Technical report on my SIWES program

Technical report on my SIWES program
A TECHNICAL REPORT ON
STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)
(MAY 2022 – SEPTEMBER 2022)
HELD AT
NIGERIAN AIRSPACE MANAGEENT AGENCY (NAMA)
AND
NIGERIAN NATIONAL PETROLEUM COMPANY LIMITED (NNPC)
BY
NNAMBA IKENNA PAUL
18CN024497
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING
COVENANT UNIVERSITY OTA, OGUN STATE
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE AWARD OF A BACHERLOR OF ENGINEERING,
B.ENG IN PETROLEUM ENGINEERING.
HOD: DOC.
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LETTER OF CERTIFICATION
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give all thanks to almighty GOD for the grace to complete the SIWES program at both NAMA
and NNPC successfully, and to all that contributed immensely to my success.
I have to thank both Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA) and Nigerian National
Petroleum Company Limited (NNPC) for giving me this opportunity to learn and be impacted on
during the period of Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES).
I am grateful to my supervisors, Engr. George will Tonye, Engr. Mustapha, Engr. Oluwagbenga
Samuel for their guidance, teachings and mentorship during the course of this work experience
program.
I appreciate my parents Mr./Mrs. Nnamba for their support during this period financially,
morally, academically etc.
Further on, I want to thank friends such as Roy, Yilkudi Ritji, Dorathy etc., and fellow interns;
Owolabi Israel, john Mamza, etc., for their moral support as they made this learning period
joyful and efficient.
THANK YOU ALL.
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ABSTRACT
This report covers an extensive review of experience gained, the skills acquired, and the
application of knowledge gained from my lecturers during the course of the Student Industrial
Work Experience Scheme (SIWES). I started as an intern at Nigerian Airspace Management
Agency located at Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport Abuja, Nigeria, from 16th may 2022 to
10th June 2022 then I transitioned to the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited
(NNPC) at Central Business District Herbert Macaulay Way P.M.B 190 Garki, Abuja Nigeria
from the 13th of June 2022 to 31st of October 2022. The contents of this document are a detailed
description of the experience gained at NNPC during the period of my SIWES program. It also
highlights some of the challenges encountered and how I overcame them during the period of
attachment. A few recommendations which can improve the benefit of this program. As the
humble writer of this report, I own an exclusive authority to grant permission for any review,
modification, or commercial distribution of this document. And any use of the write up for
research or such purposes should be appropriately acknowledged. Every aspect cited from other
documents or out-sourced information has been duly noted in the reference section.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LETTER OF CERTIFICATION...........................................................................................................................2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.................................................................................................................................3
ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................................4
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................8
1.1 General introduction to SIWES....................................................................................................8
1.1.2 Objectives and scope of SIWES in Nigeria...................................................................................8
1.2 Collection of SIWES Letter, Submission, Response and Engagement...........................................9
1.3 About the Companies of Engagement.......................................................................................11
1.3.1 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)..............................................................11
1.3.1.1 History of NAMA..........................................................................................................11
1.3.1.2 NAVAIDS.....................................................................................................................11
1.3.2 Nigerian National Petroleum Company LTD.......................................................................12
1.3.2.1 History of NNPC LTD...................................................................................................12
1.3.2.2 Engineering Technology Division (ETD)......................................................................14
1.4 Submission of Important SIWES Documents.............................................................................15
1.5 Commencement of Internship...................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2: FACILITIES AVAILABLE............................................................................................................16
2.1 Facilities and Equipment Available................................................................................................16
2.1.1 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)...................................................................16
2.1.2 Nigerian National Petroleum company Limited (NNPC)..........................................................20
2.2 Quality of Company Based Supervisor...........................................................................................23
2.3 Knowledge and Experiences Gained..............................................................................................24
2.3.1 Health Safety and Environment (HSN)...............................................................................25
2.3.1.1 Fire.................................................................................................................................25
2.3.1.2 Types of Fire..................................................................................................................25
2.3.2 Engineering Design Carried Out.........................................................................................29
2.3.3 Project Management Activities..........................................................................................30
2.3.4 Lectures and Research Work.............................................................................................31
2.3.4.1 Project Management......................................................................................................32
2.3.4.2 Additional Refinery Operations.....................................................................................32
2.3.4.2.1 Vacuum Distillation Unit.........................................................................................35
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2.3.4.2.2 Catalytic Reforming Unit.........................................................................................35

2.3.4.2.3 Kerosene Hydro-Treatment Unit..............................................................................35
2.3.4.2.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit..................................................................................35
2.3.4.2.5 Hf Alkylation...........................................................................................................36
2.3.4.3 Aspen Hysys..................................................................................................................36
2.3.4.4 Cost Engineering and Estimation...................................................................................37
2.3.4.4.1 Planning the Estimate...............................................................................................38
2.3.4.4.2 Creating the estimate & Develop BOE Document...................................................38
2.3.4.4.3 Review and Validate................................................................................................39
2.3.4.4.4 Approve and Document for Usage...........................................................................39
2.3.5 Soft skills Gained................................................................................................................39
CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDE GAINED AND CONTRIBUTIONS...............................................40
3.1 Application of Knowledge gained..............................................................................................40
3.1.1 My Field of study and Educational Career................................................................................41
3.2 Goals of the Company of Engagement.......................................................................................41
3.3 The larger Society......................................................................................................................41
3.4 Bridging the Gaps in Knowledge................................................................................................42
3.5 Culture of The Organization.......................................................................................................42
CHAPTER 4: CHALLENGES..........................................................................................................................43
4.1 Technical Challenges Encountered............................................................................................43
4.2 Challenges Faced by the Company............................................................................................43
4.3 Projects Identified......................................................................................................................43
CHAPTR 5: CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................46
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................47
CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................48
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: SIWES official LOGO..................................................................................................................9

Figure 2: Acceptance Letter from NAMA..................................................................................................10
Figure 3: Acceptance Letter from NNPC..................................................................................................11
Figure 4: NAMA LOGO............................................................................................................................12
Figure 5: NNPC Towers Building.............................................................................................................13
Figure 6: NNPC Organogram...................................................................................................................14
Figure 7: Picture of an ILS in Abuja Airport.............................................................................................17
Figure 8: Localizer....................................................................................................................................18
Figure 9: An ALS in Abuja Airport............................................................................................................18
Figure 10: Distance Measuring Equipment...............................................................................................19
Figure 11: DVOR equipment.....................................................................................................................21
Figure 12: NNPC Towers Braithwaite Tank.............................................................................................21
Figure 13: Schematic of the HVAC in NNPC............................................................................................22
Figure 14: Fire Alarm Systems in NNPC towers.......................................................................................23
Figure 15: Water Sprinkler pump in NNPC Towers..................................................................................24
Figure 16: The 100,000 Liters Capacity Tank...........................................................................................30
Figure 17: Schematics of the Naphtha Hydro heating Unit.......................................................................35
Figure 18:Diagram of simulation of Separators with Aspen Hysys...........................................................38
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 General introduction to SIWES
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was established by the Industrial
Training Fund (ITF) in 1973 to enable students of tertiary institutions have technical knowledge
of industrial work based on their course of study before the completion of their program in their
respective institutions. The scheme was design to expose students to industrial environment and
enable them develop occupational competencies so that they can readily contribute their quota to
national, economic, and technological development after graduation. The major benefits accrued
to student who participate conscientiously in Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme
(SIWES) are the skills and competencies they acquire. The relevant production skill remains a
part of the recipients of industrial training as life-long assets which cannot be taken away from
them. This is because the knowledge and the skills acquired are internalized and become relevant
when required in jobs or functions.
Figure 1: SIWES official LOGO

The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a program set up to permit and
prepare students of Universities, Polytechnics, and much more the opportunity to experience
what they are most likely to face after graduation. The scheme also affords students the
opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in handling
equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions of learning.
1.1.2 Objectives and scope of SIWES in Nigeria

1) Provide placement in industries for student of higher institutions of learning
approved by the relevant regulatory authority (NUC, NBTE) to acquire work
experiences and skills relevant to their course of study.
2) Prepare students for the real work situation they will meet after graduation.
3) Expose students to work methods and techniques in the handling of equipment
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and machinery that may not be available in school.

4) Bridging gap between theory and practical knowledge.
1.2 Collection of SIWES Letter, Submission, Response and Engagement
The SIWES coordinator of the department of Petroleum engineering at Covenant university gave
the SIWES letter of placement to the eligible students alongside a logbook, a form 8 and the
students commencement Attachment form (SCAF).
I collected my SIWES placement letter in the late February 2022. It was distributed to various
multinational and national companies. This application led to series of interviews; I eventually
got an internship placement at Nigerian Airspace Management Agency on the 16 th of May 2022
where I interned for about a month until I got a desired placement at the Nigerian National
Petroleum Company LTD on the 13th of June 2022.
Figure 2: Acceptance Letter from NAMA
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Figure 3: Acceptance Letter from NNPC
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1.3 About the Companies of Engagement
1.3.1 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)
The Nigerian Airspace Management Agency is located at Nnamdi Azikiwe international Airport
Abuja, P.M.B 182, Garki, Abuja, Nigeria.
Figure 4: NAMA LOGO

1.3.1.1 History of NAMA
Nigerian airspace management agency (NAMA) was established by the Act of parliament No.
48, commencement date of 29th may 1999, as a body corporate with perpetual succession and
common seal; that may sue or be sued in its corporate name and shall own, hold or dispose of
property (whether movable or immovable). The agency has a governing board headed by a part
time chairman; he is appointed by the president commander in-chief of the armed forces for a
term of four years.
1.3.1.2 NAVAIDS
Navigational aids are a department functioning under NAMA, they are in charge of the guidance
equipment which aids Planes in navigation. The responsibility for ensuring the seamless
provision of these safety-critical services is vested upon the Air Traffic Safety Electronics and
Engineering Services Directorate of the Agency, which has, over the years, been supporting and
engineering the deployment of modern, scalable, and flexible technologies to ensure air traffic
safety as well as expeditious air traffic management operations.
The processes, strategies, and activities for the provision of air navigation services by NAMA
revolve around the three safety-critical areas of Communication, Navigation, and Surveillance
with the establishment of clearly defined systems and operational divisions for ensuring the
institutionalization of a sustainable, technology-driven, and safety-assured Air Traffic
Management Terrain.
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1.3.2 Nigerian National Petroleum Company LTD
The Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPC) Towers in Abuja is the

corporate Headquarters (CHQ) of NNPC. Consisting of four identical towers, it is located at
Central Business District Herbert Macaulay Way P.M.B 190 Garki, Abuja, Nigeria. NNPC LTD
a for profit oil corporation in Nigeria. Formerly a government-owned corporation, it was
transformed from a corporation to a limited liability company in July 2022.
Figure 5: NNPC Towers Building
1.3.2.1 History of NNPC LTD
The Oil and Gas Industry in Nigeria emerged from the merging of the then Nigerian National Oil
Corporation (NNOC) and the Ministry of Petroleum Resources, to give birth to the new oil
regulatory body now, which is the Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) formed in
April 1977. The corporation was tasked with various responsibilities among which included
active participation in exploration and production, refining and product marketing. The
corporation constructed refineries at Warri, Kaduna and Port Harcourt, together with a huge
network of pipelines, depots and pump stations for effective distribution of petroleum products
throughout the country. On the 19th of July 2022 NNPC which was formerly a government
owned enterprise transitioned into a limited company following the Petroleum Industrial Act
(PIA) implemented into law on the 16th of August 2022. The NNPC is the only entity licensed to
operate in the country's petroleum industry. It partners with foreign oil companies to exploit
Nigeria's fossil fuel resources, in other words NNPC is responsible for harnessing Nigeria’s oil
and gas reserves for sustainable national development. It explores, produces, refines oil, markets
and retails petroleum products.
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Figure 6: NNPC Organogram
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NNPC Subsidiaries
The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), needing to booster its Exploration
activities, Refining, Petrochemicals, Product transportation as well as Marketing was
commercialized into Twelve (12) Strategic Business Units (SBU). These SBUs are intended to
cover the entire Oil and Gas industry exploration.
In addition to the SBUs, the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR), a department of the
Ministry of Petroleum Resources, ensures compliance with the industry regulations, process
applications for licenses, leases, and permits, establishes and enforces environmental regulations.
The DPR and NNPC SBU companies, which include Exploration and Production (E&P), Gas
Development, Refining, Distribution, Petrochemicals, Engineering, and Commercial Investment,
are the following:
1. DPR- Department of Petroleum Resources.

2. NAPIMS- National Petroleum Investment Management Services.
3. NGC- Nigerian Gas Company Limited.
4. NPDC- Nigerian Petroleum Development Company Limited.
5. NETCO- National Engineering and Technical Company Limited.
6. IDSL- Integrated Data services Limited.
7. PPMC- Pipeline and Product Marketing Company.
8. KRPC- Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company Limited.
9. PHRC- PortHarcourt Refining Company Limited.
10. WRPC- Warri Refining and petrochemical Company Limited.
11. Duke Oil
12. Hyson- Hydrocarbon Services (Nigeria) Limited.
13. NLNG- Nigerian Liquified Natural Gas Limited.
1.3.2.2 Engineering Technology Division (ETD)
The Engineering Technology Division ETD is the Engineering Division that offers Engineering
services to other business units within and outside the corporation. ETD has to its disposal
Engineers and Technicians in various discipline ready to execute significant projects
professionally for better improved products and services. Some of the functions of the division
includes:
1. ETD provides Engineering and technical services to the corporation.

2. ETD also provides operational and technical support services to other NNPC facilities.
3. Executing NNPC capital projects.
4. Regulate Engineering policies, Procedures and standards in NNPC operations and
projects.
5. ETD provides services of Cost Engineering for Project Management in NNPC.
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ETD operates through three (3) departments each having unique duties. They are:
1. Capital project Management (CPM)
2. Cost Engineering Department (CED)
3. Engineering Procedures standard & Specification Department (EPSS)
During my SIWES program, I worked (was posted to) the CPM department where we executed
capital projects and stand in as NNPC’s representatives in a contract for monitoring such projects
and ensure compliance to contract terms through activities such as project site supervision,
Engineering design, etc. some functions of CPM include the following:
1. Approving project concept for capital allocation.

2. Managing projects in ETD.
3. To monitor and control ABUs contracts up to close-out.
4. Coordinating the planning and implementation of projects from inception to
commissioning.
5. Providing Project Management Assistance to ABUs and CSUs.
1.4 Submission of Important SIWES Documents
The acceptance letter for both companies I interned in was mailed to the SIWES office at
Covenant University, siwes@covenantuniversity.edu.ng, on the 16th of May and the 21st of June
2022. I submitted the Students Commencement of Attachment Form (SCAF) for both companies
on the 1st and 22nd of June 2022, to the closest ITF office which is located at Ademola
Adetokunbo Crescent, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria.
1.5 Commencement of Internship
The internship officially began on the 16th of may 2022 at Nigerian Airspace Management
Agency (NAMA) where I was posted to NAVAIDS a department in NAMA. It began with a
brief orientation about the organization, its policies, rules and regulations, then I was introduced
to the team where I was also shown my company supervisor by the name Engr. Henry Nwafor, a
HOD, NAVAIDS. I spent a month interning in NAVAIDS, during this period I was lectured on
some responsibilities and some important terms used in NAVAIDS. After completing a month at
NAMA, I began another internship program at NNPC LTD on the 13 th of June 2022. Here I was
station at Capital Project Management (CPM) a department under Engineering Technology
Division (ETD). The training at NNPC started afterwards. I and other SIWES students were
gathered by the Talent Management Division (TMD) for an orientation on Fire awareness, safety
tips and also a brief introduction to NNPC towers and its environs. Afterwards My company-
based supervisor at NNPC, Engr George will Tonye, a superintendent, Capital Project
Management gave a detailed description on the importance and functions of CPM in NNPC, he
also gave a description of the expectations at the end of the program and how interns training
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sessions would undergo.

My Institution based supervisor from Covenant University, Mr. Omonijo, from the Electrical
Information Engineering Department, visited me on the 6 th of September 2022. He asked me lots
of questions as regards to my SIWES placement and its relation to my course of study, he also
had a conversation with my company-based supervisor Engr George will, about my engagement
with the company and how I was able to cope with the company’s operations and activities. He
reviewed my logbook and gave me my form 8 to sign.
CHAPTER 2: FACILITIES AVAILABLE
Introduction: The chapter explicitly covers the facilities made available by both companies
interned in, the quality of supervision from the company-based supervisors and the knowledge
gained within the period of my industrial training. It expands the theoretical background and
illustrations of the facilities used. It also gives short primers on the knowledge gained.
2.1 Facilities and Equipment Available
2.1.1 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)
Instrument Landing System (ILS): is a precision radio navigation system that provides short-

range guidance to aircraft to allow them to approach a runway at night or in bad weather. In its
original form, it allows an aircraft to approach until it is 200 feet (61 m) over the ground, within
a 1⁄2 mile (800 m) of the runway. At that point the runway should be visible to the pilot; if it is
not, they perform a missed approach. Bringing the aircraft this close to the runway dramatically
increases the range of weather conditions in which a safe landing can be made.
Figure 7: Picture of an ILS in Abuja Airport

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Localizer: In aviation, a localizer is the lateral component of the instrument landing

system (ILS) for the runway centerline when combined with the vertical glide slope, not to be
confused with a locator, although both are parts of aviation navigation systems.
A localizer (like a glideslope) requires both a transmitting airport runway system and
receiving cockpit instruments. An older aircraft without an ILS receiver cannot take advantage of
any ILS facilities at any runway, and much more importantly, the most modern aircraft have no
use of their ILS instruments at runways which lack ILS facilities. In parts of Africa and Asia
large airports may lack any kind of transmitting ILS system. Some runways have ILS only in one
direction, this can however still be used for the opposite direction (with a lower precision) known
as back beam or "Back Course" which is not associated with a glide slope.
Figure 8: Localizer
Approach lighting system (ALS): An approach lighting system (ALS) is a lighting system
installed on the approach end of an airport runway and consisting of a series of lightbars, strobe
lights, or a combination of the two that extends outward from the runway end.[1] ALS usually
serves a runway that has an instrument approach procedure (IAP) associated with it and allows
the pilot to visually identify the runway environment and align the aircraft with the runway upon
arriving at a prescribed point on an approach.
Modern approach lighting systems are highly complex in their design and significantly enhance
the safety of aircraft operations, particularly in conditions of reduced visibility.
Figure 9: An ALS in Abuja Airport

Distance Measuring Equipment: DME aviation systems provide an aircraft with slant-range
distance tracking using ground-based and aircraft equipment.
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The ground-based DME transmitter, usually coupled with a VHF omnidirectional radio
range (VOR, DVOR or CVOR), instrument landing system (ILS), non-directional beacon (NDB)
or other instrument, calculates the aircraft's flight position from the transmitter and displays the
measurement to the pilot within their onboard display. This distance is called the ‘slant range’
which is the line-of-sight distance between the aircraft and the DME transmitter which are
positioned at different levels (altitudes). The slant-range distance enables the pilot to determine a
time-to-station value which assists during the flight path, descent and landing.
Figure 10: Distance Measuring Equipment

Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range: A DVOR (Doppler VHF Omni Directional Range) is
a short/medium-range radio navigation system used to aid aircraft in determining their flight
position and direction in relation to their destination using VHF (Very High Frequency) signals
between 108.00 to 117.95 MHz sent from a radio beacon.
How do DVOR work?

DVOR are an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standard navigational aid that
assists aircraft in their approach by sending omnidirectional signals from ground radio beacons
located at airports and runways. These signals are sent from transmitters located in a network of
VOR stations.
These stations hold arrays (transmitters) that spin horizontally, sending out very high frequency
(VHF) signals ranging from 108.00 to 117.95 MHz Due to their high frequency, they rely on line
of sight from transmitter to receiver.
When the receiving unit collects these radio signals (up to 200 miles from the transmitter), they
can pinpoint their position and enable the aircraft to remain on course.
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Figure 10.1: DVOR equipment
Non-directional beacons (NDBs): are ground-based radio transmitters used to aid and navigate
vessels in aviation and marine applications during their approach.
They have continued to provide a fundamental and reliable means of aircraft navigation despite
the arrival of GNSS and modern ground-based systems. The decommissioning of non-directional
beacon systems does not appear to be likely to occur for many years to come.
For this reason, manufacturers are investing in the development of modern ultra-reliable systems.
How do NDB work?
NDBs transmit Omni-directional signals to an antenna on board the aircraft/ship. An automatic
direction finder (ADF) then uses the signal to determine the aircraft's bearing and display its
position in relation to the NDB transmitter.
The NDB is a ground-based transmitter situated in a ground station that broadcasts signals in all
directions (omnidirectional). The NDBs signal traverses the curvature of the Earth’s surface and
enables the pilot to plot a course to their destination.
NDB stations are classified as either compass locators, medium homing, homing or high homing
and are differentiated by their signal range.
Automatic Direction Finders

ADFs are onboard instruments that use antenna equipment to understand and display information
received from the NDB. These antennas include loop and sense antenna which use bidirectional
signals to identify the direction of the NDB 180 degrees apart (loop) and use nondirectional
signals to determine which direction correctly locates the position of the ground station (sense).
These radio waves are received at either medium or high frequencies.
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Figure 11: DVOR equipment

2.1.2 Nigerian National Petroleum company Limited (NNPC)
Braithwaite tank: Steel panel tanks are series of modular panels bolted together on site to give
an infinite range of sizes, configurations, and capacities. They are particularly functional in
confined spaces, and can be easily transported to remote areas conveniently packed and installed
under skilled supervision. The Braithwaite tank in the NNPC towers is a Hydrant fire water
storage tank with a capacity of 324,000 liters.
Figure 12: NNPC Towers Braithwaite Tank
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The heat and Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system: It is a central air
conditioning system, and works to provide cooling through the following components: the
Chillers, Air Handling Unit (AHU’s), Pumps, Piping/Risers, Diffusers, Building Management
System (BMS). An industrial chiller is a refrigeration system used to lower the temperature of
machinery, industrial spaces, and process fluids by removing heat from the system and
transferring it somewhere else. Within the NNPC Towers there are three (3) chillers in Block C
and B and four (4) chillers in Block A and D. The Air Handling unit is an equipment used to
recondition and circulate air as part of an HVAC system, and are located on every floor in
Nigerian National Petroleum Company (NNPC) TOWERS.
Figure 13: Schematic of the HVAC in NNPC
The lift and lift Engine Room: An elevator, also called lift, is a car that moves in a vertical
shaft to transport passengers or freight between the levels of a multistory building. There are
twenty-two (22) lifts currently in the Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited
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(NNPC)Towers with seventeen (17) functioning appropriately. These elevators were installed by
OTIS Elevator Company.
Fire Fighting System: The NNPC Towers stand at a height of 75m per block. The Towers have
over 1000 offices and meeting places where fire outbreaks can emanate at any time. As such, the
fire systems in the Towers wholistically cover the following:
1. Fire alarm system: A fire alarm system typically detects smoke or fire and warns a
building’s occupants.it consists of; sound alarms, visual alarms, smoke detectors, heat
detectors, manual call out point etc.
Figure 14: Fire Alarm Systems in NNPC towers

2. Water sprinkler system: Sprinkler System is an automatic system designed to detect,
control and eliminate fires and warn fire residents. Installations of the system consist of a
set of pumps (duty, jockey, and 27 standby), system water storage tank, main control
valve set, sprinkler head, flow-switches, pressure switches, flow pipe and valve. The
sprinkler pump set in the NNPC Towers has a diesel generator pump, electric pump and a
jockey in between them.
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Figure 15: Water Sprinkler pump in NNPC Towers

2.2 Quality of Company Based Supervisor
My company-based supervisor for the period of my internship at NNPC was Engr George will
Tonye, a superintendent at Capital Project Management (CPM). He is a chemical engineer and
also a project manager. There was a formal introduction on the first day, where he discussed his
role and the end goal for me as an intern, which is to have more understanding on Project
development and Cost engineering. He also assured me that I would have deeper lectures
concerning my area of study; Petroleum engineering from his co workers who are petroleum
engineers. I was given assignments at times to research and learn more. I was assessed based on
the material given to me by the supervisor to ensure that I’m really ready for the task that is to be
done. my supervisor taught me the basics of the facilities available off-site such as autoCAD and
Aspen Hysys, he was made the extra effort to record facilities on-site whenever he goes there
and I was taught about said facilities because I wasn’t able to follow the other engineers to the
site. I was advised to join the conference room meetings that was being held between the
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company and the clients or other vendors to help me have a better understanding of what was
being done by the company and how things got done for the company and for the client. Hence,
giving me better and in-dept understanding of my field of discipline. My supervisor was able to
create work environment comfortable enough to help with essential explanations and answer
with timely feedback for the benefit of us, the interns, through interactions and discussions. In
general, the company makes sure you learn and be ready for any kind of work that needs to be
done.
Different team members were assigned to me periodically to take on specific areas. The quality
of the company-based supervision was exceptional. I worked on different projects with
constructive feedback during our weekly meetings.
2.3 Knowledge and Experiences Gained
Within NNPC the ETD an acronym for Engineering Technology Division is a service-oriented
Division concerned with providing the necessary engineering and technical support services for
other Strategic Business Units within the corporation.
I worked alongside staffs of ETD to ensure efficient and effective delivery of Engineering
services, I also got to perform jobs relating to other fields of engineering including the
Telecommunication sector, administrative duties and through interactive sessions with skilled
and experienced staffs I leant about activities in various segments of the oil and gas sector.
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) program I carried out in NNPC
allowed me ample opportunity to first interact with other students from various tertiary
institutions across the Nation, the platform to share ideas and concepts on topics of interest in the
Engineering field and the corporate environment. I was on several occasions grouped in various
teams where we had to produce results to tasks or assignments given to us. More commonly, I
was in a project team that had to carry out functions of a typical project management team,
where we were assigned supervisory and inspectorial roles overs a couple of projects undertaken
by my Division- Engineering and Technology Division (ETD).
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2.3.1 Health Safety and Environment (HSN)
2.3.1.1 Fire
Fire is a process in which FUEL, OXYGEN and HEAT combine chemically in the required proportion to
give out bright light, heat, and smoke; combustion or burning.
This is the Fire Triangle. Actually, it's a tetrahedron, because there are three elements that must
be present for a fire to exist.
There must be Oxygen to sustain combustion, Heat to raise the material to its ignition
temperature, Fuel to support the combustion and a Chemical Reaction between the other three
elements.
And the concept of Fire Prevention is based upon keeping these four elements separate.
2.3.1.2 Types of Fire
Not all fires are the same. Different fuels create different fires and require different types of fire
extinguisher agents. The different classes of fires are:
Class A: Are fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics.
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Class B: Are fires in flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil, paint and also
flammable gases such as propane and butane. Class B fires do not include fires involving
cooking oils and grease.
Class C: are fires involving energized electrical equipment such as motors, transformers, and
appliances. Remove the power and the fire becomes one of the other classes of fire.
Class D: Are fires in combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum and magnesium.
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Class K: Are fires in cooking oils and greases such as animal fats and vegetable fats.
2.3.1.3 Types of Fire Extinguisher

1. Water and foam
2. Carbon Dioxide
3. Dry Chemical powder
4. Wet Chemical
2.3.1.4 Fire Extinguisher use

It is important to know the locations and the types of extinguishers in your home or workplace
prior to actually using one.
Fire Extinguishers can be heavy, so it's a good idea to practice picking up and holding an
extinguisher to get an idea of the weight and feel.
Practice is important to learn how to release the discharge hose or horn and aiming it at the base
of an imagined fire. One should avoid pulling the pin or squeezing the lever. This will break the
extinguisher seal and cause it to lose pressure.
Time is taken to read the operating instructions and warnings found on the fire extinguisher
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label. Not all fire extinguishers look alike.
WHEN IT IS TIME TO USE THE EXTINGUISHER ON A FIRE, (P.A.S.S.)
1. Pull the pin.
2. Aim the nozzle or hose of the fire from the recommended safe distance
3. Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguisher agent.
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4. Sweep Starting at the recommended distance, Sweep the nozzle or hose from side to side
until the fire is out. Move forward or around the fire area as the fire diminishes. Watch the
area in case of re-ignition.
2.3.2 Engineering Design Carried Out
During the course of my SIWES program, I was engaged in Engineering design activities that
involved some Engineering drawing including use of AutoCAD for the design of a single line
diagram for power lines to be installed by the corporation in one of its subsidiaries, another was
the design of an overhead tank with a required volume. That for the design of an overhead tank
was assigned to me and other members of my team. The success of the entire design process was
dependent on teamwork and corporation from/ each member of the team as well as application of
the perquisite knowledge that was required for the design. Below are diagrams of these design
works and all calculations that were involved.
1. A single line diagram for power station at MOSIBI: I was delegated to design a single
line diagram for electrical power lines to be installed in a facility.
2. Tank design with a capacity of 100m3.
Figure 16: The 100,000 Liters Capacity Tank

The fluid tank was designed to hold water. The 100,000 liters(100m³) capacity tank is built to
serve a rural population of about 2,000 people.
a) Assumptions taken include:
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• volume of water = volume of tank

• flow rate (Q) = 4.26m2/s
• Gradient velocity (G) = 1000sec-1
• Depth of tank = 4m
b) Data analysis and result evaluation for retention time

Retention time of water (td) = volume/flow rate
(Volume is 100,000 liters = 100m3, flowrate is 4.26m3/s)
RT = 100/4.26
RT = 23.47secs
Retention time = 23.47seconds
c) Data analysis and result evaluation for volume of tank
The area, volume, power of the pump, and detention time were calculated for the design of the
tank based on some assumptions
Volume = Area * depth (vol = 100m3, depth = 4m)
Area 100m3/4m =25m3
Since it is a square tank, length =breadth = √Area
L = B = √25m² = 5m
Dimension of tank (5m * 5m * 4m)
d) Power of the pump, P can be determined from the formula: (G2 * V * µ)

µ (co-efficient of friction) is 1.004*10⁻³
volume(v) is 100m³, gradient is (1000sec⁻¹) ²
Power = {(1000sec⁻¹) ² * 100m³ * 1.004 * 10⁻³pas} =100,400,000 N.
Power = 1.004 MN (Required power of the pump).
2.3.3 Project Management Activities
Project Management involves the application of skills, tools and resources in management of
projects is a vital skill to any Engineering firm and important that Engineers who frequently
engage in projects be it building of process industries, production facilities, manufacturing firms
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etc.
During my SIWES, I participated alongside a supervision team representing the client in a
contract for the building of s fire truck fire canopy project, a project undertaken by the ETD
Division of the NNPC.
Project supervision is an important aspect of project management carried out to ensure that
contractual agreements relating to Engineering, Procurement and Construction are adhered to. In
most chemical engineering enterprises such skills and knowledge come in “handy” to ensure that
projects embarked upon meet requirements.
2.3.4 Lectures and Research Work
The corporate and industrial workplace is a hive for activities ranging from business, to
administrative, to technical works. But of importance is the effort to update theoretical principles
so that companies can meet up with new innovations and technology. This is why most
organizations and industries advocate for research and development and this is evident in large
budgetary allocations to research, almost every well-established organization can boast of a
research and development department for improving the internal processes or products of the
company.
In NNPC Corporate Headquarters, there are provisions for personal development one of which is
the standard Library facility located on the first floor of block A with sufficient academic
materials for research and development. Occasionally, I carried out some research work to gain
more understanding of activities carried out during daily work experience and knowledge sharing
classes organized by the corporation/my division. Students are often required to provide
information concerning the corporation’s business structure, background or activities carried out
during the day, which are to be submitted as part of assessment for the period to check laxity.
Such activities are usually carried out in groups to encourage leadership and team work abilities
in students. Some of the topics I have had course to research on includes
• Project Management.
• Additional Refinery Operations.
• Crude oil Basics
• Cost Engineering and Estimation.
• Report writing.
• Aspen Hysys. Etc.
2.3.4.1 Project Management
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Project management can be defined as “The art of directing and coordinating human and material
resources throughout the life of a project by using modern management techniques to achieve
predetermined objectives of scope, cost, time, quality and participant satisfaction (PMI ‘96)”.
Project Management involves the application of tools, skills, experiences and technical
knowledge in steering the activities of a project throughout the project life so that at the end of
this period, the requirements in terms of quality are achieved within planned time and schedule at
the budgeted cost.
The project team is led by a project manager, other personnel are the cost engineering team, the
consultants, technicians, site engineers, designers, quality officers, etc. Some functions
performed by the project management team includes directing the performance of the planned
project activities and manages the various technical and organizational interfaces that exist in the
project while others take inspection and supervisory, monitoring, control and cost engineering
roles etc. “A project management office (PMO) is an organizational structure that standardizes
the project-related governance processes and facilitates the sharing of resources, methodologies,
tools, and techniques.” (Blessing Emeruwa, 2019).
2.3.4.2 Additional Refinery Operations
Naphtha Hydrotreating unit:

The Hydro processing operations mainly involve Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking units. From
reforming and cracking reactions, the gasoline yields have been predominantly increased.
However, their quality has not been addressed. Gasoline and other products from intermediate
operations have good number of undesired materials. The undesired materials mainly include:
a) Organic Sulphur Containing Compounds

b) Organic nitrogen Containing compounds and
c) Metals
Other undesired materials include olefins (double bond compounds) and metals. The Sulphur
removal from various refinery intermediate process streams is desired for several reasons.
Firstly, the fuel specifications with lower Sulphur content should be met. Secondly, the shelf life
of Sulphur sensitive platinum catalysts needs to be increased.
Similarly, nitrogen removal from various process streams is desired to improve yields, reduce
catalyst poisoning, reduce NOx formation in combustion etc. The metals such as Vanadium
and Nickel need to be removed as they tend to poison the catalyst and can cause
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environmental problems after combustion.

The olefin removal is primarily desired to obtain clean products after combustion. Other than
this, the formation of polymeric (gum type) compounds in fuel combustion be avoided.
Aromatics removal is desired primarily to meet the desired specifications.
The major operation of the Naphtha Hydro – treating Unit involves;
1. Removal of impurities by reaction with hydrogen.
2. Separation of Whole naphtha into its fractions.
Impurities contained in whole Naphtha are;

i. Sulphur in form of mercaptans, sulfides, disulfides, thiophenes etc.
ii. Nitrogen in the form of pyrroles, pyridines.
iii. Oxygen in the form of phenols, diphenols.
iv. Metals such as lead, copper, iron, nickel (Organo -metallic compounds)
Fractions obtained from whole naphtha separation in NHU

i. Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG)
ii. Heavy Naphtha Treated.
Basic Unit Operations involved in Naphtha Hydro heating Unit
1. Pre-heating: The equipment used is the pre – heater. Its main purpose is to preheat the
combined feed required heater inlet temperature to prevent frying before it is properly heated
to a temperature of about 300oc. Therefore, the combined feed is preheated in the heat
exchanger. The properties of the heater are given below;
Exchanger Tube shell
11-e-01 a/b Reactor effluent Combined feed

2. Heating: after passage through 11-e-01 a/b the feed is heated up to the required reactor inlet
temperature by passage through the preheater charge heater 11-h-01. The properties of the
heater are given below;
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Reactor feed heater 11-h-01
Design pressure Kg/sqcm 30.4

Design temperature inlet O
c 293
Design temperature outlet O
c 370
Duty (mmKcal/h) 4.6
3. Stripping: The purpose of the stripper 11-c-01 is to remove h2s and h2o and light
hydrocarbons from the treated naptha before being sent to the reforming unit.
Hydrotreater stripper 11-c-01
Number of trays 31
Size (mm) mm 1260/2240/3000/25250
Design pressure Kg/sqcm 16.9
Design temp. bottom O
c 277
Figure 17: Schematics of the Naphtha Hydro heating Unit

2.3.4.2.1 Vacuum Distillation Unit
The Atmospheric Residue is processed in the Vacuum Distillation Column under very low
pressure (vacuum) but at slightly higher operating temperature than in the CDU. The products
from this vacuum column are Light Vacuum Gas Oil (LVGO), Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil HVGO)
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and Vacuum Residue (VR). The LVGO and HVGO are combined to form a composite product –
Vacuum Gas Oil (VGO), which is the main feedstock for the FCCU. The bottom product of the
vacuum column, Vacuum Residue (VR) is sent to storage for blending into Fuel Oil.
2.3.4.2.2 Catalytic Reforming Unit

The purpose of the Catalytic Reforming Unit is to upgrade the low octane Straight Run Naphtha
into a high-octane product, called Reformate. Reformate is used as a blending component for
PMS. The Hydro-treated Naphtha is again mixed with hydrogen, passed through the
feed/effluent exchanger and then through the charge heater to the reactors, which are stacked to
ensure easy flow of the reaction catalyst.
The structure of the hydrocarbon is modified through a series of reactions such as
Dehydrogenation, Dehydrocyclization, Hydrocracking, and isomerization. The resultant product
is stabilized and sent to storage as reformate, a high-octane PMS component. Excess hydrogen is
also produced in the reaction and this is purified and stored for use at the KHU, NHU, Butamer,
etc. a small amount of off-gas is produced and sent to the refinery fuel gas header. The
continuous catalyst regeneration system allows continuous operation of the plant and renewal of
activity of spent or coked catalyst.
2.3.4.2.3 Kerosene Hydro-Treatment Unit
The unit is principally to upgrade Straight Run Kerosene to specifications acceptable for aviation
jet use. The operation is similar to the NHU in terms of removal of Sulphur, nitrogen and
oxygen, and also imparts better quality on the smoke and freezing points of the product. The raw
kerosene from the CDU is mixed with hydrogen and catalytically treated to produce Aviation
Turbine Kerosene (ATK).
2.3.4.2.4 Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit

This is a very important unit in the refinery and it is often termed the “cash cow” of refining
operations. The purpose of the unit is to catalytically convert Heavy Diesel Oil from CDU and
Vacuum Gas Oil from VDU into more valuable products such as LPG, FCC Gasoline, Light
Cycle Oil and Decanted Oil. The feedstock is heated in a series of heat exchangers, then
atomized by steam and injected into the Riser Reactor where catalytic cracking reaction occurs.
The reaction products and catalyst flow up to the cyclones in the Riser disengage where the
hydrocarbons separate from the catalyst.
The spent catalyst flows downwards the Riser to the Regenerator where the coke deposited on
the catalyst during the reaction is burnt off and re-circulated back to the Riser. The hydrocarbon
vapors flow upwards to the main fractionation tower where they are fractionated into gas,
gasoline, light cycle oil and bottom slurry. The gas is sent to the Gas Concentration Unit (GCU)
for further processing. This gas is the source of feedstock for Dimersol and Alkylation Units.
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The propylene rich fraction of the gas is an alternative but major source of feedstock for the
polypropylene plant at Eleme Petrochemical Company Limited (EPCL). The resultant gasoline is
treated at the MEROX Unit for removal of Sulphur compounds, and then sent to the PMS pool as
a blending component. The Light Cycle Oil and the main column bottom (decanted Oil) are used
to produce Low and High Pour Fuel Oil used by the sea vessels. The Gas Concentration Unit is
an integral part of the FCCU which GCU processes gas streams from the FCCU itself,
Alkylation, Merox and Butamer Units to produce propane and butane.
2.3.4.2.5 Hf Alkylation
The feedstock consists of Iso-Butane from the Butamer and Iso-Butane originally in the saturate
butane stream from Crude Distillation Unit and butanes from Gas Concentration Unit. The
reaction process is a liquid phase catalytic reaction with hydrofluoric acid as catalyst. The iso-
butane and olefin content of the butane streams are converted catalytically to alkylate. A small
stream of the HF acid is sent from the reactor section to the regenerator where polymer
components of the reaction are removed and the regenerated acid returned to the reactor section.
The products from the HF Alkylation Unit are alkylate, n-butane and propane drag stream. The
various products are passed through treaters to eliminate hydrogen fluoride. The alkylate is a
high-octane PMS blend component.
2.3.4.3 Aspen Hysys
Aspen HYSYS (or simply HYSYS) is a chemical process simulator currently developed

by AspenTech used to mathematically model chemical processes, from unit operations to
full chemical plants and refineries. HYSYS is able to perform many of the core calculations
of chemical engineering, including those concerned with mass balance, energy balance, vapor-
liquid equilibrium, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical kinetics, fractionation, and pressure
drop. HYSYS is used extensively in industry and academia for steady-state and dynamic
simulation, process design, performance modelling, and optimization.
HYSYS is used extensively in industry due to its steady-state and dynamic simulation, process
design, performance modelling, and optimization.
HYSYS is a software that will allow the user to build a process model and then simulate it using
complex calculations (models, equations, math calculations, regressions, etc) Given a process
design and an appropriate selection of thermodynamic models, HYSYS uses mathematical
models to predict the performance of the process.
Engineers will typically simulate this using the software in order to optimize the design and
improve existing ones. This accurate modelling of thermodynamic properties is particularly
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important in the separation of non-ideal mixtures.

One of the best advantages is that HYSYS has already an existing data base of species and their
pure/binary regressed parameters.
It can also handle very complex processes, such as:

• Dedicated Unit Operations for the Refinery Industry (Crackers, Coker, Reformer, FCC
Unit, etc.)
• Multiple-column separation systems
• Chemical reactors
• Simulation of Petroleum Crude Oils (based on their properties)
• Complex Recycle – Bypass Stream in Processes
Figure 18:Diagram of simulation of Separators with Aspen Hysys
2.3.4.4 Cost Engineering and Estimation

Most Engineering Projects carried out by the Engineering and Technology Division (ETD),
involves economics of cost at one point or the other through the entire life cycle of a project.
“Engineers and engineering are most often responsible for creating functional things – strategic
assets as well we call them in TCM. (e.g., design a bridge or develop software). But beyond the
physical dimension of design (e.g., the bridge structure), there are other important dimensions of
money, time, and other resources that are invested in the creation of the designed asset.”
(Awoyomi, 2019)
“According to AACE (Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering): Total Cost
Management (TCM) is the area of engineering practice where engineering judgement and
experience are utilized in the application of scientific principles and techniques to problems of
Cost estimating, Cost control, Profitability analysis, Project management and planning &
scheduling. Cost Engineering is: the art and science of Total Cost Management (TCM).”
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(Awoyomi 2019).
Cost Engineering usually involves three aspects; Cost Engineering & Cost, Cost Estimation, and
Planning & Scheduling. The Cost Engineering Department takes care of all Cost Engineering
activities within the ETD division of the NNPC.
Cost Estimation: is the approximate calculation of the amount or extent of something. It can
also be described as forming an opinion about something, a tentative evaluation or rough
calculation, a preliminary evaluation of the cost of a project. The statement of such a calculation
is called the estimate. According to Association for the advancement of cost engineering
(AACE), an estimate in cost estimating is a compilation of all the probable costs of the elements
of a project or effort included within an agreed upon scope.
2.3.4.4.1 Planning the Estimate
1. First, we define the purpose and scope for each stage that is to be estimated. Cost estimates
for each stage have different end uses for example, proposal, feasibility, budgets, bid, etc.
2. We Obtain relevant data and information to understand what is being estimated e.g.
• The scope baselines
• Relationships and predecessors
• Historical information from similar projects carried out in the past or in other sections of
the company
• Lessons learnt from similar projects
3. Developing the estimate plan by considering templates, approach, timeline for the estimate
and the master schedule required for the estimate.
4. Identify the ground rules and regulation.
5. Determining the appropriate estimates techniques for the estimates e.g., analogous
techniques, bottom-up estimates, parametric estimates.
2.3.4.4.2 Creating the estimate & Develop BOE Document.
1. The cost estimate is created at various stages of the project using the appropriate cost model
in line with the Cost Engineering Department procurement guidelines.
2. Developing the Basis of Estimation (BOE) document which shall include; the cost estimate,
assumptions and rules, steps used in preparing the estimates, purpose, auditable and traceable
date.
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2.3.4.4.3 Review and Validate
The cost estimate and BOE document are then reviewed by appropriate QA/QC review groups
and(or) project sponsor, then the BOE is prepared for approval from relevant authorities.
2.3.4.4.4 Approve and Document for Usage
1. The estimate and BOE document are packaged and presented to the appropriate body for
approval.
2. All projects seeking approval must not be accompanied with a cost estimate certificate
from CED.
3. The approved estimate and BOE document will then be documented and stored in the
project information database for end usage.
4. The cost estimate will then be re- validated with the new information and updated as
required if the BOE is at any stage.
2.3.5 Soft skills Gained
⮚ Collaboration & Teamwork -This is the process of two or more people, entities or
organizations working together to complete a task or achieve a goal. When developing a
product, it is not done by an individual. It is important to collaborate with other team
members to develop amazing products which I did.
⮚ Problem Solving - Problem-solving is the act of defining a problem; determining the

cause of the problem; identifying, prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution;
and implementing a solution. This was a skill I built on every project I worked on,
especially when I encountered a bug or menace.
⮚ Communication - Quality communication in the workplace can eliminate unnecessary
problems and promote better performance. The ability to communicate effectively in the
workplace can increase overall productivity and create a strong team. Having learnt that
when teams fail to communicate effectively, the results are detrimental to the company. I
therefore ensured that proper communication was made during my internship experience
to ensure smooth planning and progression.
⮚ Time management - Time management is the process of planning and exercising
conscious control of time spent on specific activities, especially to increase effectiveness,
efficiency, and productivity. I ensured I used my time effectively thereby giving myself
the "choice" on spending or managing activities at my own time and expediency.
⮚ Research skills - Research skills are necessary for the workplace for several reasons,
including that they allow individuals and companies to: Identify problems that are
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hindering performance or the ability to complete tasks. Identify the needs of a company's
target customer to better meet those needs through products and services.
⮚ Adaptability - Adaptability is a person's ability to adjust to changes in their environment.

Practicing adaptability may include how you are able to respond quickly to changes,
Adaptability expands your capacity to handle change, no matter how serious it might be.
Instead of throwing away your energy trying to change your circumstance, you will
change yourself right from within, thus making you thrive in whatever situation you find
yourself in.
⮚ Interpersonal Skills - Interpersonal skills are the skills we use every day when we
communicate and interact with other people, both individually and in groups. A social
skill is any competence facilitating interaction and communication with others where
social rules and relations are created, communicated, and changed in verbal and
nonverbal ways.
CHAPTER 3: APPLICATION OF KNOWLEDE GAINED AND

CONTRIBUTIONS.
Introduction: In this chapter, there are brief discussions on the application of knowledge gained,
challenges and contributions made. It focuses on how I applied the gained knowledge to my field
of study, educational career, the goals of the company of engagement and the larger society. Its
summaries how SIWES contributed to bridging the gaps in theoretical and practical knowledge
and the culture of my company of engagement. This chapter also reviews the challenges I
encountered as a student and my contributions to the company of engagement.
3.1 Application of Knowledge gained
The knowledge gained during the period of my industrial training is certainly one that has made
an impact in all areas of my life. My SIWES program has gifted me with a lot of Knowledge and
has given me a broader understanding of how the Petroleum Industry can be helped by Capital
Project management.
With the price of oil recovering, many oil and gas (O&G) companies worldwide are launching
new capital projects in pursuit of growth. O&G companies can use management practices and
digital technologies deployed by other industries to boost Capital project productivity. Project
Production Management (PPM), digitizing processes, advanced analytics, and agile ways of
working can all yield significant improvements.
This industrial training has broadened my understanding of what I want to major in as a career
path, Cost Engineering. I learnt and applied the core fundamentals of Petroleum engineering as a
course of study within my internship period.
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3.1.1 My Field of study and Educational Career
 As a student of Petroleum Engineering, I was always taught that petroleum engineering

involves a range of industrial processes designed to purify raw natural gas by removing
impurities, contaminants and higher molecular mass hydrocarbons to produce what is
known as pipeline quality dry natural gas. My internship experience in the oil and gas
infrastructure (O&GI) Department gave more insight into my course as a whole. The
processing of natural gas by removing contaminants or impurities such as solids,
water, and carbon dioxide is a petroleum engineering process and I was able to
experience this at NNPC.
 As an engineering student, emphasis have been made concerning the safety of engineers
on and off the site. My stay at NNPC LTD has made me become of more aware of my
safety when I am on site and off site. The company has helped me improve my awareness
when it comes to safety.
3.2 Goals of the Company of Engagement
NNPC LTD is part of the overarching objective of the federal Government to commercialize and
ultimately privatize its national oil company and achieve a private commercial venture which is
self-sufficient and operates in accordance with commercial business principles.
As an intern of Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited, I have been able to contribute
long goal of the company by carrying out the task given to me by my supervisors.
I also assisted in the induction and orientation of other interns coming after me in order for them
to get familiar with the operations of where they are assigned and be effective towards achieving
the goal of the company.
3.3 The larger Society
Project Production Management is of the essence for growth in society, and the Nigerian
community is no exception. With my gained skills and fueled interest in Project Management, I
would make an impact that solves problems of the society.
The ability to identify problems and solve them through building products is a major contribution
to society. The impact of product development can be seen in all sectors of the economy.
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3.4 Bridging the Gaps in Knowledge
The industrial training experience is an exposure to witness the importance of the theoretical
knowledge taught at schools and imbibe a practical overview of it all. SIWES is a vital
experience needed for students' exposure to relevant practical skills. The employment market
craves students who have gained both practical and theoretical knowledge. A student can barely
survive on just theoretical knowledge. The labor market demands students with practical skills
and experience. Industrial Training has shaped my career growth mindset and the importance of
theoretical knowledge taught in school. SIWES provided an avenue to gain skills and experience,
exposed work methodologies and techniques and bridged the gap between theory and practical
knowledge. Hence the importance of the emphasis on the participation of the SIWES among
students.
3.5 Culture of The Organization
An organization’s work culture influences the performance of employees. The Mission of NNPC is
“To profitably operate model service outlets offering premium petroleum products and allied
services to customers in line with global standards”. While the vision is “to become the leader of
choice in the downstream and energy sector, driven by operational excellence and customer satisfaction”.
Its core values are:
• S- Safety.
• C- Customer Focus.
• R- Respect for individual.
• I- Integrity, Transparency and Accountability.
• P- Professional Excellence.
• T- Teamwork.
• S- Staff Excellence and Growth.
Great Things have never come from our comfort zones, but we work to make life easier for you.
NNPC ensures all employees are working in a safe and convenient condition. Health, safety and
security are aspects that are greatly considered. There was an organizational restructuring that
happened between August 2021 and the company made efforts by providing interns and full-time
employees with the essential tools and information to work from home during the pandemic.
Cyberspace understands how its employees' wellbeing affects their deliverables and, as such,
takes utmost priority in that.
CHAPTER 4: CHALLENGES
Introduction: Challenges are bound to occur when moved to a new environment. It is in those
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situations that we find a means to shine and develop ourselves.
4.1 Technical Challenges Encountered
During my industrial training, various projects were assigned to me, and some problems were
encountered due to unfamiliarity with the concept of the projects and short time limit.
⮚ Communication – This was a major issue when working with clients & partners. At the
beginning of the project, we would delegate tasks and have feedbacks from each other at
the end of the week. I noticed this was slowing down our progress as we would push the
work over to the weekend. I suggested we have more frequent checkups, where we would
give reports and tackle errors together.
⮚ Time Management – Certain projects have short and impromptu timelines. The team
and I followed the techniques from the SCRUM & AGILE methodology in executing
these projects. We would plan, design, implement and test each of the entities. We always
had something to show for demo presentations. And this also helped to maximize our
productivity.
⮚ Transportation – Due to the fact that my place of residence is far from my place of
industrial attachment, the cost of transportation was expensive, and I had to spend long
hours on the road especially when going home.
4.2 Challenges Faced by the Company
Due to the transitioning of NNPC into a Limited company there where challenges faced in the
organization, one that was known to the SIWES students was the delay in payment of stipends
for the month of July and August. The issue was then later solved by the Talent Management
Division (TMD).
4.3 Projects Identified
During my industrial training, I was opportune to come across various projects, one of the
greatest projects I came across was the Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano (AKK) pipeline.
The Ajaokuta-Kaduna-Kano (AKK) pipeline is a 614km-long natural gas pipeline being
developed by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC). It will run from Ajaokuta to
Kano in Nigeria.
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Estimated to cost $2.8bn, the pipeline project forms phase one of the Trans-Nigeria Gas Pipeline
(TNGP) project. It is being implemented via a build and transfer (BT) public-private partnership
(PPP) model, which involves the contractor providing 100% of the funding.
The project will be funded by the Bank of China and Sinosure, while the Nigerian Fidelity Bank
will support the project. Construction was commenced in July 2020 with commissioning
scheduled for 2022.
It will feature a diameter of 40in and is expected to transport 3,500 million metric standard cubic
feet per day (Mmscfd) of dehydrated wet gas from several gas gathering projects located in
southern Nigeria.
AKK pipeline purpose and background

The project will result in the establishment of a connecting pipeline network between the eastern,
western and northern regions of Nigeria. It also aims to create a steady and guaranteed gas
supply network between the northern and southern parts of Nigeria by utilizing the country’s
widely available gas resources.
In addition, the development is expected to reduce the large volume of gas flared annually in
Nigeria, as well as the subsequent environmental impact.
NNPC originally announced tenders for the development of the AKK pipeline in July 2013. A
project proposal was submitted to the Infrastructure Concession Regulatory Commission (ICRC)
in June 2017.
The PPP compliance certificate was issued in July 2017 along with the approval of the feasibility
study. The Federal Executive Council (FEC) granted approval for the project in December 2017.
AKK pipeline details route

The pipeline is slated to originate from Ajaokuta and pass-through Abuja and Kaduna, before
ending at a terminal gas station in Kano. The project will be executed in three phases, with phase
one covering the construction of a 200km-long segment between Ajaokuta and Abuja Terminal
Gas Station at a cost of $855m.
Phase two will comprise a 193km-long section to be built between Abuja and Kaduna at a cost of
approximately $835m. Phase three will involve the construction of a 221km-long section
between the Kaduna terminal gas station (TGS) and Kano TGS. This section will cost an
estimated $1.2bn to complete.
Other infrastructure planned for the development includes various associated valve stations, as
well as intermediate and terminal facilities. The natural gas pipeline is expected to require the
laying of approximately 51,200 steel line 40in-diameter pipes featuring a total combined weight
of 240,768t. Furthermore, the project will utilize 24in-diameter steel line pipes for spur lines, as
well as 40in-diameter line break valves and future tie-in valves.
Benefits of the AKK
44 | P a g e
The AKK natural gas pipeline is intended to boost Nigeria’s electricity generation capacity by
adding 3,600MW of power to the national grid and provide electricity in the northern part of the
country with supply from the south.
It will also strengthen the industrial sector within the country’s eastern and northern regions.
The project is also expected to promote and increase the local usage of domestic gas and will
significantly control gas flaring in Niger Delta.
Additionally, it is anticipated to increase the country’s revenue generation through the export of
natural gas.
45 | P a g e
CHAPTR 5: CONCLUSION
The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme is by all means the meeting point of all
activities carried out within this period of my internship. It has therefore become an innovation
that has no doubt stood the test of time and has the potential for playing an active role in utilizing
Nigerian Tertiary Institutions and students for the industrialization of her country.
Every Engineering process can be identified as a cause of change, either to human beings,
animals, plants, environment etc. Most Engineering discipline therefore incorporate some vehicle
for ensuring that a specific engineering activity or process can be carried out i.e. if it is feasible
and that it can be carried out effectively and efficiently in order to produce the required results.
For most Business Enterprise including the Engineering firms, Project management is the
technique required to ensure that an idea generated is transformed into real life obtainable
products, services or structures that serve an initial purpose for which it was developed.
Management therefore, both process design and economics, and project management skills
including cost engineering knowledge are important to the Petroleum Engineer.
The Student Industrial Experience Scheme has provided an avenue for undergraduates as myself
to engage in such engineering activities thereby gaining required skills, practices, and knowledge
of commerce and technology required by students to become full-fledged graduates.
46 | P a g e
CHAPTER 6: RECOMMENDATIONS
The following are some major specific recommendations that after due considerations have been
found to be critical for further improvement in the processes and activities involved in the
SIWES program on the part of all stakeholders including the Federal Government (ITF), the
Industries, Universities and the Students. These recommendations include:
1. I recommend NNPC. as a destination for intending interns as she provides good working
atmosphere and as a well-established business organization, enables students get the most of
their SIWES program.
2. NNPC. Can do even more in her contributions to the SIWES scheme by properly organizing
students learning process for improved learning.
3. ITF in addition to her achievements needs to ensure that allowances due to students are paid
as at when due and ensure that supervisors are on ground at the stipulated time and place to
supervise students work in their place of attachment.
4. A coherent legal framework should be put in place that bind employers to keep to “their end”
of the contract for Industrial attachments and provide penalties for offenders.
5. Students who are attached to Industries and other Enterprises should take their training very
seriously as most students are fund of being carried away by the comfort of the work
environment making them forget the essential purpose of an Industrial attachment.
6. Universities should endeavor to plan begin and end their academic year in consonance with
regular attachment periods so as to avoid delayed acceptance or even rejection of students by
Employers.
47 | P a g e
CHAPTER 7: REFERENCES
i. Max S. Peters, Klaus D. Timmerhaus, Plant design and Economics for Chemical Engineers,
4th (fourth) Edition, McGraw-Hill Inc.
ii. GAVIN TOWER, RAY SINNOTT, 2008, Principles Practice and Economics of Plant and
Process Design, Elsevier Inc.
iii. NNPC, Project Sanctioning and Approval Procedure (PSAP) journal, Vol 1,2,3,4,5.
iv. Blessing Emeruwa, 2019, Project Planning & Management in The Oil & Gas Sector,
(Power Point Presentation) Accessed: February 2019.
v. Shehu Sani, 2019, Project Management, (Power Point Presentation) Accessed: February
2019.
vi. GHSEQ SIWES, 2019, Fire and Fire Fighting equipment, (Power Point Presentation)
Accessed: February 2019.
48 | P a g e

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2.3.4.2.2 Catalytic Reforming Unit.........................................................................................35

Figure 1: SIWES official LOGO..................................................................................................................9

1.1 General introduction to SIWES

Figure 1: SIWES official LOGO

1.1.2 Objectives and scope of SIWES in Nigeria

and machinery that may not be available in school.

1.2 Collection of SIWES Letter, Submission, Response and Engagement

Figure 2: Acceptance Letter from NAMA

Figure 3: Acceptance Letter from NNPC

1.3 About the Companies of Engagement

1.3.1 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)

Figure 4: NAMA LOGO

1.3.2 Nigerian National Petroleum Company LTD

The Nigerian National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPC) Towers in Abuja is the

Figure 5: NNPC Towers Building

1.3.2.1 History of NNPC LTD

Figure 6: NNPC Organogram

1. DPR- Department of Petroleum Resources.

1.3.2.2 Engineering Technology Division (ETD)

1. ETD provides Engineering and technical services to the corporation.

1. Approving project concept for capital allocation.

1.4 Submission of Important SIWES Documents

1.5 Commencement of Internship

sessions would undergo.

CHAPTER 2: FACILITIES AVAILABLE

2.1 Facilities and Equipment Available

2.1.1 Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA)

Instrument Landing System (ILS): is a precision radio navigation system that provides short-

Figure 7: Picture of an ILS in Abuja Airport

Localizer: In aviation, a localizer is the lateral component of the instrument landing

Figure 9: An ALS in Abuja Airport

Figure 10: Distance Measuring Equipment

How do DVOR work?

Figure 10.1: DVOR equipment

Automatic Direction Finders

Figure 11: DVOR equipment

Figure 12: NNPC Towers Braithwaite Tank

Figure 13: Schematic of the HVAC in NNPC

Figure 14: Fire Alarm Systems in NNPC towers

Figure 15: Water Sprinkler pump in NNPC Towers

2.3 Knowledge and Experiences Gained

2.3.1 Health Safety and Environment (HSN)

2.3.1.3 Types of Fire Extinguisher

2.3.1.4 Fire Extinguisher use

label. Not all fire extinguishers look alike.

WHEN IT IS TIME TO USE THE EXTINGUISHER ON A FIRE, (P.A.S.S.)

1. Pull the pin.

3. Squeeze the operating lever to discharge the fire extinguisher agent.

2.3.2 Engineering Design Carried Out

Figure 16: The 100,000 Liters Capacity Tank

• volume of water = volume of tank

b) Data analysis and result evaluation for retention time

c) Data analysis and result evaluation for volume of tank

d) Power of the pump, P can be determined from the formula: (G2 * V * µ)

2.3.3 Project Management Activities

2.3.4 Lectures and Research Work

2.3.4.1 Project Management

2.3.4.2 Additional Refinery Operations

Naphtha Hydrotreating unit:

a) Organic Sulphur Containing Compounds

environmental problems after combustion.