Report Anthony

EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELLBEING OF PEOPLE
IN NAKAWA DIVISION, KAMPALA DISTRICT
BY
ANYIJUKA ANTHONY
17/U/8638/EKD/PD
A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

AND STATISTICS IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF BACHELORS OF ARTS IN
ECONOMICS OF KYAMBOGO UNIVERSITY
NOVEMBER, 2020
i
APPROVAL
This is to certify that the project report is carried out under my supervision and is ready for
submission to the board of examiners.
MR. AJANGA MAX
DATE........................................................ SIGNATURE...............................................
i
DECLARATION
I declare to the best of my knowledge that the work presented in this book is my original and has
never been submitted for any other academic award and where information from other authors
has been used it has been cited.
ANYIJUKA ANTHONY
DATE........................................................
SIGNATURE...............................................
ii
DEDICATION
This research report is dedicated to my family that devoted moral, spiritual and financial support
so as to see me through. They have been great source of motivation and inspiration throughout
my academic life.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To actually claim the entire credit for this piece of work would not only be inconsiderate but
entirely unjust. The progress of this report is mainly dependent on guidance, moral and technical
support from a number of people whose cooperation and efforts am bound to acknowledge.
I deeply appreciate my supervisor a lecturer at the department of economics and statistics for his
unwavering support and professional advice as my supervisor that he shared with me throughout
the period of the study, not forgetting the time he sacrificed for me out of his tight schedules to
supervise my work.
My sincere gratitude goes to all lecturers and staff of Kyambogo University especially the
department of lands and architectural studies for their support throughout my Bachelor’s
program in general and in particular this project. They have added to my knowledge as I pursued
a bachelor’s in
Special thanks go to my Dad and Mum who laid a strong academic foundation upon which I
have been able to reach this far. It was amidst scarcity of resources that they managed to educate
me as well as instilling important core values of hard work, persistence and determination to me.
I am also grateful to the entire fraternity of construction firm in Nakawa division, Kampala who
accepted to provide me with the relevant information so as to see that my study was
accomplished.
All the above and many others not mentioned here, I’m greatly indebted to you
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL.................................................................................................................................................i
DECLARATION.........................................................................................................................................ii
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT...........................................................................................................................4
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................5
LIST OF TABLE.........................................................................................................................................5
TABLE OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................6
LIST OF ACRONYMS...............................................................................................................................7
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE:........................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Background of the study........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Statement of the problem.......................................................................................................................3
1.4 Purpose of the study..............................................................................................................................4
1.4.1 Specific Objective of the study...........................................................................................................4
1.5 Research Questions...............................................................................................................................4
1.6 Significance of the Study.......................................................................................................................4
1.7 Scope of the study.................................................................................................................................5
1.7.1 Content scope.....................................................................................................................................5
1.7.2 Geographical scope.............................................................................................................................5
1.7.3 Time scope.........................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO.........................................................................................................................................6
LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................................................6
2.0 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................6
2.1 The level of alcoholism among households...........................................................................................6
2.2 level of household income and alcohol consumption.............................................................................8
2.3 Relationship between alcoholism and household income....................................................................11
CHAPTER THREE...................................................................................................................................13
METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................................................13
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3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................13
3.2 Research design...................................................................................................................................13
3.3 Target population.................................................................................................................................13
3.4 Determination of the Sample Size.......................................................................................................14
3.5 Sampling Procedure.............................................................................................................................14
3.6 Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................................14
3.6.1 Primary Data Collection Methods.....................................................................................................14
3.6.2 Secondary Data Collection Methods...............................................................................................15
3.7 Data Collection Instruments................................................................................................................15
3.7.1 Self-administered questionnaires......................................................................................................15
3.7.2 Interview guides...............................................................................................................................15
3.8 Data Collection Procedure...................................................................................................................16
3.9 Data Analysis......................................................................................................................................16
3.9.1 Qualitative Data.........................................................................................................................16
3.9.2 Quantitative Data..............................................................................................................................16
3.10 Measurements of Study Variables.....................................................................................................16
CHAPTER FOUR.....................................................................................................................................17
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION........................................................17
4.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................17
4.2 Bio Data of Respondents.....................................................................................................................18
4.2.1 Gender of respondents......................................................................................................................18
4.2.2 Age of respondents...........................................................................................................................18
4.2.3 Education of respondents..................................................................................................................19
4.2.4 Marital status of respondents............................................................................................................19
4.3 The Level of Alcoholism among households.......................................................................................20
4.4 The level of household income............................................................................................................21
4.5 The relationship between alcoholism and household income..............................................................23
CHAPTER FIVE.......................................................................................................................................25
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND...................................................25
RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................................................................................25
5.0 Introduction.........................................................................................................................................25
5.1 Summary of findings...........................................................................................................................26
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5.1.1 Level of alcoholism among households............................................................................................26
5.1.2 Level of household income and alcohol consumption......................................................................26
5.1.3 Relationship between alcoholism and household income.................................................................27
5.2 Discussions of the study findings........................................................................................................27
5.3 Conclusions of the study......................................................................................................................29
5.3.1 The level of alcoholism among households......................................................................................29
5.3.2 The level of household income and alcohol consumption.................................................................29
5.3.3 The relationship between alcoholism and household income...........................................................30
5.4 Recommendations to the study............................................................................................................30
5.5 Area for further research......................................................................................................................32
LIST OF TABLE
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Table 3.1: Sample size of respondents.......................................................................................................14
Table 4.2: Gender of respondents...........................................................................................................18
Table 4. 3 Marital status of respondents.....................................................................................................19
Table 4.4: The Level of Alcoholism among households............................................................................20
Table 4.5: The level of household income and alcohol consumption.........................................................21
Table 4.6: The relationship between alcoholism and household income....................................................23
viii
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Age of respondents..................................................................................................................18
Figure 4:2: Education of respondents.........................................................................................................19
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LIST OF ACRONYMS
CBOs: Community Based Organizations
GDP: Gross Domestic Product
NACADA: National Agency for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse
NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations
NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between alcoholism by men, local
leaders, women on household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district. The study was
based on three specific objectives; to determine the level of alcoholism in Nakawa division,
Kampala district, to establish the level of household income in Nakawa division, Kampala
district and to establish the relationship between alcoholism and household income in Nakawa,
division, Kampala district. It was based on a descriptive survey design basing on the use of
qualitative and quantitative approaches that was adopted to establish the relationship between
alcoholism by men, local leaders, women on household income in Nakawa division, Kampala
district. Simple random sampling and purposive sampling techniques were used in the study.
Questionnaires were used to collect primary and secondary sources of data from 100
respondents, using simple random sampling. Data analysis was done using SPSS’s frequencies.
The finding in the first objective was to determine the level of alcoholism in Nakawa, Makindye
division, Kampala district indicated a negative effect that alcoholism habits are detached to their
children with the percentage of 67% and how alcoholism affects the standards of living with the
percentage of 65% who strongly agreed. The summary findings indicated that too much alcohol
use causes angry and bitter with the percentage of 80% which in return leads to immoral habits
among the youths in Nakawa suburbs and mostly.
The study recommended, there should be more concerted efforts in the general fight against
alcoholism in Uganda. The situation seems to be getting worse and the few efforts being shown
to curb the vice are counterattacked. The youth need to be positively engaged in productive
activities, the police department should be re-trained on how best to provide effective help to
alcoholics.
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CHAPTER ONE:
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter will present the background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the
study, research objectives, research questions; scope of the study, and significance of the study.
1.2 Background of the study

Alcohol is as old as human history; its existence in different socio-cultural milieus extends
beyond the last ten thousand years (Smart, 2007). Globally, its production and consumption is
organized around social, recreational, political, medicinal and religious activities. Alcohol is a
common feature in social gatherings such as parties, births, weddings and family get-togethers. It
is also consumed during and after recreational activities such as skiing and golf and while
watching sports events (Engs, 1997). In Central Africa, political occasions such as the making of
war or peace, settling disputes, evoking courage in battle and enthronements were marked using
alcohol (Bowdich, 1966). Engs (1997) further notes that, as medicine, alcohol was, and still is,
prescribed to stimulate sluggish appetites, as a sedative to induce sleep, and as a vasodilator in
arteriosclerosis. It relieves vague aches and pains that beset the elderly and is also used as an
aphrodisiac. In religion, wine is used in modern day Christian ceremonies where it is taken as a
sacrament during worship.
Despite alcohol consumption in Uganda declining over the past decade, it still remains well
above the OECD average (9.0 L) (OECD, 2014). According to an OECD report global has the
10th highest consumption levels of alcohol per capita of 40 countries (Department of Health,
2012). Alcohol consumption can place a huge cost on society. In 2007 the estimated cost of
alcohol related problems in Uganda was approximately V3.7bn. On the other hand, alcohol
consumption is very important to the global economy; in 2008 the alcohol industry in global
provided an estimated 50,000 whole time equivalent jobs (Department of Health, 2012). The
alcohol manufacturing industry had a turnover of V2.95bn in 2008 (Foley, 2010) and in 2009
Produced Vl bn in exports and a net trade surplus of V330m. In 2008, alcohol manufacturing and
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retail provided V2bn in VAT and excise revenues to the State (Department of Health, 2012).
Uganda experienced high economic growth during the period l994 to 2008; however in 2008 the
financial crisis resulted in the global economy going into a recession. While the data from the
survey used in this study was taken in 2007 during the boom period, Butler and Hope (2015) in a
study into the influence of the financial crisis on alcoholism consumption globally, find that
despite disposable income dropping during the crises, alcoholism consumption was not greatly
affected.
Excessive alcohol use poses an important public health problem. Approximately 2 billion people
consume alcohol worldwide (World Health Organization, 2004). Alcohol abuse accounts for
approximately 105,000 deaths each year in the United States, due to intentional and unintentional
injury, cirrhosis, stroke, pneumonia, and cancers of the digestive system (McGinnis & Foege,
1999). Almost two-fifths of traffic fatalities are the result of alcohol abuse. For each death,
excessive alcohol use is associated with many more cases of nonfatal illness due to cirrhosis,
cancer, fetal alcohol syndrome and violence (McGinnis & Foege, 1999).
Given the serious consequences of drug and alcohol abuse, considerable effort has been directed
toward adults who have developed health problems with the low success Riggs PD. (2003). In
research and clinical studies, adolescent alcohol and substance use has been relatively neglected
Heath AC. Lynskey MT, Waldron M. (2008). In Uganda, there is a paucity of services and
treatment programs, with the few available treatment programs and models targeting adults
without appropriate attention to different developmental and child protection needs. In addition,
there is no policy to guide any implementation of services to control alcohol and illicit substance
use among children and adolescents in Uganda.
Therefore, with little study done on this particular topic, we can say there is not much data out
there that is available if we are to understand the effects of alcoholism and household income the
effect the dependence has on household welfare in those families Karega, (2010). The results that
are expected to be obtained are policy specific in that they can be used for planning and
implementing interventions in slums where consumption of cheap liquor is rampant. This is
significantly important for Kampala district, quarter of whose population is distributed across
several slums around the city Othieno, C.J., Kathuku, D.M., Ndetei, D.M. (2000).
2
1.3 Statement of the problem
Over recent years there has been numerous policies developed and actions carried out which
have helped control the levels of alcohol consumption in Uganda (Department of Health, 2012).
Alcoholism and income level a worldwide phenomenon and this occurs in almost every country,
be it developed or less developed. The specific drug or drugs used varies from country to
country, income level to another and from region to region (WHO, 20l6).The problem of
substance abuse is so grave that, it was originally conceived as the problem of a ‘select few’.
But, it has extended beyond the usual characteristics of abusers being male, adult and urban
based people to now include female, youngsters and rural dwellers. This problem impacts
negatively on the academic, social, psychological, economical and physiological development
among the abusers (Agatha, 2016). Alcoholism is not a new idea and their effects are deep rooted
in the African communities and this has been widening day after day since it has proven to be
essential predictor poverty in the household income level prevalence among many persons
worldwide.
Despite the inability to achieve goals set thus feeling like a failure, false ideas and perceptions,
many families facing the problem of low income levels, unemployment, around the Nakawa
division are living in bad stature where the place is congested with very many social habits
because of environmental interference with very many wrong doers who take excessive use of
alcohol and other drugs like; Opioids, Metham~hetamine, Crack, Cocaine, Cannabis, Opiates,
Cough syrups, Tobacco, Miraal Khat, Marijuana, Solvents, Heroin and inhalants excessive
alcohol consumption, notably binge drinking, chronic use of substances can cause serious
irreversible damage to adolescent’s physical and psychological development. Thus it can affect a
person’s judgment and increase risk of getting poor and poorer because of poor wrong decisions
which have increased the rampant increase of poverty among the households within Nakawa
division, Kampala district (Roy, 2015). It is against this background that the researcher aims at
examining the effect of alcoholism and household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
1.4 Purpose of the study

The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between alcoholism by men, local
leaders, women on household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
3
1.4.1 Specific Objective of the study
i. To determine the level of alcoholism in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
ii. To establish the level of household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
iii. To establish the relationship between alcoholism and household income in Nakawa
division, Kampala district
1.5 Research Questions

i. What is the level of alcoholism in Nakawa division, Kampala district?
ii. What is the level of household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district?
iii. What is the relationship between alcoholism and household income in Nakawa division,
Kampala district?
1.6 Significance of the Study
First, the proposed study will help the Ministry of Education both at the county level and the
national level to better understand the current situation and accordingly make changes to address
the factors that contribute to alcoholism among the youths in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
This also was coupled with strategies of minimizing the effects of the drug users.
The current study will be useful in contributing to the general body of knowledge in this area.
Second, bodies like, NGOs, CBOs, and many more will get firsthand information from the report
on the state of alcoholism users and household income among families. Finally, the research will
contribute a lot to the body of knowledge in the area of drugs and substance abuse.
Future researchers, learners and scholars will get firsthand information that could enrich their
knowledge. The findings of the research will benefit to the government, regional, international,
non-governmental organizations (NGO’s) the private sector for designing, planning and
implementing appropriate household interventions among the youths in Nakawa division.
1.7 Scope of the study

1.7.1 Content scope
The study established the relationship between alcoholism by men, local leaders, women on
household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district. Focusing on the level of alcoholism, the
level of household income and the relationship between alcoholism and household income in
Nakawa division, Kampala district
4
1.7.2 Geographical scope
Nakawa division is located in Kampala district, along Jinja Highway. It is bordered by Rubaga
division, Kiswa, Bugolobi and Naguru.
1.7.3 Time scope

The study focused period from 2015 to date. This period enabled the researcher to come up with
coherent information from the respondents as it enabled the respondents to give responses that
are typical of their opinion from the observations made over this period.
5
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.0 Introduction
This chapter looked at alcoholism and household income in Nakawa Division, Kampala District.
It consists of the existing literature on household income among the youth in Nakawa Division,
by different scholars/research studies from magazines, text books, journals and newspapers.
2.1 The level of alcoholism among households

Substance abuse is a common phenomenon in the world and has invaded the human society as
the most important social damage. Siam SH. (2016). Substance abuse is a non-adaptive model of
drug use, which results in adverse problems and consequences, and includes a set of cognitive,
behavioral, and psychological symptoms Madadi et al (2004). Uganda also, due to its specific
human and geographic features, has a relatively high degree of contamination Jahangiri et al
(2017). The World Health Organization’s report in 2005 shows that there are about 200 million
opiate addicts in the world, reporting the highest prevalence in Uganda and the most frequency in
the 25—35 year-age group Abasi A, Taziki 5, Moradi A. (2015). The onset of drug use is often
rooted in adolescence, and studies show that substance abuse is often related to cigarette and
alcohol consumption in adolescence. Farhadinasab et al., (2018). Results of studies indicate that
age, being male, high-risk behaviors, and the existence of a cigarette smoker in the family or
among friends, the experience of substance abuse, inclination and positive thoughts about
smoking have relationship with adolescent cigarette smoking Mohammad poor asl et al (2012).
Studies also confirm that the chance of becoming a cigarette smoker among males and females is
almost equal (11.2%); however, the prevalence of regular alcohol consumption in males (22.4%)
is slightly higher than in females (19.3%) Simantov et al (2015).
Few studies have been conducted in Uganda on adolescents’ patterns of substance abuse,
producing various data on the prevalence and the type of consumed drugs, but there is currently
no known specific pattern of substance abuse in this age group; therefore, this review study has
studied drug consumption prevalence in the student population of the country by collecting
various data. In total, from the total of 259 females and 216 males who completed the
questionnaire, the following results were obtained. 0.4% of the females and 2.3% of the males
6
would usually smoke cigarette. The first experience of smoking was most often seen at the age of
14 (26.2%).
A study in Nakawa Division in 2014-2016 on 1927 families, including 46% females and 54%
males, showed that the percentage of at-least-once use, including and excluding cigarette, was
23.7 and 12.8, respectively Najafi et al (2016). A study in Nakawa in 2017—2018 on 447 high
school students, including 239 females and 208 males, showed that 57% had at-least-once
experience of drug use, including cigarette, of this number 56.1% were male and 43.9% were
female Alaee, Kharaiam et al (2018)
A study in Nakawa division in 2017 on 400 3rd year high school students, including 204 females
and 196 males with the mean age of 17.3, showed that drug use prevalence, including and
excluding cigarette, was 24.5% and 11.1%, respectively Ohavidel et al (2018). A research on
Nakawa male, families yielded the following results. The consumption prevalence of hookah was
15.5%, sedatives (without medical prescription) 40.7%, alcohol 37.7%, cigarette 34.6%, strong
analgesics 10.2%, as 9.7%, opium 8.7%, hashish 6.7%, ecstasy 6.6%, and heroin 4.9%.
Consumption prevalence for each drug type in Nakawa division: The prevalence was 20% for
cigarette, 10.5% for alcohol, 2.4% for opium, 1.2% for ecstasy, 2% for hashish, and 0.3% for
heroin. In Nakawa division, the consumption prevalence was 53% for hookah, 24.8% for
cigarette, 13.6% for alcohol, 2% for ecstasy, 2% for opium, 1.1% for hashish, 0.4% for crystal,
and 0.2% for heroin.
Drugs abused affect people at all levels of development, they are also introduced at very early
age of between 10-14 years (Kyalo, 2016). Research shows that psychotropic drugs are
introduced to 37 per cent of people aged between 10 and 14 years and nearly 75 per cent of those
aged below 19 years across the world, thus spreading the unpronounced negative effects to
development since these ages consist of young people who could otherwise change the look of
nations (Kaguthi, 2014 cited by Barasa, 2013).
2.2 level of household income and alcohol consumption

Income is the foundation to maintain people’s living, and one can’t live without revenue. So
income has great importance on man and family Li, C. L., & Wei, Z. L. (2015). In modern
7
society, with increasing pressure, people need an index that reflects people’s demands of income.
That is “income satisfaction degree”. In Uganda, current researches on household income
satisfaction degree are focused on satisfaction of people in different position, the gap of
satisfaction, satisfaction and happiness, Gini coefficient and satisfaction, GDP and satisfaction,
consumption structure and satisfaction, and so on.
LuoWenying, Chen Jian and Fu Hongchun (2017) make a broad definition of income satisfaction
degree. They extend the outward of income to social security, education costs, housing,
employment, savings, social security, the environment, health, leisure, love and marriage,
relationships, etc. household income satisfaction degree can reflect the gap of actual life and
ideal life. Their definition is tending to the satisfaction of living quality or the achievement of
happiness. Such definition has advantages and disadvantages. I, C. L., & Wei, Z. L. (2018).
We can know factors affecting household income satisfaction degree as far as possible if use the
definition as a guide. But if we cannot grasp the scale, it easily becomes the investment of living
quality or the achievement of happiness, and has no focus. Zheng (2018) considered the income
satisfaction degree is the personal real income compared with the expected income level. Foreign
scholars Vanpraag use a function U (y, x) to define the income satisfaction degree, in which y
represents household.
Literature Review of Research on Income Satisfaction Degree represents other characteristic

parameters. George (1992), Diener and Biswas-Diener (2017) considered income satisfaction
degree is the bridge of income and happiness: income - income satisfaction degree - happiness.
In addition to household income, living happiness is influenced by other factors. As Marx says
the economic base determines the superstructure, so income is a crucial factor affecting living
happiness, and sometimes it plays a decisive role. Looking at the meaning of household income
satisfaction degree given above, it has such characteristics: Income satisfaction degree is the
degree of satisfaction after contrasting target income with the current income; it’s man’s
subjective feeling and many factors can be involved in the comparison process; you may
compare you with the surroundings or the goals you set; household income satisfaction degree is
affected by objective factors, such as price level. It may influence satisfaction if the growth of
price lever is larger than the growth of resident income. Due to inadequate social security
system, although some people receive substantial income, but for the difficult and expensive
8
medical treatment, high real estate price, and the elderly pension funding problems, governments
have to plan ahead. If income people can use in their daily life has decreased, it also affects
people’s income satisfaction Yao, W. F. (2015).
Among the surveys of scientists’ household income satisfaction degree, Chen (2017) finds that
it’s unreasonable to make “duty” and “titles” as a basis for the distribution of income through
questionnaires among scientists in Nakawa division, and he think the reasonable allocation
should be based on “actual work contribution”. Sun and Cui (2010), build an index system of
high-tech personnel household income satisfaction degree from 5 aspects: living conditions,
income level, work experience, perceived fairness and income satisfaction degree. They select 13
cities in Kampala district as the scope of the investigation, and the survey results show that
scientists’ satisfaction depends more on the fairness between their own efforts and the return.
Liao, Wu, and Cheng (2013), use 2019 scientists of 11 regions in Nakawa division Kampala
district as research samples to explore the relationship between satisfaction and background
characteristics, institutional factors. They found that science and technology achievement awards
incentive system has the same change with income satisfaction degree.
Among the survey researches of residents’ income satisfaction degree in different villages Fu
and Luo (2014) have measured residents’ income satisfaction degree in Nakawa division. They
point that Nakawa division residents’ income satisfaction degree level is low mainly because of
low family expected income, such as high prices of real estate, high cost of education and high
pressure of the employment. Li and Long (2012), make survey on agricultural registered
pennanent residence in Uganda. The result shows that in household income level and distribution
system are two main factors, and household income level has a greater impact. Zhou (2012)
found absolute household income and the fair degree of income distribution have influence on
satisfaction through residents’ SWB investigation in Nakawa division. Wei (2012) carries out an
investigation on old people’s household income satisfaction degree in Nakawa division. He
discovered household income level and income stability showed a positive change in income
satisfaction degree, while income independence and income satisfaction degree were negatively
to change. Zhu (2016) propose that it should combine increased revenue with increased family
burden to know how increased revenue influences on residents’ happiness after a research about
the relationship between income satisfaction degree and happiness in Henan.
9
Zhou (2018), found that the absolute household income level and social income distribution
make impact on satisfaction, and the latter has greater influence through empirical research. How
different factors affect the household income satisfaction degree? Scholar Luo (2017) make a
correlation analysis between GDP and income satisfaction degree. The consequence indicates
household income satisfaction degree has a U-shaped change with income increased. Xie and
Sun (2018) have explored the relationship among absolute income, comparison income and
utility components. They discovered the utility of own income is greater than the utility of the
others showing changes in income.
He and Long (2015) make a conclusion that there is no significant relationship between absolute
income and income satisfaction degree, and relative income has a positive impact on wages of
satisfaction followed by an investment about actual income level, compared revenue and salary
satisfaction. Zhang (2015), discovered that satisfaction and consumption have a weak causal
relationship by Logistic regression model. Zhang and Xin (2018), use the social perspective as
the starting point to analyze household income satisfaction degree.
They found satisfaction is affected by economic status, Social status, relationships and social
income distribution in different situations occupations. Liu (2016), figures out that the pay levels,
structures, forms and systems are the main factors to affect employees’ salary satisfaction. Yao
(20136) found men have lower satisfaction lever than women; age is U-shaped changed with
satisfaction; the degree of education has no significant influence on satisfaction; reliance can
raise satisfaction prominently; people who set his past lever as the reference have higher
satisfaction.
When residents’ household incomes satisfaction in different provinces is research content, it

shows that income level and distribution system are the main factor neither affecting the income
satisfaction degree weather in developed cities nor developing cities. That income level showed a
positive effect on income satisfaction degree demonstrates increasing revenue is the basic factor
to raise satisfaction, and “turning point” of income satisfaction degree may not appear. Besides,
the fairness of income distribution is another important factor. In current stage, when studying
how different factors affect the income satisfaction degree, scholars have investigated the
relationship between income satisfaction degree and these factors above Zhang (2017).More
further studies are needed to make clear that how factors mentioned above affect income
10
satisfaction degree due to limited literature related to certain aspect and income satisfaction
degree. Besides, more other factors should be explored.
2.3 Relationship between alcoholism and household income

The relationship between alcohol use and household income is examined for four categories of
drinkers, those who never drank, non-drinkers who are those respondents who did not have a
drink in the last month or longer but cannot say that they never drank, moderate and heavy
drinkers. This is carried out using the Lee Multinomial Log it OLS Two Step Estimate (Lee,).
Similar to the estimation of alcohol consumption on earnings by Hamilton and Hamilton (2016)
and Barrett (2016), step one involves the estimation of the drinking status equation using a
multinomial log it model. This estimate generates predicted values for the in-verse mills ratio
which are then included as an additional variable in the income equations estimated in step two.
By estimating the income regression using this two-step procedure selection bias and the
potential endogeneity of alcohol consumption is accounted for (Barrett, 2016; Hamilton &
Hamilton, 2016). The estimation of income regressions for each category of drinker using this
two-step procedure, allows household income returns to individual characteristics to differ by
drinking status. This G. Ormond, R. Murphy / Alcohol 56 (2016), method results in the
household income equation being estimated separately for each category of drinker, hence the
issue of alcohol being an endogenous explanatory variable within the equation does not arise and
instrumental variables are not required at this stage. There are many human capital and
socioeconomic variables that affect income and these need to be included as independent
variables in the income regression (Hamilton & Hamilton, 2016). All the variables included in
the income equation are included in the drinking status equation to control for the effect of
income on drinking (Hamilton & Hamilton, 2016).
Studies show that a correlation between whether an individual smoked at the age of 18 years and
their current alcohol consumption exists (Barrett, 2015). This measure is viewed as a
retrospective measure of an individual’s attitude to-wards risk, the rationale being that smoking
is health risk behavior and in part reflects an individual’s attitude toward risk (Moore et al.,
2015). Barrett (2016) looks at smoking in the past as opposed to current smoking because the
retrospective measure of smoking is not likely to influence current income however current
11
smoking behavior is likely to affect current in-come. Chang, Loh, Tsai, Chiou, and Chen (2014)
in looking at the relationship between smoking cessation and disease mortality risks among
elderly Taiwanese, find that former smokers who quit for over 5 years were similar to those who
never smoked in terms of all-cause death, lung cancer, all cause cancers, respiratory diseases and
cardio vascular diseases as opposed to those who quit less than five years ago who had higher
mortality rates. As part of the analysis into the effect of alcohol consumption on income, the
relationship between these other socio economic variables with both household income and
alcohol status is examined.
Individuals are assumed to select the earnings-drinking status combination that maximizes their
expected utility (Barrett, 2018). It is not observed directly but an indicator for each individual
choice of drinking status (Ii) is observed. Following the formulation of Lee (1982, l983),a
standard multinomial log it model setting out the probability that an individual is likely to be in a
particular drinking category is estimated, similar to what Hamilton and Hamilton (1997) and
Barrett (2018) did in their studies. Assume the potential income for individual with drinking
status is given by equation (1). Household income for each individual are hypothesized to
depend upon a vector Xi of human capital variables and socio-dernographic characteristics and
Yijis observed only if drinking status is chosen.
12
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
This chapter covered the research design, study population and area, sampling technique, data
collection technique, sampling size and selection, data collection methods, sources of data,
quality control, data analysis, data processing and limitations.
3.2 Research design

A descriptive research design was used because the researcher describes what was already in
existence. In particular, the researcher used case study of Nakawa division, Kampala district so
as to have an in depth study, basing on the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches that
were adopted to establish the relationship between alcoholism by men, local leaders, women on
household income in Nakawa, Kampala district. This design will be used for profiling, defining,
segmentation, estimating, predicting, and examining associative relationships (Creswell, 2014).
3.3 Target population

The target population for this study comprised of, households, and unemployed youth of Nakawa
division, Kampala district making a total population of 100. It was from this that the sample size was
selected.
3.4 Determination of the Sample Size

According to and Bougie, (2016) a sample is a subset of the population used to get a sample size.
The study consisted of 120 respondents as per Krejcie& Morgan (1970), determination model in
the table below:
Table 3.1: Sample size of respondents
Departments Population Sample size Sampling technique
Un employed youths 50 40 Simple random sampling
Households 60 55 Simple random sampling
Local leaders 10 5 Purposive random sampling
Total 120 100
Source: Primary data; Morgan Krejcie, 1970
13
3.5 Sampling Procedure
Simple random sampling technique was used to sample 40 unemployed youths, 55 households
District Local Government Officials so as to eliminate bias by giving all respondents equal
chance to be chosen (Creswell, 2014). Purposive sampling was used to select 5 Local leaders
who are knowledgeable about or experienced with a phenomenon of interest (Creswell, 2014).
This also helped a researcher to create generalizations from the sample being used in the study.
3.6 Data Collection Methods

3.6.1 Primary Data Collection Methods
Primary data was collected using a self managing Likert Scale questionnaire, and an interview
schedule. The questionnaires were issued out to the 100 respondents to fill and return to the
researcher. It was used because the research environment was open enough to allow full and
honest answering, the respondents were able to read and understand the questions and the
information required was straight forward, brief and not controversial (Denscombe, 2017).
The interview guide was used to collect qualitative data alcoholism and livelihood.
3.6.2 Secondary Data Collection Methods

Review of existing literature and documents in search of pertinent information relevant to the
study was the Secondary data collection method adopted. The review of the relevant literature
was the main secondary data collection method; it was carried out under the study objectives
sub-headings. Books, periodicals, journals, organization & government publications were
reviewed to collect information that is presented in chapter two of this study.
3.7 Data Collection Instruments

3.7.1 Self-administered questionnaires
Questionnaires were developed following recommended guidelines by various scholars that
include Cooper & Schindler, (2018) and in line with the objectives of the study. Quantitative
questions were close-ended and ranked on a five point Likert Scale (where 1=Strongly Disagree,
2=Disagree, 3= Not Sure, 4=Agree and 5=Strongly Agree) to provide options of answers to
questions that were formulated, as recommended by Robbins (2008). Questionnaires were
distributed to the households and unemployed youths. Questionnaire as a method of data
collection was used because it is less expensive compared to other methods of data collection. It
14
is also filled at the respondent’s convenience, hence increasing the chance of getting valid
information. It also covers a wide geographical area since the researcher’s approach responds
more easily through questionnaire than any other method (Amin, 2005).
3.7.2 Interview guides

The researcher designed an interview guide which was used during the interview of the key
informants in the district. The researcher posed questions that helped respondents give data to
meet the objectives of the study and probe them in order to seek clarification about responses
provided. A structured interview guide was used for local leaders to stimulate them into detailed
discussion about strategies used. As a research tool, the interviews were carried out with definite
purposes of obtaining certain information by means of the spoken word. In addition, the
interviews gave an opportunity to the researcher to revisit some of the issues that may be an
over-sight in other instruments and yet they are deemed vital for the study.
3.8 Data Collection Procedure

An introductory letter was obtained from the Head of department of Economics and statistics of
Kyambogo University and this enabled the researcher to enter the field to gather the relevant data
from key respondents. This letter was asking for permission of study in the study area. There
after an interview were conducted to those respondents. The responses from the duly filled
questionnaires were coded for analysis.
3.9 Data Analysis
3.9.1 Qualitative Data.
Data processing involved editing raw data to detect errors and omissions, classifying data
according to common features, and tabulation to summarize and organize it. Data analysis
involved qualitative approach of identifying the major themes arising respondents’ answers;
assigning of codes to the themes; classification of the themes under the main theme; and
integrating the responses into the report in a more descriptive and analytical manner.
3.9.2 Quantitative Data

Data collected was sorted out, edited, coded, classified and then tabulated. Descriptive statistics
were used in quantitative data analysis. Responses from closed–ended and open-ended questions
15
were transferred into a summary sheet by tabulating. These were tallied to establish frequencies
which were converted into percentages. The numbers of respondents giving similar answers were
converted into percentages to illustrate relevant levels of opinion. The statistical package for
social scientists (SPSS) and Microsoft excel were used to analyze data.
3.10 Measurements of Study Variables

Quantitative data was measured using standard scales of measurement and testing. The level of
agreement or disagreement will be measured using a 5 point Likert scale where; 1 = strongly agree,
2 = Agree, 3 = Not decided, 4 = Disagree, and 5 = strongly disagree (Sekaran and Bougie, 2016).
Advantages of this method are that they are easily constructed, considered reliable, provide more
data, consume less time, and permit the use of statements with no direct relationship to the attitude
being studied. For qualitative data, narrative techniques of direct quotation and paraphrasing of
responses was used to facilitate comparison across different themes. Some of the reported statements
by key informants were quoted verbatim by indenting. The use of narrative description, paraphrasing
and direct quotation (verbatim) aided in presenting qualitative data from interviews and
documentary review.
16
CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION
4.1 Introduction
The chapter involved presentation, analysis and interpretation of the study results. Data
presented, analyzed and interpreted according to the research objectives. It is presented in the
form of tables and figures basing on the responses got from the study respondents that were
selected during the process of data collection.
The discussion of findings has been arranged in accordance with demographic characteristics of
respondents’ and objectives of the study as were formulated in chapter one of this report. The
findings were from both primary and secondary sources. The findings are presented in the gist of
the three objectives that the study was set to achieve; to determine the level of alcoholism in
Nakawa, Kampala district, to establish the level of household income in Nakawa division,
Kampala district and to establish the relationship between alcoholism and household income in
Nakawa, Kampala district. The analysis is based on the objectives of the study and the
presentation and the interpretation done with the help of tables, pie charts and narrative text as
follows;
4.2 Bio Data of Respondents

4.2.1 Gender of respondents
Table 4.2: Gender of respondents
Category Frequency Percentage
Male 62 62
Female 38 38
Total 100 100
Data Source: Primary Data (2020)
Table 4.2 shows that both males and females were involved in the study though the majority are
male being represented by 62% while female were represented by 38%. This implies that both
genders were equally represented I the study.
17
4.2.2 Age of respondents
Figure 4.1: Age of respondents
Over 35Years
8%
20- 25Years
23%
31- 35Years
31%
26- 30Years
38%

Fig 4.1 above indicate that 23% were in the age range of (20-25) years, 38% were in the age
range of (26-30 years), 31% were in the age of (31-35) years, and 8% were 35 and above. From
the above presentation therefore it was realized that there were more respondents in the age
group of (26-30) years, 38% who took part in the study. The least group was 35 and above. The
highest percentage of 38% implied that Nakawa Division is safe as far as Alcoholism is
concerned.
4.2.3 Education of respondents

Figure 4:2: Education of respondents
60
50
40
30 Frequency
20 Percentage
10
0
Certificate Diploma holder Degree holder
holder

18
Fig 2 shows that 21% of the respondents were certificate holders followed by those diploma
holders 27% and 52% were degree holders. From the above presentation, the researcher realized
that the biggest percentages of respondents were having a degree and the least group were those
of certificate holders. This implies that majority of the respondents were educated and
information given was viable to the study.
4.2.4 Marital status of respondents

Table 4. 3 Marital status of respondents
Category Frequency Percentage

Single 31 31
Married 50 50
Separated 19 19
Total 100 100
Table 4.5 indicate majority of the respondents constituting 50% were married, followed by 31%
single, and 19% separated. From the above presentation the researcher realized that there were
more respondents who were married 50% implied that Nakawa Division is not safe as far as
Alcoholism and household income is concerned.
19
4.3 The Level of Alcoholism among households
Table 4.4: The Level of Alcoholism among households
Level of alcoholism among households SA A N D SD

F % F % F % F % F %
Does the consumption of alcoholism affect 65 65 18 1 - - 7 7 10 10
the standards of living 8
Physical effects of alcohol on women 40 40 34 3 - - 6 6 20 20
alcoholics 4
Does alcoholism cause emotional side 70 70 15 1 - - - - 15 15
effects to women and men 5
Does alcoholism make a person to control 33 33 17 1 10 10 - - 40 40
their emotions 7
Are alcoholism habits detached to their 18 18 32 3 - - 1 15 35 35
children 2 5
Alcoholism in women affect interfamily 46 46 17 1 8 8 9 9 20 20
relationship 7
Concerning how alcoholism affects the standards of living according to the findings the 65% of
the respondents strongly agreed, 18% agreed while 7% of the respondents disagreed while 10%
of the respondents strongly disagreed with the findings of the study. The statement is in
agreement with (Kyalo, 2010). “Drugs abused affect people at all levels of development, they are
also introduced at very early age of between 10-14 years”.
The findings indicated physical effects of alcohol on women alcoholics as indicated by responses
40% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 34% agreed while 6% disagreed and 20% of the
respondents strongly disagreed. According to Austin AA (2014) Alcohol, tobacco, other drug
use, and violent behavior among native of Nakawa division.
The findings showed that alcoholism causes emotional side effects to women and men as
indicated by responses 70% of the respondents strongly agreed, 15% agreed with the findings,
15% of the respondents strongly disagreed. According to Botvin (2017), I agree that drug
addiction is a disease that impairs the structure and function of the brain.
20
The findings indicated that alcoholism makes a person to lose control their emotions as per the
responses 33% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 17% of the respondents agreed, 10%
were neutral, while 40% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement. In agreement
with the statement of Maietti et al (2015) “Included are the long term effects of alcohol which is
liver failure, brain damage, sexual dysfunction, fetal alcohol syndrome and other birth defects
during pregnancy, stomach ulcers, malnutrition, weight gain, risk of cancer in the mouth and
throat, high blood pressure, increased risk for stroke and heart-related diseases, tolerance and
physical dependence and addiction.”
The findings indicated that alcoholism habits are detached to their children as per responses 18%
of the respondents who strongly agreed, 32% of the respondents agreed, 15% of the respondents
disagreed while 35% of the respondents strongly disagreed. I agree with this statement as it’s
reviewed by Tumwesigye NM and Kasirye R. (2015) “Many of the parents and guardians of
these children also seem to think that their children are right and are far from ever indulging in
drugs abuse”.
The findings indicated that, alcoholism in women affect inter-family relationship as per
responses 46% of the respondents who strongly agreed, 17% of the respondents agreed, 8% of
the respondents were neutral, 9% disagreed while 20% of the respondents strongly disagreed. I
agree with this statement in that alcoholism in women affects inter-family relationship which has
led to rampant separation among the married people in Nakawa suburbs Makindye division
affect household income Barrett, G. (2012).
21
4.4 The level of household income
Table 4.5: The level of household income and alcohol consumption
Level of household income and alcohol SA A N D SD

consumption F % F % F % F % F %
Alcoholism among women has brought 58 58 17 1 - - 1 13 10 10
severe negative effects when it comes to 7 3
child care and upbringing.
Decision making on spending of household 50 50 24 2 4 4 8 8 14 14
income is biased 4
The generation and management of 60 60 18 1 12 12 4 4 6 6
household resources are static. 8
High income households have good alcohol 30 30 17 1 5 5 8 8 40 40
consumption behaviors 7
Low and Middle income households affect 55 55 22 2 3 3 5 5 15 15
their standards of living 2
On sub component Alcoholism among women has brought severe negative effects when it comes
to child care and upbringing, 58% of respondents strongly agreed with the statement, 17%
agreed, 13% disagreed and 10% strongly disagreed. According to MacDonald and Shields
(2001), it is evident that there is a drinking culture present and it could be the case that such a
drinking culture has an impact on income in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
Further still, According to Butler and Hope (2015), studies reported similar levels in terms of
hazardous drinkers among women in that it lead to decrease in social demography effect within a
family disquisition.
The findings indicated that, there was decision making on spending of household income is
biased as per the responses 50% of the respondents strongly agreed while 24% agreed, 4% of the
respondents were neutral, 8% of respondents disagreed and 14% of the respondents strongly
disagreed on the study provided. In agreement with the statement of Xie and Sun (2010). The
consequence indicates household income satisfaction degree has a U-shaped change with income
increased. Have explored the relationship among absolute income, comparison income and
22
utility components. They discovered the utility of own income is greater than the utility of the
others showing changes in income.
The study findings also indicated that the generation and management of household resources are
static, 60% of respondents strongly agreed with the statement, 18% of respondents agreed, 12%
were neutral, 4% of respondents disagreed with the statement and 6% of respondents strongly
this agreed with the statement. According to Zhu (2017), he discovered household income level
and income stability showed a positive change in income satisfaction degree, while income
independence and income satisfaction degree were negatively to change.
Finding revealed that high income households have good alcohol consumption behaviors, 30%
of respondents strongly agreed, 17% of respondents agreed, 5% were neutral, 8% disagreed with
the statement and 40% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement. This statement
is in agreement with the statement of Li and Long (2012), “They point that Nakawa residents’
income satisfaction degree level is low mainly because of low family expected income, such as
high prices of real estate, high cost of education and high pressure of the employment.”
On sub component Low and Middle income households affect their standards of living, 55% of
the respondents strongly agreed with the respondents, 22% agreed with the statement, 3% were
neutral about the statement, 5% of the respondents disagreed with the statement, 15% of the
respondents strongly disagreed with the statement.
23
4.5 The relationship between alcoholism and household income
Table 4.6: The relationship between alcoholism and household income
Relationship between alcoholism and SA A N D SD

household income F % F % F % F % F %
Does the consumption of alcoholism affect 45 45 20 2 3 3 1 15 17 17
the standards of living 0 5
Physical effects of alcohol on women 57 57 12 1 11 11 6 6 14 14
alcoholics 2
Does alcoholism cause emotional side 70 70 15 1 - - - - 15 15
effects to women and men 5
Too much alcohol use causes angry and 80 80 12 1 - - - - 8 8
bitter among parents in the family 2
Children become confused as they lack 33 33 17 1 10 10 - - 40 40
parental care 7
The study findings in table above explain that on sub component does the consumption of
alcoholism affect the standards of living how mostly, 45% of the respondents strongly agreed,
20% agreed, 3% of the respondents were neutral, 15% disagreed and 17% of the respondents
strongly agreed with the findings.
The study findings indicated that physical effects of alcohol on women alcoholics were 57% of
the respondents strongly agreed, 12% agreed while 11% were neutral, 6% disagreed and 14% of
the respondents strongly disagreed.
The study findings revealed that emotional side effects on children which indicated 70% of the
respondents strongly agreed, 15% agreed, while 15% of the respondents strongly disagreed with
the statement.
The study findings also revealed that too much alcohol use causes angry and bitterness among
family parents by responses 80%, strongly agreed, 12%, agreed, and 8% strongly disagreed.
According to Gilbert et al., (2015), Uganda is confronted with many problems, one of which is
the new trend in the use of different forms of substances. The summary findings indicated that
24
too much alcohol use causes angry and bitter with the percentage of 69% which in return leads to
immoral habits among the youths in Nakawa and mostly, family relationships tended to be
strained as a result of physical confrontations with the percentage of 58% who strongly agreed
which indicated a negative impact on the household income in Nakawa Division Kampala
District.
The findings indicated that drug users become confused as they lack parental care 33% of the
respondents strongly agreed 17% agreed, 10% were neutralwhereas 8% strongly disagreed with
the statement.
As its revealed by Rehms J, Room R, Monteiro M (2013), Alcohol as a risk factor for global
burden of disease which makes a person’s life to be mentally disturbed and lose of sense which
led to depression.
25
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0 Introduction
This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusions and recommendations in line
with specific objectives of the study and tested by research questions.
5.1 Summary of findings

The study was conducted in Nakawa Kampala District. The objectives of the study were: to
determine the level of alcoholism in Nakawa, Kampala district, to establish the level of
household income in Nakawa, Makindye division, Kampala district and to establish the
relationship between alcoholism and household income in Nakawa, Makindye division, Kampala
district.
A sample of 100 respondents was taken from Nakawa, Kampala district. Primary data was
collected by using questionnaires and interview guides. Data was presented by using tables and
figures. The purpose of the study is to establish the relationship between alcoholism by men,
local leaders, women on household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district. As part of the
analysis into the effect of alcoholism consumption on household income, the relationship
between other socio economic variables with both household income and alcohol status is
examined. Excessive alcohol use poses an important public health problem.
5.1.1 Level of alcoholism among households

The finding in the first objective was to determine the level of alcoholism in Nakawa division,
Kampala district indicated a negative effect that alcoholism habits are detached to their children
with the percentage of 67% and how alcoholism affects the standards of living with the
percentage of 65% who strongly agreed.
26
5.1.2 Level of household income and alcohol consumption
The finding in the second objective was to establish the level of household income in Nakawa
division, Kampala district indicated that the generation and management of household resources
are static which was negatively with the respondents who strongly agreed 69%, there was health
related side effects on children and the role of community in rehabilitating women alcoholics
with the response of those who strongly agreed with 58% indicated that there is need for
community in rehabilitating women alcoholics.
5.1.3 Relationship between alcoholism and household income

The finding in the third objective was to establish the relationship between alcoholism and
household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district. The summary findings indicated that
too much alcohol use causes angry and bitter with the percentage of 80% which in return leads to
immoral habits among the youths in Nakawa suburbs and mostly, cause emotional side effects to
women and men with the percentage of 70% who strongly agreed which indicated a negative
impact on the household income in Nakawa suburbs, Division Kampala District.
5.2 Discussions of the study findings

According to the descriptive research carried out it was found out that, alcoholism and household
income in Nakawa Division, Kampala District influences household income of people who
consume it. The discussions are from summary findings of chapter four as discussed below:
Kampala district. The statement is in agreement with (Kyalo, 2010). “Drugs abused affect people
at all levels of development, they are also introduced at very early age of between 10-14 years”.
According to Austin AA (2014), Alcohol, tobacco, other drug use, and violent behavior among
Native of Nakawa division.
According to Botvin (2017), I agree that drug addiction is a disease that impairs the structure and
function of the brain. In agreement with the statement of Maietti et al (2015) “Included are the
long term effects of alcohol which is liver failure, brain damage, sexual dysfunction, fetal
alcohol syndrome and other birth defects during pregnancy, stomach ulcers, malnutrition, weight
27
gain, risk of cancer in the mouth and throat, high blood pressure, increased risk for stroke and
heart-related diseases, tolerance and physical dependence and addiction.”
I agree with this statement as it’s reviewed by Tumwesigye NM and Kasirye R. (2015) “Many of
the parents and guardians of these children also seem to think that their children are right and are
far from ever indulging in drugs abuse”. I agree with this statement in that alcoholism in women
affects inter-family relationship which has led to rampant separation among the married people
in Nakawa suburbs Makindye division affect household income Barrett, G. (2012).
According to MacDonald and Shields (2016), it is evident that there is a drinking culture present
and it could be the case that such a drinking culture has an impact on income in Nakawa,
Makindye division, Kampala district. The finding in the second objective was to establish the
level of household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
Furthermore, from individuals to organization level the health related side effects on children by
Yao, W. F. (2013), if income people can use in their daily life has decreased, and it also affects
people’s income satisfaction. This statement is in agreement with the statement of Li and Long
(2012), “They point that Nakawa residents’ income satisfaction degree level is low mainly
because of low family expected income, such as high prices of real estate, high cost of education
and high pressure of the employment.”
According to Zhu (2001), he discovered household income level and income stability showed a
positive change in income satisfaction degree, while income independence and income
satisfaction degree were negatively to change.
In agreement with the statement of Xie and Sun (2010). The consequence indicates household
income satisfaction degree has a U-shaped change with income increased. Have explored the
relationship among absolute income, comparison income and utility components. They
discovered the utility of own income is greater than the utility of the others showing changes in
income.
According to Chiburis & Lokshin (2017), it is important that the independent variables in the
alcohol status equation contain a variable that is not an independent variable in the income
equation, otherwise the identification of the coefficient would be weak as part of the analysis into
28
the effect of alcohol consumption on income, the relationship between these other socio
economic variables with both household income and alcohol status is examined.
household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
In this regards, Lee (1982,1983), as part of the analysis into the effect of alcohol consumption on
income, the relationship between these other socio economic variables with both household
income and alcohol status is examined accounts for potential selection bias.
According to Otieno et al (2019), misuse of leisure time should be combat among the drug users
because it lead to reduction in household income due to too much consumption. As its revealed
by Relims J, Room R, Monteiro M (2013), Alcohol as a risk factor for global burden of disease
which makes a person’s life to be mentally disturbed and lose of sense which led to depression.
According to Oscar-Berman et al., (20l6), Impairments in brain and behavior: The neurological
effects of alcohol. According to Gilbert et al., (2015), Uganda is confronted with many problems,
one of which is the new trend in the use of different forms of substances.
5.3 Conclusions of the study

The study concluded that there are various barriers that are associated with alcoholism.
5.3.1 The level of alcoholism among households.

Kampala district.
The study concludes that alcoholism and house hold income is a complex phenomenon in
Nakawa Division. Therefore, there is need for residents to explore deeper on this pertinent issue,
this calls for concerted efforts by all stakeholders (including community workers, parents,
educational officers and other government officials) to fight the vice and make Nakawa suburbs
a better place for current generations and generations to come.
29
5.3.2 The level of household income and alcohol consumption
The finding in the second objective was to establish the level of household income in Nakawa
division, Kampala district. It is my view that, until the perception of alcoholism on household
income seizes to be biased and the much stereotyped views and expectations of household are
reduced and eventually eradicated, families will continue to suffer and will fail to present
themselves for treatment, let alone accept that they have a problem. In retrospect, from my
observations in this study, families which are abused with alcohol must also be ready to deal
with a significant social stigma.
The barriers to treatment faced by people are many. From this study issues such as the need for
child care, familial opposition, denial of alcoholism must be overcome so as to create successful
treatment approaches for the families affected by alcoholic.
Functional consequences of adolescent heavy drinking are seen in attenuated frontal cortex
response during spatial working memory.
Social isolation, poverty, poor living conditions, and low-status occupations are circumstances
that appear to elevate the risk of delinquency and drug use.
5.3.3 The relationship between alcoholism and household income

household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district. Furtherance to that, these findings fake
valid objective three since it was clear that child care and upbringing is an essential dement for
women to enter and maintain treatment. The gaps left by the alcoholic mother’s guardians are
wide. In addition to this children are the single most largest suffers of their other alcoholism
habits. There needs to be safe, gender sensitive and specific programs for household income.
Many families discussed the importance of earning their own money as a key for greater
empowerment and independence from men. Typically men are responsible for decisions on how
household resources are allocated, but from this study and drawing from objective four, it was
evident that women took over this role and the fact that they were alcoholics highly
compromised the management of the families’ income and household resources.
30
Children from families with lax supervision, excessively severe, or inconsistent disciplinary
practices, and low communication and involvement between parents and children are at high risk
for later delinquency and drug use.
5.4 Recommendations to the study
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations are made; the finding in the
first objective was to determine the level of alcoholism in Nakawa division, Kampala district.
There should be increase prices because of limited income. Among youth, there is evidence that
increased prices are associated with reduced drinking and also higher prices would lower child
abuse and violence toward children.
Community based organizations have concentrated their efforts in development activities putting
aside that a society cannot fina1ly thrive successfully without the sound mind and health of those
that live in it. It is these same individuals who will ultimately build or break those activities they
are putting up. Therefore, the absence of comprehensive efforts to actually have treatment
facilities that are specifically tailored to women is a big gap in the efforts to control and curb
alcoholism and house hold income. Ultimately more of these facilities MUST be put in place.
One cannot tire from emphasizing that there should be more concerted efforts in the general fight
against alcoholism in Uganda. The situation seems to be getting worse and the few efforts being
shown to curb the vice are counterattacked.
The local chiefs in the informal settlement areas who are supposed to serve as the governments
watchdogs need to stop engaging in corrupt actions and accepting of bribes from the brewers so
as to feed their own selfish urges and instead take more action to stop the practice of partaking of
illicit brew.
household income in Nakawa division, Kampala district. There should be continued attention to
gender differences in the design, analysis and reporting of drinking practices.
The youth need to be positively engaged in productive activities, the police department should be
re-trained on how best to provide effective help to alcoholics. This may include on-going
monitoring of time trends in drinking and drinking problems among women and men. Not much
31
has been done on this area and methodological considerations should include ensuring that there
are adequate numbers of heavy drinking women for reliable comparisons.
5.5 Area for further research

One of such areas which require empirical investigation is the relationship between the level of
alcoholism and household income. The effect of drug abuse on youth development.
The impact of drug abuse on family life style Second, this study focuses exclusively on industrial
sector.
There is a need to carry out empirical studies to determine the extent to which alcoholism affects
the households to other sectors of the Ugandan economy.
Thus, there is compelling need for future research efforts to focus on these sectors in order to
determine the attitude of the operators of these sectors selling illicit drugs that are prevalent in
our society.
32
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EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM ON THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC WELLBEING OF PEOPLE

IN NAKAWA DIVISION, KAMPALA DISTRICT

A RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS

GDP: Gross Domestic Product

NACADA: National Agency for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse

NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations

NIAAA: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

1.2 Background of the study

1.4 Purpose of the study

1.5 Research Questions

1.7 Scope of the study

1.7.3 Time scope

2.1 The level of alcoholism among households

2.2 level of household income and alcohol consumption

Literature Review of Research on Income Satisfaction Degree represents other characteristic

When residents’ household incomes satisfaction in different provinces is research content, it

2.3 Relationship between alcoholism and household income

3.2 Research design

3.3 Target population

3.4 Determination of the Sample Size

3.6 Data Collection Methods

3.6.2 Secondary Data Collection Methods

3.7 Data Collection Instruments

3.7.2 Interview guides

3.8 Data Collection Procedure

3.9.2 Quantitative Data

3.10 Measurements of Study Variables

4.2 Bio Data of Respondents

Data Source: Primary Data (2020)

4.2.3 Education of respondents

Data Source: Primary Data (2020)

4.2.4 Marital status of respondents

Category Frequency Percentage

Level of alcoholism among households SA A N D SD

Level of household income and alcohol SA A N D SD

Relationship between alcoholism and SA A N D SD

5.1 Summary of findings

5.1.1 Level of alcoholism among households

5.1.3 Relationship between alcoholism and household income

5.2 Discussions of the study findings

5.3 Conclusions of the study

5.3.1 The level of alcoholism among households.

5.3.3 The relationship between alcoholism and household income

5.5 Area for further research

AlaeeKharaiam R, Kadivar P, Mohammad Khani SH, Sarami OH, AlaeeKharaiam S. (2010)

Barrett, G. (2016). The effect of alcohol consumption on earnings. Economic Record,78(1),

Farhadinasab A, Allahverdipour H, Bashirian 5, Mahjoub H. (2018). Lifetime pattern of

Jessor, R & Jessor, J. (1977). Problems Behavior and Psychological Development: A

Lee, L.-F. (1983). Generalized econometric models with selectivity.Econometrica,5 1(2),

MacDonald, Z., & Shields, M. (2001).The impact of alcohol consumption on Occupational

Mooney, A, Knox, D. Schacht, C.(2008). Understanding Social Problems.Cengage Learning.

Mugenda, 0. M and Mugenda A. G. (2009). Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative

nationwide retrospective cohort study.EuropeanGeriatric Medicine, 5(2014), 149e154

Roy V. (2015).The 11 Most Drug Addicted Countries in the World.

Simantov E, Schoen C, Klein JD. (2000) Health-compromising behaviors: Why do adolescents

Sun, R. J., & Cui, W. J. (2010).Research on income satisfaction degree on high-technology

Wagenaar, A. C., Maldonado-Molina, M. M., &Wagenaar, B. H. (2009, August). Effects of

Yao, W. F. (2013). Empirical research on income resident satisfaction. Journal of Central

Zheng, F. H., & Long, X. L. (2008).Research on income satisfaction degree based on

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