Rizal Technological University: College of Engineering and Industrial Technology Boni Ave. Mandaluyong City

RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

Boni Ave. Mandaluyong City
TREADMILL POWER GENERATOR AND BATTERY CHARGER WITH SMART

VOLTAGE SENSOR
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Electrical

Engineering College of Engineering, Architecture and Technology
Rizal Technological University
Mandaluyong City
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
By:
Asistores, Jenalyn L.
Busilan, Crizel Mae F.
Cabanes, Christine Joy P.
Calang Hazyle Mae V.
De Jesus, Ronan L.
Rivada, Yugine
Zaragoza, Dominic L.
December 2021
2nd Semester S.Y. 2020-2021
APPROVAL SHEET
A proposed project study entitled “TREADMILL POWER GENERATOR

AND BATTERY CHARGER”, prepared and submitted Dominic L. Zaragoza, has
been examined and is hereby recommended for oral examination.
ENGR. ARMANDO P. MATIAS
Adviser
________________________________________________________________
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Approved by the Oral Examination Committee with a grade of ______
on_____
_______________
Chairman
____________ _____________
Member Member
Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering
_____________ Engr. Corleto R. Bravo

Date Dean, CEAT
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The exertion of this thesis represents the concerted efforts of the

individuals:
Foremost, the researcher would like to express his sincere gratitude to

Engr. Armando P. Matias, for the patience and continuous support of this study,
His guidance helped the researcher in writing of this thesis.
The researcher would also like to thank his Parents, for giving us motivation
to keep learning, pushing, and providing us with the resources we require,
particularly in terms of financial resources, to complete this thesis.
Gratitude to Classmates and Friends, who also helped by sharing their

ideas and references.
Last but not the least, the researcher would like to thank God for the
inspiration, motivation, strength, and knowledge to do this project study.
-The Proponents
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................... ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. iv
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... vi
CHAPTER
1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ........................................ 1
Introduction ............................................................................................... 1
Conceptual Framework ............................................................................. 5
Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 6
Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 6
Scope and Delimitation of the Study ......................................................... 7
Significance of the study ........................................................................... 7
Definition of Terms.................................................................................... 8
2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................. 12
2.1 Conceptual Literature........................................................................ 10
2.1.1 Rollers ........................................................................................... 15
2.1.2 Bearings ........................................................................................ 16
2.1.3 Belt ............................................................................................... 18
2.1.4 Gear .............................................................................................. 20

2.1.5 DC motor ....................................................................................... 20
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2.1.6 Bridge Rectifier .............................................................................. 21

2.1.7 Battery ........................................................................................... 22
2.1.8 Pulley ............................................................................................. 23
2.1.9 MPPT............................................................................................. 24
2.1.10 Bluetooth Module ......................................................................... 25
2.1.11 DC Motor Parts ............................................................................ 27
2.1.12 DC motor applications .................................................................. 30
2.1.13 Features of DC generators ........................................................... 31
2.1.14 Alternating current and Direct current .......................................... 33
2.1.15 Different kind of waveforms ......................................................... 34
2.2 Research Literature .......................................................................... 37
3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 43
Research Method ................................................................................... 43
Research Design ................................................................................... 43
Project Design ....................................................................................... 44
Materials and Specification of the Project Study ..................................... 48
Project costing ....................................................................................... 53
Block diagram ......................................................................................... 55

Procedures ............................................................................................. 56
Schematic Diagram ................................................................................ 56
Operation ................................................................................................ 59
Gant Chart .............................................................................................. 61
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Generator Power Output ........................................................................ 32
2 Project Costing ....................................................................................... 54
3 October timeline .................................................................................... 61
4 November timeline ................................................................................. 61
5 December timeline ................................................................................. 61
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................ 5
2 First Treadmill ........................................................................................ 10
3 Roller ..................................................................................................... 15
4 Bearing ................................................................................................... 17
5 Belt ........................................................................................................ 19
6 DC motor ................................................................................................ 21
7 Bridge Rectifier ....................................................................................... 22
8 Battery .................................................................................................... 23
9 Pulley ...................................................................................................... 24
10 MPPT ..................................................................................................... 24
11 Bluetooth module .................................................................................... 26
12 DC Motor Parts ....................................................................................... 27
13 Sine Wave .............................................................................................. 34
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14 Square Wave .......................................................................................... 35
15 Triangle Wave ........................................................................................ 35
16 Isometric View ........................................................................................ 44
17 Top View with open wiring connection .................................................... 45
18 Side view ................................................................................................ 45
19 Prototype Dimension .............................................................................. 46
20 Prototype labeled parts ........................................................................... 47
21 Prototype internal labeled parts .............................................................. 47
22 Running Deck ......................................................................................... 48
23 GI pipe .................................................................................................... 48
24 Treadmill motor pulley ............................................................................ 49
25 Battery(12V) ........................................................................................... 49
26 Power Inverter ........................................................................................ 50
27 Aircon Belt .............................................................................................. 50
28 6301 Ball bearing .................................................................................... 51
29 MPPT Solar charge controller ................................................................. 51
30 Battery monitor (Bluetooth module) ........................................................ 52
31 Stranded wire ......................................................................................... 52
32 Block diagram ......................................................................................... 55
33 Schematic diagram ................................................................................. 56
34 Frame construction ................................................................................. 58
35 Frame cutting .......................................................................................... 58
36 Prototype Finishing ................................................................................. 59

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Technological advancements in energy have the potential to alter the
competitive position of the different energy resources radically. It can reduce
environmental damages caused by energy use and lower the energy supply, mainly
energy services. Fossils fuels have been the primary energy source for generating
power over the past century. These fuels, which can be found in the Earth's crust
and contains hydrocarbon materials, can be burned to create energy. It includes coil,
oil, and natural gas. When fossil fuels are burnt, carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases are produced, trapping heat in our atmosphere and making fossil
fuels the primary driver of global warming and climate change. Producing clean
energy is one of the crucial stages in reducing pollution across the world and the
possibility of optimizing institutional resources by reducing the depletion of diverse
resources to create the energy that humans require in many directions.
It is challenging to live a healthy lifestyle in today's polluted environment.
Regular physical activity can aid in the management of a variety of health problems.
Treadmills are one of the most common forms of home exercise equipment. It offers
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a simple and effective aerobic exercise. Treadmills are an excellent place to start a
new workout routine. Treadmill exercise is becoming increasingly popular and widely
used for a variety of reasons. For example, using a treadmill to practice fitness,
developing a rehabilitation robot based on a treadmill, rehabilitation medical
engineering, and simulating astronaut training using a treadmill as the carrier.
Furthermore, treadmills have been utilized for energy production in addition to
exercise. As a result of the rising need for power, a lot of effort has gone into finding
a new way to generate electricity.
Most families had products that relied on human energy 150 years ago, such
as the bicycle pedal-powered lathe or sewing machine. However, as
electromechanical motors improved, human-powered items became less common.
Human power is now undervalued in its potential as an alternative energy source to
meet our expanding energy demands. Is it conceivable, as we look for more
renewable energy sources, to forsake traditional electricity for some jobs and return
to human power? It is a challenge because more and more things are becoming
digital and even internet-connected. Humans, on the other hand, emit energy that
may be easily captured from our daily activities. At rest, the average human
generates roughly 100 watts of power. Humans can safely sustain 300-400 watts for
a few minutes, and in the case of concise bursts of energy, such as running, some
humans can output over 2,000 watts. Most of this energy is used for essential tasks
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like pumping your heart and contracting your muscles, but a significant portion of it
is wasted as heat. Nearly all this wasted energy may be recovered and converted to
power. Furthermore, this method could be used to supplement or entirely replace
the use of batteries.
The Treadmill, one of the most common exercise machines, currently
consumes a significant amount of power, most of which is dissipated as heat. Using
a Treadmill as a source of energy, instead of charging batteries out of a convenience
outlet, the power from a treadmill generator is free. As Mr. Ruben Mejia, chief
technology officer of SportsArt said that "Consider the Treadmill as a hamster wheel,
with you as the hamster and the Treadmill as the wheel. We have a generator inside
that starts creating power as soon as you start turning that wheel."
A Permanent DC Motor, battery, inverter, Bluetooth battery monitor, and
MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) was used to build the Treadmill. A
permanent dc motors are ideal for applications that demand easy variable speed
control and reliable construction; A battery is used, specifically lead acid battery
which is the most common type of rechargeable battery. In comparison to other
battery types, they also have a long lifespan and inexpensive costs; An inverter
which converts DC voltage to AC voltage; Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
is a term that refers to a technique for tracking the power of a MPPT is a method for
monitoring and controlling the flow of energy from the solar panels to the batteries;
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Bluetooth Battery Monitor allows customers to monitor the battery state of their
vehicle in real time using a compatible smartphone or tablet.
Additional components are added to calculate the generated electricity to
store the produced energy. In certain situations, an interfacing mechanism is needed
for successful mechanical energy transfer to the energy-harvesting system,
depending on the mechanical-to-electrical energy transducer (electrical generator)
used. For example, such interfacing mechanisms can be used to intensify force or
motion, change the input force or motion frequency, transform a shock loading
impulse to oscillatory or vibratory motion, and so on. A DC motor is any rotary
electrical motor that converts direct current electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Magnetic fields are used to generate forces in the most prominent ways. Almost all
DC motors include an internal device, either electromechanical or electronic, that
periodically switches the direction of current in a portion of the motor. Since existing
direct-current lighting power delivery systems could operate them, DC motors
became the first type of motor to become widely adopted. By altering the supply
voltage or adjusting the current intensity in the field windings, the speed of a DC
motor may be varied across a large range.
This study aims to create a power generator and battery charger with the use
of a Treadmill. The project can charge automotive batteries and electric bicycles; it
can also generate power to some appliances using an inverter to convert DC into
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AC (Alternating Current). It will benefit the user by doing a cardio workout. It can
help reduce the risk for heart disease and other chronic diseases, improve sleep,
boost your mood, improve brain function, and at the same time, it can produce
electricity.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
-PLANNING
-DC MOTOR
-BATTERY -DATA GATHERING
-PULLEY -PROTOTYPE DESIGNING TREADMILL POWER
-INVERTER -CANVASSING MATERIALS GENERATOR AND
-MPPT -PROTOTYPE CONSTRUCTION BATTERY CHARGER WITH
-PROTOTYPE TESTING SMART VOLTAGE
SENSOR
-BLEUTOOTH MODULE
-DOCUMENTATION
.
-FINALIZATION
FIGURE.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
As shown in Figure 1, The Conceptual Frameworks shows the Input,
Process and Output that the researchers concluded to accomplish and carry out
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the study where in;
INPUT- is the materials that are used for the construction of the project.
PROCESS- are the overall procedure that the researchers have been done to
analyze the data for the project.
OUTPUT- is the final result of the project study which is the “TREADMILL POWER
GENERATOR AND BATTERY CHARGER WITH SMART VOLTAGE SENSOR”
Statement of the Problem:
This research aims to develop a prototype that can be used as an alternate
energy source by the use of treadmill to generate power and charge batteries. It also
seeks to answer the following:
1. How is the mechanical energy converted into electrical energy using
this machine?
2. What are the factors that determine the amount of electrical energy
produced?
3. What are the advantages of using the machine in terms of demand of
electricity and the benefits of exercising?
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Objective of the Study
The objectives of this project entitled Treadmill Power Generator and Battery
Charger are the following:
1. To provide a treadmill with an electrical generator, which may be useful
for charging batteries in places where electricity is unavailable.
2. To have a treadmill with an electricity generator to mitigate emissions
and save energy to some degree.
3. To provide a treadmill with an Electricity Generator to save electrical energy.
Significance of the study
The researcher believes that this project will be an advantage for the f
following:
Researchers. The project can help the researchers to modify, improve and
develop in future.
Athletes. The project is a huge advantage especially for the runners,
improving their skills while generating great amount of electricity.
Students. Alternative power supply, knowledge and information can be
gained especially to engineering students.
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Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The study aimed to design and develop a treadmill generator to convert
mechanical energy into electrical energy. The prototype was designed to provide a
source of electrical energy to supply power for appliances, big batteries, and
gadgets. Furthermore, the researchers will focus on utilizing human exercise to
generate electricity. Human effort is needed to rotate the DC motor. A smart voltage
sensor is attached to observe and monitor the generated voltage via smartphone.
The researchers will compute the total generated voltage based on the person
running on the treadmill's speed, time, and weight.
Although the treadmill power generator has limitations, the prototype is fixed
to one gear. The speed will depend on the inclination of the treadmill, the weight of
the person, and how the person will run on it. The treadmill power generator is not
adjustable. The weight capacity is limited to only up to 100kg.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The list of operational definitions of the technical terms used in the study.
Alternating Current (AC) – is an electrical current that flows in a periodic change
in direction. The current flowing in power lines is alternating current.
Alternative Energy- refers to an energy source that is alternative from fossil fuels.
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Automotive - relating to or concerned with motor vehicles.
Battery - chemical energy is converted into electricity and used as a source of power
in a container made up of one or more cells.
Convenience Outlet - a receptacle in a wall or baseboard which delivers power to
electric appliances and devices.
Current - is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient
atoms.
Direct Current (DC)- is an electrical current that flows consistently in a single
direction. The current flowing in batteries is direct current.
Electricity - is a form of energy that results from the presence of charged particles
(such as electrons or protons), either statically or dynamically as a current.
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Electromagnet - is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by an
electric current.
Electromechanical - relating to or denoting a mechanical device that is powered by
electricity.
Energy - energy is a type of kinetic energy caused by moving electric charges.
Field Winding - is the insulated current-carrying coils on a field magnet that produce
the magnetic field needed to drive a generator or motor.
Force - The attractive or repulsive interaction between any two charged objects.
Generator - is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical power for
use in an external circuit.
Inverter - is a device that converts the dc voltage into ac voltage.
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Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT)- an electrical DC to DC converter that
optimizes the connection between the solar array and utility grid. It lowers the voltage
needed to charge batteries from solar panels or wind generators to higher DC output.
Mechanism- a convention of moving parts that performs a complete functional
motion.
Motor- A machine that delivers motive power for a vehicle and other devices with
moving parts powered by electricity or internal combustion.
Power - is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time.
Renewable Energy- is generated by natural processes and is replenished on a
regular basis such as sunlight, wind, tides and so on.
Revolutions per minute (rpm, RPM, rev/min, r/min)- a measure of the number of
rotations around a fixed axis in one minute. It is a measurement of rotational speed
of a mechanical component.
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Shaft - is a rotating machine element used to transmit power.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
This chapter presents the conceptual, research, significant concepts, and
helpful information relative to the study.
2.1 Conceptual Literature
In Ancient Origins, The treadmill's roots are unrelated to some recreational
exercise or sport. It arose from the world of engineering and construction, in reality.
Throughout history, the treadmill has had a close connection to manual labor in most
of its forms. The treadwheel or polyspaston (Latin for "hoisting tackle with pulleys")
crane was employed by the Romans as a forerunner to the treadmill in the first
century AD.
FIGURE. 2 FIRST TREADMILL
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This system was a giant wheel connected to a crane that humans operated.
Men will walk continuously inside a big hamster-like wheel in place of a conventional
winch. The attached crane would lift heavy items as a result of the wheel's
subsequent rotation. The tread wheel crane's lifting capability was about 60 times
greater than the solely man-powered building methods traditionally used by the
Ancient Egyptians to build the pyramids due to the diameter of the actual wheel. It
was a true engineering marvel.
DC motors have a long history dating back to the nineteenth century. DC gear
motors have come a long way since their inception, from research and production to
widespread use in various industries worldwide. The DC motor was invented in the
early 1800s, with initial advances made by British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832.
Sturgeon invented the first commutator DC motor capable of turning
machinery. Thomas Davenport, an American inventor, created and expanded on
Sturgeon's concept. Davenport is best known for formally inventing a working DC
motor, which he patented a few years later in 1837. Initially, Davenport struggled
with the high costs of battery power when operating the motors, which made the first
DC motor unsuitable for long-term use. Learn more about the development of the
electric motor.
Many other inventors and engineers were encouraged to create their
concepts after Davenport's initial DC motor development was made public. Moritz
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von Jacobi, a Russian inventor, invented the first rotating DC motor in 1834. His
technology became famous for being extremely strong, setting a world record in the
process. Incredibly, with a new and improved version of his DC motor invention, he
broke his world record in 1838. This motor inspired others to create DC motors with
the same power level, capable of propelling a 14-person boat across a river.
Antonio Pacinotti recognized the ring armature for the first time in 1864,
marking a watershed moment in the development of DC motors; this has evolved
into a critical component of the DC motor's architecture, which transports current
through a series of coils. Despite these advancements, a more practical DC motor
with greater speed control had yet to be developed in the 1800s. Frank Julian
Sprague, The inventor of an engine that could sustain constant speed under variable
loads in 1886. His invention paved the way for the DC motor to be used in more
industrial applications, such as the first electric elevator and driven trolley system.
Companies, inventors, and researchers seem to be more concerned with
gradual enhancements and added functionality than with wholesale adjustments to
the treadmill's shape and function. Modern treadmill innovations have tended to
concentrate on improving quality of life rather than wholesale form factor changes.
It is uncertain if the treadmill will undergo any more major design changes in the
future. However, one thing is sure: the multi-row configuration of treadmills used in
gyms and fitness clubs worldwide is not going anywhere anytime soon.
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SportsArt unveiled the Verde G690, dubbed the "world's first energy-
producing treadmill" by the company. SportsArt is the first to use a treadmill to
harness human strength and send it back to the grid, such as walking, jogging, or
racing. A USB port on one eco treadmill is used to charge a small computer such as
a smartphone. On the other hand, the Verde is the first to produce up to 200 watt-
hours of "utility-grade" power.
2.1.1 Roller
Roller is used to rotate the belt and used to reduce friction while walking or running
and reduce the effort of a person and to produce maximum power. The roller is the
most common broken part on treadmills.
FIGURE. 3 ROLLER
The importance of the robust roller with substantial size and weight: size
because the more extensive the roller's diameter, the more traction it has on the belt,
the better. This will help extend the drive system's overall life and maintain the belt
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tensioner, requiring less maintenance from the owner. A big roller reduces the
demand on the motor since the heavier it is, the more inertia it has. A roller made of
one complete piece of steel will be used on a high-quality treadmill.
https://livefit.com/blogs/buyers-guides/the-ultimate-treadmill-buyers-guide#Rollers
2.1.2 Bearing
Bearings are used to freely rotate rollers and to support the rollers to neglect
friction. The bearings are pressed in rollers by means of punching press machine.
A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative motion to only the desired
motion, and reduces friction between moving parts. The design of the bearing may,
for example, provide for free linear movement of the moving part or for free rotation
around a fixed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal
forces that bear on the moving parts. Bearings are categorized in general terms
based on the kind of operation, the motions that may be performed, or the directions
of the loads (forces) that are applied to the components.
Within mechanical systems, rotary bearings keep rotating components such as
shafts or axles in place and transmit axial and radial loads from the load source to
the structure supporting it. The plain bearing is the most basic type of bearing,
consisting of a shaft spinning in a hole. Friction is reduced by lubrication. To
minimize sliding friction, rolling components such as rollers or balls having a circular
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cross-section are inserted between the races or journals of the bearing assembly in
ball bearings and roller bearings. There are many different bearing designs available
to meet the application's demands for optimal efficiency, reliability, durability, and
performance.
FIGURE. 4 BEARING
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)
2.1.3 Belt
A belt is used in an assembly to provide a moving mechanism for the treadmill
and trigger motion in the assembly for the spinning of the roller to transmit power to
the DC motor to acquire the required current. The belt, often known as "the track,"
is the part of the treadmill where the user's feet come into close touch. The belt is
spun across the front and rear rollers as it glides across the top edge of the deck.
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TYPES OF TREADMILL BELTS
1. Single Ply: The treadmill belt is one solid piece of rubber.
2. 2-Ply: The top side of the belt is rubber (higher quality treadmills use PVC
rubber) and the underside is cotton, polyester, urethane or mono-filament.
3. 4-Ply (3-Ply): To provide more heat absorption and dispersion, as well as
added “cushioning,” some treadmill manufactures will add additional layers.
This can be an additional layer of rubber, or other materials. Once, years ago,
a company used carpeted neoprene, which was quickly discontinued due to
the belt disintegrating.
FIGURE.5 BELT
https://livefit.com/blogs/buyers-guides/the-ultimate-treadmill-buyers
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2.1.4 Gear
The pinion is connected to the motor by an adapter bush with a variable nut-
bolt size adjustment, and the gear is soldered to the front roller. The gear's power is
subsequently transferred from the roller to the pinion and the pinion to the motor
shaft. A gear is a spinning circular machine element with cut teeth, or inserted teeth
(called cogs) in the case of a cogwheel, that mesh with another (suitable) toothed
part to transmit (convert) torque and speed. The underlying theory of gear action is
similar to the basic principle of lever operation. A gear is sometimes referred to as a
cog. Geared devices may adjust a power source's speed, torque, and direction.
Different-sized gears cause a difference in torque through their gear ratio, producing
a mechanical advantage, and so maybe called a primary machine. Two meshing
gears have different rotational speeds and torques in proportion to their diameters.
The teeth on both meshing gears are identical in form.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear
2.1.5 DC Motor
An DC motor is a device that acts as a dynamo in a circuit to transform
mechanical energy into electrical energy, and it is connected to the pinion directly
by an adapter bush.
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FIGURE.6 DC MOTOR
Direct Current (DC) treadmill motors use brushes and a commutator, which
necessitates extra maintenance, limits speed, and shortens the lifespan due to the
additional moving and wear elements. Brushless AC motors are a newer, more
sophisticated technology that does not need brushes.
https://livefit.com/blogs/buyers-guides/the-ultimate-treadmill-buyers-guide#Motor
2.1.6 Bridge Rectifier
While running or walking on the treadmill, the AC generator turns mechanical
energy into electrical energy, and the resulting AC is transmitted to the bridge
rectifier, which converts AC to Constant DC.
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FIGURE. 7BRIDGE RECTIFIER
A bridge rectifier is an AC to DC converter that converts the mains AC input
to DC output. Bridge Rectifiers are commonly used in power supply to deliver the
required DC voltage for electronic components and devices. They can be made out
of four or more diodes or any other type of controlled solid-state switch. A suitable
bridge rectifier is chosen based on the load current requirements. When choosing a
rectifier power supply for an application, consider component ratings and
specifications, breakdown voltage, temperature ranges, transient current rating,
forward current rating, mounting requirements, and other factors of the electronics
circuit’s application.https://www.elprocus.com/bridge-rectifier-circuit-theory-with-
working-operation/
2.1.7 Battery
The battery is provided to store the electricity generated by the motor's spin, which
can later be used for other home functions such as lighting and rotating small motors.
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FIGURE. 8 BATTERY
A battery is a device that stores and then releases energy by turning chemical
energy into electricity. Typical batteries produce electricity chemically by the use of
one or more electrochemical cells. Alkaline, lithium-ion, lithium-polymer, and nickel-
metal hydride batteries are the most common materials used in batteries.
(https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Battery)
2.1.8 Pulley
The pulley is a wheel on an axle or shaft that allows you to move things
around. A taut cable or belt moves and changes directions while also transferring
power between the shaft and the cable or belt. When a frame or shell supports a
pulley, it does not convey motion.
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To locate the cable or belt, a pulley may include a groove or grooves between
flanges around its circumference. A rope, cable, belt, or chain can be used to drive
a pulley system.
FIGURE.9 PULLEY
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley)
2.1.9 MMPT (maximum power point tracker)
A solar charge controller, also known as a solar regulator, is a solar battery charger
that connects solar panels and batteries. Its job is to control the charging process
and ensure that the battery is charged correctly or, more importantly, not
overcharged.
FIGURE. 10 MMPT
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Modern solar charge controllers have complex functions to ensure that the
battery system is charged accurately and efficiently and DC load output for
illumination. Smaller 12V-24V charge controllers with DC load terminals, up to 30A,
are utilized for trailers, RVs, and small structures. More significant, more complex
60A+ MPPT solar charge controllers, on the other hand, are built for massive off-
grid power systems with solar arrays and powerful off-grid inverters and do not
include load output terminals.
https://www.cleanenergyreviews.info/blog/mppt-solar-charge-controllers
2.1.10. Bluetooth Module
HC-05 Bluetooth Module
● The HC-05 is a Bluetooth module that is used to communicate wirelessly.
This module can be used as either a master or a slave.
HC-05 module Information
● The HC-05 contains a red LED that indicates if the Bluetooth is connected or
not. This red LED blinks continuously in a periodic pattern before connecting
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to the HC-05 module. Its blinking slows down to two seconds when it connects
to another Bluetooth device.
● This module runs on 3.3 V, but because it has a 5 to 3.3 V regulator on board,
we can also connect a 5V supply voltage.
● There is no need to change the transmit level of the HC-05 Bluetooth module
because it has a 3.3 V RX/TX level, and the microcontroller can detect 3.3 V
levels. However, the transmit voltage level must be shifted from the
microcontroller to the HC-05 module's RX.
FIGURE. 11 BLUETOOTH MODULE
(https://www.electronicwings.com/sensors-modules/bluetooth-module-hc-05-)
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2.1.11 DC Motor Parts
FIGURE. 12 DC MOTOR PARTS
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Stator. In a DC motor, the field windings are contained in a stator, which is a static
device. The DC motor's stator is the component that accepts power.
Rotor. It is the dynamic component of a DC motor that produces the mechanical
rotations of the unit.
Yoke. It is a magnetized protective magnetic frame composed of cast iron or steel.
The yoke stores the magnetic poles and field windings of a DC motor, protecting the
motor's internal components and supporting the armature to aid with field system
support.
Poles. A DC motor's magnetic poles are tightened into the Yoke's inner wall using
screws. A pole is made up of two parts: the Pole Core and the Pole Shoe. The Yoke
connects these two parts, which are held together by hydraulic pressure. Each part
of the Poles has a specific function based on its architecture. While the Pole Shoe
is held above the Yoke by the core, the Pole Shoe is structured to carry slots for the
field windings and disseminate the created flux by the field windings into the air gap
between the rot and stator. It aids in the reduction of losses caused by hesitation.
Armature Winding. The armature winding of a DC motor can be classified into two
types: lap winding and wave winding. Where they differ is in the number of parallel
28 | P a g e
pathways. The armature winding is a component of the rotor that alters the magnetic
field as it revolves. The result of this process is magnetic losses.
Commutator. Another DC motor component is the commutator, which is a copper-
segmented split ring. The working system of a DC is based on the link between the
two magnetic fields of a moving armature and a fixed stator. The armature generates
a force that attracts the north pole of the armature to the south pole of the stator and
the south pole of the armature to the north pole of the stator. The procedure of
switching the field in the armature windings to produce consistent torque in one
direction is known as commutation. The commutator is a mechanism that permits
the current to be switched and is attached to the armature. The commutator is
responsible for transferring power from the mains to the armature winding. The
commutator moves through the DC motor's brushes.
Brushes. Brushes with the commutator provide a link between the rotor and the
static electrical circuit. Brushes establish contact with the commutator and transmit
the current from an external circuit to it. The current then passes via the armature
winding.
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2.1.12 C MOTOR APPLICATIONS
1. Pumps
Hydraulic pumps are employed in every industry, including construction,
mining, manufacturing, and steel production. Because of their variable speed
control and strong starting torque, DC motors were employed to power these
pumps. Brushless DCs are often utilized in pumps since they are less costly
and have fewer moving parts..
2. Toys
Manufacturers and hobbyists prefer DC motors for children's toys like remote-
control vehicles and trains because they are easy to use and long-lasting.
3. Electric Vehicles
Due to their energy economy and durability, DC motors are one of
the most preferred electric cars. In addition, many enthusiasts favor
DCs because of their high starting torque, especially series-wound
motors with variable speeds and voltage input.
4. Robotics
DC motors are one of the most accessible and cost-effective
solutions for activating devices like rails, guns, and cameras.
Because of their properties, including high torque, longevity, and
performance, DCs are ideal for robotics.
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2.1.13 FEATURES OF DC GENERATORS
● DC generators are capable of generating a wide range of outputs.
● They have a simple design and are straightforward to put together.
● With efficiency ratings of 85-95 percent, DC generators are extremely
dependable.
● They are compact and light in weight.
● They deliver consistent and reliable results.
● They can be used to generate variable power output.
Watts are the unit of measurement for generators (a measurement of power that
indicates how much energy is made each second). The larger the generator, as one
might think, the more electricity it produces. From most minor to most significant,
here is an essential guide:
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Type
Power (watts)
BICYCLE DYNAMO 3W
HAND-CRANKED USB GENERATOR 20W
MICRO WIND TURBINE 500W
SMALL DIESEL GENERATOR 5000 (5KW)
WIND TURBINE 2,000,000 (2MW)
TABLE. 1 GENERATOR POWER OUTPUT
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2.1.14 ALTERNATING CURRENT AND DIRECT CURRENT
The flow of electrons in an alternating current (AC) changes direction at regular
intervals or cycles. Power cables carry alternating current, and a wall outlet provides
traditional home energy. The standard current in the United States is 60 cycles per
second (60 Hz); it is 50 cycles per second in Europe and most other parts of the
world (i.e., a frequency of 50 Hz.).
Direct current is an electrical current that flows in only one direction (DC). The
current that flows in a flashlight or other battery-operated device is known as direct
current.
Alternating current has the advantage of being relatively inexpensive to change the
voltage of the current. Furthermore, when an alternating current is carried over long
distances, the energy loss is substantially lower than when a direct current is used.
https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/electromagn
etic-fields/glossary/abc/alternating-current.htm?fbclid=IwAR0pjZnUtAXuFX6-
hownxWVb3afjwcbVRfM6c_2Olfmi9OVodkAyM2EtuWM
33 | P a g e
2.1.15 DIFFERENT KIND OF WAVEFORMS
AC can adopt a variety of shapes as long as the voltage and current are
alternating. If we connect an oscilloscope to an AC circuit and track its voltage over
time, we may see a variety of waveforms. The sine wave is the most frequent kind
of alternating current. Because of its pulsating voltage, the AC in most homes and
offices produces a sine wave.
FIGURE.13 SINE WAVE
Other common forms of AC include the square wave and the triangle wave:
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FIGURE.14 SQUARE WAVE
Square waves are often used in digital and switching electronics to test their
operation.
FIGURE.15 TRIANGLE WAVE
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Triangle waves are commonly used in sound synthesis, and they can also be
used to test linear devices such as amplifiers.
A Sine Wave is a wave that has a sine wave shape to it.Typically attempt to
mathematically define an AC waveform.A sine wave has three components:
amplitude, frequency, and phase.
In terms of voltage alone, a sine wave can be defined mathematically as follows:
V(t) = V sin (2ft+)
Voltage, V(t), is a time function that changes with time. The equation
expresses the voltage's growth through time to the right of the equals sign.The letter
VP represents the amplitude. Sine wave can reach this voltage in either direction.
Thus it could be +VP volts, -VP volts, or anywhere in between.The frequency of a
sine wave is represented by the letter f. The frequency is measured in hertz, or units
per second. The frequency refers to the number of times a wave shape (in this case,
one cycle of our sine wave - a rise and fall) occurs in one second.Time (t) is our
independent variable (measured in seconds). Waveform evolves throughout
time.The phase of a sine wave is defined as. A waveform's phase is a measurement
of how far it has shifted with respect to time. It's commonly stated in degrees as a
number between 0 and 360. Due to the periodic nature of the sine wave, changing
it by 360 degrees produces the same waveform as shifting it by 0 degrees. We'll
continue to assume that phase is 0° for the rest of this session.
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2.2 Research Literature
The study entitled "Design and Fabrication of Power Generating Manual
Treadmill" conducted by Titare et al. (2018) supported a reverse mechanism,
wherein the power used to rotate the treadmill's motor, which then rotates the belt
provided, providing a moving platform for the person who wants to exercise his body
to stay in shape by providing an electrical supply directly from the AC mains.
Furthermore, there is an AC motor installed to harness electrical power, as well as
its moving parts, which move as the treadmill belt moves, are mechanically coupled
or connected with the machine's moving parts (rollers). When the AC motor's rotor
(moving portion) starts moving or rotating, it generates emf across its output
terminals. This emf can be used to charge the battery or for other uses.
In a study conducted by Roston et al. (2019), "Treadmills That Generate
Electricity May Be Headed For Your Gym," Treadmills with standard motors start the
belt spinning as soon as the workout starts. When the belt's brake is released, the
workout may begin. The belt is essentially a mat composed of horizontal slats
running on ball bearings to reduce the friction backward under the weight of the
runner or walker since this device placed a 4-degree angle relative to the floor. The
belt spins rollers that capture the energy and convert it into electricity as the feet
pound onward. A micro-inverter is a device that regulates the current flow, converts
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it to electricity that powers the house or building, and afterward sends it back into
the electrical socket. The additional electricity goes to whatever needs it first,
whether adjacent electronics share the same outlet or further into the building. The
current cannot pass through the circuit board, out of the structure, and onto the grid
for the time being. The amount of calories burnt does not always transfer into power
because the machines create the most energy during more intensive workouts.
Another study entitled "Analysis of a Treadmill Based Human Power
Electricity Generator" conducted by Harsh Mankodi (2012) Humans consume
around 8.368MJ or 2324Wh of energy per day, assuming a regular daily
consumption of 2000kcal (97W of power in). It is roughly equivalent to the energy
contained in a standard automobile battery (2400Wh). Treadmills are one of the
most energy-intensive pieces of exercise equipment. A study indicated that at a low-
speed setting of 5mph, electricity consumption from a range of motorized treadmills
was around 480W. The high-power motors were wasting even more energy at more
incredible speeds, up to 1083W at nine mph. The overall average consumption was
determined to be 568W across five treadmills with speed settings ranging from 3 to
9 mph. The system's primary advantages over other generation techniques (solar,
wind, and fossil fuel) are similar to those of a pedal-powered generator:
● Deployment would be reasonably straightforward.
● The system would be cost-effective during its lifetime.
38 | P a g e
● Minimum training would be necessary for its operation.
In the study entitled “Design of Treadmill to Generate Electricity” by Borche
et al. (2017), A treadmill is a machine that consists of a moving platform with a wide
conveyor belt (track) that is powered by an electric motor. When the belt advances
to the roller, the user must walk or run at the same speed as the belt. The rate at
which the belt moves corresponds to the rate at which it walks or runs. Thus, using
the controller and sensors provided, the speed of running may be regulated and
measured. The motor-driven heavy-duty models are expensive (usually driven by an
electric motor). Manual treadmills are less expensive than motorized treadmills, but
they require more human effort to move the belt on the roller. In the majority of gyms,
pricey and motorized treadmills are used. Harsh Mankodi invented a treadmill-based
human power generator by coupling an electromagnetic dynamo generator to the
flywheel of a manual treadmill. The final circuit, which supplies power to a heavy-
duty battery, was discovered to be capable of delivering 140 W peak for a brief time
In a study conducted by Katiyar (2015), “Design of Manual Treadmill with
Electricity Generation for Energy Saving,” The maximum power generated by the
manual treadmill with an electricity generator is about 14 W per person. In contrast,
the highest power generated by the pedal-operated stationary bicycle-based
generator is 100-244 watts. The treadmill generator may generate energy, which
can then be stored in batteries and used for various purposes afterward. The
39 | P a g e
treadmill with a generator is ideal for usage in regions where electricity is
unavailable. The manual treadmill with an electricity generator can help to cut
greenhouse gas emissions to some extent. The manual treadmill with Electricity
Generator can help build muscle strength. Exercise equipment is available in a range
of designs and sizes. And sizes. Human effort is wasted on a traditional manual
treadmill during exercise. Several inventors invented treadmills with electricity
generators.
Douglas G. Bayerlein and colleagues designed a treadmill that used a belt
drive mechanism to connect a generator to a roller axle. The second pulley is
installed on the roller axle. The treadmill was invented by Aurel A. Astilean and had
a concave running surface. This treadmill prevents the belt from dropping down.
Wood Way, a treadmill manufacturer, created a treadmill that generates power for a
display and can also charge a phone or MP3 player. The author has created a
treadmill that includes an electric generator connected to a roller flywheel through a
v-belt driving system. The leg power is employed to generate electricity in this
system during exercise, and the generated battery can be charged using electricity.
Another study entitled "Treadmill Based Electricity Generator for Domestic
Purpose" conducted by Gondane et al. (2019) Treadmill is a treadmill that has a
moving platform with a wide conveyor belt (track) electric motor that is powered
when the belt advances to the roller, The user must keep pace with the belt when
40 | P a g e
walking or running. The belt's speed determines how fast it moves. Same as the rate
at which the belt moves. Walking or running the saved energy can be used for
various purposes, and we not only save and generate energy when running on the
treadmill. Treadmills, a type of mill run by a person or animal walking steps of a
tread-wheel to grind grain, were invented to harness the power of animals or humans
for accomplishing work. When the DC generator's rotor begins to rotate, an emf
generated across its output terminals. This emf can be utilized to charge the battery
or for other uses. An electromagnetic dynamo generator was attached to a manual
treadmill's flywheel to create the treadmill-based human power generator. The
prototype consumes no electricity and relies entirely on human labor to function. The
system's output power was supposed to be stored in a 12V rechargeable battery—
around 10 watts.A 3L v-belt pulley was also connected to the dynamo shaft. It is
used to attach an adjustable v-belt to the treadmill's left flywheel on the front axle.
The V-belt links were removed one at a time until the displacement reached around
1 inch. Instead of the machine being powered by the operator, the machine has a
moveable platform with a large conveyor belt (track) propelled by an electric motor.
These basic, light, and low-cost treadmills resist motion passively and only move
when walkers press the belt with their feet.
In the study entitled "Difference between AC and DC power" by James et al.
(2020), Alternators generate alternating current (AC) by rotating a wire loop within a
41 | P a g e
magnetic field. When the wire moves into areas of different magnetic polarity, such
as when it spins from one of the magnetic field's poles to the other, alternating
current waves are created. AC electricity may travel further than DC power due to
its wave-like motion, which is a significant advantage for supplying power to
consumers via power outlets. As the name implies, direct current (DC) power is a
linear electrical current that flows in a straight line. Direct current sources include
batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, and some modified alternators. In addition to
converting AC to DC, a rectifier may also create DC from AC electricity. Because
DC power is more reliable in the voltage supply, most devices rely on it and use DC
power sources like batteries. A rectifier, which is often found in the power supply of
a gadget, may also convert AC electricity from outlets to DC power. Although many
modern electronics and electrical gadgets favor DC electricity for its smooth flow and
consistent voltage, we couldn't live without it. Both sorts of power are necessary, yet
neither is "better" than the other. AC dominates the electricity market; all power
outlets deliver AC power into buildings, even if the current must be converted to DC
power right afterward.
42 | P a g e
Chapter III
METHODS AND PROCEDURE
This chapter describes the research methodology used to collect data for
the study. It discusses the research method and design, the project design, the
materials and specification of the project study, the block diagram, the procedure,
the operation, the project costing and the statistical treatment of data to better
inform the reader about this project.
Research Method
Qualitative research is a primarily subjective approach, using the old
researches and providing innovations for the treadmill power generator as an
energy source. The use of this treadmill generator can help store and provide
energy sources while exercising. The researcher used autodesk sketch 3d to
render the project design
Research Design
The design starts by collecting information about how the researchers will
construct the treadmill power generator and its cost. After gathering data, planning
the procedures to build the prototype, and making the research possible. Then
materials and components selection that is needed to construct the said prototype:
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Permanent DC Motor (180V) (1.2HP), bluetooth monitor, Running Deck, Battery
12V, 20Ah, MPPT (60A), steel bar (25mm), bearings (1 1/8"), Inverter 12-220vcd,
THWN-2 stranded wire gauge #12 3.5mm², steel pulley, timing belt pulley,
aluminum round bar, and 7/16x2/12 Bolt with Nut. Once the researchers are
through with the prior actions, designing the external structure of the prototype,
and when the design works, the next step is the construction of the prototype of the
treadmill power generator.
Project Design
FIGURE. 16 ISOMETRIC VIEW
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FIGURE.17 TOP VIEW WITH OPEN WIRING CONNECTION
FIGURE.18 SIDE VIEW
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FIGURE.19 PROTOTYPE DIMENSION
46 | P a g e
FIGURE.20 PROTOTYPE LABELED PARTS
FIGURE.21 PROTOTYPE INTERNAL LABELED PARTS
47 | P a g e
Materials and Specification of the Project Study
FIGURE.22 TREADMILL RUNNING DECK
• 96cmX35cm
• Serves as a belt on the treadmill
FIGURE .23 GI PIPE
• 1 ¼ Diameter
• Serves as a roller for the Treadmill
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FIGURE.24 TREADMILL MOTOR PULLEY
• 13cm (diameter)
• transfer of power between the shaft belt.
FIGURE.25 BATTERY
• 3x 12V Lead acid battery
• 3x20ah = 60ah in total
49 | P a g e
FIGURE.26 POWER INVERTER
• 12V DC to 220V-230V AC
• 1500 Watts
FIGURE.27 AIRCON BELT
• drive belt used for power transmission
50 | P a g e
FIGURE.28 6301 BALL BEARING
• 6301
• Connected to GI pipe for the treadmill roller
FIGURE.29 MPPT SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER
• 60A
• DC to DC converter used to maximize the power output
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FIGURE.30 BATTERY MONITOR (BLUETOOTH MODULE)
• 12V
• Used for voltage monitoring via smartphone
FIGURE.31 STRANDED WIRE
• #14AWG
52 | P a g e
Project Costing
Materials Price Quantity Unit Price
1 ¼ GI Pipe (20ft) 1,030 1 1,030
2x12x10 Wood 1,200 1 1,200
V Belt Pulley 300 1 300
6301 Bearings 30 28 840
Bluetooth Monitor 1,000 1 1,000
Sand Paper #100 15 5 75
Spray Paint (BLK) 110 2 220
Permanent DC Motor (180V) 2,000 1 2,000
(1.2HP)
7/16x2/12 Bolt with Nut 38 28 896
MPPT (60A) 950 1 950
Inverter 12-220vcd 1,300 1 1,300
53 | P a g e
Battery 12V, 20Ah 1,350 3 4,050
Tubular Steel 540 2 1,080
Running Deck 549 1 549
Others (Misc, Labor, etc) 2,000 2,000
Total 17,490
TABLE.2 PROJECT COSTING
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Block Diagram
TREADMILL
DC MOTOR
MPPT CONTROLLER
BATTERY
INVERTER
OUTPUT POWER
FIGURE.32 BLOCK DIAGRAM
The block diagram shows that if someone runs in the running deck, the rotor
of the attached DC motor in the treadmill will rotate and generate energy. The
55 | P a g e
MPPT controller will convert the generated voltage depending on the need or
capacity of the battery. The converted voltage will be stored in the battery. Then
the inverter will convert the DC voltage to AC voltage to meet the exact output
power equal to the grid supply voltage of 220V.
Convenience outlet
FIGURE.33 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
Procedures
1. Treadmill
1.1 Prepare the mechanical parts such as running deck, motor pulley,
pipe, ball bearing, aircon belt, and the electrical parts such as dc motor,
battery, MPPT (Charge Controller), Bluetooth monitor and inverter.
56 | P a g e
1.2 Gather the materials needed for fabrication of prototype such as
electric drill, grinder, welding machine, hammer, wrench, screw driver,
jigsaw.
1.3 Fabricating all the necessary components such as running deck
and motor pulley.
1.4 Align and arrange all of the components in their proper places as
illustrated in the figures. Ensure that the entire system is stable.
2. Circuit
2.1 Prepare all of the electrical components that will be utilized in the
prototype, including the dc motor, battery, MPPT (Charge controller),
Bluetooth monitor, Inverter, and wires.
2.2 Follow the schematic diagram shown in Figure 33. Then, put the
electrical components in position.
3. Prototype
3.1 Construct the frame, put the cut GI pipe with bearings for
the rollers and add the running deck into the rollers.
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3.2 Add the pulley to the frame.
FIGURE.34 FRAME CONSTRUCTION
3.3 Cut the frame using jigsaw to form a curve design.
FIGURE.35 FRAME CUTTING
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3.4 Finalizing the prototype by painting the frame using wood stain
and black paint for the hand trail and tubular steel
FIGURE.36 PROTOTYPE FINISHING
Operation
The prototype operates when a person runs or walks on the treadmill to
generate electricity. When someone walks runs on the walking belt flywheels. This
flywheel rotation is used to generate electricity. The power will transfer from the
treadmill using the v belt pulley to rotate the DC motor. The Dc motor generates
electricity and will charge the battery through MPPT or the voltage charge controller.
The 12V battery will convert into 220V using a power inverter; then, it can charge or
power up an appliance up to 1500 watts. This energy generation system is
sustainable and free from adverse efforts. The treadmill with Electricity Generator
59 | P a g e
reduces the energy consumption resulting in money savings. This manual treadmill
with electricity generator can help to cut greenhouse gas emissions to some extent.
This manual treadmill with Electricity Generator can also increase muscle strength
and cardiovascular endurance
60 | P a g e
Gantt chart
TABLE.3 OCTOBER TIMELINE
TABLE.4 NOVEMBER TIMELINE
TABLE.5 DECEMBER TIMELINE
61 | P a g e

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RIZAL TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Industrial Technology

TREADMILL POWER GENERATOR AND BATTERY CHARGER WITH SMART

An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal Presented to the Faculty of Electrical

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

A proposed project study entitled “TREADMILL POWER GENERATOR

Accepted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

_____________ Engr. Corleto R. Bravo

The exertion of this thesis represents the concerted efforts of the

Foremost, the researcher would like to express his sincere gratitude to

Gratitude to Classmates and Friends, who also helped by sharing their

TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i

APPROVAL SHEET .................................................................................... ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. iv

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................... vi

1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND ........................................ 1

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................. 5

Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 6

Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 6

Scope and Delimitation of the Study ......................................................... 7

Significance of the study ........................................................................... 7

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ............................................. 12

2.1 Conceptual Literature........................................................................ 10

2.1.1 Rollers ........................................................................................... 15

2.1.2 Bearings ........................................................................................ 16

2.1.3 Belt ............................................................................................... 18

2.1.4 Gear .............................................................................................. 20

2.1.6 Bridge Rectifier .............................................................................. 21

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 43

Research Method ................................................................................... 43

Research Design ................................................................................... 43

Project Design ....................................................................................... 44

Materials and Specification of the Project Study ..................................... 48

Project costing ....................................................................................... 53

Block diagram ......................................................................................... 55

1 Generator Power Output ........................................................................ 32

2 Project Costing ....................................................................................... 54

3 October timeline .................................................................................... 61

4 November timeline ................................................................................. 61

5 December timeline ................................................................................. 61

1 Conceptual Framework ............................................................................ 5

2 First Treadmill ........................................................................................ 10

7 Bridge Rectifier ....................................................................................... 22

11 Bluetooth module .................................................................................... 26

12 DC Motor Parts ....................................................................................... 27

13 Sine Wave .............................................................................................. 34

14 Square Wave .......................................................................................... 35

15 Triangle Wave ........................................................................................ 35

16 Isometric View ........................................................................................ 44

17 Top View with open wiring connection .................................................... 45

18 Side view ................................................................................................ 45

19 Prototype Dimension .............................................................................. 46

20 Prototype labeled parts ........................................................................... 47

21 Prototype internal labeled parts .............................................................. 47

22 Running Deck ......................................................................................... 48

24 Treadmill motor pulley ............................................................................ 49

26 Power Inverter ........................................................................................ 50

27 Aircon Belt .............................................................................................. 50

28 6301 Ball bearing .................................................................................... 51

29 MPPT Solar charge controller ................................................................. 51

30 Battery monitor (Bluetooth module) ........................................................ 52