ARBAMINCH UNIVERSITY SAWLA CAMPUSCOLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND AGRO INDUSTRIALTECHNOLOGY

REPORT OF MEXICO TWOER DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT

HOSTING COMPANY

FLINSTONE ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

PREPARED BY: ALI KEDIR

RAMIT/199/11

DURATION TIMME July 20 /6 /2022U UP TO OCTOMBER 20/10/2022

SUPERVISORS j MR MERIHUN T

ENG HABTAMU M

GOFA, ETHIOPIA

SUMBISSION DATE NOVEMBER 2022

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DECLARATION
1; AliKediri a student in Arbaminch University sawla campus and I declare this report document
is independently work of time mine

All the report information’s written in this report are obtained from what I have seen in my
internship period and this report is prepared by me after the completion of four month at
Flintstone engineering

Name Ali Kedir

ID Ramit/199/11

Departmen Civil Engineering

t

Address +251938893149

Project Mexico Tower Apartement

Development

company Flintstone Engineering

supervisor EngHabtamu M

Acknowledgment
I would like to thank God for his merciful and endless guidance through my life and for giving
me a supportive and loving family and friends that are always there through all my success and
failure, supporting, cherishing and lifting me up morally and financially.

I would like to thank ofArbaminch Universitysawla campus Department of civil Engineering

office for preparing this internship program and Flintstone Engineering for accepting my request
and assign me a supervisor to whom my deepest gratitude is for sharing his experience, enlighten
me the practical knowledge. Not forgetting the staff members and all site workers of the project
for their help and cooperation they have given me.

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I would like to thank also my supervisor, EngineerHabtamuMekonnen and my Advisor
Mr.AdugnaFantu

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report gives summary to all practice outcomes, which I gained during my internship
it is mandatory for many Civil Engineering students to take the internship. The students submit
application papers to various offices, which include contractors for roads, building or water
works, design and consulting offices, etc.… The purpose of the internship is to introduce
students to the actual working environment and they will be required to submit a draft report to
the university that has been approved by the company. In addition, students are required to
present the internship report. This report covers my stay at Mexico site, under control of
Flintstone Engineering and it gives detailed information on the activities carried out on the
building site.

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 In the first part of my report, I briefly described how I selected the project which includes
project title and summary of the project, problem statement and justification, objective of the
project, methodology and literature review the second chapter describethe background of my
internship hosting company. The background of the company includes its history (i.e. its vision,
mission, objective, value statement and goal), its main products and services, its main end users,
the overall organization and workflow in our site.

The third part of my report briefly explains the overall internship experience I have gained
during my practical periods. I started by telling how I get into the company, section of the
company I have been working and the work piece I execute. I also explained clearly what the
general work flow in our site starting from setting out how it looks like. Procedures and methods
I have been using while performing my task, challenges I have been facing and measure I have
been taken to overcome the challenges while performing my tasks also included in this chapter.

The fourth part of my report briefly explains about the overall benefits I gained from my
internship in terms of improving my practical skills, industrial problem solving capability, team
playing skills, leadership skills, and also in terms of upgrading my theoretical knowledge and
understanding work ethics included in this chapter.

Finally, I covered my conclusions and recommendations for my company and university.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig3. 1site clearance......................................................................................................................17

Fig3. 2pit excavation.....................................................................................................................18

Fig3. 3pad formwork.....................................................................................................................19

Fig3. 4 formwork of elevation........................................................................................................20

Fig3. 5form work of beam..............................................................................................................21

Fig3. 6form of stair........................................................................................................................21

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Fig3. 7Selected material fill...........................................................................................................22

Fig3. 8Compaction with compactor and Compaction with tamping material...............................22

Fig3. 9reinforcement bars and stirrups..........................................................................................23

Fig3. 10Concreat casting for shaer wall.......................................................................................26

Fig3. 11Solid slab casted concrete.................................................................................................27

Fig3. 12 site work..........................................................................................................................28

4LIST OF TABLES

Table3. 1Takeoff sheet..................................................................................................................29

Table3. 2Bar schedule...................................................................................................................29

Table3. 3Bill of quantity................................................................................................................30

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v
 ACRONOMY

BOQ bill of quantity

DL daily Labor

DL Dead Load

MM millimeter

RC Reinforcement Concrete

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Table of Contents
1 Acknowledgment.....................................................................................................................ii

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................iii

3 LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................iv

1 DESCRIPTION OF SELECTION AND PROJECT WORK PROCES..................................1

1.1 Statement Problem and Justification.................................................................................2

1.1.1 Problem Statement:....................................................................................................2

1.1.2 Justification................................................................................................................2

1.2 Objective of the Project.....................................................................................................2

1.3 General Objective.............................................................................................................2

1.3.1 Specific Objective......................................................................................................3

1.3.2 Objective of the Internship Program..........................................................................3

1.4 Methodology.....................................................................................................................3

1.5 Literature Review..............................................................................................................3

2 BACKGROUND OF INTERNSHIP HOSTING COMPANY...............................................4

2.1 Brief History.....................................................................................................................4

2.2 Background.......................................................................................................................4

2.3 Vision................................................................................................................................5

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 2.4 Mission..............................................................................................................................5

2.5 Main products or services.................................................................................................5

2.6 End users of the Company................................................................................................5

2.7 Overall organization Structure of the Company & work flow..........................................6

3 OVERALL EXPEIERNCE AND SPECIFIC WORK..........................................................10

3.1 How Do I get to the Company?......................................................................................10

3.2 Section of the Company I Have Been Working..............................................................11

3.3 Work Flow of the Section...............................................................................................11

3.4 Work Tasks I Have Executing.............................................................................................11

3.4.1 Site work.......................................................................................................................11

3.1 Work piece or task executed...........................................................................................25

3.1.1 Office work..............................................................................................................27

3.4 Challenges faced.............................................................................................................30

3.5 Measures taken................................................................................................................30

3.6 Result and Conclusion....................................................................................................31

3.7 Recommendation............................................................................................................31

4 Overall benefit.......................................................................................................................32

4.1 Upgrading theoretical knowledge...................................................................................32

4.2 Improving practical skills................................................................................................32

4.3 Industrial problem solving capability.............................................................................33

4.4 Improving team playing skills.........................................................................................33

4.5 Improving leadership skills.............................................................................................34

4.6 Understanding about work ethics....................................................................................35

5 Conclusion and recommendation..........................................................................................37

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 5.1 Conclusion......................................................................................................................37

5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................................37

5.2.1 To company.............................................................................................................37

6 Reference...............................................................................................................................42

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 CHAPTER ONE

DESCRIPTION OF SELECTION AND PROJECT WORK

PROCES
Engineering is the profession in which knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences,
gained by experience and practice, and applied the efficient use of the materials and forces of
nature. In one way or another way, human life is not far from different types of problems. These
problems must be solved by scientific way; engineering is among the solution of these problems.
Engineering is central to understand the challenges and the solution facing in the world.

These problem solvers are trained personals with different engineering courses in universities
and colleges. The knowledge and ability of these engineers is more dependent on the theoretical
method of teaching in universities. But the responsibility of engineers is to solve practical
problems. So, the new curriculum of Ethiopia for engineering and technology students are
developed to include sufficient practical knowledge together with theoretical knowledge that
learns in the classroom. Due to this, the ministry of education programmed a four months’
internship program for engineering and technology students.

Based on the new curriculum Arab Minch University Sawla campus college of Engineering and
Agro Industrial Technology department of Civil Engineering the way to its students to cooperate
with different industries and construction companies, As I am one of the students of this
department; during my internship time; I joined one application of construction in a well-
organized and effective manner. During my intern ship time, I have got several opportunities to
visit project frequently to observe the progress and to see the related activities. Within a four
months stay in this organization, I have spent many times with site engineers, office engineers,
Forman’s and quantity surveys with sufficient orientation and practical involvement on the site
and office work.

In general, the goal of the intern is to have an overview about construction of a building and
techniques that can be used on building construction

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1.1 Statement Problem and Justification

In the time of working problem could happen. Weather it is design or construction. When
problem happen, identify and discussing the problem with co-workers and stakeholders and after
that giving justification for the problem and finally reach with the solutions are better ways of
solving problems.

1.1.1 Problem Statement

In our projects happened in two sites from listed above. In the site the problem was:

 The plan of building is difficult fitting with the given building landing place,
 The building is planed with many slanted edges and sharp corners in Architectural
drawing,
 There was size difference with plan and site

1.1.2 Justification

These problems identified and discussed, then the following justifications are taken.

The design given to revised in order to correct the size difference

 To get correct angles by measuring known dimensions first, and then elongate the length
to get the sloped sides.
 Allocating pad and column positions and measure different direction to get the unknown

1.2 Objective of the Project

The projects have different objectives as its purpose;

1.3 General Objective

 Commercial buildings give a service for shopping and market purpose. - Industrial
buildings produce their product and supply to the market. - Residential buildings used for
living home for humans

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1.3.1 Specific Objective

Commercially increase trade and reduce shortage of product supply to people. This help to get
products easily in local market it avoids the money, which spent for transporting items. Wide job
opportunity created to people in different level.

1.3.2 Objective of the Internship Program

To develop practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge of the students in the field of
study I was following the path of internship objectives. To practice students on how theoretical
knowledge applied on practical work. Adopt students about business in terms of
entrepreneurship.

1.4 Methodology

The Construction methodology in the site was the same methodologies being used in the past.
The methodology drafted based on quality and time saving process. Different equipment and
machines had also used to bring these quality based and time saving program to reality. A lot of
skilled and unskilled man powers hired by the contractor to facilitate the work.

Methodology in the project covers the all works in the site such as site clearance, setting out,
excavation and foundation works and so on. Before any work begins in the site, work order just
needed. Without this work, order nothing going to be done. Office engineer, mostly, the planner
plans specific works to do and work schedule of the project depending on the master schedule.

After evaluation and analyzing the plan, the specific works will be ordered to the construction
head and the construction head will lead it to site engineers and foreman.

For my achievements I used observation, informal interview (asking) and data recording as
methodology.

1.5 Literature Review

Many of these written documents are taken directly from the site and asking the related persons
like project manager, site engineer, foramens then comparing the results with different design
codes (EBCS 2 & 7, 1995).

I have also got information how to write internship report from practiced students before I have
taken my internship.

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 CHAPTER TWO

BACKGROUND OF INTERNSHIP HOSTING COMPANY

1.6 Brief History

1.7 Background

Flintstone Engineering was founded in 1992, a good year for construction, amid huge post-civil
war reconstruction following the change of government in Ethiopia. Two decades of sustained
growth led to the present day Flintstone, with annual revenues of Birr 500 million (ca. USD
25,000,000) generated from contracts and real estate. The current contract portfolio stands
around Birr 4.9 Billion and includes complex University buildings, hospitals, conference halls
and an ultra-modern, high tech design & build contract for the African Union’s Peace & Security
Commission, the conceptual design and funding of which was provided by the Federal Republic
of Germany. Over the years, a total of more than 720,000 square meters of built –up area, with a
total value of more than Birr 7 billion adjusted to 2013 prices, was delivered & being
constructed by Flintstone.

In 2007, Flintstone was the first construction company in Ethiopia to have its quality
management system certified to ISO 9000 standard. Building upon the gains of this modern
system, in 2012 the Flintstone leadership decided to invest further in digital enterprise resource
planning & management system development. The project took nearly two years to complete and
in 2014, a Central Online Real-time Management Application Program (abbreviated as the
COREMAP) was launched enabling management66

1.8 Vision

To lead by example in an industry that delivers fair value for money

1.9 Mission

We the leaders and followers of this business entity as a team shall: Ever survive as a business
entity that is committed to the creation of excellent values that always strives to balance the
utility needs of customers, employees, managers and shareholders. Create and sustain a
combination of individual excellence (manifested in purposeful, visionary and exemplary

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leadership of our management) and communal values (expressed as the creative, harmonious,
and motivated team spirit of our employees) that will ensure the vitality, strength and
propagation of our business entity.

All things are changing and we are changing with them since change is a universal and
continuous phenomenon that positively affects our customers, employees, managers and
shareholders, so as to always prepare and provide for change, however violent.

1.10 Main products or services

The main product of the company to build or construct houses (villas) and apartment residence
houses for sale.

1.11 End users of the Company

The end user of the company are those who bought the houses by and large other end users the
company itself and governments in the form of income tax.

The agreement between the company and the customer is the type of contract agreement that
referred to as sales and construction agreement. This agreement has articles that explain the
responsibility of both parties which is prepared in Amharic Language. Here, we attached two
agreement papers.

1.12 Overall organization Structure of the Company & work flow

Construction work is a long time consuming, complicated, risky and high attention and skill
required work. To perform this work, well-educated and highly skilled Professionals cooperation
is basic tool. My internship hosting company also organized in long time practically skilled and
graduated professionals. The strength of the organization and power of professionals in different
position of company provides good Competency and helps to fit the business environment.

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 Organization Chart:
CEO
/TsedekeYihunie/

General Manager

HR Manager

Head Contract and

Marketing Department

Finance Manager
Head Procurement and
Supply Unit

Deputy General Manager Deputy General Manager

for Construction for Development

Design Studio, Sales &

Projects & Managers, Marketing, Project
Fig1. 1Structural work flow Equipment Admin Operations & Supplies

The work flow in Flintstone Engineering plc Company has many procedures; they start with
study of the project. This study includes certain core procedure as follow:

 Profitable of the project

 Important of the society
 Accessibility for the society etc.…

After the evaluation of the project, the board discuss on the details of the project. Then they give
instruction for general manager to control the project. The general manager has a responsibility
to control the project and distribute the task for respective office and section to finish the project

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within the time frame or schedule. In addition, the project manager has the following tasks in my
hosting company:

 He manages the whole project, through the project site organization.

 He divides the site in to manageable units and assigns a Forman or an engineer in charge
of the work depending on the type and volume of work.
 He is also responsible for motivating individuals and teams in the construction site by
communicating and recognizing their importance in the project and making recognition
like certificate, cash award, some invitations etc…
 He gives special attention to avoid wastage of materials while allocating resources.
 He prepares meeting, with different section heads for reviewing schedules, evaluate
performances.
 He also briefs to his responsibility sufficiently before the meeting between the client and
the company representative.
 The project manager also properly manages his time for all these activities to be
monitored by him and jobs regarding sub-contracts.
 Generally, the project manager acts as a leader, as a planner, as a decision maker.

As the project manager there are other workers that execute constructional work as technical
experts and support staffs. These are:

1. Office engineer

Collects data by the supervisor or data collector, from the site, then compile and analyze these
data to prepare payments.

He also makes reports to the project manager and makes detail drawings to be easy for
construction and provide it to site engineer, Forman or any concerned section.

2. Site engineer

Controls all the activities in the site and is responsible for the whole construction work.

He makes sure the works executed are according to the specifications and drawing, checks the
construction of structural and finishing works.

He also prepares necessary reports to the project manager about all activities on the site, and
strictly follows the given times schedule to avoid any delay on the project completion time.
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3. Contractor

Contractors execute the construction work by employing different workers such as site
engineers, carpenters, masons, daily laborers and machine operators etc.… In our real estate
there are 3 contractors (2 for villas and 1 for apartment).

4. Sub-contractor

Who specialized in various trades that many operations are package up and sublet to them? Thus
sub-contractors in our construction let for excavation, formworks, reinforcement making and
erecting, plastering, masonry work, tiles, plumbing, gypsum, painting, other finishing works
etc...

As practiced in this company, the sub-contractor is not handled by organization. But, he is

responsible for their payment within each 15 days. The advantage of letting the sub-contractors
is reducing the staff needed on the site and reduces capital outlay on plant and equipment.

5. General Forman

His duty is to keep the work moving ahead as the agent has planned it. He often has a great role
on the site, and is often astonishingly capable from their long experience of construction .on
many civil engineering jobs the general Forman is the key outside person in charge of
construction. He controls most of the skilled (masons, carpenter, plumber …) and unskilled
(gang leaders) labors by giving directions that he receive from the general manager or the site
engineer.

6. Administrator

Administer the workers (employees), take care of the employment of new workers and checks
the working performance and punctuality of the workers with the time keeper.

7. Finance

Takes care of monthly salary (fee) of the employee and finance the purchasing of requested
materials.

8. Data collector Collects daily work activities carried out on the site.

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9. Store keeperControl the amount and type of materials entering and leaving the store.

10. Mason he is a production worker responsible for production of masonry.

11. Carpenter

He is a craft responsible for making wood structures for supporting different structural
components like beams, columns, slabs formwork and roof structures and its cover etc.…

12. Machine operators

He operates, fix and maintain different machineries on the site like vibrator, mixer, etc.…

13. Metal workers

They fabricate, assemble, install, and repair sheet metal products and metal frames equipment’s.

14. Plumber

He is responsible for installing, repairing and maintaining pipes and other construction materials
used for water supply and waste water disposal.

15. Electricians

They perform works required for the repair, maintenance, installation and modernization of
electrical systems.

The company has organizational structure formed with four functional levels and board of
directors and manager as shown below.

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 CHAPTER THREE

OVERALL EXPEIERNCE AND SPECIFIC WORK

1.13 How Do I get to the Company?

After I receive, my internship-requesting letter from ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY my choice

was building construction rather than road construction. I have go toFlintstone Company PLC
which is located at Addis Ababa In addition, I gave my letter for the project manager he give me
my acceptance paper &, he told me to begin at any time.

I choose this company because of it is known by constructing many buildings for different
purpose at the center of Addis Ababa However, The Company is not exaggerated and has no
highly exhaustive construction equipment, they have many projects and it is capable to gain
practical skill in their company

1.14 Section of the Company I Have Been Working

I have been working with the section both in the site work section and in office work section. But
I was concentrate on the site engineer side because of to see how problems had happened and
also to see their remedial action.

1.15 Work Flow of the Section

The workflow in site from higher controlling staff and site Engineer to daily laborers is very
good. They perform their task in commitment and co operational system. They have inspiration
for their task and willingness even to work over time without payment.

Office workflow includes few professionals and the task is done with high attention and taking
care. In this section, the workflow is simple and not complicated

3.4 Work Tasks I Have Executing

3.4.1Site work

2. Excavation

Excavation is critical not only in the construction of building even in road. As we know there are
different types of soil in our country according to geographical location. In my hosting company

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there are two types of soil which are very black cotton soil and yellow colored clay soil. To give
their behavior during construction, it is difficult to excavate black cotton soil during rainy
season. Due to temperature variation this soil makes crack, as a result falling along the side on
the previously excavated portion will happen. Next let’s see the kind of excavation that I would
see in my company:

A. site clearance
In the company I visit site clearance is carried out by man power with a depth of 10 cm.
This is a usual practice in their site and this leads to a comfort to the remains plant roots
for its growth. This consideration is taken from the assumption that the structural load of
the villas which are very light. From architectural site plan of the building, we take the
dimension L1 and L2, then we get the area of the site to be cleared by (L1 +2m) *
(L2+2m) m2. But this 1m working space is not practice in all situations.

Fig3. 1site clearance

B. Bulk excavation

In their company both villas and apartments is build. Unlike villas, bulk excavation is
thoroughly carried out only for apartment. This excavation takes a working space of 0.25 cm in
each side of the building. And its depth of excavation is determined according to site soil type
and level of the natural ground. In my construction, the project manager and the site engineer
decided a depth of 2.10 m, before I had come to the company. That is an overall (2.1m * 22.9 m*

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28.75m) = 1382.59 m3 volume of bulk excavation for 658.38 m2 area of apartment, is taken. As
a result, the amount of borrow pit needed is more than 1576.15 m3 volume of soil. This is as a
result of wastage during transportation from source to site, site to portion to be filled and
shrinkage due to compaction. In our real estate, we wouldn’t recommend bulk excavation for all
villas because of the structural load of the super structure, which is quite light.

C. pit excavation

The depth of pit excavation in their site is decided according to the drawing and the geographical
position of the site. The company takes measures if the type of soil during excavation whether it
is the same or not. If the condition is the same, it is mandatory to set the bottom of the footing
pad at the same elevation from the top of the profile board. That means always we can’t know
the depth of footing from the drawing, rather we take measurement result from the source of
excavation. So, all the depth of footing will not be the same for the corresponding building,
unless the topographical position of all footing from bench marks the same.

But, as we know soil is erratic by nature and hence if we find a firm stratum or rock during
excavation and that will be the point of bottom of footing pad. In this case, the level of the
bottom of footing pads would be quite different. This excavation is carried out by daily labors in
our real estate construction.

Fig3. 2pit excavation

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D. Trench excavation

We know that this kind of excavation is necessary to fix the boundary of the building. The width
of trench excavation is increase with increase in depth of excavation. This is for the construction
of both masonry wall and shear wall. For masonry wall trench excavation is excavated with the
predetermined depth and width with a working space 20 cm. But, the working space in trench
excavation for shear wall construction is greater than 20 cm for the purpose of formwork
construction easiness. That means awidth of 160 cm for a depth of 1.4 m and greater than shear
wall, a width of 80 cm for 1.4 m and less than depth of shear wall. For the purpose of masonry
wall a width of 140 cm for greater depth and 90 cm for small depth of excavation. This
excavation is carried out by daily labors in our real estate constant

3. Formwork

After excavation work is finished, the next immediate action will be formwork construction
basically to support the fresh wet concrete until it attains the required shape after dry. Our real
estate used materials like timber and panel. This is carried out starting from footing pad
formwork that is crucial. The reason is the erection of other connecting structural element is
dependent on this. This is carried out by carpenter.

Formwork of footing pad-to fix the formwork of footing pad:

 1st Taking the measurement of concrete pad cross section (vertical and horizontal) from
drawing.
 2nd Cutting the material which is timber including its thickness (2.5cm).
 3rd Assembling the cutting material then it forms box.
 4th putting in the required pit box and
 5th Making adjustment of their horizontal perpendicularity and centricity of the
foundation column from the profile board line.

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 Fig3. 3pad formwork

Formwork of foundation column

It is carried out after footing pad concrete is casted. Most of the time foundation column
formwork materials in our real estate don’t need any modification (cutting and assembling). The
material they used is timber for fence footing and panel for building houses. To fix the
formwork of foundation column:

 1st Taking the measurement of foundation column concrete cross section (vertical and
horizontal) from drawing.
 2nd Making crasher at the top of the pad around foundation reinforcement including panel
thickness.
 3rd Erecting the panels in all sides inside the crasher and making its joint strong to get the
required shape and size, to protect it from concrete ejecting.
 4th Adjusting their alignment from the profile board on two perpendicular directions and
its vertical alignment.
 5th strengthen theformwork to protect from external pressure duringconcrete pouring.

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Formwork of elevation columns

Almost all the procedure to fix elevation column formwork is similar to formwork of foundation
column with few exceptions. To control its vertical alignment it is necessary to tie slab gancho
before the slab concrete is cast in place. To align the erected panel it is usual practice to support
it in angle form in two directions with eucalyptus treewood.

Fig3. 4 formwork of elevation

Formwork of beams

The formwork of beams in our hosting company can be seen as grade beam, intermediate and top
tie beam with gutter beam formwork. When we see its construction, the formwork of grade beam
is always in two opposite direction using panels when the lean concrete is spread over. On
intermediate beams there is formwork of soffit above cristae. Lintel beam formwork construction
is difficult but it is almost similar to the intermediate beam formwork construction procedure.
The construction of top tie beam formwork in our real estate is with gutter formwork in
combination. Gutter formwork is preceded in two stages, the soffit and external side is first then
the internal gutter wall formwork is constructedlater

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 Fig3. 5form work of beam

Formwork of stair

This work follow flight – landing- flight step wise procedure unlike other formwork
construction. The arrangement of the sloped or inclined and the riser concrete supporting
material makes the stair formwork different from other in addition to their structure.

Fig3. 6form of stair

4.Selected material and hard core

We have this construction material in sub-structure work above and below the grade beam. In
our real estate hard core is locally available around the compound, only selected material will
transport from the source to the site as a borrow pit. Once the concrete structure or the shear wall
or the masonry wall is constructed the next immidate action will be filling selected material
16
inside the boundary area up to the bottom of grade beam, around the casted concrete up to the
required level and on the sides of the casted sub-structure concrete up to the required area. In
our real estate selected material compacted at 15-20 cm layer thickness through either vibration
using compactor or tamping using human hand. Each layer is compacted twice strongly if
tamping preferred. Selected material transportation at filling position and tamping process was
carried out by daily laborers. The next work is hard core fill around boundary at adepth of 30 cm
above the bottom of grade beam.

Fig3. 7Selected material fill

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Fig3. 8Compaction with compactor and Compaction with tamping material

5.Reinforcement bars and stirrups

In our real estate from diameter 6 up to 24 mm reinforcement bars are available including tying
wires. There usage is governed by the pre- design drawing in the reinforcement detail. . As per
design the spacing of stirrups is denser at supports or end span and more spaced at middle span ,
at the site the stirrups of beam are not uniformly spaced. Gutter and shear wall stirrups is quite
different from other structural element stirrups. Reinforcement work and bar tying is carried out
by bar bender and cutter (ferayu) on concrete casting place and on bar bending and cutting area.
The reinforcement bar cutting work include overlap and hook, it needs special consideration
about tension effect according to the weather condition.

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 Slab reinforcement

Fig3. 9 slab reinforcement bars

6.concrete work

In our real estate all main structural element of the construction is builded with a compressive
strength of C-30 for horizontally& C-50 for horizontally structure a mix ratio based on design
mixer

Pad concrete work

As pads a sub-structure element below the natural ground they take 5 cm as a concrete cover to
protect the the reinforcement bar from rust. The footing pad construction in our site have normal
rectangular shape, sloped shape if the edge columns are at the property line and on the sides of
internal road. For sloped footing the reinforcement bars are increase linearly, they have a top
inverted reinforcements or three top supporting bars which link the pad with the foundation
column reinforcement. The task in our construction was some work disorder while casting pad
and grade beam concrete. To see the order how it look likes: formwork → lean concrete →
reinforcement → concrete and formwork → reinforcement → lean concrete → concrete .
The lean concrete they used was only coarse aggregate (gravel). Finally the fresh concrete
poured and compact with vibrator. After 16 hour formwork dismantling and curing for 7 days is
carried out.

Foundation column concrete work

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This is the second stage in concreting work and it has 5 cm concrete cover to protect from the
surrounding soil or ground water condition. And this work need a great consideration as a result
it distribute all the super- structure load to the pad and then to the supporting soil or firm strata
evenly. In our site both villas and fences was need foundation column. Fence fondation column
concrete fills up to the bottom of shear wall, the rest was in combination with the shear wall. At
the property line to separate two columns they used chibud as a joint. The apartment foundation
column concrete was constructed in two stage. This is because of formwork materials absence
like timber a length which have 4.5 m and more. While making the second stage they used
chemicals to create strong bond from the previous for long term interval and cement paste for
short term interval. Contractors always need 4-8 hour working time for concrete casting. After 16
hour formwork dismantling to expose the structure to air and curing for 7 days is carried out.

Elevation column concrete work

Unlike foundation column it takes 2.5 cm concrete cover. Just I said before elevation column in
our site has a compressive strength of C-50 MPa. During construction work concrete is casted in
great care to control the required shape and size, compaction using vibrator is necessory as a
super- structure. To align its reinforcement arrangment corresponding to concrete cover
thickness in all direction they use spacer. This spacer is manifactured on the site with 2.5 cm and
5 cm thickness for foundation columns. And their height of concrete fill at different position can
vary at stair case and front face of the building or verandah. This needs elevation drawing
reading fom different direction to know their height of concrete fill. Similarly it takes 16 hour to
dismantle the form work as it a vertical member and one week two times in a day morning and
evening for curing.

Beams concrete work

In our real estate in construction of beams concrete work it is not necessary to fix concrete cover,
because any other structure doesn’t extended from it. Grade beam concrete work is the simplest
in construction of beam with a compressive strength of C-30Map. It needs vibration to compact
and protect it from voids. Lintel beam in the site constructed both at place by constructing
formwork and away from the place as pre-cast based on the shape and weight of the beam. But, it
doesn’t need to meet a compressive strength of other beam types, because its primary purpose is
to support only the weight of blocks above the door and window. On intermediate beams

20
sometimes negative bars are inserted at the junction to overcome excessive negative moment
along the beam end span.

Shear wall concrete work

In our hosting company shear wall is constructed for all villas below grade beam and fences
below block wall. The company decided this for all soil conditions instead of masonry wall,but
shear wall is adviceable when the soil is weak. Shear wall is better than masonary wall in weak
soil because that masonry wall have high load to the soil so it needs soil compaction to resit the
load and also it need masonry worker cost. Shear wall does not carry load but it transfer the load
to grade beams then the grade beam transfer the loads to columns then columns transfers load to
footing.

Fig3. 10Concreat casting for shaer wall

Slab concrete work

In our construction company we have two types of slab construction which is ribbed slab and
solid slab. Solid slabs are constructed at the ground and elevations. Ground slab in our site is

21
constructed with 10 cm concrete thickness by placing the reinforcement mesh at the bottom of
the level spreaded hard core. The reinforcement mesh has a diameter of 8 mm with a center to
center spacing of 20 cm and they use 1.5 cm thickness with 8 cm height chibud as a construction
joint. The company use this joint only at the time of material available in the store rather as a
principle. During concrete placing the masons tie fasha to fix the slab level and the remaining
will spread and compact using Riga. According to the drawing some portion is left for sanitary
fxing and stair reinforcement.

Solid slab at elevation is casted for 15 cm thickness and reinforcement is placed bottom and top.
This doubly reinforced reinforcement is placed for the purpose of moment resistance. That
means, bottom for positive moment and top for negative moment as a negative bar will be
placed. This negative bar end at one third of the slab span. For elevation columns formwork
comfort gancho will be tied at the middle of the beam before slab concrete casted. During
concrete placing the concrete is evenly compacted and distributed using vibrator.

In our company ribbed slab is constructed on panels rather than using secondary beams as a joist.
This slab has 30 cm thickness and it takes 6 mm diameter reinforcement. This kind of slab is
comfortable for stair case formwork and concrete work for workers like carpenter and masons.
And also it is preferable for light weighted building and cheap in cost compared to solid slab.
They use special type of blocks which is ribbed block.

Fig3. 11Solid slab casted concrete

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.

7. Masonry wall construction

In our company masonry work is build for the apartment basement to support the
surrounding soil. And this has 50 cm thickness at bottom and top by making its external edge
align with the foundation column edge to create boundary and carry grade beams. Retaining
structure is constructed for villas near to river side only. They use a mix ratio 1:3 mortar to
fill joint.

8. Finishing works

Starting from block wall construction I was watching some finishing works. In block wall
construction they use a mix ratio 1:4 mortar to fill joint. They use 20 cm thickness block for
external walls, 15 cm and 10 cm thickness block for room partitions. Plastering work is
carried out only in one stage by combining the three stage coat in one. This work is executed
for 2.5 cm thickness and a mix ratio of 1:4 mortars.

When the plastering work is completed they use quartz for external walls and fence, gypsum
then paint for interior part. Ceramic flooring tile is constructed with 1:3 mix ratio of mortar
and cement paste above mortar. This tile has 7.5 cm thickness including mortar. Ceramic has
0.5 cm and marble 3 cm thickness as a result they use marble at edge and high load carrying
part like below doors, windows and on stairs.

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 Plastering Floor tiles

Paint and gypsum board ceiling Quartz and terrazzo

1.1 Work piece or task executed

During my stay at the site for four months, I was participating and executing both on the office
and site works. The first task was to look at the various detailed design information to do office
work and get the general overview of the site to execute my site work. This was my task or work
piece:

1. site works
 Recording measured data for takeoff preparation.
 Checking the position and arrangement of structural element with its constitutes such as
checking the arrangement, spacing and diameter of bars, position of footing pad mesh.

24
 Checking the depth of excavations, way of compaction both on fill and concrete.
 Observing at the site work as a whole to understand the working condition by preparing
and asking questions.
 Observing and recording absence of finishing works or making data collection on
remaining finishing works.
 I also control concrete ingredients like gravel, sand during daily laborers are in
excavation work to protect it from soil and dust.
 Checking the cleanness of formworks, whether or not painted with oil and also checking
vertical and profile line alignment.
 Checking the presence of slab Gancho before concrete casting.
 Decide the number of berga that the ferayu can use.
 Checking the center line of foundation column from the profile board.
 Deciding the depth of fence shear wall from top of grade beams and road natural ground
at bottom level as a reference.
 Deciding grid depth difference with site engineers.
 Giving direction in the building of block wall from structural drawing while making
rooms for masons.

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Fig3. 12 site work

1.1.1 Office work

Preparing daily takeoff and bar schedule just before the work executes and adjusts for weekly
payment.

Preparing payment certificate

Evaluate payment certificate and takeoff to make correction if error had happened, before
submitted to finance.

Compile data on remaining finishing works.

The following tables are samples from which I have been executing during the four month
internship program:

Takeoff sheet

This sheet is prepared by using the drawing detail in order to get information like types of work,
dimension, and material type. The calculation carried out with measurements like area, volume
etc.…

Table3. 1Takeoff sheet

Takeoff
sheet

No Dimensio Squaring Desciriptio No dimension squaring Desciription

n n

Bar schedule

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Bar schedule is a form for entering dimensions taken from drawing to determine the accurate
quantity of reinforcement steel. This is used to know the total amount of reinforcement steel
used. To prepare bar schedule table there is a format table indicated below and this table filled
with the correct information on the structural drawing.

Table3. 2Bar schedule

location type shape Diameter length No No total Total

length
off of

bar member

Total
length

weigh
t

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 Total
weigh
t

Bill of quantity (BOQ) Sheet

It is a format which is used in a bill of quantity to list (include) a short description of the
specification along with its measuring unit, quantity and unit prices to determine the total cost for
each trade of item.

Table3. 3Bill of quantity

No desciription Unit Quantity Unit price Total price

. Procedures and methods used

 To prepare takeoff sheet I have used architectural drawing and measuring instrument like
tape meter for each daily work.
 To encourage my practical and theoretical skill first I have prepared questions related to
the working condition and then asking to different section of workers.
 To prepare absence of finishing works first l ask to concerned supervisor to give a sample
data for one villa then the rest will be my task.
 To know the depth and level of fence shear wall we use water hose leveling, tape meter,
peg and the corresponding house as a bench mark starting from the higher level.

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  For floor separation while in the construction of block walls we use floor plan layout,
meter, string, mason square and elevation drawings.
 In setting out we use footing layout, profile board, string, tape meter, plumb-bob, steel
nails and gypsum or pegs after the site clearance work is finished.
 In preparation of payment certificate we use Excel sheet and the corresponding takeoff
sheet which is previously prepared.

1.16 Challenges faced

Since it was my first time to be in a working environment, I have faced different challenges.

 It had been a major challenge for me to communicate with the workers, Forman ,
carpenters, masons and site engineer, because the words they use on the site are new, and
which are totally confusing and hard to memorize in the first few weeks of the internship
period.
 Even if I was sharing an office with my supervisor and other interns, it is necessary to
spend most of the time on the field out on the scorching sun to make sure to learn each
and every work activities carried out on the site and checks it’s done according to what
they are provided with.
 From all it had been a major problem for me to get more experienced person who guide
and advise my work.
 I spent a lot of my time in the construction site; as a result the site was need safety shoes,
helmet and services like drinking water.
 The company wasn’t give any permission for site visit at other company, this restrict my
practical skill.

1.17 Measures taken

 I have learned the words they used by asking and trying to memorize each word. As time
progresses I was able to understand and respond to the words.
 I have tried to present what it look likes the working progress with other intern students
to our office engineer.
 First I was tried to ask the company manager office members, then I prefer to go closely
with Forman to compensate.

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  I tried to cover safety shoes, normal cape to control the harsh sun, drinking water with
myself.
 I used the day Saturday for site visit.

1.18 Result and Conclusion

However, my personal bold problems not solved yet, the result of my measure that I have taken
to overcome those problem was effective in most problems specially related to the site Engineer
and other company workers. In my internship season, I can to be successful in terms of making
friendship with company workers. They tried to show me all what they could in the particular
work section. Generally, my duration in the company was good, I have learned academically,
socially, financially, and what work environment like.

1.19 Recommendation

I understand this: The climax of hardship is not the sign of ending of life. Next to each dark
evening, there are shiny days. The lengthening of worse days indicates the approaching of that
hopping shiny day.

Personally, I do not believe that fully favorable life is existed in world but relatively there is
million times better life than my shortage-surrounded life that I live in today.

Finally, I recommend, strength is the only tool to overcome problems and challenges.

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 CHAPTER -4

OVERALL BENEFIT
During the four month internship program I have gained benefits which helped me to explore my
skills, qualities and abilities. The following are some of the benefits that I gained:

1.20 Upgrading theoretical knowledge

 This internship program gave me the chance to explore and search news related to the
working environment or condition.
 It was a role to read more and more different books to compare and contrast the theory
against practical. I preferably used books like EBCS 1, 2, 7, geotechnical engineering-
Murthy, soil mechanics-ARORA, design of reinforced concrete structures –volume 1, 2
by , building construction, construction material, Quantity survey handouts.
 During my internship program workers did in the construction site in simplest way and
this makes me to understand my theoretical concept easily.
 It has also a guide to concise the theoretical concept.
 It makes a clear understanding about engineering concept and principles as well
procedures.
 It creates a clear image about some of the courses which I learnt in the classes.
 It enables me to see behavior of soil and concrete at a time.

31
  It helps me to strengthen my theoretical knowledge and gain meaningful engineering
experience to complement academic studies.
 It gives a hint about the way of reading to habit the practical skill.

1.21 Improving practical skills

This program gave me many opportunities to test and refine my skills. Almost all in my learning
years my knowledge has been theoretical. As a prerequisite some of the site and laboratory tests I
have performed in the theoretical class and the laboratory test I execute at the theoretical
lessons, my ambition and enthusiasm for new ideas and things greatly helped me to understand
the activities carried out in the site easily and improve my practical skills. As a result this
program has changed this and now I have developed the following in terms of improving my
practical skill:

 I have developed practical knowledge which helped me to build and improve my

confidence.
 I was practically able to see how construction materials are managed and controlled in a
way that is efficient and wastage reducing. Controlling construction materials starting
from the time it is taken out of store up to the time it is implemented on the work. Take
off and quantity works can be mentioned among such controlling methods.
 I was able to know some measurements by naked eye without using any measuring
instrument like tape meter through my day to day activity. These are diameter of bars,
width and breadth of columns, width and depth of beams, center to center spacing of
mesh.
 Unlike bar schedule I can able to calculate the amount of berga (12 m bar) during the
construction work of columns, beams, slabs, etc… under consideration would be taken.
 I understood how to control and manage wastage of bar to reduce cost as a contractor and
this gains profit to the company.
 I have developed myself judgment during site problems, taking measurement that I
should to take in making solutions.

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1.22 Industrial problem solving capability

 In our construction project problem often seen with different reason, out of these the
main problem is the fence boundary shear wall. Basically shear wall is necessary if any
kind and number of basement has been needed. For this problem I suggest my
recommendation to one of the construction contractor instead, construction of masonry
wall would be advisable rather than shear wall. Because it avoids unwanted cost of
concrete ingredient and bar, in addition we don’t face any construction problem. Masonry
stone (Kaba) is locally on the company compound is available.

1.23 Improving team playing skills

 Since construction work is a team work by its nature I face different individuals with
different professions. I learnt that as part of a team, an engineer should have to work
with a positive attitude within a group for the success of a project. I will ask ferayu,
contractor, Forman, site engineer, office engineer to prepare take off and getting
experience and knowledge. Through time I believed that good relation and
communication skill among construction workers like daily laborers, carpenter,
Forman, contractor, site engineers and others is the key to run construction work
effectively and efficiently.
 Based on this I tried to change my approach to the people at the work place. When
called upon to lead, an engineer must have good managerial and organizational skills.
Because confident and enthusiastic engineers are able to succeed by gaining the trust
of co-workers.
 Generally team work teach me to share ideas openly and willingly, communicate
others constructively, shows commitment to the team, treat others in a respectful and
supportive manner, works as a problem-solver and function as an active participant.

1.24 Improving leadership skills

As we know a person in apposition of a leader must have the ability to guide, direct or
indirect influence in a possibly good way and he\ she is part of making good and effective
decisions. Problems occur while working thus, a person who is in the position of leadership

33
 seeks optimal solution to problems and should be smart enough to manage site workers. The
following were benefits I gained in terms of leadership skill: as a leader

 I learnt workers should be treated fairly.

 I should motivate, inspire, guide workers and students during harsh environment,
strong work time.
 I should communicate with every employee with good mannerand politeness as possible.
 I should create a network to other company workers to discover construction
problems.
 I should promote active and wise workers into higher level of work and performance.
 I understand that personal values like confidence, effective communication and
devotion are very important.
 Having not only technical knowledge but also human, material, capital goods and
financial management is very important.
 It is crucial to accept concerns and suggestions of the lower level workers.
 I understand also the success of any company depends on the ability of the leader.

1.25 Understanding about work ethics

 In our company the time keeper take attendance at 2:30 o’clock, 7:30 o’clock and 11:00
o’clock daily on working time for staff members and intern students. This makes us to be
punctual, hard workers and responsible for the task we perform. It helps us also to do our
tasks accurately and responsibly. This is very important for developing healthy working
surroundings and increasing productivity.
 I understand kindness and honesty is a key for getting any information and answers for
my questions from site workers.
 I was also responsible for my actions and my teams; I was capable of explanations when
needed.
 I have taken responsibility to the equipment’s I used like computer, books and prepared
document or data.
 I understand respecting colleagues and managing emotions helps us for smooth
communication and conflict control.

34
  In our company the contractors have a duty to work based on the drawing, specifications,
work procedures and schedule. If we deviate from these the work become in trouble. So
from this we can understand that following the work agreement is respecting one form of
work ethics.
 This internship also gives me cheating must be avoided to accomplish the work within
the planned schedule and cost.
 In office work I also learnt on how to keep the working atmosphere from things which
disturb like loud music, songs and things which disturb other workers mood. That means
we keep in mind that we must always treat others as we would like others to treat us.

3.7. Entrepreneurship skills

After enhancing and developing my theoretical and practical skill to higher level I planned to
make main construction workers to be competent. The workers included mainly here is a person
who doesn’t have the chance to learn about building construction like contractors (uneducated
only have experience), masons, carpenter which doesn’t have enough theoretical knowledge. My
target is to be become this workers owner of both practical skill and theoretical knowledge. This
is my long term future plan regarding entrepreneurship skill. Publishing book which guide and
gives general knowledge for engineering students and first degree graduates focuses on building
construction in Ethiopia is included in my future plan.

Generally, since there were always sudden challenges while the projects were in progress, new
ideas and logical solutions were forwarded. I was also able to forward my solution with full
confidence from my point of view. By doing this I was developing my creativity and generating
new ideas that even may help me on the near future. This will enable me to take sub-contracts on
setting out, excavation, masonry and concrete from different Real Estates and construction
companies rather than to be company’s staff member and worker.

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 CHAPTER – 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1.26 Conclusion

From this internship program, I understand that there are a lot of job opportunities in the
construction sector. As stated earlier this program gave me experience about the working
environment in Real Estate, the mechanisms on how to give solutions to site and office
problems. I just want to say the experience had been great, that I acquired a lot of understanding
as I have been working as a site and office engineer. I am thankful for Flintstone Real Estate and
the employees for their help and support.

The program provided to me on how I grow my practical skills and the theoretical knowledge
learned in the past four years. It helped me to see myself how much I would fit to the
construction sector and what I should improve before I graduate. So, I suggest this internship
program has to be continued for the upcoming students in all engineering department with strong
and organized mentorship from the institute and responsible company supervisor.

36
As we know the construction industry in Ethiopia is growing faster than ever because all the
construction firms find it more profitable. This growth brings also the more civilized and
technology oriented construction methods which bring more complex methods of construction.
So, universities should update their learning schedule to the current engineering procedures,
findings, engineering techniques. Government also takes special consideration for technology
transfer from foreign private company.

Good management and governance also have a role for the overall development of the country
and construction company success. When we comes to the control and evaluation of individual
projects in our company there is efficient and organized systems by which projects are evaluated
with respect to time to time costs, safety issues and defined roles of employees about their
responsibilities.

1.27 Recommendation

1.27.1 To company

Negative aspect

Considering safety and healthy rules and regulations:

Workers have no safety shoes. I have also observed that helmets were provided for employees at
particular time.

I recommended that the company and those who are concerned including project manager and
office engineers should strictly reinforce the rules to wear helmets and safety shoes, the company
should provide healthy working conditions and services like toilets and clean drinking water and
the company should also remove frequently used materials. As a result of this, the safety of
workers should be strictly implemented.

Considering construction activity and workers right:

 The company and contractors were not paying enough payment for daily laborers and
construction workers than other companies.
 There was no constant supply of construction material specially water and formwork
material etc…, this forced workers to use material on the site and on their hand.
 The construction of shear wall doesn’t follow design analysis.

37
I recommend that this company to improve its construction material supply and employee’s
salary. It should make real design analysis on shear wall to enhance its output in terms of quality,
quantity and on time deliverance in order to be strong enough to compete with other companies.

 Soil, concrete and concrete block tests were not carried out.
 There is a problem on concrete cover due to spacer, bar and formwork placement.
 The inadequate number of mixers (2), vibrator (1), and compactor (1) made the
construction progress slow.
 They used only coarse aggregate as a lean concrete.

Positive aspect

The company uses any mechanisms to gain better profits and has good management in
controlling construction workers and intern students. They use also construction
materials which are nearly available to the site like stone masonry, water and others.
The company also plays a great role in achieving workers to a higher success and
level. Finally, the company is highly organized and all the staff members execute their
task in orderly manner.

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 Appendix A
Duties and responsibility of workers:

1. Masons – in masonry work, concrete work. “ Ginbegna “

2. Carpenter– in wood works, formwork and scaffolding. “ Anatsi“
3. Bar benders – in bending and cutting bars in a given dimensions. “Ferayyo”
4. Time keeper – in keeping time of work and taking attendance for staff members.
5. Store keeper – in regulating and keeping store activities and equipments.
6. Chiseler– a person who execute chiseling process. “ Terabit“
7. Plumber – a person who work on plumbing activities.
8. Electrician – a person who work on electrical installation.

Appendix B
Names and use of materials on construction site:

1. Modino (profile board) – used in converting the footing and ground floor plan on
the ground from the working drawing.

39
2. Tumbi (plumb bob) – used in leveling of structures like column and fixing the
corner position of pit excavation from profile board.
3. Riga– used for leveling slab concrete and mortar in plastering work.
4. Mefas– used for leveling concrete and mortar this is used by one hand and smaller
in size.
5. Yejwuhalik (split level) - used for leveling horizontal and vertical alignment of
smaller structures.
6. Scattola (junction box) – used to hold conduits together and used for fuse
(switch).
7. Gutet – used to cut and tie black wire.
8. Moralae (purl in) – used to support suspended slab formwork and roof covering.
9. Staffa (stirrup)– used to tie beams and column re-bar, serves as shear
reinforcement.
10. Chikal (peg) – used for holding ropes in order to find column center.
11. Grilla – this is name given for foundation pad and column.
12. Squadra (mason square) – used to know the perpendicularity of structures.
13. Blenkino– used for catching out nails and mortar in plastering work.
14. Bega– used for bending bars.
15. Berga– a bar which has 12 m length.
16. Medosha (stone’s hammer) – used to shape masonry stone and level hard core
before slab concrete.
17. Medosha (steel’s hammer)– used to insert nails.
18. Panel – used for formwork of column, slab and beam.
19. Mero (chisel)– used for chiseling process.
20. Segetto – used to cut the gaps of Scattola for holding conduits and small diameter
reinforcement bars.
21. Armata (concrete) – is composed of cement, sand, gravel and water in proportion.
22. Gomawuhalik (hose level)– used for leveling as a split level.
23. Sponda– it is name given to side formwork.
24. Plywood – wooden panel in formwork construction.
25. Kerebat (clamp)– used to hold the column formwork.

40
26. Gancho– it is name given to the leg of the stirrup that bends 5 cm and foundation
column reinforcement.
27. Pensi– wastage of plywood that used for covering small slot.
28. Fonte – it is name given to scaffolding.
29. Kiset (stanga) – used to keep the strength of the formwork to stable the level.
30. Staffeni – a metal used to bend the stirrup or Staffa.
31. Black wire – a small diameter wire that is useful in the construction of
reinforcements.
32. Cabeleto– a steel type that stands in between the upper and lower reinforcements
in the construction of double slab reinforcement and pad reinforcement. This is
important to reduce the bending of reinforcement before concrete is casted.
33. Fero– it is name given to re-bar.
34. Solera– it is name given to slab.
35. Ligna– it is name given to alignment.
36. Junta– it is name given to the spacing between HCB and masonry stone.
37. Zekolo– it is name given to skirting.
38. Fondo– it is name given to bottom formwork.
39. Ferecast– it is name given to cement screed.
40. Jeso– it is name given to gypsum.

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 REFERENCE
 Company workers, i.e. site engineers, office engineers and Forman.
 The four years theoretical knowledge.
 Books like building construction, EBCS (1, 2, and 7), foundation books and Egypt RCC
book.

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