perform individually because they are not exposed to
various marketing channels due to disadvantages associated with selling as individuals in
these rural areas. Findings revealed that the Local Government Sub County based staff on
technical advice on the other hand used six extension techniques to extend the practices to the
farmers. However, only 58% noted that they were successful. These included; group
meetings, method and result demonstration, farmer discussion groups, farm visits and formal
discussion groups. All the techniques had a very strong relationship with the perceived
success of the project at a less than 5%level of significance. The Local government project has
a large area of jurisdiction and used more techniques than the other two projects as seen
above. NARO like Sasakawa used four techniques but the farmers’ perceived it as being 64%
successful. The techniques included; group meetings method and, farmer discussion groups,
farm visits, and formal discussion groups. Tinker (1994) too argued that for a technology to be
adopted, it had to be profitable and possessed one or more of the following attributes: lower
per unit expenditures on production inputs, increase output per unit input, produce more
profitable crops and livestock, reduce capital expended on machinery, reduce crop and animal
losses, and result into fuller use of available land, labour and capital.The relationships
between adoption of time of climate smart technologies practices and 80 contact with
agricultural extension staff were negligible, and the chi-square test was not significant
(P>0.05). Results also revealed that there were little or no differences between the percentages
of adopters and non-adopters with respect to contact with extension staff. For example, for
correct time of harvest, the difference was 2.8 percent, while for correct stage of maturity, the
difference was 0.5 percent. According to Ndegwa (2012), extension staffs have no influence
29
on adoption of the above mentioned practices. It is possible that both the adopters and non-
adopters were equally exposed to the available information only that non-adopters were not
convinced of the advantages of applying the correct practices. It could also be that extension
staff did not disseminate information on panting and harvest practices efficiently. There were
low positive relationships between adoption of correct time of planting and harvest. In fact, in
this study, some of the respondents revealed that when they do sort for example, many crops
are sorted out as damage and that is a loss.
Some Financial institutions like Brac Uganda offer loans for dynamic smallholder farmers at
the prevailing rate in the country which is high as per the responses of the farmers
interviewed. This has limited a number of them from taking loans from financial institutions.
This is in line with Muleba(2003) who states that financial institutions treat their clients as a
unit and do apply the same lending policies throughout. This helps the system maintain
credibility before the public. In 81 this circumstance, his study established that lending
policies like interest rates and demand for collateral security were limiting the ability of
farmers to borrow from financial institutions. This is inline with Mougeot (2014) who noticed
that some farmers fail to take loans from lending institutions due to high interest rates and
demand for high collateral security.
It was observed that the lack of technical advice for the poor is attributable to practical
difficulties arising from the discrepancy between the mode of operation followed by financial
institutions and the economic characteristics and financing needs of low-income households.
For example, lending institutions require that smallholder farmer’s borrowers have a stable
source of income out of which principal and interest can be paid back according to the agreed
terms. Similarly Muleba (2003) notes that lending policies limit lending by commercial
institutions. However, the income of many farmers is not stable, regardless of its size. This is
in line with Mlozi (2014). It was observed that just handing money to farmers and giving them
access to financial assets and resources creates a new set of challenges for farmers.

Findings revealed that smallholder farmers often face constraints when they want to access
markets or when they want to improve their competitiveness in markets (Mlozi, 2014). Market
30
access and competitiveness relate to the options farmers have to sell their products and
purchase inputs (Lynch, 2013). Smallholder farmers often have low market access as
compared to their larger and more capitalized colleagues. According to Tinker (1994), barriers
to enter into markets can be related to physical limitations in reaching the market, such as
poor roads, restrictions on international trade, or to minimum product characteristics required.
These barriers mean that a certain market does exist, but that smallholder farmers are hindered
in selling their products in that market. In most developing countries, institutions (e.g.
insurance) that can alleviate risks are missing or weakly developed as a result smallholder
farmers are exposed to high market risk (Muleba, 2003). In many cases, smallholder farmers
are not yet positioned to compete and access better paying markets and many were left behind
if they are not properly organized.
Findings further revealed that smallholder farmers usually sell their produce to intermediaries,
often at a low price. However, innovations in marketing arrangements can transform market
relations in favour of smallholder farmers (Lynch, 2013). Producer organizations and
cooperatives are well-positioned to take advantage of these new opportunities that may
incorporate smallholder farmers into high value chains. In addition to filling in the gaps
created by market imperfections, collective action can open up new marketing opportunities
for smallholders by introducing innovations to existing value chains or creating entry ways
into new markets (Tevera, 2012). For 83 example, creating new demand for traditional
products through processing and value-adding activities has proved to be an innovative route
to higher prices, such as through design of a branding strategy and awareness for agricultural
products from smallholder farmers. Farmers can participate in high-value markets by
obtaining the required food safety certifications, which otherwise would be inaccessible to
them individually but as groups or cooperatives to enhance them to easily access markets
5.4 Conclusions
On the basis of the study findings, a number of conclusions were made notably:
5.4.1 Agricultural inputs and Maize productivity
Findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between technical advice and
maize productivity in Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district. Findings revealed that three
institutions are extensively carrying out technical advice in Kakiri Sub County that
31
Sasakawa, NARO and Local Government. The three have used more than three extension
methods to disseminate the climate smart technologies practices/agricultural practices to the
farmers. Sasakawa used four extension techniques to reach the farmers. These included; group
meetings in different communities under an extension worker, method demonstrations, farm
visits and formal discussion groups.
Findings revealed that there is a positive significant relationship between technical advice and
maize productivity. Financial Institutions rarely lend money to serve the needs of low-income
small holder farmers in Kakiri Sub County save for farmers with big farms given that most
of these borrowers lack collateral security. However, the income of many self-employed
households is not stable, regardless of its size and this could be limiting the extension of credit
to such a group of people. A large number of small loans are needed to serve the poor, but
financial institutions prefer dealing with large loans in small numbers to minimize
administration costs. Whereas some farmers in Kakiri Sub County may experience marginal
improvements in welfare after the intervention of financial institutions and financial advice,
there is also the issue of access the credit
Findings revealed that smallholder farmers often face constraints when they want to access
markets or when they want to improve their competitiveness in markets. Smallholder farmers
often have low market access as compared to their larger and more capitalized colleagues. The
small farmers access market linkage over the radio, mobile phones and through friends. In
Kakiri Sub County, Wakiso district informal markets, for instance, smallholders often find
their prices undercut by produce that informal traders buy from large-scale commercial
farmers. Most smallholder produce has no clearly defined grades and standards and, therefore,
fails to meet the consumer’s demands.
Findings revealed that farmers do not meet certain market grades and standards because the
farmers lack the knowledge and resources to ascertain such requirements. Production assets
such as tractors, machinery and vehicles to transport produce to markets are key requirements
yet most farmers use bicycles to transport their produce to markets. Findings revealed that
Lack of value adding and agro-processing are parts of missing markets amongst smallholder
farmers in marketing.
32
5.5 Recommendations
Basing on the study conclusions, several recommendations were made. The recommendations
below were made on the basis of research objectives as provided in chapter one.
5.5.1 Agricultural inputs and Maize productivity
Farmer groups should be encouraged in order to help the extension staff make wider coverage
and take advantage of interpersonal communication. It is important for the extension staff to
understand the purpose of the various extension methods and techniques, and the way in
which these particular extension methods and technique is carried out. This will enable the
extension staff to select the most effective combination of extension methods and techniques
to promote the adoption of any new innovation. The methods and techniques however, should
be appropriately used with respect to the stages of the conventional innovation adoption
process stages to encourage interpersonal communication and competition among farmers.
There is need to create appropriate information channels among the farmers. This were helpful
in passing on pertinent and update information about new technologies for example newly
discovered nonagricultural benefits to new technologies. Farmers need to be informed about
newly discovered non-agricultural benefits of terracing.
A promising solution is to provide multi-purpose loans or composite credit for income
generation, housing improvement and consumption support. The loans should be given at low
interest rates since most of the farmers in Kakiri Sub County cannot afford loans at high
interest rates. Free collateral security loans would best help in this situation, however many
institutions are reluctant to give loans that are not secured. Eventually it would be ideal to
enhance the creditworthiness of the poor women and to make them more “bankable” to
financial institutions and enable them to qualify for long-term credit from the formal sector.
The financial institutions should also collaborate with and facilitate the local government
technical and extension workers to monitor and supervise their clients (farmers) in the areas
where they operate. One of the crucial success factors is finance advice, it should be given to
smallholder farmer borrowers freely hence before taking out a loan.
Additional source of income by farmers is a way for better source of information source
choices. So, it is suggested to build up farmers, accessing credit through organizing well-
33
functioning farmers group, strengthening cooperative and union are important. In addition,
further study is needed to see cooperative and union in regarding with their potential and
communication among farmers. It is advised making the institutional factors more conducive
for better accessing and to reduce frequent movement of farmers through availing market
linkage via radio and easy way of information delivering by mobile phone and
manual/modern price ticker using knowledge 88 worker or farmers group. Better training
service on mobile phone utilization enabled coffee farmers to have better market linkage.
Therefore, it is recommended to diversify intensive training on how to use mobile phone to
access daily market linkage
5.6 Limitations of the study
There were a number of limitations associated with decisions made regarding the
methodology. They relate to the choice of participants, the type of data collected and the
analytic process. Another limitation was the time frame in which data was collected.
The data constituted a snapshot of one point on the implementation continuum. Interviews
date is limited in a number of ways including the limitations present in the questions
themselves and also in the nature of the responses from participants. The participant’s
responses were based only on the questions that the researcher asked but there could have
been more information through observation hence sometimes misleading information is given
during interviews. The researcher encountered some limitations during the study especially
when it came to interviewing some respondents. Some were not willing to give information
unless paid and at some instances, the researcher had to wait till late in the evening when the
respondents are through with their work so as to interview them. The study used a small
sample and so it was not easy to generalize results.
34
REFERENCES
Anderson, J. R., & Feder, G. (2016). Agricultural extension: Good intentions and hard
realities. The World Bank Research Observer, 19(1), 41-60.
Benin et al, (2017). Four years of OWC Implementation Programme Outcome and Impact.
Paper Presented at the Mid Term Review (MTR) of OWC, May 31 to June 2, 2005.
Kampala, Uganda.
BoU,2015 The public finance management act,2015. Act no3 the government of Uganda.
FAO (2016) The fifth World Food Survey, Food and Agriculture, Rome
GoU,2015. Second National Development Plan 2015/16-2019/20 (NDPII). National Planning
Authority, Kampala.
35
IFAD, 1997, ‘Workshop on household food security and Gender’. IFAD’s comparative
advantage. IFAD Rome, May 15-16, 1997. Technical advisory division, project
management department, IFAD, Rome
IFPRI (2012) Rural-Urban Transformation in Uganda, Kampala: IFPRI. Accessed December
10, 2013 from: (http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/usspwp10.pdf)
Ivanic, M., & Martin, W. (2008). Implications of higher global food prices for poverty in
lowincome countries. The World Bank.
Kombo, D. K., & Tromp, D. L. (2006). Proposal and thesis writing: An introduction. Nairobi:
Paulines Publications Africa, 5, 814-30.
MAAIF (Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries) and MFPED (Ministry of
Finance Planning and Economic Development) 2016: Plan for Modernisation of
Agriculture, Eradicating Poverty in Uganda, Entebbe MAAIF, Kampala, MFPED.
MAAIF and MOFPED (Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development). 2011.
Plan for Modernization of agriculture: Eradicating poverty in Uganda. Government
strategy and operational framework. MAAIF and MOFPED, Kampala.
MAAIF and MOFPED, (2016) Plan for Modernization of agriculture: Eradicating poverty in
Uganda. Government strategy and operational framework; MAAIF and MOFPED,
Kampala.
Muwanika et. al, (2015), National Household Survey-National Resource Management Module
Republic of Uganda (2009) 2009 Statistical Abstract, Kampala: Uganda Bureau of Statistics.
Republic of Uganda (2011), Background to the Budget, 2015/16. Kampala: MFPED
Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business, A Skill Building
Approach, John Willey & Sons. Inc. New York.
UBOS, 2014, Uganda National Household Survey2012/2013. Uganda Bureau of Statistics,
Kampala
Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS): 2009 statistical abstract Retrieved from
https://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2009Statistical_
%20A bstract.p
Wong and Kibirige, (2016). Balancing Rural Poverty Reduction and Citizen Participation: the
contradictions of Uganda’s decentralization programme. World Development
31(2),325337
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Wong and Kibirige, (2016). Smallholder agriculture in East Africa: Trends, constraints and
opportunities. Tunis: African Development Bank.
World Bank (2014), Food Crisis: The Role of Maize production . Accessed April 15, 2014,
from: http://blogs.worldbank.org/developmenttalk/food-crisis-the-role-of-agricultural-
productivity
37
APPENDICES
APPENDIX ONE: QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR FARMERS
Dear respondent;
I am KIDHUBO DAVID 19/U/EKD/14166/PD a student from Kyambogo University
pursuing Bachelor of Arts in Economics. I am carrying out a study on the impact of
agricultural advice on maize production in Kakiri sub county, Wakiso district. You are kindly
requested to answer this questionnaire briefly; the information were treated with
confidentiality for academic purposes.
Thank you
SECTION A: BIO DATA
Tick in the Box that corresponds to the most appropriate option.
1. Gender of respondent
Category Choice
Male
Female
2. Age of respondents
Category Choice
20-29
30-39
40-49
50 and above
3. Marital status of the respondents

Category Choice
Single
Married
Divorced
4. Education level of respondent
Category Choice
Primary
i
Secondary
Certificate
Degree +
SECTION B: THE ROLE OF AGRICULTURE INPUTS ON MAIZE

PRODUCTIVITY IN KAKIRI SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT
A four-point Likert scale were used to collect opinion of respondents about subjects of study
thus: 1= Strongly Disagree; 2 = Disagree; 3= Agree; 4= Strongly Agree.
Description 1 2 3 4
Farmers are trained on improved seeds for maize which increases
production
Farmers are empowered to monitor and evaluate agriculture activities
which improves maize productivity
OWC has empowered farmers to identify their advisory needs
OWC has organized farmers to sell their products collectively in the
Kakiri sub county
Operation Wealth Creation has made possible for farmer groups to
receive and use improved maize seeds
Distribution of quality maize seeds improves agricultural production
ii
SECTION C: THE EFFECT OF TECHNICAL ADVICE ON MAIZE
PRODUCTIVITY IN KAKIRI SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT.
Description 1 2 3 4
Agricultural technical advice facilitate quality of advisory services and
promote adoption to new crop enterprise and use of modern agriculture
production technologies
OWC has been promoting new local enterprises through research
OWC has disseminated useful information to farmers on best areas of
farming
Agricultural advisory services are extended to the farmers in Kakiri sub
county
New farming techniques have been taught to the farmers in Kakiri sub
county
New farming techniques have been taught to the farmers in Kakiri sub
county
Development in technology creates opportunities, benefits and
efficiency gains for farmers resulting to competitive utilization of
factors of production
SECTION D: THE ROLE OF MARKET LINKAGE ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY IN

KAKIRI SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT
iii
Description 1 2 3 4
OWC has made it possible for farmers to have direct link with the buyers
Information on market has made farmers grow more crops and rear
animals not only for sale
Access to market linkage has enabled the farmers set the price for their
products
The good road infrastructure has enabled farmers move to access market
linkage which increases maize production
The farmers are into cooperatives for easy access to market linkage
Availability of modern technology has enabled farmers access market
linkage which has increased maize production
There is able bodied leadership willing to look for market linkage and
avail it in Kakiri sub county
Farmers willingly invest resources to get access to market linkage even
when the government cannot
Thanks for your cooperation and time
iv
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THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES ON MAIZE

PRODUCTION IN KAKIRI SUB COUNTY, WAKISO DISTRICT

A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF

SIGNATURE........................................... DATE ……………………………

I deeply appreciate my supervisor a lecturer at the department of Economics for his

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS................................................................viii

1.1 Background to the Study.......................................................................................................1

1.2 Problem Statement................................................................................................................2

1.4 Specific Objectives of the Study...........................................................................................3

1.4 Research Questions.............................................................................................................3

1.5 Significance of the Study......................................................................................................3

1.6 Scope of the Study.................................................................................................................4

1.6.1 Subject Scope.....................................................................................................................4

1.6.2 Geographical Scope............................................................................................................4

2.2 The role of agriculture inputs and maize productivity....................................................5

2.3 Agricultural technical advice and maize productivity.....................................................6

2.4 The role of market linkage on poverty reduction.............................................................8

2.5 Summary of literature review................................................................................................9

3.1 Research Design..................................................................................................................11

3.2 Study Population.................................................................................................................11

3.3 Sample Size determination..................................................................................................11

3.4 Sampling Techniques and procedures.................................................................................12

3.4.1 Simple Random Sampling.............................................................................................12

3.4.2 Purposive Sampling.......................................................................................................12

3.5 Data Collection Methods..................................................................................................13

3.5.1. Questionnaire Survey....................................................................................................13

3.6 Data Collection Instruments................................................................................................13

3.6.2 Interview Guide................................................................................................................14

3.7 Data Collection Procedure................................................................................................14

3.8 Data Analysis and Presentation...........................................................................................14

3.8.1 Qualitative Data................................................................................................................14

3.9 Limitations to the Study......................................................................................................15

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 16

4.2 Response rates.....................................................................................................................16

4.3 Findings on background characteristics..............................................................................16

4.3.1 Respondents by Sex.........................................................................................................16

4.3.2 Age of the Respondents....................................................................................................17

4.2.2 Marital status of respondent.............................................................................................18

4.3.4 Level of education of the respondents..............................................................................18

4.4 Empirical findings...............................................................................................................19

4.5 The relationship between and technical advice on maize productivity...............................22

4.6 The relationship between and market linkage on maize productivity.................................24

CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, DISCUSSION, CONCLUSIONS AND

5.2 Summary of Findings..........................................................................................................28

5.2.1 Agriculture inputs and maize productivity.......................................................................28

5.2.2 Technical advice and Maize productivity........................................................................28

5.2.3 Market linkage and Maize productivity...........................................................................28

5.3.2 Technical advice and Maize productivity........................................................................30

5.3.3 Market linkage and Maize productivity...........................................................................31

5.4.1 Agricultural inputs and Maize productivity.....................................................................32

5.4.2 Technical advice and Maize productivity........................................................................32

5.4.3 Market linkage and Maize productivity...........................................................................33

5.5.1 Agricultural inputs and Maize productivity.....................................................................33

5.5.2 Technical advice and Maize productivity........................................................................34

5.5.3 Market linkage and Maize productivity...........................................................................34

5.6 Limitations of the study.......................................................................................................35

APPENDIX ONE: QUESTIONNAIRE GUIDE FOR FARMERS............................................i

SECTION D: THE ROLE OF MARKET LINKAGE ON MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY IN

The overall goal of OWC is to enhance household participation in commercial agricultural

Research and adoption of technological improvements are crucial to increasing maize

Category Population Sampl Selection method

Instrument Target Actual Response rate Response rate (%)

Gender Frequency Percentage

Source: primary data (2023)