UNIVERSITY OF BENIN

BENIN CITY, EDO STATE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

400 LEVEL REPORT ON: STUDENTS

INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE
SCHEME

DONE BY:
EMMANUEL .O. IRUEDO
MAT NO: ENG1303333

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE

AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

FROM 13th OF MARCH 2017- SEPTEMBER 13th 2017

i
 DEDICATION
To all those who have supported, encouraged, challenged, and inspired me. And specially to my
beloved parents, my uncle, lecturers and friends for all their guidance, love and attention, which
has made it possible for me to make it up to this point and as well as the internship supervisors
who bestowed me with the courage, the commitment and the awareness to follow the best possible
route, by their unmatched style and best possible training.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank the lord God almighty for his grace in making this report a success and my sincere
appreciation also goes to my company supervisors, who took out time to teach and guide me
throughout the training period and also to University of Benin for making it mandatory for students
to carry out this training.

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 ABSTRACT
This report is based on the Student industrial work experience scheme and is to be submitted, in
partial fulfilment of the requirement for the B.sc Civil Engineering, University of Benin, Benin City,
Edo State. The student worked at Geo-vision Nigeria Limited (3 weeks) and HAM Associates
Limited (21 weeks), during the training period and attained some technical knowledge and practical
experience, after which he was able to compile this report. The report consist of a brief study and
description of the tools, equipment, materials, apparatus and procedures used at the laboratory or site
for construction. Chapter 1 talks about the company, and also contains a brief summary of jobs done.
Chapter 2 talks about the jobs done by the student during the course of the training. Chapter 3 talks
about the apparatus used, challenges and solution, while Chapter 4 discusses conclusion and
recommendations.

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 Table of Contents
DEDICATION............................................................................................................................................. ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................ iv
List of figures ............................................................................................................................................. vii
List of tables.............................................................................................................................................. viii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 HAM associates limited .................................................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 Some Previous Works Carried Out By HAM Associates Limited ........................................ 1
1.2 Organizational Structure of HAM Associates Limited ................................................................. 3
1.3 Nature Of experience Acquired ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE....................................................................... 5
2.1.1 One Dimensional consolidation test (BS 1377 part 5: 1990) ...................................................... 5
2.1.2 Unconsolidated undrained triaxial test (BS 1377 part 7: 1990) ................................................. 7
2.1.3 Atterberg’s limit tests (BS 1377 part 2: 1990) ............................................................................. 7
2.1.4 Wet/dry sieve analysis test (BS 1377 part2: 1990)..................................................................... 10
2.1.5 Hydrometer analysis test (BS 1377 part 2: 1990) ...................................................................... 12
2.1.6 Specific gravity or particle density test (Small pyknometer method) (BS 1377 part 2: 1990)
................................................................................................................................................................ 13
2.1.7 Cone penetration test (BS 1377 part 9: 1990) ............................................................................ 14
2.1.8 Light cable Percussion boring (BS 5930: 1999) ......................................................................... 17
2.1.9 Pile load test (BS 8004: 1986) ...................................................................................................... 18
I.1.10 Pile integrity test.................................................................................................................... 20
I.1.11 Bored Pile foundation construction experience (with a rotary and CFA rig) ................. 20
I.1.12 Geotechnical report writing (BS 5930:1999) ...................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 2
2.2 CONSULTANCY/STRUCTURAL DETAILING AND DESIGN EXPERIENCE ...................... 27
2.2.1 Manual detailing of various structural elements....................................................................... 27
2.2.2 Manual design of various structural elements........................................................................... 27
2.2.2.1 General arrangement drawing (GAD) ................................................................................ 30

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 2.2.2.2 Design of slabs ....................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.2.3 Design of beams ..................................................................................................................... 34
2.2.2.4 Column design ....................................................................................................................... 35
2.2.2.5 Foundation design ................................................................................................................. 37
2.2.3 CAD design and detailing of various structural elements ........................................................ 44
2.2.4 Site supervision of some construction projects .......................................................................... 46
2.2.4.1 The supervision of a boys quarter reinforcement placement from raft foundation to
roofing at Banana Island .................................................................................................................. 46
2.2.4.2 The supervision of a swimming pool reinforcing from excavation to final casting at
Banana Island Lagos......................................................................................................................... 50
2.2.4.3 The supervision of the roof slab reinforcement placement for a four storey apartment
building at Parkview Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos ...................................................................................... 53
2.2.4.4 The supervision of a pad foundation reinforcement placement from blinding till casting
of the ground floor columns for a proposed 5 storey apartment building at G.R.A Ikeja, Lagos
............................................................................................................................................................ 55
............................................................................................................................................................ 57
2.2.4.5 The supervision of a renovation work at 411 restaurant and bar, Adeola Hopewell,
Victoria Island Lagos ........................................................................................................................ 58
I.2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE .......................................... 62
2.2.1 Responsibilities of a Construction Manager .............................................................................. 62
CHAPTER 3
3.1 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT USED AND CHALLENGES/SOLUTION..................................... 69
3.1.1 Apparatus/Equipment Used: ............................................................................................... 69
3.1.2 challenges/solution: ...................................................................................................................... 72
CHAPTER 4
4.1 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 73
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 74
APPENDIX ................................................................................................................................................. 75
APPENDIX A ........................................................................................................................................ 76
Geotechnical report ............................................................................................................................. 76
APPENDIX B ....................................................................................................................................... 110
Construction site information boards ................................................................................................ 110
APPENDIX C ...................................................................................................................................... 112
Some site supervision drawings ........................................................................................................ 112

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 List of figures

Fig 1. Organogram of HAM associates limited ........................................................................................ 3

Fig 2. A graph showing the e-log p curve ..................................................................................................... 6
Fig 3. Mohr circle diagram for a quick undrained triaxial test ..................................................................... 7
Figure 4 the setup for Atterberg's limit test................................................................................................... 8
Figure 5 hydrometer analysis test being carried out ................................................................................... 13
Figure 6 A graph of depth to resistance for penetrometer test results......................................................... 16
Figure 7 cone penetrometer test being carried out ...................................................................................... 16
Figure 8 light cable percussion boring being carried out ........................................................................... 17
Figure 9 set up for pile load test .................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 10 apparatus /equipment for static pile load test ............................................................................. 19
Figure 11 pile load test readings ................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 12 pile foundation construction with a hydraulic and manual rig ................................................... 21
Figure 13 a mobilized CFA rig and its accessories ..................................................................................... 22
Figure 14 pile foundation drilling with CFA rig ......................................................................................... 23
Figure 15 pile foundation reinforcement and a CFA rig ............................................................................. 24
Figure 16 picture of a concrete mixer, excavator and a mecbo pump ........................................................ 25
Figure 17picture of an excavator clearing out drilled soil and some completed piles ................................ 25
Figure 18 design process chart .................................................................................................................... 29
Figure 19 load transfer for a one way spanning slab .................................................................................. 31
Figure 20 load transfer for a two way spanning slab .................................................................................. 32
Figure 21 section views of a ribbed slab without infill (top) and ribbed slab with infill block (bottom) ... 32
Figure 22 waffle slab pictures ..................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 23 pictures of different flat slab types ............................................................................................. 34
Figure 24 (a) different types of beam sections ............................................................................................ 35
Figure 25 column elevation for multiple stories ......................................................................................... 36
Figure 26 elevation and section of a column .............................................................................................. 37
Figure 27 bearing pressures across an isolated footing, for different cases ................................................ 38
Figure 28 different types of raft foundation placement .............................................................................. 40
Figure 29 GAD for manual design done ..................................................................................................... 43
Figure 30 GAD for CAD software design done.......................................................................................... 45
Figure 31 raft foundation beam reinforcement placement .......................................................................... 47
Figure 32 raft foundation slab reinforcement placement ............................................................................ 48
Figure 33 raft foundation slab reinforcement placement 2 ......................................................................... 49
Figure 34 parapet reinforcement placement and roof beam reinforcement placement ............................... 50
Figure 35 swimming pool excavation ......................................................................................................... 51
Figure 36 reinforcement placement for swimming pool ............................................................................. 52
Figure 37 taking measurement for the swimming pool reinforcement ....................................................... 52
Figure 38 the already cast swimming pool ................................................................................................. 53
Figure 39 slab reinforcement placement (left) elevation of four storey apartment building (right) ........... 54

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Figure 40 reinforcement placement for a cantilever beam and slab ........................................................... 54
Figure 41 blinding being carried out for a pad foundation ......................................................................... 56
Figure 42 reinforcement placement for the pad foundation ........................................................................ 56
Figure 43 cast pad foundation with column starter bars and tie beams ...................................................... 57
Figure 44 form work and column casting ................................................................................................... 57
Figure 45 already cast slab and breaking of slab edge ................................................................................ 58
Figure 46 slab form work placement (left) and chiseling of existing slab edge ......................................... 59
Figure 47 reinforcement placement for a one way spanning slab ............................................................... 60
Figure 48 high bond deck slab .................................................................................................................... 61
Figure 49 elevation of a six storey apartment building (left) and tiling being carried out .......................... 63
Figure 50 cupboard installation (left) and pop installation (right) .............................................................. 64
Figure 51 tile screeding (left) and lift frame installation (right) ................................................................. 65
Figure 52 pop application ........................................................................................................................... 65
Figure 53 completed tiling, window fixing and door fixing ....................................................................... 66
Figure 54 completed model kitchen cabinet ............................................................................................... 66
Figure 55 completed cupboard, w/c and bath ............................................................................................. 67
Figure 56 inspection of external door and lift door installation .................................................................. 68
Figure 57 Some Oedometer apparatus ........................................................................................................ 69
Figure 58 specific gravity (small pyknometer mtd) test apparatus ............................................................. 70
Figure 59 Traixial testing apparatus............................................................................................................ 71

List of tables

Table 1: shows some ongoing jobs designed / supervised by HAM associates limited ......................... 2
Table 2 consolidation test results for pressure and void ratio ....................................................................... 6
Table 3 plastic limit and liquid limit test result ............................................................................................ 9
Table 4 sieve analysis test result for a sandy soil ....................................................................................... 11
Table 5 sieve analysis test result for a lateritic soil sample ........................................................................ 12
Table 6 specific gravity test results ............................................................................................................. 14
Table 7 cone penetrometer test results ........................................................................................................ 15

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 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
The application letter for the industrial training placement was first filled by me on the 10th of
March 2017 and sent to the administrative unit of HAM associates limited. While waiting for the
acceptance letter, I decided to start the training in a geotechnical Engineering firm (Geo-vision
Nigeria Limited), belonging to a relative of mine on the 13th of March and worked there for three
weeks. I was later called and told to resume work at HAM associates limited on the 3rd of April
2017, with the signed and stamped acceptance letter issued to me by the administrative unit on the
same day. I later worked there for 21 weeks.

1.1 HAM associates limited

HAM associates limited originally known as HAM associates was established in 2005 but
registered in 2007 with highly educated, trained, experienced and dedicated engineers, and also
with the aim of offering independent and very high quality consulting engineering and project
management services in the rapidly growing building and civil engineering industry in Nigeria.

The firm was upgraded to HAM associates limited in May, 2012 and started operations in February
2013. The firm has already established its mark in the industry on account of its commitment to
excellence, reliability and integrity that are reflected in the quality of the projects executed to date
and the calibers of the highly qualified engineers it employs.

1.1.1 Some Previous Works Carried Out By HAM Associates Limited

 Okpai power plant residences for Naoc and Saipem
 The residential estate on plots 26 & 27, Wemabod Housing Scheme, Adeniyi Jones Avenue,
Ikeja for tower Aluminum Nig. Plc.
 The development for properties Ltd at Block “A” plot VI, 2nd Avenue Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos.
 The development at 8A Milverton Road, Ikoyi for Coscharis Motors Ltd.
 The Industrial development on Block “C” plot 6 & 7 LSDPC Industrial layout, along Lagos
Badagry Express way, Lagos state.
 The Hostel Accommodation for Alhaji Y. A. Babaji at zone 7 F.C.T. Abuja.
 The new factory development for Reckitt Benckiser Nigeria Ltd. On plot C2/3 Agbara
Industrial Estate, Km 32 Lagos Badagry Express way, Agbara, Ogun State
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Table 1: shows some ongoing jobs designed / supervised by HAM associates limited

s/n Project Construction Consultants

company architectural Structural
1 Proposed private development not yet Integrated HAM associates
at block 43, plot 1040, Abijo awarded, still Projects limited
G.R.A, scheme, Ibeju /Lekki in the design
local government area, Lagos phase
state.
2 9Proposed office building for BD Design HAM associates
zenith bank Plc. Ore branch. Associate – limited
Architectural and
interior consultant
3 Proposed residential Integrated Integrated HAM associates
development for Summit Health Projects Projects limited
Care limited at plot 70, zone J,
Banana Island, Ikoyi, Lagos.
4 Proposed Coral beach estate at Nidaco New Biggin HAM associates
lekki free zone, Lagos state. Nigeria associates LTD limited (also
limited project manager)

5 Proposed 4-storey residential Silo Nigeria Integrated HAM associates

development at block 6 plots 15 limited Projects limited
and 29 FGN Foreshore
Parkview, Ikoyi, Eti-Osa LGA,
Lagos State.
6 Proposed renovation work at DEWSCOP Sea Consults HAM associates
411 restaurant and bar Nigeria limited
limited

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1.2 Organizational Structure of HAM Associates Limited
 The Administrative unit
 The drafting/architectural unit
 The Civil/structural unit

At the helm of HAM associates limited is the CEO/principal Engineer, followed closely by the
Administrative officer, then seven other employees (the Engineers, the Draughts men, and the
janitor), with their ranks shown in the organogram below:

THE CEO/
PRINCIPAL
ENGINEER

ADMINISTRATIVE
OFFICER

SENIOR
JANiTOR
ENGINEER

GRADUATE GRADUATE SENIOR

ENGINEER ENGINEER DRAUGHTSMAN

STEEL
STEEL SECTIONS
REINFORCEMENT
DRAUGHTSMAN
DRAUGHTSMAN

Fig 1. Organogram of HAM associates limited

Of the above units, I was attached to the civil/structural unit, and for a while, to the drafting unit.

1.3 Nature Of experience Acquired

For the first three weeks, I worked in a geotechnical firm (Geo-Vision Nigeria Limited), where I
was exposed to a lot of geotechnical practices in the lab, office and on the field. While for the next
21 weeks, I worked in a Structural consultancy/project management firm(HAM associates limited)
and being that I was deployed to the civil/structural unit as well as Drafting unit of the firm, I

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mainly gained experience in design and detailing of structural elements ,site supervision and
Management of a construction project. The civil/structural unit is responsible for carrying out
structural designs, while the drafting unit is responsible for carrying out the structural drawings.
The reason I was also briefly attached to the drafting unit was that I needed to understand structural
detailing, in order for me to appreciate and understand the design better, which paid off eventually.

For convenience, the experience gained has been grouped into three groups, as follows:

Group 1 – geotechnical engineering experience

 Laboratory tests such as one dimensional consolidation test, unconsolidated undrained

traixial test, specific gravity test, CBR test, Atterberg limit test, sieve analysis, hydrometer
analysis and direct shear test.
 In-situ tests/exploration such as cone penetration test (CPT), light cable percussion boring,
pile load tests, pile integrity tests
 Bored Pile foundation construction experience ( with a rotary and CFA rig )
 Geotechnical report writing

Group 2 - consultancy / structural detailing and design experience

 Manual detailing of various structural elements
 Manual design of various structural elements
 CAD design and detailing of various structural elements
 Site supervision of some construction projects

Group 3 - Construction project management experience

 some Finishes installation for a six storey apartment building

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 CHAPTER 2

2.1 GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING EXPERIENCE

The Geotechnical engineer is mainly interested in the engineering properties and behavior of the
soils beneath the top soil, which is why the experience gained here helped a lot during my structural
consultancy training, because structural engineers rely on the results from geotechnical test as well
as technical advice in the geotechnical report, during foundation design. In most cases, the
Geotechnical engineer is required to carry out the construction work when deep foundations are
required, such as piles, Caissons, e. t. c. The experience gained here include: Carrying out of some
Geotechnical laboratory tests (One dimensional Consolidation test, unconsolidated undrained
triaxial test, Atterberg’s limit test, sieve analysis, Hydrometer analysis and Specific gravity
test),Carrying out of some In-situ tests(cone penetration tests, light cable percussion boring, pile
load test and pile Integrity test ), study of some Geotechnical reports, study of some pile integrity
test reports and the inspection of some pile foundation construction.

2.1.1 One Dimensional consolidation test (BS 1377 part 5: 1990)

The removal of pore water in saturated clays that results to a change in volume of the clay after
settlement is known as consolidation. The consolidation of a clay supporting a foundation whose
dimensions are much greater than the layer’s thickness is essentially one – dimensional, as lateral
strain effects are negligible. The test carried out here, was on a greyish, whitish silty clay, with the
aim of determining the pressure – void relation and also the coefficient of consolidation. After
following the procedures provided in BS 1377 part 5, 1990, as shown in the report provided, the
analysis was done and the results obtained from the analysis were plotted on graphs. The results
gotten and graphs plotted are shown below;

Initial moisture content = 15%

Initial wet density = 1.99Mg/Cu.m
Initial void ratio = 0.572

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 Table 2 consolidation test results for pressure and void ratio

VOID RATIO PRESSURE (KN/m2)

0.52 25
0.509 50
0.491 100
0.466 200
0.426 400
0.426 400
0.428 200
0.435 50

e - Log p curve
0.54
10 100 1000

0.5
VOIDS RATIO e

0.46

0.42

0.38

Fig 2. A graph showing the e-log p curve

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2.1.2 Unconsolidated undrained triaxial test (BS 1377 part 7: 1990)
In an unconsolidated undrained triaxial test, the sample is not allowed to drain. The sample is
compressed at a constant rate (strain controlled). The UU test is applicable to undisturbed sample
in which no change in moisture content from the insitu value can be permitted. The test carried out
here, was on a soft dark gray silty clay, with the aim of determining the undrained shear strength
of the specimen tested in undrained compression, without the measurement of pore water pressure.
After following the procedure provided in BS 1377 part 7, 1990, as shown in the report provided,
the analysis was done and the results obtained from the analysis were plotted on graphs. The results
gotten and graphs plotted are shown below;

Fig 3. Mohr circle diagram for a quick undrained triaxial test

2.1.3 Atterberg’s limit tests (BS 1377 part 2: 1990)

In the early 1900s, a Swedish scientist named Atterberg developed a method to describe the
consistency of fine-grained soils with varying moisture contents. At a very low moisture content,
soil behaves more like a solid. When the moisture content is very high, the soil and water may
flow like a liquid. Hence, on an arbitrary basis, depending on the moisture content, the behavior
of soil can be divided into four basic states—solid, semisolid, plastic, and liquid. The moisture
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content, in percent, at which the transition from solid to semisolid state takes place is defined as
the shrinkage limit. The moisture content at the point of transition from semisolid to plastic state
is the plastic limit, and from plastic to liquid state is the liquid limit. These parameters are also
known as Atterberg limits. The test done here was on a reddish brown lateritic soil sample, with
the aim of determining the natural water content, the liquid and plastic limits, and hence the
liquidity and plasticity indices, of a sample of clay. After following the procedures provided in BS
1377 part 2:1990, as shown in the report provided, the analysis was done and the results obtained
from the analysis were plotted on graphs. The results gotten and graphs plotted are shown below

This apparatus here are: the cassagrande apparatus, moisture content cans, palate
knives, grooving tool, plastic plate, and 425µm sieve

Figure 4 the setup for Atterberg's limit test

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 Table 3 plastic limit and liquid limit test result

PLASTIC LIMIT
MOISTURE
W1 W2 W3 CONTENT
(g) (g) (g) %
5.3 9.95 9.1 22.37
17.45 24 22.71 24.52
AVERAGE = 23.45

LIQUID LIMIT
MOISTURE
NO OF BLOWS W1 W2 W3 CONTENT

(g) (g) (g) %

10 4.14 15.78 12.44 40.24

20 4.48 20.22 15.98 36.87

37 44.21 54.95 52.27 33.25

50 5.77 17.14 14.45 30.99

Plasticity index = 12.55

Liquid limit = 36

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2.1.4 Wet/dry sieve analysis test (BS 1377 part2: 1990)
A sieve analysis (or gradation test) is a practice or procedure used (commonly used in civil
engineering) to access the particle size distribution of granular material. Dry sieving is the simplest
of all methods particle size analysis. According to the British standard, dry sieving may be carried
out only on materials for which this procedure gives the same procedure as the wet sieving. This
means that it is applicable to clean granular materials, which usually implies clean sandy or gravely
soils that is, soils containing negligible amounts of particles of clay and silt. If in doubt about the
validity of the dry sieving method, the wet sieving procedure should be followed instead. If a soil
contains silt or clay or both, even in small quantities, it is necessary to carry out a wet sieving
procedure in order to measure the portion of fine materials present. Even when dry, fine particles
of silt and clay can adhere to sand-sized particles and cannot be separated by dry sieving, even if
prolonged. Washing is the only practicable means of ensuring complete separation of fines for a
reliable assessment of their percentage. If clay is present, or if there is evidence of particles sticking
together, the material should immersed in a dispersant solution before washing. After following
the procedures provided in BS 1377 part 2:1990, as shown in the report provided, the analysis was
done and the results obtained from the analysis were plotted on graphs. The results gotten and
graphs plotted are shown below

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 Table 4 sieve analysis test result for a sandy soil

Initial Dry Weight of Sample = 100 g

Total Weight of Sample (after washing
and drying in the oven) = 99.28 g

Weight %
BS Sieve Size Retained % Retained Passing
(mm) (g)
6.3 0 0.00 100
5.0 5.26 5.26 94.74
3.35 1.56 1.56 93.18
2.0 2.44 2.44 90.74
1.18 9.06 9.06 81.48
600 micron 54.29 54.29 27.19
425 micron 18.77 18.77 8.42
300 micron 4.84 4.84 3.58
212 micron 2.16 2.16 1.42
150 micron 0.47 0.47 0.95
75 micron 0.43 0.43 0.52

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 Table 5 sieve analysis test result for a lateritic soil sample

Initial Dry Weight of Sample = 100 g

Total Weight of Sample (after washing
and drying in the oven) = 53.69 g

Weight %
BS Sieve Size Retained % Retained Passing
(mm) (g)
6.3 0 0.00 100
5.0 o 0.00 100
3.35 0 0.00 100
2.0 0.30 0.30 99.70
1.18 2.66 2.66 97.04
600 micron 12.51 12.51 84.53
425 micron 7.81 7.81 76.72
300 micron 5.64 5.64 71.08
212 micron 8.16 8.16 62.92
150 micron 7.34 7.34 52.58
75 micron 9.27 9.27 46.31

2.1.5 Hydrometer analysis test (BS 1377 part 2: 1990)

The hydrometer analysis test is a widely used method to obtain the distribution of particle sizes in
the silt range (75-2µm) and the percentage of clay minerals < 2µm. the test is usually not performed
if less than 10% of the material passes the 75 µm sieve. The hydrometer analysis utilizes the

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relationship among the velocity of fall of spheres in a fluid, the diameter of the sphere, the specific
weights of the sphere and fluid and of the viscosity of the fluid as expressed by stoke’s law. After
following the procedures provided in BS 1377 part 2:1990, as shown in the report provided, the
analysis was done and the results obtained from the analysis were plotted on graphs.

This shows the measuring cylinder with

distilled water, where the hydrometer
bulb is placed in during the test

This picture shows hydrometer analysis

being carried out on the sample that was
retained on the 75 micron sieve from dry
sieve analysis

Figure 5 hydrometer analysis test being carried out

2.1.6 Specific gravity or particle density test (Small pyknometer method) (BS
1377 part 2: 1990)
Three methods are basically used to determine the specific gravity or particle density of soil
samples, they are: the gas jar method suitable for most soils including those containing gravel-
sized particles. The second is the small pyknometer method which is the definitive method for
soils consisting of clay, silt and sand-sized particles. The third is a pyknometer method, suitable
for soils containing particles up to medium gravel size. Different particle sizes within a sample of

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soil often have different particle densities. These methods of test give the average particle density
for the range of sizes, and their distribution, contained in the sample tested. In some instances it
may be desirable to measure the particle density separately on separate size fractions. The test done
by me, using the small pyknometer method, was on a reddish brown lateritic soil sample, with the
aim of determining the specific gravity of the lateritic soil sample. After following the procedures
provided in BS 1377 part 2:1990, as shown in the report provided, the analysis was done and the
results obtained from the analysis gave the specific gravity. The results gotten from the test are
shown below;

Table 6 specific gravity test results

Test No A
Wt. of bottle filled with water, W4 79.54
(gm.)
Wt. of bottle + soil + water, W3 (gm.) 94.70
Wt. of bottle + soil + W2 (gm.) 51.93
Wt. of bottle, W (gm.) 26.85
Wt. of water used, (W3 – W2) (gm.) 42.97
Wt. of soil used, (W2 – W1) (gm.) 24.88
Volume of soil, (W4 – W1) (W3 – W2) 1310.92
Gs = W2 – W1 / (W4 – W1) (W3 – W2) 0.02g

2.1.7 Cone penetration test (BS 1377 part 9: 1990)

The cone penetration test (CPT), also known as the Dutch cone test, is a common in situ testing
or soil exploratory method used to determine the geotechnical engineering properties of soils, such
as the bearing resistance and the subsurface stratigraphy. The 2.5 penetrometer is mostly used in
this country to carry out this test, but in some cases, the 10 Ton is used when further depth is
required. Five (5 Nos) of this test were done by Geo Vision Nigeria limited on a site at G.R.A
Ikeja, to practical depths. The process was started by first setting up the penetrometer at the
required point, after which a hard steel cone of base area 1000mm2 and apex angle 600 was then
forced into the ground to a depth of 250mm. The pressure required to advance the 250mm

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penetration of the cone was then transmitted by means of the inner pressure rod, independent of
the outer sounding tube (through a hydraulic system), to the gauge which recorded the pressure
value. The process was then repeated at regular intervals of 250mm depth, till the resistance to
penetration of the rods and the cone reached the capacity of the machine for all points tested. After
the test, successive cone resistance readings were then plotted against depth to form a resistance
profile which indicates the strata sequence penetrated. All tests were terminated between 2.5 and
3m when further penetration could not be achieved due to high total resistance of the penetrated
soil, resulting in buckling of the test rods of the machine. The results and graph for one of the
points is shown below;

Table 7 cone penetrometer test results

RESISTANCE DEPTH
(kg/cm2) (m)
18.00 -0.25
14.00 -0.50
15.00 -0.75
17.00 -1.00
27.00 -1.25
52.00 -1.50
56.00 -1.75
96.00 -2.00
110.00 -2.25
160.00 -2.50

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 PENETROMETER TEST RESULTS (P2)
RESISTANCE IN kg/sq.cm
0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00 250.00
0.00

-1.00
Depth (m)

-2.00

-3.00

Figure 6 A graph of depth to resistance for penetrometer test results

A 2.5 ton cone 1m length CPT

penetrometer rods

Figure 7 cone penetrometer test being carried out

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2.1.8 Light cable Percussion boring (BS 5930: 1999)
Light cable percussion boring is an adaptation of standard well-boring methods, and normally uses
a mobile rig specially designed for ground investigation work. For most investigations, the rig has
a winch of 1 tonne to 2 tonne capacity, which is driven by a diesel engine and a derrick of about 6
m in height. With many types of rig, the legs of the derrick fold down to form a simple trailer that
can be towed by a light vehicle. The clay cutter is used in cohesive soil in a damp or dry borehole.
The shell is used in cohesionless soils and requires there to be sufficient water in the bottom of the
borehole to cover the shell (about 2.5 m). It is therefore necessary to add water to a borehole in
order to bore through dry cohesionless strata that require the use of the shell. Light cable percussion
boring is suitable for soil and weak rock. The sizes of borehole casings and tools are usually 150
mm and 200 mm. For special projects 250 mm and 300 mm are available. The drill tools, which
are worked on a wire rope using the clutch of the winch for the percussive action, consist of the
clay cutter for dry cohesive soils, the shell or baler, for cohesionless soils and the chisel for
breaking up rock and other hard layers. The clay cutter and shell bring up disturbed material, which
is usually sufficiently representative to permit identification of the strata. Two of this borehole
boring were done by Geo vision Nigeria Limited (Geotechnical firm) for two points on same plot
where the penetrometer test was done at GRA, Ikeja.

Shells Casings
Dano 150
drilling rig

Sinker bar

The picture to the left shows a borehole test being carried out at G.R.A
Ikeja to a depth of 30 meters using the light cable shell and auger
technique, while that to the right shows its accessories
Figure 8 light cable percussion boring being carried out

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2.1.9 Pile load test (BS 8004: 1986)
A loading test on a pile is made for the purpose of finding the settlement to be expected at the
estimated working load, or some multiple thereof, determining the ultimate bearing capacity, or
checking the structural soundness of the pile. The engineer requiring the test to be performed
should state the working load and prescribe the stages of loading. It is convenient to make the
increments of load about 25 % of the working load, up to the working load, and appropriately
smaller thereafter. The engineer should also state if the pile is to be unloaded and reloaded after
the completion of any stage of loading. If it is intended to determine the ultimate bearing capacity
of the pile, the engineer should make an estimate of this value to enable the necessary weight of
kentledge or the appropriate reaction system to be provided. The apparatus/ equipment used for
this test as shown in the pictures below include: the kentledge, dial gauges, 200 ton jack, the
pressure pump, supports and I-beams. The test procedure was first started by setting up the
equipment on the pile cap, as shown in the pictures below. A load increment of 125KN was then
applied to the pile till it was loaded to a safe working load of 750KN. When the load for each stage
was reached, time and settlement observations were taken and recorded. The load was held
constant at each of the load increment and settlement readings were taken at different time intervals
of the load. A graph of settlement versus time was then plotted as the test was proceeded, till a
little above the safe working load. The pictures taken during this test are shown below;

Kentledge

I-beams

This picture shows a pile load test set up, which was done on a 600mm diameter
pile at Osborne estate, Ikoyi

Figure 9 set up for pile load test

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 Pile cap

Hose from
pump

200 ton
jack

Dial gauges displays

settlement at increased
loads
This picture shows the apparatus/equipment used in carrying out a pile load test, which was done at
Osborne estate, Ikoyi
Figure 10 apparatus /equipment for static pile load test

This picture shows readings been taken down during the pile load test

Figure 11 pile load test readings

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I.1.10 Pile integrity test
This test is suitable for bored piles and precast concrete piles. The principle of echo tests is based
on the detection of a reflected echo or longitudinal wave returning from some depth down the pile.
The measured time of travel of the vibration wave together with an assumed propagation velocity
enable the acoustic length to be determined. The test is normally carried out at least seven days
after casting of the concrete. In the echo test, the pile is struck by a hammer and the resulting
vibration signal is measured at the pile head by means of a geophone or an accelerometer. This
was done for each of the piles at Osborne estate, Ikoyi, and will be shown during the defence

I.1.11 Bored Pile foundation construction experience (with a rotary and CFA
rig)
Bored piles (replacement piles) are generally considered to be non-displacement piles because a
void is formed by boring or excavation before piles is produced. Bored piles can be produced by
casting concrete in the void and then reinforcing. When constructed in water-bearing soils which
are not self-supporting, the pile bore will need to be supported using steel casings, concrete rings
or drilling fluids such as bentonite slurry, polymer mud, etc. Due to its advantages of variability to
suited length, accommodation for large diameter, the possibility of being installed in very long
length and easy monitoring among others, bore piles are more common in use in Nigeria. The
rotary rigs used by Geo-Vision Nigeria limited are locally fabricated manual and hydraulic rigs
and usually take a longer time to finish the pile construction and require bentonite slurry to stabilize
prevent collapse of the walls during boring. For the continuous flight auger (CFA) system on the
other hand, the bore is formed using the continuous flight auger rig and concrete or grout is pumped
in through its hollow stem as the auger is withdrawn from the bore. The CFA piles have advantages
over conventional bored piles in water-bearing and unstable soils by eliminating the need of casing
and the problems of concreting underwater. All pile foundation done by GEO Vision Nigeria
limited and supervised by me during the period of my training, include;

I. The supervision of an ongoing pile foundation construction on two sites at Ikoyi, with a
manual rig being used on one site and a hydraulic rig on the other, both had 600mm
diameter and were terminated at 15m.
II. The supervision of the mobilization of a CFA rig , its accessories and the marking out for
piling to be done on a site at Adeyemi Lawson , Ikoyi,

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III. The supervision of a pile foundation construction with a CFA rig on a site at Bagada,
behind TREM church, which had 144 points to be bored, cast and reinforced (for both 450
and 600mm diameter piles) to a depth of 25m.
IV. The daily supervision of a pile foundation construction on a different site at Bagada Estate,
which had 88 points to be bored, cast and reinforced (46 600mm and 32 450mm diameter)
to a depth of 23m.

The pictures for all this supervision done are shown below;

The picture to the left shows a hydraulic rotary rig carrying out bored piling to a
depth of 15m at Parkview estate while the picture to the right shows a manual
rotary rig carrying out piling on another site in the estate
The
Figure 12 pile foundation construction with a hydraulic and manual rig

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 This is a CFA (continuous flight auger) rig

450 and 600mm diameter augers which

are attached to the rig for drilling

The picture to the left shows the already mobilized CFA rig on a site at Ikoyi for carrying out
bored piling. The picture to the left shows its augers, which are 600mm and 450mm diameters

Figure 13 a mobilized CFA rig and its accessories

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The picture to the left shows me and my senior colleague supervising a pile foundation
drilling/construction at Bagada, to a depth of 25m with a CFA rig. While the picture to the
left shows workers clearing soil from auger surface, as concrete is being pumped into the
drilled hole, under pressure

Figure 14 pile foundation drilling with CFA rig

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The picture to the left shows a 12m long reinforcement cage, with links spaced at 200mm,
which is to be used for the 600mm diameter piles, while that to the right shows a worker
hoisting the augers to the CFA rig, before drilling commences at Bagada

Figure 15 pile foundation reinforcement and a CFA rig

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 Concrete
mixer

A mecbo
pump

This picture shows an excavator operator pouring sand, granite and cement for the
concrete in a concrete mixer, after which the concrete will be transferred to the
mecbo pump, which then pumps the concrete into the drilled point, during casting
of the pile foundation at Bagada
Figure 16 picture of a concrete mixer, excavator and a mecbo pump

Completed
600mm
diameter piles

This picture shows the clearing out of soil from the auger surrounding, as it is being
brought up from the drilled hole, during casting. The picture also shows some
already completed piles

Figure 17picture of an excavator clearing out drilled soil and some completed piles

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I.1.12 Geotechnical report writing (BS 5930:1999)
The geotechnical report is a tool or document used to communicate the site conditions and design
and construction recommendations to the, building consultant and construction personnel. Site
investigations for building design projects have the purpose of providing specific information on
subsurface soil, rock, and water conditions. Interpretation of the site investigation information, by
a geotechnical engineer, results in design and construction recommendations that should be
presented in a project geotechnical report.

The geotechnical report for GEO Vision Nigeria Limited is written and typed in the order of;
introduction, site situation, general geology, subsoil condition, comments on laboratory tests
result, foundation discussion. Other tables, charts, graphs and drawings which are; summary of
laboratory test results, borehole log and its key notations, penetrometer test results, particle size
distribution curves, traixial test result diagram, consolidation test result graph and finally the site
plan. Details of all mentioned above are shown in the geotechnical report provided in the appendix

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 2.2 CONSULTANCY/STRUCTURAL DETAILING AND
DESIGN EXPERIENCE
All civil engineering works are grouped into office (consultancy) and site (construction) works.
All designs are carried out in the office and resulting plans are taken to the site for construction.
In the office, designs and detailing could either be carried out manually or electronically through
the use of Computer Aided Design/Drafting (CAD) softwares. The first function in structural
consultancy is for the structural engineer to determine the best structural system or forms to bring
the architect’s concept into being. Designs and detailing are then carried out by the structural
engineer either manually or with (CAD) softwares, after which he/she is expected to carry out
supervision during the construction, till completion. My experience at HAM associates limited
covered all that has been mentioned above.

2.2.1 Manual detailing of various structural elements

The general arrangement drawings give the overall layout and principal dimensions of the
structure. The structural requirements for the individual elements are presented in the detail
drawings. The output of the design calculations are sketches giving sizes of members and the sizes,
arrangement, spacing and cut-off points for reinforcing bars at various sections of the structure.
Detailing translates this information into a suitable pattern of reinforcement for the structure as a
whole. Detailing is presented in accordance with the Joint Committee Report on Standard Method
of Detailing Structural Concrete. my experience here involved knowing the conventions for
making reinforced concrete drawings such as scales, methods for specifying bars, links, fabric,
cut-off points(curtailment), with specifications provided for detailing in BS 8110(from CL 3.12 -
3.12.11.2.9). The bar bending schedule and shape code preparation on completion of the detail
drawings, with specifications provided in the BS4466:1981 was also shown to me during this
period of my training. manual detailing and preparation of bar schedules for a one way spanning
solid slab, one and two way spanning solid slab, ribbed slab, flat slab, column base, beams and
columns were also done and will be shown during the defence.

2.2.2 Manual design of various structural elements

The first function in design is the planning carried out by the architect to determine the arrangement
and layout of the building to meet the client’s requirements. The structural engineer then

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determines the best structural system or forms to bring the architect’s concept into being. The
design process is first started by putting down the design data which consist of information such
as the intended use of the structure, design stresses, exposure condition, fire resistance, soil bearing
capacity, etc. After putting down the design data, the General Arrangement Drawing (GAD) is
then prepared from the architectural drawings and once the building form and structural
arrangement have been finalized the design problem then consists of the following:

 Preliminary member sizing

 Load estimation (dead loads which include an allowance for self-weight usually based on
experience or calculated from the assumed dimensions for the beam. The original estimate
may require checking after the final design is complete. The estimation of dead loads
should also include the weight of screed, finish, partitions, ceiling and services if
applicable. The imposed loading depending on the type of occupancy is taken from
BS6399: Part1)
 Idealization of the structure into loadbearing frames and elements for analysis and design
 analysis to determine the maximum moments, thrusts and shears for design
 Design of sections and reinforcement arrangements for slabs, beams, columns and walls
using the results from the analysis
 Check for serviceability limit state (deflection and cracking).
 Production of arrangement and detail drawings and bar schedules.
This process is further summarized in the design process chart, shown below:

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 Structural Element

Preliminary member sizing

Loading

Idealization

Analysis

Design

Not Check for serviceability limit

o.k state

o.k

Detailing

Figure 18 design process chart

The designs are generally done to limit state theory and the codes used or referred to, during the
design process include

 BS8110:1985: Structural Use of Concrete Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and
Construction

Elastic analysis of sections is also covered because this is used in calculations for deflections and
crack width in accordance with

 BS8110:1985: Structural Use of Concrete Part 2: Code of Practice for Special

Circumstances

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The loading on structures conforms to

 BS6399:1984: Design Loading for Building Part 1: Code of Practice for Dead and Imposed
Loads

 BS6399 part 2 :1984, CP3:1972: Chapter V: Loading Part 2: Wind Loads

The codes set out the design loads, load combinations and partial factors of safety, material
strengths, design procedures and sound construction practice. A thorough knowledge of the codes
was one of the essential requirements of my manual design training at HAM Associates Limited.

Design aids in the form of charts and tables were also helpful during the manual design experience.
These aids make exact design methods easier to apply, shorten design time and lessen the
possibility of making errors. Part 3 of BS8110 consists of design charts for beams and columns.

The things I learnt during my manual design experience include; General arrangement
drawing(GAD) preparation, introduction to the design of slabs( 1 way spanning solid slab, 2 way
spanning solid slabs, ribbed slab, waffle slab and flat slabs), introduction to the design of beams,
introduction to the design of columns (subjected to axial loading, uniaxial bending and biaxial
bending), introduction to the design of foundations( column base or pad foundation, raft
foundation, pile foundation and strip foundation). Each of the things learnt are further explained
below:

2.2.2.1 General arrangement drawing (GAD)

Following the preparation of the design data, a general arrangement drawing(GAD) (also known
as structural layout) of the whole structure is then prepared to show the principal arrangement and
sizes of beams, columns, slabs, walls, foundations and other members. Later this, or a similar
drawing, is utilized as a key to the working drawings. A convenient scale for most general
arrangement drawings used at HAM Associates Limited is I: 100, although larger scales may be
necessary for complex structures. Certain guidelines have to be followed during the skimming
process for the GAD (both single and multistorey structures), for easy understanding. All of this
were done by me during the manual design experience.

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2.2.2.2 Design of slabs
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs in buildings which normally carry uniformly
distributed loads. There are several types of slab, but at HAM Associates Limited, I was only
introduced to the design of 1 way spanning solid slab, 2 way spanning solid slabs, ribbed slab,
waffle slab and flat slabs. The design of all these slabs, were done, following the procedure
outlined in fig. 2(design process chart). The work sheet for these designs done, will be provided
during the defence. The slab types designed are further explained below:

 one way spanning solid slab

In the one way spanning solid slab design, I learnt that the main reinforcement spans in only one
direction (i.e. slab loads are transferred to the beams in two directions), which is usually along the
short span, while distribution reinforcement spans in a direction transverse to the main
reinforcement. The convention usually used to determine if the slab is one way spanning is “Ly/Lx
≥ 2” where Lx = length of short span and Ly = length of long span. Once the type of slab has been
determined, the design procedure shown in fig 2, is then followed. The slab may either be simply
supported or continuous and the thickness of slab usually used by HAM Associates limited is
150mm. 175mm and 200mm slabs are sometimes employed when a greater depth is required, but
in most cases, one way spanning solid slab are designed as ribbed slabs in HAM Associates limited,
when slab depth greater than 175mm is required, for economy reasons.

Figure 19 load transfer for a one way spanning slab

 Two way spanning solid slab

In the two way spanning solid slab design, I learnt that the main reinforcement spans in both
directions (i.e. slab loads are transferred to the beams in four directions). The convention usually
used to determine if the slab is one way spanning is “Ly/Lx ˂ 2” where Lx = length of short span.

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And Ly = length of long span Once the type of slab has been determined, the design procedure
shown in fig 2, is then followed. The thickness of slab usually used by HAM Associates limited is
150mm. 175mm and 200mm slabs are sometimes employed when a greater depth is required. Two
way spanning solid slabs are usually designed as one way spanning solid slabs, when it becomes
uneconomical to design it as two way spanning.

Figure 20 load transfer for a two way spanning slab

 ribbed slab design

Ribbed slabs are more economical than solid slabs for long spans with relatively light loads. They
may be constructed in a variety of ways as discussed in BS8110: Part 1, section 3.6. Two principal
methods of construction are: (I). ribbed slabs without permanent blocks (ii).ribbed slabs with
permanent hollow or solid blocks

Figure 21 section views of a ribbed slab without infill (top) and ribbed slab with infill block
(bottom)

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The topping or concrete floor panels between ribs may or may not be considered to contribute to
the strength of the slab. The hollow or solid blocks may also be counted in assessing the strength
using rules given in the code. For the ribbed slab, the procedures in fig 2 were also followed, but
during the design, it was of common practice to design the mid span section of the ribbed slab as
a T-beam, with flange width equal to the distance between the ribs. In some cases, the slab is made
solid near the support, to increase the shear resistance. The dimensions usually used for the ribbed
slab design by HAM Associates Limited for apartment buildings are; 50mm topping, 120mm ribs
and a 300 x 250 x 200mm clay pot infill (usually used in Lagos, in place of sandcrete or hurdy
hollow blocks).

 waffle slab design

Two-way spanning ribbed slabs are termed waffle slabs. The general provisions for construction
and design procedure are given in BS8110: Part 1, section 3.6. These conditions are set out in same
way above, dealing with one-way ribbed slabs. During my training period at HAM Associate
Limited, no waffle slab design was done, I was only introduced to its design process.

Figure 22 waffle slab pictures

 flat slabs

The flat slab is defined in BS8110: Part 1, clause 1.2.2.1, as a slab with or without drops, supported
generally without beams by columns with or without column heads. The code states that the slab

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may be solid or have recesses formed on the soffit to give a waffle slab. During my training period
at HAM Associate Limited, no waffle slab design was done, I was only introduced to its design
process.

Figure 23 pictures of different flat slab types

2.2.2.3 Design of beams

Beams are horizontal members which are subjected to both moments and lateral (shear) forces
from slab, and in turn transfer these forces or loads to the columns. The three common types of
reinforced concrete beam section are; (I).rectangular section with tension steel only (this generally
occurs as a beam section in a slab), (ii).rectangular section with tension and compression steel
(iii).flanged sections of either T or L shape with tension steel and with or without compression
steel. The beams can also be simply supported or continuous spanning, depending on the type of
structure. Three basic methods are used to transfer loads from two way spanning slabs to beams,
they are; (I) the Trapezoidal load method, (ii) Triangular load method and (iii) Alternative

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distribution of loads from two-way slabs to beams provided in BS8110: Part 1, Fig. 3.10. Method
(iii) is mostly used at HAM Associates Limited. Minimum beam depth of 450mm and width of
225mm due to block size of 225mm (9’’), and a Minimum beam depth of 450mm and width of
150mm due to block size of 150mm (6’’), with a minimum reinforcement of 16mm diameter are
used during the beam design. Checks for shear and deflection are also done after which links or
stirrups are then provided for the shear.

I. singly reinforced (b) doubly reinforced section

(c) T and L flanged sections

Figure 24 (a) different types of beam sections

2.2.2.4 Column design

Columns are structural members in buildings carrying roof and floor loads to the foundations.
Columns primarily carry axial loads, but most columns are subjected to moment (biaxially and
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uniaxially loaded columns) as well as axial load. General requirements for design of columns are
treated in BS8110: Part 1, section 3.8.1. The provisions apply to columns where the greater cross-
sectional dimension does not exceed four times the smaller dimension. Most columns are termed
short columns and fail when the material reaches its ultimate capacity under the applied loads and
moments. Slender columns buckle and the additional moments caused by deflection must be taken
into account in design. The code classifies columns first as (I).short columns when the ratios lex/h
and ley/b are both less than 15 for braced columns and less than 10 for unbraced columns and
(ii).slender columns when the ratios are larger than the values given in (I) above. The minimum
column section used at HAM Associates Limited for column design is usually 225mm x 225mm,
which corresponds to a typical (9”) block wall thickness. Only short columns subjected to axial
load, uniaxial bending and biaxial bending, were done by me during the course of my industrial
training.

Figure 25 column elevation for multiple stories

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 Figure 26 elevation and section of a column

2.2.2.5 Foundation design

Foundations transfer loads from the building or individual columns to the earth. Foundations are
grouped into two basic types, which are the shallow and deep foundations. The shallow foundation
types are; (I) strip foundation, (ii) strap foundation, (iii) (isolated and combined) pad foundation,
and (IV) raft foundation. The deep foundation types on the other hand are; (I) pile foundation, (ii)
pier foundation, and (iii) caissons foundation.

The type of foundation to be used depends on a number of factors such as; (I).the soil properties
and conditions (ii).the type of structure and loading (iii).the permissible amount of differential
settlement. The choice is usually made from experience but comparative designs are often
necessary to determine the most economical type to be used. The size of a foundation bearing
directly on the ground depends on the safe bearing pressure of the soil, which is taken to mean the
bearing pressure that can be imposed without causing excessive settlement. Values for various soil
types and conditions are given in BS8004: Code of practice for foundations. In general, site load
tests and laboratory tests on soil samples should be carried out as shown in the geotechnical aspect
of my training above to determine soil properties for foundation design. During my industrial
training at HAM Associates Limited, only the design of pad foundations, strip foundations, raft
foundation and pad foundations were covered, and will be explained further below:

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  isolated Pad foundation

Isolated pad foundations or bases are square or rectangular slabs provided under individual
columns. They spread the concentrated column load safely to the ground and may be concentrically
(axially) or eccentrically loaded. Assuming there is linear distribution, the bearing pressure across
an isolated pad base will take one of the three forms shown in fig below, depending on the
eccentricity (e), the relative magnitude of the axial load (N), and also moment (M) acting on the
base.

Figure 27 bearing pressures across an isolated footing, for different cases

The steps involved in the design of the isolated pad base are; (I) the plan size (base area) of the
footing is first calculated, using the permissible bearing pressure and the service load. (ii) then the
bearing pressure associated with the critical load arrangement at ultimate limit state is then

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calculated (iii) a suitable value for the thickness(h) and effective depth(d) is then assumed, after
which a check is done to see if the shear stress of the column face is less than 5N/mm2 or 0.8√fcu.
(iv) the thickness is then checked for punching shear, using a probable value for the ultimate shear
stress vc from table 3.8 in bs8110, according to clause 3.7.7.6 of the code (v) the moment and
reinforcement required to resist bending are then determined. (vi) A final check is then done for
punching shear, when vc has been established precisely and (vii) the check for shear stress at critical
sections is then done.

Some of the basic requirements for the design and detailing of an isolated pad foundation used by
HAM Associates Limited are; (I) the minimum grade of concrete used is 35. (ii) The minimum
cover should be 75 mm if the concrete is cast directly against the earth or 40 mm if cast against
adequate blinding, according to Clause 3.3.1.4 of the code, etc. The figure below shows the typical
arrangement of reinforcement in a pad foundation

 Combined pad foundation

Where two columns are close together and separate footings would overlap, a combined base can
be used. The base is usually arranged so that its centreline coincides with the centre of gravity of
the loads so as to give a uniform pressure on the soil and help prevent differential settlement. The
proportion of the footing depends on many factors. If it is too long, there would be large
longitudinal moments extending from the face beyond the column, whereas a short base will have
a larger span moment between the columns and greater width will cause large transverse moments.
Also the thickness of the footing must be such that the shear stresses are not excessive. The design
process is similar to that in the isolated footing, but the difference is in the analysis and detailing,

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where reinforcement is provided at the top of the base, due to the span moment between the
columns. The shape of the footing may be rectangular or trapezoidal, as shown in the figure below;

 Raft foundation

A raft foundation transmits load to the ground by means of a reinforced concrete slab that is
continuous over the base of the structure. The raft is able to span over areas of weaker soil and it
spreads the load over a wide area. There are basically three types of raft foundations, they are: (I)
a flat slab of uniform thickness, supporting columns (with pedestals being provided, when
punching shear is high), (ii) raft foundation having uniform slab, with strengthening downstand
beam, (iii) raft foundation having uniform slab, with strengthening upstand beam (this type usually
causes interruptions on the clear floor above the slab and so to overcome this a second slab is
sometimes cast at the top of the beams, forming a cellular raft). Raft foundations which are below
the water level of the water table, are usually checked to ensure that they are able to resist the uplift
forces due to the hydrostatic pressures

Figure 28 different types of raft foundation placement

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Of all the raft types, only the design process of a raft foundation having uniform slab, with
strengthening downstand beam was introduced to me during my industrial training at HAM
associates limited. This type of raft foundation was designed as an inverted beam and slab floor,
with the slab designed to span in two direction where they were supporting beams on all four sides.

 Pile foundations

Pile foundations are used where the soil conditions are poor and it is uneconomical or not possible
to provide adequate spread foundations. Piles can be classified according to the type of material
forming the piles, the mode of load transfer, the degree of ground displacement during pile
installation and the method of installation. The classification of piles according to BS 8004: 1986
is shown below;

(a) Large-displacement piles (driven piles), which include all solid piles, including precast
concrete piles, and steel or concrete tubes closed at the lower end by a driving shoe or a plug, i.e.
cast-in-place piles.

(b) Small-displacement piles (driven piles), which include rolled steel sections such as H-piles
and open-ended tubular piles. However, these piles will effectively become large displacement
piles if a soil plug forms.

(c) Replacement piles (bored piles), which are formed by machine boring, grabbing or hand-
digging. The excavation may need to be supported by bentonite slurry, or lined with a casing that
is either left in place or extracted during concreting for re-use.

(d) Special piles, which are particular pile types or variants of existing pile types introduced from
time to time to improve efficiency or overcome problems related to special ground conditions.

The design of pile foundation involves the following steps;

(I) Calculating the ultimate and then safe carrying capacity of pile of a given material, for a
given soil data using the theoretical methods or obtaining the above – mentioned capacity
from field tests mentioned above.
(II) Arriving at the number of piles required for a given loading from the structure by
considering the group effect on piles.

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 (III) Designing the pile cap, which is usually considered as rigid member in a pile
group.

After learning detailing for about two months, and the design process for the structural elements
mentioned above, I was then given a special project to design a two storey bank plan of GAD
shown in fig – and fig --- below. The design was based on all has been mentioned, but only two
out of the three foundation types explained in previous pages were used for this design and they
are; pad foundation and raft foundation. The calculation sheet used during this process will be
provided during the defence.

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Figure 29 GAD for manual design done

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2.2.3 CAD design and detailing of various structural elements
After the official completion of the six months industrial training and haven done a series of
manual designs, detailing and site supervision, I still remained at HAM Associates limited, and as
a result I spent an extra one month learning the use of some basic computer softwares (CAD
softwares), for the design and detailing of structural elements. The softwares used include;

I. Autodesk AutoCAD
II. CADS RC (REBAR CAD) for structural detailing and’’
III. CSC Orion for both structural design and detailing

The reinforcement provisions obtained from Orion are usually transferred to Autodesk AutoCAD
or CADS RC software for better editing f the detailed drawings.

During this period, a design and detail of a 3 storey apartment building, with GAD shown in fig--
- was done with CSC Orion. Also, detailing of the manual design of the 2 storey bank done during
the six months industrial training was also done with the CADS RC software. Printed copies of
the designs and details will be provided during the defence.

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Figure 30 GAD for CAD software design done

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2.2.4 Site supervision of some construction projects
The site supervision is basically done by the consultant to ensure that the contractors do the right
thing (not cutting corners), as regards the construction project. The consultant is usually expected
to ensure the following, before and during the course of the construction project;

I. The consultant is to ensure that the quality of materials used for the construction, is of the
standard used for the design, by ensuring that adequate tests are done, most especially cube
tests (for concrete) and tensile tests (for the steel reinforcements).
II. The consultant is to ensure that proper grouting is done for the concrete, during casting, by
insisting the use of a poker vibrator.
III. The consultant is expected to take measurements for the cover (appropriate concrete biscuit
thickness should be used), diameter of reinforcement, the kicker, the lap lengths, spacer
bars (horse bars), ancourage lengths, the curtailment, the spacing and position of the
reinforcements, to ensure that they correlate with the dimensions provided in the detail
drawings.
IV. Once all the necessary checks have been done by the consultant, he/she is then expected to
issue an approval for casting at each stage of the project.

The site supervision jobs done during the course of my industrial training are shown below, they
are;

2.2.4.1 The supervision of a boys quarter reinforcement placement from raft foundation to
roofing at Banana Island
The supervision here was done according to the work schedule of the project and also according
to the rate at which the contractors carried out their jobs. This project was at its initial stages, when
I started my industrial training at HAM Associates Limited. The progress of the supervision is
explained below, according to the week visited;

 First visit to site( week 4 )

My visit this week was for the first time, and the construction was still at the raft foundation level.
During the supervision, things checked were the reinforcement placement for the ground beams,
column starter bars and for the raft slab at one end of the foundation, for all the properties listed in

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(iii) above. An approval was then given for casting, after instructions had been given and
corrections done. The pictures taken during the supervision are shown below;

Checking the placement of reinforcement for a raft

beam on a site at Banana Island

The picture to the left shows my senior colleague checking the reinforcement placement for a
raft beam, to see if it correlates with the drawings, while that to the left shows him giving
instructions to the site engineer about some corrections to be made

Figure 31 raft foundation beam reinforcement placement

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 Two way spanning Shows reinforcement
panel reinforcement for one way spanning
placement panel

Column Starter
Ground bars
beams

Reinforcement placement for the raft slab of the raft foundation. The picture also shows the
column starter bars and already cast ground beam

Figure 32 raft foundation slab reinforcement placement

 Second visit to site ( week 7)

This time, the supervision done was the checking of the reinforcement placement for the properties
listed in (iii) above for the remaining raft slab, as the ground beams had already been cast. The
picture for this supervision is shown below;

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 This picture shows the reinforcements being placed in position for a raft
foundation slab, during supervision at Banana Island

Figure 33 raft foundation slab reinforcement placement 2

 final visit to site (week 13)

This time, the supervision done was the checking of the reinforcement placement for the parapet
and roof beams, for the properties listed in (iii) above. Approval was also issued for casting, when
corrections had been made, due to the instructions given. The pictures for this final supervision
are shown below;

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 Wooden formwork
for Roof beams
Parapet wall

Acrow props

This picture to the left shows my colleague taking measurement of the spacing
of the reinforcement for the parapet wall, to see of it tallies with the spacing in
the drawing while that to the left shows the formwork for roof beams, parapet
walls ( with reinforcements in them), which are supported with acrow props
Figure 34 parapet reinforcement placement and roof beam reinforcement placement

2.2.4.2 The supervision of a swimming pool reinforcing from excavation to final casting at
Banana Island Lagos
This project was on the same site as the boys quarter’s project explained above. The entire
construction project was 3-storey apartment building, with a boys quarters and a swimming pool.
The progress of supervision is explained below, according to the week visited;

 First visit to site ( week 4)

The supervision done during this week was the checking of the progress of the excavation and
slope determination of the pool, with a level. The picture for this week is shown below;

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 Shows workers carrying out excavation for a swimming pool construction at
Banana Island

Figure 35 swimming pool excavation

 Second visit to site ( week 7)

The supervision done was the checking of the reinforcement placement for the swimming pool,
for the properties listed in (iii) above. After the supervision, some instructions were given and the
approval for casting was issued to them after the corrections had been made. The pictures for this
week are shown below;

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 This picture shows the reinforcement placement for the swimming pool
earlier excavated

Figure 36 reinforcement placement for swimming pool

This picture shows my boss/supervisor taking measurement of the

spacing of the reinforcement to confirm if it correlates with the
drawings, before issuing approval for casting

Figure 37 taking measurement for the swimming pool reinforcement

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  Final visit to site (week 13)

By the time the site was visited this week, the swimming pool had already been cast and was done
to specification, the picture is shown below;

This picture shows the already cast swimming pool, which was first
excavated and later reinforced in previous pictures shown, at Banana island
Lagos Figure 38 the already cast swimming pool

2.2.4.3 The supervision of the roof slab reinforcement placement for a four storey apartment
building at Parkview Estate, Ikoyi, Lagos
This project had already got to roof slab level as at the time of my Industrial training at HAM
Associates limited and so this site was only visited once, which was week 9. The supervision work
done was the checking of the reinforcement placement of the roof beams and slabs, for the
properties listed in (iii) above. The approval for casting was then issued when corrections had
been made to the reinforcement placement. The pictures for this project are shown below;

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 The picture to the left shows my colleague checking the spacing of the placed
reinforcement of the roof slab of building to the left, to see if it correlates with the
drawings while the picture to the right shows the front elevation of the four storey
apartment building at Parkview estate

Figure 39 slab reinforcement placement (left) elevation of four storey apartment building (right)

Fig 7: This picture shows a 900mm beam reinforcement supporting a 3m

span cantilever slab reinforcement for the four storey apartment building
at Parkview estate

Figure 40 reinforcement placement for a cantilever beam and slab

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2.2.4.4 The supervision of a pad foundation reinforcement placement from blinding till
casting of the ground floor columns for a proposed 5 storey apartment building at G.R.A
Ikeja, Lagos
Here the supervision job was only done on weekends, because the job belonged to a different
consulting firm (LANS consults), and I took part in it from week 17 to week 21. I decided to
accompany my cousin who was in charge of supervision of the project to the site, because I wanted
to see how a pad foundation supervision and construction was carried out. The steps involved, in
the order they were carried out are shown below;

I. the excavation of the entire plot to the depth of high bearing pressure was first done
II. marking out for both the rectangular isolated and combined footings for the building was
then done
III. 50mm blinding was then done for both the rectangular isolated and combined footings
IV. The reinforcement placement for the footings, column starter bars and tie beams was then
done, after which appropriate checks were then done by the supervisors, according to the
drawings provided.
V. Form work was then placed for each of the elements
VI. The casting of the isolated and combined footings to kicker level, as well as the tie beams
was done next
VII. Finally the columns were then cast, after the footings had cured for 7 days.

The pictures for the entire process is shown below;

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 This picture shows excavation and a 50mm blinding being carried out at G.R.A
Ikeja for the isolated and combined pad foundation footing of a proposed 5 storey
apartment building
Figure 41 blinding being carried out for a pad foundation

This picture shows the setting up of the reinforcement for the column base of the
pad foundation footing at G.R.A ikeja

Figure 42 reinforcement placement for the pad foundation

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 Column
starter bars
Tie
beams

This picture shows the already cast column base of the pad foundation
with tie beams and column starter bars on the site at G.R.A, Ikeja

Figure 43 cast pad foundation with column starter bars and tie beams

This picture shows formwork being set up, as well as casting of

the ground floor columns for the proposed 5 storey residential
building at G.R.A Ikeja

Figure 44 form work and column casting

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2.2.4.5 The supervision of a renovation work at 411 restaurant and bar, Adeola Hopewell,
Victoria Island Lagos
The renovation work was started from week 20 and lasted till the end of my industrial training, but
I only carried out supervision on this site, four times, which were Monday of week 20, Tuesday
and Thursday of week 22 and Thursday of week 23, as shown in the logbook. The supervision
work done during this period were

I. Taking records of the materials for the renovation work, as they were brought to the site
II. The breaking of the existing slab edges, where new slabs are to span from
III. Placing of the formwork and reinforcement for the new slab, which were checked with the
drawings provided
IV. Placing of the reinforcement for a high bond deck slab, as well as its casting.

The pictures taken during this supervision period are shown below;

The picture to the left shows the already cast one way spanning slab used to cover the void on
the existing slab, while that to the right shows a worker breaking the edges of an existing slab
to reveal the beam for a new slab to be placed across from it

Figure 45 already cast slab and breaking of slab edge

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The picture to the left shows a carpenter placing the form work for a new slab to span from
an existing beam to an existing wall, while that to the right shows the chiseling of the second
edge of the wall so the slab can sit well on the beam

Figure 46 slab form work placement (left) and chiseling of existing slab edge

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The pictures to the left and right show an iron bender placing the reinforcements for the slab
spanning from an existing wall. The reinforcements were T12@250mm c/c and T12@100mm
c/c spacing at the little cantilever edge

Figure 47 reinforcement placement for a one way spanning slab

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The picture to the left shows the steel folded plate and top reinforcement used to
cover and existing stair void, while that to the right shows the casting of the slab,
in order to form a high bond deck slab

Figure 48 high bond deck slab

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I.2 CONSTRUCTION PROJECT MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE
Construction project management is the act of planning, organizing and overseeing the various
tasks involved in a construction project. Any building, whether it is a skyscraper or a new building
estate, a factory or even just a small project needs someone to ensure that from start to finish it is
completed within a particular time frame and to budget hence the need for a construction project
manager. A Construction Project Manager has the ultimate responsibility for all aspects of the
build. Typically, they will work closely with Architects and engineers on a project.

2.2.1 Responsibilities of a Construction Manager

The construction manager will have many responsibilities and these include the following:

Planning - From the outset, it is the responsibility of the Construction PM to plan the build process,
this means producing a critical path and understanding the timing of each stage. Following each
phase of the project is essential to ensuring that the project is completed on time.

Resource Allocation - Any building project will need resources from bricks and mortar to tools
and basic amenities. It is the responsibility of the Project Manager to have an understanding of
what these are and ensure they are available.

Staff Management - The Project Manager will be responsible for recruiting a team and allocating
tasks to relevant managers. It may mean identifying suitable contractors who can complete the
work. The important thing for the Construction Project Manager is understanding at which stage
of the process each trade will need to be recruited.

Setting Benchmarks - An integral aspect of the ongoing monitoring of a project is setting

benchmarks to monitor progress, this allows the project manager to identify whether or not the
project is on target to finish on time and within budget.

Budget Management – The Project Manager is responsible for the financial planning and
monitoring of the project. To avoid going over budget a PM should consider continually
forecasting, keeping the team informed of forecasts and changes and managing the scope

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meticulously, so knowing the costs for unplanned construction work or resources and keeping that
set-aside.

At HAM Associates Limited, the project being managed during the period of my industrial training
was a 6-storey apartment building, which was already at the finishes stage of its construction. My
boss/ supervisor prints out the schedule for each week, which is taken to the site for supervision.
Checks are then done on the building, with the respective engineers present, for the activities on
the schedule and any activity completed is usually indicated on the schedule. A meeting is then
held at the end of the supervision, with the respective engineers to discuss the challenges faced
during the construction process and requirements for the next phase of the project. At the end of
the month, a general meeting is usually held with the respective engineers, architect and in some
cases, the client is present, to address and resolve the challenges, requirements, complaints,
progress of the work, etc., as discussed during the previous weeks. During this period, the minutes
of the meeting is usually taken down, which would also be read during the next meeting. Also,
during the supervision period, some pictures were taken and they are shown below;

A crane
Tile cutter

The picture to the left shows the front elevation of a six storey apartment
building at lekki free zone undergoing finishes installation, while that to the right
shows sand to be used for screeding during tiling
Figure 49 elevation of a six storey apartment building (left) and tiling being carried out

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The picture to the left shows the cupboards used for all rooms, under construction,
while the picture to the right shows workers setting up the frame work for the pop
(plaster of Paris) of the living room, during pop installation

Figure 50 cupboard installation (left) and pop installation (right)

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The picture to the left shows tile screeding being levelled, before the
tiles are placed on it, while the picture to the right shows the setting
up of the lift frame in the lift shaft of the 6 storey apartment building
at Lekki free zone

Figure 51 tile screeding (left) and lift frame installation (right)

This picture shows workers applying pop (plaster of Paris) to the

already completed frame and board for the room of the fifth floor of
the 6 storey apartment building at Lekki free zone

Figure 52 pop application

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 This picture to the left shows the completed tiling and window fixing
while that to the left shows the complete fixing of doors tiles for the
lobby area of the model flat in the 6 storey apartment building at lekki
free zone

Figure 53 completed tiling, window fixing and door fixing

This picture shows the kitchen cabinet as well as the kitchen sink used in
the model flat at lekki free zone

Figure 54 completed model kitchen cabinet

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 The picture to the left shows a completed cupboard for the rooms, while
that to the right shows the toilet and shower room placed in the model flat
of the 6 storey apartment building at lekki free zone

Figure 55 completed cupboard, w/c and bath

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This pictures show my senior colleague inspecting the main entrance door and the lift doors
installed in the apartment building at Lekki free zone

Figure 56 inspection of external door and lift door installation

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 CHAPTER 3

3.1 APPARATUS/EQUIPMENT USED AND

CHALLENGES/SOLUTION

3.1.1 Apparatus/Equipment Used:

The apparatus/equipment used by me during the course of my training are the ones used to carry out the
laboratory tests, discussed in chapter 2, while the other equipment shown in the pictures above were seen,
during supervision. The apparatus used are:

 Consolidometer or Oedometer (Bishop type); this was used to carry out a one dimensional
consolidation test

This picture shows some odometer apparatus at the Unilag soil mechanics
laboratory which is used in carrying out one dimensional consolidation test on

Figure 57 Some Oedometer apparatus

 The Hydrometer bulb, measuring cylinder; this was used to carry out hydrometer
analysis test. The picture taken during this test is shown in chapter 2 above

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 The small pyknometer, sensitive balance ; this were used to determine the specific
gravity of a soil sample

Figure 58 specific gravity (small pyknometer mtd) test apparatus

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 Traixial testing apparatus; this was used to determine the undrained shear strength of
the specimen tested in undrained compression

Figure 59 Traixial testing apparatus

 Atterberg's limit test apparatus; this set of apparatus, was used to determine the
consistency limits of clay soil sample. The picture taken during this test is shown in
chapter 2 above

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3.1.2 challenges/solution:
 Some contractors not providing me with adequate safety wears, during some of my site
supervisions, and thus, risking my life in the process of carrying out these supervisions

Solution: I had to buy some of these safety wears, like safety boots and hard hats

 Though weather conditions; this was majorly due to heavy rainfall, as most jobs during the
pile foundation construction, had to be suspended, which lead to longer supervision time
for me. Also for me personally, standing in the sun for hours, was a bit stressful initially,
but I got used to it, over time.

Solution: the contractor had to do extra piles the next day, whenever the work was suspended due
to heavy rainfall

 Communication challenge; this was a big problem for me, due to the fact that my industrial
training was done in Lagos state, and most times the workers and my supervisor prefer to
discuss things pertaining to the job, in their native dialect ( Yoruba).As a result of this, I
do not get to learn most times from their conversations

Solution: most times I plead with them to repeat what had been discussed in English, and as a
result of doing this I began to pick up a little of the language pertaining to construction

 Shortage of knowledge in some portion of the work; this was very challenging for me,
especially for the first two months, especially in the aspects of understanding engineering
drawings, and some analysis. This affected me greatly, during site supervisions, but after
being exposed to a lot of manual detailing, the work became less stressful and easier, as
time went by.
 Transportation to office and site; this was particularly challenging for me, because of the
traffic situation in Lagos, and this in some cases, could cause delays or nt getting t site on
time.

Solution: the key to beating traffic in Lagos is to leave very early to wherever you are going, and
this proved to work very effectively.

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 CHAPTER 4

4.1 CONCLUSION
The six months industrial work experience scheme, acquired at Geo-vision Nigeria Limited (3
weeks) and HAM Associates Limited (21 weeks), has made me generate a lot more interest in my
course of study. The experience exposed me practically and theoretically to the scope of civil
engineering, and how they work together, to the success of a project.

I was fortunate enough to have personal guidance from experienced professionals (COREN
registered), who took out time to introduce me to the rudiments and complexity of soil
tests/exploration, foundation construction, design of structural elements and detailing of structural
elements. During the training period, I also learnt the way of work in an organization, the benefits
of being punctual, the importance of maximum commitment and the importance of team spirit.
Above all, the experience has shown me that Engineers are faced with lots of challenges, and the
ability to overcome or solve this challenges, is what makes one stand out.

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 REFERENCES
 Code of practice for Foundations BS 8004:1986
 Code of practice for Methods of test for Soils for civil engineering purposes, BS 1377 part
1-9 :1990
 Code of practice for site investigations BS 5930:1990
 Geotechnical engineering by c .venkatramaiah revised third edition, 2006
 Reinforced concrete design by W.H. Mosley and J.H. Bungey Department of civil
engineering, University of Liverpool, Third edition 1987
 Craig’s soil mechanics, by R.F. Craig, seventh edition, 2004.
 Elements of soil mechanics by G.N. Smith and Ian seventh edition 1995
 Reinforced Concrete Design Theory and Examples Second edition T.J.MACGINLEY
Formerly of Nanyang Technological Institute, Singapore B.S.CHOO Nottingham
University, UK
 Reinforced concrete design by ENGR. DR. Victor O. Oyenuga, second edition, 2001

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APPENDIX

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APPENDIX A
Geotechnical report

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APPENDIX B
Construction site information boards

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APPENDIX C
Some site supervision drawings

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