A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

AT

ASF ALLIANCE LIMITED

LOCATED AT NO. 11B SOKOTO RAOD, OFF INDEPENDENCE WAY

KADUNA,NIGERIA

BY
EDEH CHIKAMMA DESTINY
KASU/18/QSV/1034
SUBMITTED TO
DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING,
FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES,
KADUNA STATE UNIVERSITY

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE AWARD FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR IN QUANTITY SURVEYING (BSC. QUANTITY
SURVEYING)

JANUARY, 2024
i
 DEDICATION

This report is dedicated to almighty God for his endless mercy and blessings upon me before,

during and after my SIWES program; my late Father, my super mother; and my siblings who stood

by me from the beginning till today and also helped me in many ways through the program.

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks be to almighty God for His blessings, guidance, protection, the courage and the

opportunity given to me to have a successful completion of my SIWES program, may his

protection and blessing continue to be with us (Amen). I wish to express my thanks to my

beloved siblings for their moral and financial support toward the completion of this program. I

also wish to extent my sincere acknowledgement to the Quantity Surveyor/Project Manager QS.

Dr. Buba Simon-Peter Gungaro for the opportunity given to undertake this program in the

Organization, and all the support throughout the period of this program. I will not close this

chapter till I also thanks the effort of my Industry-based supervisor Mr. Bareh Yohana and the

entire staffs of the firm from which I acquired much knowledge as regard to the QS

Profession, morals and ethics and I also thank them all for their understanding and support.

I will like to also acknowledged the effort of my Department Supervisor Mr. Jobin Ishaya, the

department SIWES coordinator Qs Mr. Olajide Olamilokun and all the entire staff of

Quantity Surveying department, Kaduna State university for their immerse support and

contribution towards the development of the department and its students, and the school at

large.

iii
 Table of Contents
DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................................ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................................iii
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................ix
CHAPTER ONE.............................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................1
1.2 Scope of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)..........................................................1
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Scheme.......................................................................................................2
1.4 The Background of the company...........................................................................................................2
1.4.1 Objective of ASF............................................................................................................................3
1.4.2 Aim of ASF....................................................................................................................................3
1.5 Vision:..................................................................................................................................................3
1.6 Mission:...............................................................................................................................................3
1.7 Services Rendered by ASF Alliance Limited...................................................................................4
1.8 Branches of the firm..............................................................................................................................5
1.9 Organizational structure of the Firm.....................................................................................................5
2.1 Various Units, Function and the Officers of the Company...............................................................6
2.1.2 Partners Units...................................................................................................................................6
2.1.2 Quantity Surveying Unit..................................................................................................................6
2.1.3 IT Students and NYSC Members Unit............................................................................................6
2.1.4 Administrative Unit..........................................................................................................................6
2.2 Tools Used in the During my Internship............................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE.........................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................................................8
3.2 My SIWES Practical Skills...................................................................................................................8
3.3 Below are the skills learnt in details......................................................................................................9
3.3.1 Concrete work...............................................................................................................................9
3.3.2 Form work....................................................................................................................................10
3.3.3 Reinforcement bar........................................................................................................................10
3.3.4 Expansion joint.............................................................................................................................10
3.3.5 Interim Valuation.........................................................................................................................11
..............................................................................................................................................................14
3.3.6 Material schedule.........................................................................................................................14
Benefits of Material Schedule in Building Projects....................................................................................15
vii
 Factors to Consider in Preparing Material Schedule.................................................................................15
- Understand the building/construction process.............................................................................15
- Identify work material proportion and components.....................................................................15
- Understand material conversion factors and constants................................................................15
- Adjustments to cover for wastages...............................................................................................15
3.4 Key Activities of Building Works for Material Schedule....................................................................15
3.4.1 Earthworks.......................................................................................................................................15
3.4.2 Concrete Works................................................................................................................................16
3.4.3 Block/Masonry work........................................................................................................................17
3.4.4 Formwork.........................................................................................................................................18
3.4.5 Reinforcement Works......................................................................................................................19
3.4.6 Plastering/ Rendering Works............................................................................................................19
3.4.7 Tiling Works....................................................................................................................................20
3.4.8 Painting............................................................................................................................................20
Appendix.......................................................................................................................................................21
......................................................................................................................................................................22
......................................................................................................................................................................22
......................................................................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER FOUR.......................................................................................................................................24
4.1 Summary............................................................................................................................................24
4.2 Challenges..........................................................................................................................................24
4.3 Recommendations.............................................................................................................................24
4.4 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................25
References....................................................................................................................................................26

viii
 ABSTRACT

This work as portrayed by the title contains the summary of my SIWES exercise undertaken at ASF
Alliance Limited, giving in a full and clear ideas on the activities involved in Quantity surveying
practices and project managements as well as the student involvement in all operational activities
carried out in the Firm. The First Chapter contains the General Introduction, brief History of ITF
and the Aim & Objectives of SIWES. The Second Chapter contains the brief history of the ASF
Alliance Limited and the Services rendered. The third chapter contains the details of my skills.
While the fourth chapter contains Challenges, Conclusion and Recommendations.

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

The student industrial training (IT), also known as Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme

(SIWES) was established by Industrial Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to solve the problem of lack of

potential skills preparatory for employment in industries by Nigerian graduates of tertiary

institutions. The scheme tries to expose students to industry-based skills necessary for a smooth

transition from the classroom to the practical world of work and reality, such in handling

machinery and equipment which are usually not available in the educational institutions.

1.2 Scope of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES)

Student industrial work experience scheme training programme is designed for the Nigerian

students (main beneficiaries) of tertiary institutions. It bridges the gap between the theoretical

knowledge and the practical applications. The training lasts for four (4) to six (6) months.

Participation in SIWES has become a pre-requisite for the award of National Diploma and Degree

Certificates in most Nigerian institutions of higher learning in accordance with the education

policy of the government.1.2.1 Operators of SIWES

The operators of SIWES are the following coordinating bodies:

 Industrial Training Fund (ITF), which funds the SIWES

 National Universities Commission (NUC)

 National Commission for Colleges of Education (NCCE)

 National Board for Technical Education (NBTE)

 Employers of Labour from the Private and Public Sectors

1
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Scheme

The aim of the programme is to bridge the gap between the theoretical knowledge and the practical

applications. However, the specific objectives are to:

i. Prepare the students for the industrial work situation they are likely to meet after

graduation

ii. Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery

that may not be available in their institutions

iii. Enlist and strengthen employers' involvement in the entire educational process and

prepare students for employment after graduation

iv. Allow students to relate the theory taught in class and the practical application of that

theory into the real situation, thereby bridging the gap between the theory and the

practical.

v. Enable students to transit from the school world to the new world of work easier and

allow direct contact with other peoples in practice.

1.4 The Background of the company

ASF ALLIANCE LIMITED is a privately owned company that has been in business for year. Now

it was established and formally incorporated and registered in 2010 with a turnover of fifty million

naira. It has highly qualified professionals in the building industry, currently employing over 100

people. Its head office is located 11B Sokoto Road, off independence way, Kaduna State, with

various projects spread around Nigeria looking to expand in all regions of the country and abroad.

The company undertakes private and public housing construction and supply projects; factories,

offices and retail outlets; schools, hospitals and public buildings of any scale. Also among its core

activities are engineering and infrastructural construction and consultancy projects. Along with

new projects, we carry out refurbishment and facilities maintenance works.

2
The company’s workforce is made of qualified Architects, Civil, mechanical and Electrical

Engineer; Quantity Surveyors, Project manager.

We provide aspiring construction industry professionals with training, apprenticeship and

development programs in line with such government organizations and programs such as Student

Industrial Work Experience Scheme, National Youth Service Corps and industrial Training Fund.

Our company ensures absolute client satisfaction, incorporates high safety Standards, covers

extensive training for its staff and promote environmental sensitivity Our staff are duly registered

and accredited with the relevant professional organization in providing safe, economic and quality

construction according to Standards organization of Nigeria

1.4.1 Objective of ASF

Our objectives anchor on client’s satisfaction and rendering quality services.

1.4.2 Aim of ASF

We aim at building rewarding and enduring relationship, based on trust and confidence with our

clients. To this end we don’t compromise quality reliability and excellence. Our services allest to

this.

1.5 Vision:

To add value to our clients objectives based on our performance.

1.6 Mission:

At ASF alliance limited our main aims is achieving excellence. Excellence and effective solutions

can only be achieved by constant innovations, Conceptual ideas, continuously trained skilled

workforce and strict observance of Quality practice in accordance with international standards,

These are our watchwords.

3
1.7 Services Rendered by ASF Alliance Limited

Services offered by ASF Alliance Limited Includes:

Turnkey projects: Establishment of

a projects department to carry out a design and build package for clients.

Construction: The company has the capability of executing a wide range of Building and Civil

Engineering Works including redevelopments and refurbishing of existing structures.

Feasibility: Study client’s problem availability of materials and resources market demand, existing

infrastructure and projected areas of development.

Research: Optimum utilization of material and resources and investigation into new plant and

technology. Manufacturing detail for Provision where necessary of detail engineering drawing

Specialist Equipment: to enable item of plant to be manufactured.

Commissioning: Testing and ascertaining performance of all installations and ensuring proper

handing over of the complement of project in satisfactory working conditions including providing

the client with relevant operations and maintenance manuals.

4
Facilities management: Establishing criteria and manuals for operation maintenance of new and

old facilities for sustain ability.

Supply: Procurement of goods, building materials, spare parts and all engineering equipment’s for

manufacturing agriculture, power and waste supply e.t.c.

1.8 Branches of the firm

ABUJA OFFICE:

Flat 4, Block 9, Ruvuma Street, Maitama, Abuja – Nigeria.

TELEPHONE: 0803 710 4218, 0806 553 8060

EMAIL ADDRESS: asfxltd@gmail.com

1.9 Organizational structure of the Firm

5
 CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Various Units, Function and the Officers of the Company

2.1.2 Partners Units

The partners are the top managers of the firm. The principal partner is the CEO while the managing

partner helps in managing the activities of the firm.

2.1.2 Quantity Surveying Unit

The members in this units all are Quantity Surveyors (both seniors and juniors). They provide

quantity surveying services in the firm and discharge some assigned tasks. They guide the junior

quantity surveyors, the SIWES students and the NYSC members.

2.1.3 IT Students and NYSC Members Unit

This is where all the NYSC members and IT students on internship located. They receive help from

all the Quantity surveyors, the partners, and their assigned industry-based coordinator of the firm -

whose part his task is to head, supervise and guide them in learning and participating in all quantity

surveying tasks within their period of attachment.

2.1.4 Administrative Unit

This Unit has an administrative officer who act as the point of contact for all employees including

the training student by providing administrative support and managing their queries. His main

duties include managing office stock, preparing regular reports (e.g. expenses and office budgets),

organizing company records, and also head and supervised the office cleaners, the office drivers

and the office security personnel.

6
2.2 Tools Used in the During my Internship

1. Measuring tape

2. Shovel

3. Poker machine (vibrator)

4. Wheel Barrow

5. Line

6. Hand trowel

7. Plumb (spirit level)

8. Concrete mixer

7
 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 Introduction

This write-up is a comprehensive report of my six-month training programme, which I did at

ASF Alliance Limited, which is a consultancy firm.

I officially started my IT on Wednesday, 5th July, 2023, and ended on Tuesday, 22nd December,

2023.

3.2 My SIWES Practical Skills

In the first week, I was introduced to some of the staff of the firm present on site and orientation

was given to me. I was shown the photographs (3D) of the ongoing construction (Unity Sport

Club), photographs of the foundation of the structures from the initial stage to were block work of

the foundation was been built.

I was taken round the building site, showing me various structures that were been built, which

include the spectator stands (Type A, B, C1 & C2), clubhouse, Event Hall, Pool house and

Swimming pool.

I was shown the different sizes of reinforcement bar present on the site which includes : Y20, Y16,

Y12, Y8

I was taking to the second floor of the Club House by my industrial based supervisor, He explained

how the reinforcement bar is been installed, he shown me a horse bench, it function and also sound

attenuation and it function.

I monitored how the beam of the club house was casted, from mixing stage (mix ration 1:2:4),

transporting, placing and vibrated using a vibrating machine.

8
In the subsequent weeks, I monitored how the piping for electrical work (of spectator stand) was

been done, monitored the reinforcement installation, form work, and casting of the spectators

stand,

I Monitored the casting of the clubhouse slab, staircase (both spiral and Half turn) and plastering of

the spectators stand. (type A ), Club House,

I Monitored the cutting, welding and fixing of steel roof carcason of the Spectator’s stands,

I was taught what an expansion joint is and it importance. I was tasked by the site engineer to take

physical measurement and take-off for the Event hall.

I was taught interim valuation and material schedule by my industrial based supervisor.

3.3 Below are the skills learnt in details

3.3.1 Concrete work

Concrete is an important composite material in building works. It requires the mixture of cement,

aggregates and water in a proportion mix to produce it. A concrete proportion of 1:2:4 signifies a

proportion of 1 part of cement :2 part of sand (measured in the equivalent of cement) : 4 part of

coarse aggregate (measured in the equivalent of cement) and Concrete is used for different

purposes according to the desired strength and characteristics as plain concrete, mass concrete and

reinforced concrete. Plain concretes (typical mix ratio of 1:6:10 or above) are used in blinding,

mass concrete (typical mix ratio of 1:3:6 or above) in floors and non-load bearing structures while

reinforced concrete (typical mix ratio of 1:2:4 or above) are used load bearing structure.

Concrete is measured in cubic meter (m3) i.e. LxWxH

Concrete Grade

M5 = 1:5:10

M7.5 = 1:4:8

9
M10 = 1:3:6

M15 = 1:2:4

M20 = 1:1.5:3

M25 = 1:1:2

3.3.2 Form work

Formwork are temporary or permanent molds used to support fresh concrete or similar materials to

achieve desired shape, form and strength to carry itself

Woods/ timber materials for formworks are available in standard sizes (LxWxTH):

Materials for form work includes

i. Woods (marine board, plank, plywood)

ii. Timber (for bracing)

iii. Nails

iv. Binding wire

3.3.3 Reinforcement bar

Reinforcement are integral part of concretes in building works. The design for strength in

reinforced concrete follows a given ratio of concrete to steel for the sectional area of concrete.

Steel reinforcement bars are obtained in the market in standard sizes of 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 20, 25,

32 (mm) diameter and standard length of 12m.

3.3.4 Expansion joint

An expansion joint, also known as a movement joint, is an assembly created to securely hold

parts together while safely absorbing vibration, temperature-induced expansion, and

contraction of building materials, or to permit movement due to ground settlement or seismic

10
 activity. In layman’s terms, an expansion joint is a mid-structure separation intended to relieve

stress on building materials brought on by building movement.

The main factors that cause movement in buildings at expansion joints include:

 Thermal expansion and contraction caused by temperature changes

 Sway caused by wind

 Seismic events, Static load deflection , Live load deflection

Fig 1: Construction stage Expansion joint

3.3.5 Interim Valuation

Calculation of the quantity of work performed and the value of that work so that an *interim

payment can be made.

Quantity Surveyors can provide an accurate and detailed valuations / applications for payment

solution for contractors and sub-contractors in order to value the works completed on-site and to

ensure that the work completed is paid for

The component of interim valuation includes

Preliminaries

refers to the contractor’s costs in running the building site. The ‘prelims’ refer to costs which are

necessary but do not form part of the completed building. These represent the contractor’s site
11
overheads and temporary costs and include matters such as: site staff, security, hoarding,

temporary roads, site accommodation, insurance, plant, site cleaning and so on.

This approach may, however, be unsatisfactory for contractors, particularly on contracts with

substantial start-up costs. Ideally a itemised break-down of the prelims can be agreed prior to the

start of the works. This breakdown will ensure a greater degree of accuracy in the valuation of the

preliminaries and enable the contractor to promptly pay for ‘point’ costs as they occur.

Measured work

This component involves valuing the completed works on site. The simplest method is to visually

assess the estimated percentage of the work completed within each element of the pricing

document

Nominated subcontractors and suppliers work

nominated subcontractors and suppliers are paid by the main contractor. The valuation of each

nominated subcontractor’s work is identified separately on both the quantity surveyor’s

recommendation and the architect’s certificate. The main contractor is entitled to a pro rata

proportion of the profit and special attendance on the nominated account where these are priced in

the tender.

Value of variations / change orders

It is almost inevitable that there will be design modifications and changes as the works progress.

Variations arise where the contract administrator issues a written instruction directing the

contractor to carry out additional or substituted work, or to omit work. Verbal instructions should

be confirmed promptly in order to authorise payment. Variations should be measured and valued

as soon as possible and should be routinely agreed and signed off by the parties to the contract. It

12
is common, however for valuations to include on-account payments for some variations until they

are properly valued at a later stage.

Value of unfixed materials

generally entitles the Contractor to be paid for unfixed work materials delivered to the site.

Value of contractual claims

The main contractor may be entitled to additional payment for loss and or expense suffered as a

direct result of any delay or disruption to the works caused by the employer or the design

consultants. It is up to the contractor to prove the loss and expense to the contract administrator’s

satisfaction. Loss and expense claims are often contentious and may take considerable time to

resolve. Nevertheless, the contract administrator must include a fair and reasonable valuation of

the contractor’s reimbursement claim in interim certificates pending final agreement of the claim.

Labour and material price fluctuations

Claims for fluctuations in the price of labour and materials are rare in practice, as this risk is

typically transferred to the contractor on private sector projects when finalising the contract

negotiations.

Retention

The client normally retains a percentage of the gross valuation of the works, to cover the

rectification of defective work and ‘snags’.

Value added Tax

General construction work is subject to VAT, which is currently 7.5%

Previous payments to contractor

13
The sum due to the main contractor is the gross valuation adjusted for retention and VAT less

amount previously paid.

Fig 2: Sample Of Interim Valuation Certificate

3.3.6

Material schedule

Material schedule is often produced after the project design and details have been defined, and

provides the overview of the general materials requirement of a construction project, identifying

the various materials specifications and quantities necessary to achieve the project objective.

14
BENEFITS OF MATERIAL SCHEDULE IN BUILDING PROJECTS

Some of the benefits of using Material Schedule in informal building construction process includes

- Client’s participation in procurement process

- Cost control

- Material management

- Procurement planning

- Work planning

- Resource management.

FACTORS TO CONSIDER IN PREPARING MATERIAL SCHEDULE

Some of the factors to consider in preparing a functional material schedule program includes

undertaking the following processes:

- Identify and Establish the Work Quantity

- Understand the building/construction process

- Identify work material proportion and components

- Understand material conversion factors and constants

- Adjustments to cover for wastages

3.4 Key Activities of Building Works for Material Schedule

Some of the key activities encountered in building construction includes the followings:

3.4.1 Earthworks

Earthwork activities in building works involves the removal of existing earth formation to

make way for introduction of new permanent structures as well as the replacement of

removed earth formation with materials obtained outside the environment.

For the benefit of preparing the material schedule, the materials required in earthwork to

makeup level or replace unsuitable materials.

15
 Material Schedule Quantity (MSQ)= Work Quantity (m3) / Capacity per Truck load (m3)

Example: for a work quantity of 108m3, using a 20ton truck (20ton / material weight- for

sand between 1.4ton/m3ro 1.6ton/m3).

108 m3 108 m3
= =9 trips
That is MSQ = 20 ton 12.5
( /m3)
1.6

Note also that this expression does not include bulkage or swell experienced with materials

of this nature.

3.4.2 Concrete Works

Worked example

For a building slab having a work quantity of 125m 3, the quantity of the various material of

cement, sand and granite would be as calculated using know standard conversion factors

derived from the concrete mix ratios determined as follows:

For mix ratio of 1 cement : 2 sand : 4 granite = 7parts. Voids and Shrinkage in concrete

account for about 45% of the material volume, and water for mixing can be taken at between

0.3-0.5% of cement content in mix.

1
For cement = ∗( voids+shrinkage )=0.143∗1.45=0.214 m 3
7

Being that cement is obtained in bags in the open market, and one bag of cement contains

about 0.035m3 of material, therefore 0.214m3/0.035m3 = 6.11 bags/ m3

2
For sand = ∗¿
7

Being that sand is supplied using truck capable of hauling 20ton of material per trip, that is

20ton/1.6ton/m3 (weight of sand) = 12.5m3; 0.415m3/12.5m3 (per truck) = 0.0332 truck/ m3

4
For granite = ∗( voids+ shrink age )=0.571∗1.45=0.828 m 3
7

16
 Being that granite is supplied using truck capable of hauling 30ton of material per trip, that is

30ton/1.7ton/m3 (weight of granite) = 17.64m3; 0.828m3/17.64m3 (per truck) = 0.0469

truck/ m3

Cement= 125m3 x conversion factor for cement (say 6.11 bags)

Sand = 125m3 x conversion factor for sand (say 0.0332 truck using a truck capacity of

20ton).

Granite = 125m3 x conversion factor for granite (say 0.05 truck using a truck capacity of

30ton).

3.4.3 Block/Masonry work

Worked example

A typical mixture for mortar would be in the proportion of 1:6 representing 1 part of cement

and 6 part of sand, or 1 part of lime and 6 part of sand, or a combination of both given as

1:1:6 representing 1 part of cement, 1 part of lime and 6 part of sand.

For a mortar mix of 1:6 = 7m3,

1
For cement = ∗( voids+shrinkage )=0.143∗1.35=0.193 m3
7

Being that cement is obtained in bags in the open market, and one bag of cement contains

about 0.035m3 of material, therefore 0.193m3/0.035m3 = 5.51 bags/ m3

6
For sand = ∗( voids+shrinkage )=0.143∗1.35=01.157 m3
7

Being that sand is supplied using truck capable of hauling 20ton of material per trip, that is

20ton/1.6ton/m3 (weight of sand) = 12.5m3; 1.157m3/12.5m3 (per truck) = 0.093 truck/ m3

To prepare materials scheduled to cover 100m2 of 225mm sandcrete blockwork would be as

follows:

Mortar: assume a mortar volume of 4 cubic meter obtained from calculating the volume of

mortar used in jointing.

17
 Block= 100m2 x 10 blocks/m2 = 1000 blocks

Cement = 4m3 x 5.51 bags = 22.04 bags

Sand = 4m3 x 0.093 truck = 0.372 trips of 20ton truck.

3.4.4 Formwork

Woods/ timber materials for formworks are available in standard sizes (LxWxTH):

Marine Board - 2400 x 1200 x 25 (mm) Timber–3000-5400 x 75-100 x 75-

100(mm)

Plank – 3600 x 250-300 x 25 (mm) Timber–3000-5400 x 75-50 x 75-

50(mm)

Plywood – 2400 x 1200 x 6 (mm) Timber–3000-5400 x 250 x 75-50(mm)

Worked example

To accurately estimate the materials in formwork first determine the area of material in

contact with the finished works, the calculate the quantity of materials used to achieve

supports and hold the formworks in place. For slab formwork of say 700m2, the materials in

formworks would be as follows:

700
Marine Board (2400x1200) = =244 nrsofboardsor 0.348 baordsperm2
(2.4∗1.2)

700
Horizontal support (using 75x75 timber) @ 600mm center to center = =1167m ,
0.6

1167
amounting to =325 lengt h s∨0.464 lengt h per m 2
3.6

Prop supports (using 100x100 timber) @ 600mm center to center

700
=1945 nrsoftimber∨2.78 nrsperm 2
(0.6∗0.6)

Nails/bolts & nuts in wooden formwork is estimated at an average ratio of 0.1kg/m2; or

700*0.1kg=70kg.

18
 Thus this constant can be used on other slab formworks quantities 150m2.

Marine board: 150m2 x 0.348 board/m2 = 53 boards; horizontal supports: 150m2 x 0.464

length/m2 = 70 lengths; prop supports: 150m2 x 2.78 nrs = 417 nrs.

3.4.5 Reinforcement Works

To convert steel work/element quantity, first the bars are converted to weight per length (m)

using defined conversion factors as shown below:

32mm diameter bars= 6.318 kg/m 14mm diameter bars= 1.209 kg/m

25mm diameter bars= 3.856 kg/m 12mm diameter bars= 0.889 kg/m

20mm diameter bars= 2.468 kg/m 8mm diameter bars= 0.395 kg/m

16mm diameter bars= 1.578 kg/m 6mm diameter bars= 0.222 kg/m

To calculate material quantity in 256kg of 16mm reinforced concrete structure, divide the

work quantity (kg or ton) by weight of each length as shown below:

256 kg 256 kg
Qty (16 mm)= = =14 lengths
12∗1.58 kg/m 18.96 kg/nr

3.4.6 Plastering/ Rendering Works

Worked example

To calculate the materials required to plaster a wall of 245m2 at ratio 1:4, first calculate the

volume of plaster mortar on the wall, then multiply by the conversion factor to derive the

number of cement and sand involved.

Therefore, mortar = 245m2 of wall * 25mm thickness = 6.125m3 of mortar.

For a mortar mix of 1:4 = 5m3,

For cement = 1/5* (voids+shrink)= 0.2*1.35=0.27m3, therefore 0.27m3/0.035m3 =

7.71bags/ m3
19
 For sand = 4/5* (voids+shrink)= 0.80*1.35=1.08m3; using 20ton/1.6ton/m3 (weight of

sand) = 12.5m3; 1.08m3/12.5m3 (per truck) = 0.0864 truck/ m3

The materials for plaster mortar of 6.125m3 would be as follows:

Cement = 6.125m3 x 7.71bags = 47.22 bags

Sand = 6.125m3 x 0.0864 truck = 0.529 trips of 20ton truck.

3.4.7 Tiling Works

Worked example

To prepare material schedule for work quantity of 20m2 of floor finishing using

450x450x8mm thick tiles laid on 40mm bed:

1 m2
Tiles = 1 carton = =4.94=5 pcs /carton, so for 20m2, 20 carton of tiles
( 0.45∗0.45 ) m2/tile

would be required.

For bedding, the mortar needed for 20m2 area = 20m2 x 0.04m = 0.8m3

Using ratio of 1:4 = 5m3,

For cement = 1/5* (voids+shrink)= 0.2*1.35=0.27m3, therefore 0.27m3/0.035m3 =

7.71bags/ m3

For sand = 4/5* (voids+shrink)= 0.80*1.35=1.08m3; using 20ton/1.6ton/m3 (weight of

sand) = 12.5m3; 1.08m3/12.5m3 (per truck) = 0.0864 truck/ m3

The materials for mortar bed of 0.80m3 would be as follows:

Cement = 0.8m3 x 7.71bags = 6.16 bags

Sand = 0.8m3 x 0.0864 truck = 0.069 trips of 20ton truck.

20 kg
Tile gum = 20kg per bag for 8m2 coverage; =2.5 kg /m2∨0.125 bag /m 2
8 m2

Gum for 20m2 = 20m2 x 0.125 bag = 2.5 or 3 bag.

3.4.8 Painting

Worked example

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To prepare a simple material schedule for paint work on wall or metal surface of 200m2,

consider the following:

Surface Preparation:

Surface preparation varies depending on the type of surface been prepared and the material

used. Some surface preparatory materials and process are putty, floating/screeding etc.

involving the use of filler materials to fill cracks and unevenness on the surface to be

painted.

Determine the coverage of POP screeding paint used- say 40m2/ drum (20 litres)

Screed material required = 20L / 40m2 = 0.5L/m2; for 200m2 = 200m2 x 0.5L/m2 = 100L

Qty required of 20L = 100L / 20L = 5 Drums or 0.025drum per m2

Application of Paint is calculated in number of coats- first, second, third etc.

Using a paint material that has a coverage capacity of 8m2/L, and assuming 75% efficiency

on the coverage of the first coat, 85% efficiency on the coverage of the second coat and

100% efficiency on the coverage of the third coat.

Therefore, 200m2 / 6.93m2 = 28.86 L / 20L per drum = 1.44 drums or 0.0072 drum per m2

Other materials involved in painting can be calculated like this, using their coverage capacity

and unit content as available in the market. Some of the standard unit content of paint

materials are:

Drum = equivalent of 20 liters

Gallon= equivalent of 5 liters

Appendix

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 Fig 4: Blueprint of Unity Sport Club/Photographs of the Foun

Fig 5: project manager explaining Fig 6: QS Student KASU Chapter site

reinforcement (runners ) visitation @ Unity Sport Club

Fig 7: Horse bench

Fig 8: 12mm diameter Reinforcement

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 Fig 9: Formwork For Swimming

Fig 10: Mixing of Concrete for slab Cast

Fig 11: Reinforcement installation for

Swimming

Fig 12: Casting of Club House Second

Floor

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Summary
Fig 13: Scaffold for Club House Second
Floor
For the six (6) month SIWES with ASF

Alliance Limited, I learned the followings:

Ability to take-off for complex structures and Bill of Quantity Preparation

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 Learned how to take physical measurement.

Learned how to prepare interim valuation

Learned how draft material schedule.

Learned how to use some quantity surveying application packages

4.2 Challenges

I always struggled to pay my transport fares to and from my IT place. And during my

industrial training, I also encountered challenges. Because of the inadequate information on the

working drawings, I had to sometimes make reasonable assumptions which might not always be

accurate. There was also a frequent change in the design after the work had been measured due to

the inadequate information on the working drawings.

4.3 Recommendations

Based on the above challenges, I wish to give the following recommendations:

The school should help students secure IT placements.

Organizations should be willing to accept students for the SIWES.

Regular monthly allowances for interns should be paid.

The supervision should be strengthened to make interns more serious with their IT.

Professionals participating in projects should be providing sufficient and accurate

information in their designs and documents.

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4.4 Conclusion

I have now felt that much of the gap between my theoretical knowledge and the required practical

skills has been bridged.

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References

ITF (2004). Information and Guidelines for Student Industrial Work Experiences Scheme.

Received 2004. Industrial Training Fund, Nigeria.

Material schedule a useful tool for effective management of building projects

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