T1, T2, T3, T4 will be different.

Precautions and souo ferrors, Same as in actiity ITT

AActity ý T 0 measure time perlods of oscllation for the obiects of various geometrical shapes
butthe Same massesS,
Apparatus. Three different shaped objects in the forpm of metallic plates (generaly we take taret
thick plates, crcular,
into hole in cach of therectangular
and triangular having same mass), A knife-edge which can be ined
plate, stop-watch ;
telescope.
Theory Time period of the objects having same mass but of
different because the distribution of their masses about the axis ofdifferent shapes coOmes ot to be
moments of inertias are different..Let us consider.three plátes of rotation are different and ther
eaual masses but of diferent
geometrical shapes. Let a hole be driven at a distance from the respective C.G. of each such that
plate can be suspended on a sharp each
smooth plates as shown in the fig. 2.09.knife-edge passing through the holè and supported on the two
,.

OP
Kc.G.
P
C.G

G.G.
CIRCULAR RECTANGULAR
TRIANGULAR

Fig. 2.08
 PHYSICS (B.Sc.
MODERN APPROAACHTO PRACTICAL

CLAMPSTAND

PLAT
HOLE
TELESCOPE
SMOOTH
GUASS PLATE KNIFE
EDGE

C.a. OF
PLATE

REFERENCE MARK

Fig.2.09 time perio

compound pendulum, on oscillation they vibrate with a
As the plates form a sort of
given by
=2
mg
Thus showing that the time of oscillation depends upon
distribution of mass.
() The radius of gyration k and hegce
body.about the axis of rotation.
(i) The moment of inertia of the
plate is different if the time period of oscillation
This means to say that-the M.I, of cach of the depends upon the distribution of mass of the
comes out to be diferent. Hence the M.I.of an object
body about the axis of rotation.,' centre of the holk
Procedure. 1, Note the positions of C.G. of cach of the body and see that the
in cach case is situated at'a distance P from the C.G.
2. Check the mass 'of cach plate by.weighing it either by a sensitive physical balance or by sprg
balance and see that each plate has the same mass.
3. Fix a knife-edge in the bole at the-point P at a distance I cm from C.G. in each case.
4. Put a reference line or mark at the lower edge of the plate in each case.
5. Suspend the plate on two smooth supportsby the help of a knife-edge and focus the vertia
reference mark through the telescope placed at a distance of about two metres.
6. Set the plate into uniform oscillations of small amplitude and with the help of a stop-watd
find the time taken for 20 vibrations. Repcat it thrice.
7. Similarly find the time for 20 vibrations in cach of the other two plates by
turn by turn and repeating the process thrice for each of the plates. suspending the
RECORD
1. Distance of centre of hole from the C.G. of
theplate:
() In case of circular plate Cm.
(i) In case of rectangular plate =... cm.
(iiü) In case of triangular plate ... C.
ROTATION 33|

9 Masses of the plates

(i) Incase of circular plate =,.. kg.
case of rectangular plate. =... kg.
(ü) In
In case of triangular plate.=... kg.
e
1 Observatlons for time period
Object Time for 20 vibrations Time period
No.
(() (iü) (iüi) Mean

1. Rectangular plate
2. Circular plate
3. Triangular plate
Conclusion:
time periods are different the M.I. of each plate is different. Hence the M.I. of a body
) As the equal.
would have been
does not depend onlyon mass otherwise it
different.
period is t = 2 and k is different for different bodies, t is
(ü) Asthe time
distribution of mass.
Hence M.I. depends upon k or the
sharp.
Precautions. 1, The knife edges should be
horizontal.
The knife cdges should be perfectly
uniform.
3. Thevibrations should be smooth and
4. The amplitude should be snall.
accurately.
5. The time period should be recorded very
vibrations.
6. Time should be recorded for at least 20 of about 2 metres.
1. Telescope should be placed at adistance
of the
which is different for different shapes
Sources of Errors
resistance, to the motion
0) There is always some air
plates.
(u) The mass may not be exactly same. same.
from C.G. of the plate may not be the
() The distance of centre of hole
VIVA VOCE
Q1. What is a flywheel ?
passing through its centre.
lt is a heavy wheel with cylindrical axis
?
Why the mass of flvwheel is concentrated at rim gyration and hence toincrease the M.I. of
Ans. Itis concentrated at rim to increase the radius of
the flywheel.
3, What is radius of gyration ?
to a point where whole mass of the body is
Ans, It is the distance from the axis of rotation
the actual distribution of thbe
mass of
Supposed to be concentrated such
body into Small that the M.I. is same as with
particles."
4. What is physical significance of radius of gyration ?
Ans. It gives an idea of distribution of mass in abody. mass have ?
energy does the suspended
/ROTATION
27
Actty I, To study
proportonalto angular rotatlonal motion using a lywhecl
acceleratlon. and bence show that the torque ls
Apparatus. Flywheel mountcd on
scale
Let number of
ball'bearing, weights with hanger, thrcad, top watch, metre
Theory turns of string on the ade
Iniial angular velocity of wheel n
Total angular displacement in n
Timetaken bythe nturns to get
rotations
Usingthe relation
unwound
1
e= 00t +~at, we get

Sothegraph between n andtis a straight line as

throughthe origin, but practically it does shown in the Fig, 2.05.
through the origin as not
there are frictional losses. pass Theoretically it must pass
The slope ofthe line is given by A

Angular acceleration, a=
Slope of line
T show that torque is
proportional to angular
acceleration we proceed as follows
Tngential force acting due to the hanging
Let
weight =mg
tension in the string be T. As the mass »m' is
moving downwards with acceleration 'a, then
mg - T= ma Fig. 2.05
T=m (g -a)
Torque acting on the axle, T=T.r=m(g-)r.
Since the mass attached to the
acceleration of the mass is very smallstring is very small as compared to the mass of
as compared to the acceleration the wheel, the
due to gravity. Thus neglecting
a' as compared to g we get
t= mg
If the moment of inertia of wheel about its axis of
in the rotating wheel is a, then
rotation is L, and angular acceleration produced
..ü)
The torque T or mgr is directly proportional to the
angular acceleration a. Hence the graph between torque.
and angular acceleration should be a straight line as shown. TOROUE
Though theoretically the line should pass through the
ongi, practicaly due to frictional losses it does not pass
through the origin. (fig. 2.06)
The slope of the line BC will give the moment of
AB
neria of the wheel about the axis of rotation. The intercept
0 On the Y-axis gives the minimum or least value of the O ANGÜLAR ACC.a
Lorque required to overcome friction. Fig, 2.06
28
MODERN APPROACH TO PRACTICAL PHYSICS (B:Sc. I )
Procedure. 1. Carefully examine the wheel and, if need be make the friction at the bearing leas
y oiling or greasing. Give about 10 rotations to the wheel to warm up the bearings so that the rictiona|
torque is constant and retardation is uniform.
2. Take a thin, strong and light string and adiust its 1length so that it is little less than the height
ihe axle from the ground level. Make aloop at one end such that it freely ftsinto the peg n theaxde,. 4
free end of the string. The loop is sipped into the
K14n mass m along with hanger is attached to the and
eg. Rotate the. flywheel with hand so that the string is wrapped round the axle uniformly
Ompletely. Hold the mass corresponding to horizontal position of the peg and put a mark on the string
of chalk and put a mark on the rim of the wheel
*1ere lS ContaCt with the axle just ends, Take a piece wrapped. Let it be
Posite to the position of the pointer fixed to the frame. Count the number of turns
'n.'
3, Allow the mass to fall and at the same time start the stop-watch.
sound of the fall is just heard. Note
Stop the stop-watch when the mass just gets detachedtheormean
tme interval, Repeat this observation three times and take time of fall.
same number of turns but increasing the
S. Repeat the experimnent for at least si times with the
aass in the hanger by 50 to 100 g.
callipers in two mutual
6. Measure the diameter of the axle of the wheel with the help of vernier
perpendicular directions. Find the mean radius.
corresponding angula
7. Calculate the value of the torque acting on the axle and the
acceleration a.
discussed in the theory.
8. Plot a graph between angular acçeleration and torque as
Observations. Vernier constant of callipers = cm.
Diameter of the axde = ().. (ü).. (i)...
Mean diameter = ....... Cm:
Mean radius =.....cm.
Number of turns of thread. n =
RECORD :

Mass Time takern for unwinding

4nT
attached the thread T= mgr
No. to string
(m)
) (iü) (tii) Mean ()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

BC
Slope of graph = AB
Produce the graph so that it meets the Y-axis at a point P. Then find OP = o which gives thê val
of torque required to overcome friction.
Precautions. 1/ The diameter of the string should be small and should be very thin so that it c
be neglected as compared to the diameter of axle.
 ROTATION
29
2. There should be whole number of
turns given to the string.
3. The Wrappings should be close to»each other and should be
peg projecting horizontally. stopped cdose to the wheel with
4. The length of the string should be such that
the ground. the mass tm' is little above the floor on
reaching
5. The stop-watch should be
a.ctarted the moment the mass is released started and stopped carefully and at propcr
6 The loop should be loose and is to be stopped, the moment the moments. It 1s to be
enough for it
weights get detached.
7. The mass suspended should be to slip off the peg.
chould begin to fall without imparting any sufficient
initial push.
to overcome the starting friction of
the wheel. It
& The friction at the
Sources of errors. Same ball-bearing should be minimised by oiling or greasing,
as in activity I.
N Activity II. To
compare the moment of
 Fig. 2.03
Activity I. To determine the moment of inertia of a lywheel.
Apparatus. Flywheel mounted on ball bearings, weights with hanger, thread ; stop-watch, metre
scale and vernier callipers.
Theory. A flywheel is set up against two rigid supports S1 and S2 fixed in a wall. It turns round the
horizontal axis ABin a pair of bal bearings to minimise the friction. A thin and
inextensible string is
ROTATION
25
loosely.attachedIto avertical peg
wrapped.aroundthe fixed in th¹ axlc and
is free end of axle in known number of tuns.
FIXED
S SUPPORT FIXED
Tothe the thread is SUPPORT
mass m' which is attached a known
allowed to fall frecly through
.

known height PQ =h. The length of a TwwJ

PEG
adjustedthat as soon as the the string is so
bottom
justintouch with floor or ground
of the
weights is
gets detached from the
level, the thrcad just
peg of the ade.
THREAD
BALL
falling weight isThus
potential energy'mgh' of the the POINTER SOALE
BEARING
inproducing. used up
() Kinetic energy of
flywheel.
rotation, ;Ia² of the
() Kinetic energy of translation, mu, of
faling weights and the
(i) In doing work against GROUND
bearing. If F is the amount of friction at the ball
energy required to
LEVEL mm
Overcome friction
f revolutions made uring one revolution
by the flywheel till theand number Fig. 2.04
Then mass detaches is n, then work done against
From law of friction is nF.
conservation of energy, we have
mgh
If after the mass has =La+mu? + nF
rest and takes time t. The been detached from the axle the wheel makes n2 ..)
work done against friction is equal to rotations before coming to
nTF and evidently it is equal
kinetic energy of the flywhecl Ia. to the
So

Or
F n2
Putting (ü) in (), we get ..i)
mgh
[:v=ro]
or
2 mgh = Ia? (1+)
n2.
+m?

(1+)
n2 =2mgh -mu
Or
I= m(gh - a)
w(1+ n2
rocedure. 1, Examine the flywheel carefully and see that therc is minimum friction in its ball
bearing. Grease the bearing, if
2. Take a necessary.
string of length slightly lessthan the height ofthe axde from the floor.
which:tach
is fastenedatomass m about 200 g to one end of a thin thread and a loop is made at the other end
the peg S.
 MODERN.APPROACH TO PRACTICAL PHYSICS (B.Sc. I)
26
wrap the string uniformly and completely round the ade
4. Rotate the wheel with the hands and contaq
the mass at a stage when the peg is horizontal and put a weight on the string where its
Hold rim of the wheel just below the pointer.
with the axle just ceases. Also put a chalk on the the number of revolution ngduring descent.
S. Allow the mass to descend slowly and count after n1 turns, start the stop
detaches from the axle
6. When the thread unwounds itself and the flywheel comes to rest. Stop the stop
watch,
number of complete rotation n before
watch. Count the
Note the time t. th¹
complete. To estimate the fraction. measure the distance along the
7. Rotations are seldom
the chalk has advanced beyond the ponter with a thread. Measure
circumference by which
extra fraction of rotation will be
circumference c of the wheel, with a thread, The

:. total number of revolutions n2 =n+

with the help of vernier callipers.:
8. Measure the diameter of the axle
different masses.
9. Repeat the experiment with three formula.
10. Calculate the value of I using the given
Observations
Vernier. constant = 0eee0ee0e

Diameter of the axle = i) (ü) (ii) eee0e0eeeees

Cm
Mean diameter of the axle
Radius of the axle, r=
Circumference of the flywheel,c = m

4T2 mh
S.No. Mass including Height No. of revolutions No. of complete Distance Tolal Time -

the hanger =h of lywheel rotations of lywheeli revolfor n2

(in cm)ution revol.
()
(in grams) in cm before the mass tocoine to rest
detached after mass detached n2=n+utions

n t sec.

1
2.
3.
Mean moment of inertia of flywheel =.... gcm
Precautions. 1. Winding on the axle should be uniform.
2. Friction should be reduced to minimum by greasing the ball bearings.
3. Length of the string should always be slightly less than the height of axde of flywheel from th:
floor.
4. The loop should be loose enough for it to slip off the peg.
the diameter d
5. The string should be thin so that its diameter can be neglected as compared to
the axle.
string is detached.
6. The stop watch should be started just when the the loop slips of
exact moment at which
Sources of error. 1. It is very difficult to ascertain the
accurately determined.
the peg. So the values of n and t are not correct. Actually the friction is smaller a
that friction remains uniform is not
2. The assumptionhelndgeatgr.nt loyer vglngity
kichgr mrita rfhn
 3 Y uA
3 YA Modulus of the material of the given beam by bending usinga
Young's
Activity lIL. To find the
travelling microscope.ATectangular
Apparatus. metallic bar of uniform thickness and breadth about one metre \ong.
lwo sharp knife cdges mounted on heavy vertical supports, half kilogram slotted weights with hanger
stirrup provided with a hook at one side and a sharp pointer screw-gauge, met
weighing half kilogram
rod. 'd' supported at i.
Let us consider a uniform bar of length ", ,breadth b' and thickness
Theory.
two ends on the two sharp knife edges KË and K2
and loaded at its C.G. by suspending a load ng. li
middle point by
the depression produced at the reaction
the load is , the vertically up at each
knife edge is W/2 [.: Fig. 4.07 is a double cantilever]
(W2)(2j b
3YI
WB mg
48YI 48YI W
where Y =Young's modulus and Iis the mg
ba3
moment of inertia of bar and is given by I = 12 Fig. 4.07
mgß x 12 mgl
48 Y.bds 4 Y bað
Y=mg.3
Hence
4.8,b.d3
Procedure. 1. Find the position, of C.G. of the bar by balancing it on a sharp wedge. Place the
bar symmetrically on two knife edges KËand K2 keeping them about 80 cm apart as shown in fig, 4.Q1.
See that the bar is perfectly horizontal with the help of spirit level.
2. Slide the stirrup into the bar and adjust its position such that the tip of needle attached to its
middle point lies vertically above the C.G. of the bar. Suspend the hanger ofthe stirrup.
3. Focus the microscope on the tip of the needle so that the tip of the inverted image of the
needle touches the horizontal cross-wire of the eye-piece as shown in fig. 4.07. Note the reading on the
vertical scale of the microscope.
4. Add a half kilogram weight gently on the hanger and focus the microscope again on the tip of
the needle by moving it with the help of tangent-screw and take the reading of the scale. Go on
increasing the load in steps of half kilogram and go on noting the corresponding readings after
focussing the microscope on the tip of the needle.
5. Now go on decreasing the load readings
graduallyofinthe
steps of half kilogram and take the reading
scale one for the increasing load and one for
as

before. For a given load there will be two

the decreasing.
ELASTICITY
57

NEEDLE

BAR

STIRRUP
HANGER
S

mg
(a)
Fig. 4.08
after
knife edges by placing the metre rod edge-wise
A Measure the distance between the two edges.
removingthe bar carefully
without disturbing the positions of knife
and note the thickness with the screw
breadth of the bar with Vernier callipers
1 Measure the
several points. by drawing a graph
gauge all along the ba at 2kilogram load either by the calculations or
8. Find the mean depression forwill beastraight line passing through the origin.
between load and depression which
Observations
Vernier constant of microscope
Vernier constant of vernier callipers
callipers
Breadth of the bar with vernier
(ü) b' of the bar(ii) (iv)
Mean'bbreadth eeeeeeo

Least count of the screw gauge eeeeeee.

division
Zero correction in screw gauge = ±
zero correction.
Thickness of the bar after applying (iv)
(i) ......) ......)
()
Mean thickness of the bar
Microscope reading Depression for
No.
Weight added 2kilogram
to the hanger Load
in kilogram Load Mean
increasing decreasing

0-5
1·04.
4
1·5:
6 2-a
2-5
8. 3-0<
9. 35
4-0
 of
erometer
tabulating
oscope mean
The
depressionthrough
tbe
ðofmovedtheinOn
divisions the
the are distance 58
contact e with
tothe withthconnected
C.thGe. insupporting central
cord unloading,counted be weight edges. should
least scales contact Fig. it at making
moved should Calculations Distance
Mean Mcan
certain 4.09. A Use 2. several Precautions.
Percentage 1.
error table
from
= Y
the count moved which series leg by Sources 6. 5. 4. 3. 2.
ainsscale attached.
readingsresult twthoe and below again betweentouches Sometimes
This of a The As the The TheKnife be
distance
depression
number gives can micrometer good bepoints
beam sharp
adings. of
direction
opposite the by bar.
the electrical
of Spherometer placed the between
lo¡ding
the bar,On ofstirrup load load
this the
be circuit thickness edges and
the we givesthe
the.
bar.mean leg the Thethrough two th e balance error, permanently along should
of multiplied measured
circular central there parallel
should Y=between
ame.instead record depression. should rigid. =.....
divisions. has number terminals, is C.G. the should two J
The helps,
This in circuit screw 1. The 2000 cither
acompleted
certain leg
and is length. in not be 4bds knife
to scale of for. mg/3 two
rest the In standard an The tobe the placed be supports
be 4.b.d.8 ×
of be by of on has barthe containingmeasuring th e in error the so
deformed. cm-2
dyne from
one
calculationsincreased placed 980 knifecdges
bar. th e placed
result.knife
and × calculations
attached a_ form weights. in for /
KNIFE
EDGE K1 finding t h e is
edges. symmetrical cdges ()
A soon weightaffected that removed the
contact depression.
a of beyond
is
as cell,
spherometer the cubed knife ?
to of
the the
a
loading
by gently
the or
moment exact
is half to edges (ii) MODERN (B.Sc.
central key,
spherometer
broken the and from PHYSICS
kilogram. elastic each eee

The and is without

2c.G. a just force also the
leg
rheostat other should
due depression unloading limit (i),y APPROACHTO
graph
4.Fig.09 of in of small
SPHEROMETER when It disturbing and be
tothe the base the friction otherwise
is it
depression and and at rigid F1
spherommeter and middle therefore should
is equal
r.G a can between at the and
central justleg othertangent the a PRACTICAL
of
also be distance
permanent C.G. heavy.
RHEOSTAT th e advised C. G .
measured
to
incomes the
re-establishinygalvanometer bar be
the
of The
bar bar the
from
such
measured to
accurateb ´set' knife
CELL in as check and bar. C. G .
comescontac
show that occur
the
knife Also ede
5 its by