INSTREAM WATER TEMPERATURE MODEL COOPERATIVE INSTREAM FLOW SERVICE GROUP INSTREAM FLOW INFORMATION PAPER: NO. 16 FWS/OBS-84/15, SEPTEMBER 1984 Cooperating Agencies: Fish and Wildlife Service Soil Conservation Service Beside went MILESERRATA FOR INSTREAM FLOW INFORMATION PAPER 16 Theurer, F.D., K.A. Voos, and W.J. Miller, 1984. Instream water temperature Instream Flow Information Paper 16. U.S. Fish. Wildl. Serv FWS/OBS-85/15. model. Vepe The following errore were noted after printing. We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may have caused you. Page In} I+6 LI-7 TI~i8 Ti-19 Ti-32 II-32 ii-37 Ti-41 Tig42 i438 ii-80 TimS2 II~83 Par# 4 Replace 4 fig Table ean. 2) (78) 7) line 1 & last i Revision tim >> time The stream temperature model software is available only for IBM and compatible microcomputers. It may be obtained as part of the IF312 class taught at CSU on a regular basis, or from our distribution contractor. For information on the CSU classes, contact: Midcontinent Ecological Science Center Courses Office of Conference Services Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 {303} 491+7767 For other distribution, at a small cost, contact: Johnson Controls World Services, Inc. Technology Service Division P.O. Box 270308 Ft. Collins, Co 80525-3400 (303) 226-9413 reepresentative >> representative 1.81 >> 0.64; 2.12 >> 0.58 site latitude [delete ‘for day i'] riparian vegetation >> riparian shade is a function AL >> A, The default value of a; actually used in the program is 70.0014, not ~0.00088 as shown in the row labeled ALL in Table 11.3. Tq. = maximum (not average) afternoon air temperature Vegetation emissivity should be 0.9238 (decimal) Equilibrium depth is assumed to be 1 meter. add *+ H,' notional >> notational variable unknown >> variable, unknown The models do NOT have an option for English units. Only the Stand-Alone Shade and stream Segment models contain English units. Page 1 of 4Ti~86 last IlI-6 to ILr-60 TIi-10 IiI“14 rrI-40 IzI-57 TII-66 IrI-70 TLin7. TLI-71L Iri-71 TII-71 IiiI-71 TrI-71 Ifti~-77 LEI-78 TIi-78 Add to Top Ada to Top mid ail #3 all #2 #4 #5 #5 #7-8 mid mid mid Vegetation emissivity should be 6.9238 (decimal). This section is essentially obselete, though parts may be of specialized interest. The HP-34C program is not supported by the PWS. The HP-41C program is not supported by the FWS. State on >> Station This BASIC program has been completely replaced by SSTEMP, the Stream Segment Temperature Model and its companions, SSSOLAR and SSSHADE. Manning's n-value (dimensionless) oz travel time (seconds/kilometer). The Stream Identification must be congistently named on each stream (ee Table III-14 for an example). If your stream changea names, use a hyphenated combination. it is perhaps more useful to replace the ordinal ‘Character positions’ 1-8 with actual column positions 17-24. Stream Geometry >> Hydrology data Hydrology node >> Hydrology data ditto Option i ~ add ‘Do not uge too close below an $ node. Option 4 ~ add ‘Model will perform self-initialization for zero flow H nodes by default, Option 6 = add ‘Equilibrium temperatures may be used at H nodes also, but model may predict negative water temperatures.* Hydrology Data Temperature transfer code - used by the TRNSPT program to indicate temperatures to be transferred from a diversion to an H or P nede downstream. (See temperature transfer option documentation). Record 3, Field 13 is now Table X: Job Control Record 3, Field 14 is now Table XI: Average and Maximum Temperature Results, If Field 14 is set to '"', the Average and Maximum Temperature Results will be created with titles in quotes for spreadsheet applications. Field 15-20 are reserved Record 3, Field 78 Shade Data File present Field 79 Global Shade Model to be used Record 4. Field 17-24, always zero. Page 2 of 4i1i~78 L1I-79 ELI-79 T11-80 TIr-s80 Irr-86 IEI-81 rri-82 IIr-83 IIi~83 TLI~83 Trr85 TEI~-86 IrI-88 111-88 TIi~88 ILI-88 ILrI-88 IXI-89 ITI-90 bot top last top top tab tab tab tab top mid bot dot Record 4, Field 33-40, enter number of shade nodes Record 4, Fields 65-72 and 73-80 can always be 0 Record 6, Field 57-64, always first time period. Field 65-72, always last time period. These are due to bug in program. Record 6, Pield 73-80 may always be 0. Record 7, Fields 1-8, 916, 17~24 are EFA, EFB, and EFC, respectively, with defaults of 40, 15, and 0. Refer to equation 11(70) on page II-38. The EFC factor is the coefficient for the square root of the wind speed, not mentioned in the manual. If you change one, you must enter all values. Record 7, Fields 33-40, 41-48, 49-56, and 57-64 are a0, al, a2, and a3, respectively, with defaults of 6.64, -.0014, -5.27, and 4.86. See page II-32. If you Change one, you must enter all values. Records 10 and 11, all fieids must be Left~justified. Record 10, Field 33-48 is not used at present time. delete Record 11, Field 17-32, duplicate from previous page. Record 2, Field 25-32. If using a daily time step, make # days = 1, otherwise make 2 regardless of length of time step. Record 2, Pield 33-40, sea page II~13. Record 2, Field 41-48, see page Ii~i4. Record 3, Field 49-56 is optional. If not supplied, it will be calculated. If supplied {see note at end of table) it will be used to calibrate all years. Record 2, Field 33-80 >> 34-80 Record 3, Field 33-80 >> 34-80 Record 4, Fields 17-72 are not required for B, T, or E nodes. Record 4, Field 41-48 and 49-56, needed only if you are not using a shade file. Record 4, Field 57-64 defaults to mean annual air temperature. Record 4, Field 65-72 defauits to 1.65. Record 2, Field 33-80 >> 34-80 ditto Page 3 of 4IfI-91 tab Record 3, Should be as follows: (Record) (Field) (Description) 3 1-16 Stream name 3 17 Node type 3 18 Local output flag 3 19 Unused 3 20-21 Regression model instructions 3 22 Lo¢al shade model linkage flag 3 23-24 Temperature transfer code (Ses SNTEMP.DOC for temperature transfer option description) 3 25+32 Distance from system endpoint (km) 3 34-80 Remarks describing node 111-91 tab Record 4, Field 25-32, see page I1I-69 for R nodes TII-91 tab Record 4, Field 33-40, defaults to mean annual air temperature. TII-91 tab Record 4, Field 41-48 need not be supplied at a "flow through" type reservoir. TII-91 1 B, T and E nodes are not included in the shade data file. TiI-92 mid Record 3, Field 33-80 >> 34-80 T1I-92 mid Record 5, Fields 9-16 and 17-24 are reversed. IzI-94 fig It is useful to add to figure the comments: From skeleton to geometry, add C nodes study , add 0 nodes hydrology, add QV KDPR From geometry to shade, subtract T, B, and E. TLi-97 2 Change ‘mean annual air temperature’ to ‘mean air temperature’. ITI-100 top Skeleton file is not used at present. IXI-103 mia Change ground temperature to mean annual air temperature. IZI-145 I31.22 This file format has been completely revised to be a random access file. See internal program documentation for file format. EV-1 to IV-72 This section is essentially obselete, though parts may be of specialized interest. Iv-58 mid This BASIC program has been completely revised. Ive70 mid Though magnetic tape version is available, the only supported version will be available on diskette. See note and ordering information for page I-6 above. Page 4 of 4FWS/0BS~84/15 September 1984 INSTREAM WATER TEMPERATURE MODEL Instream Flow Information Paper 16 by Fred D, Theurer? U.S, Soil Conservation Service on detail to Instream Flow and Aquatic Systems Group Western Energy and Land Use Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2627 Redwing Read Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2999 Kenneth A. Voos* Instream Flow and Aquatic Systems Group Western Energy and Land Use Team U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2627 Redwing Road Fort Collins, Colorado 80526-2899 and William J. Miller? Graduate Research Assistant Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 80523 Current Address - Hydroecosystem Research Unit, P.O. Box E, Fort Collins, CO 522 *Current Address - Woodward-Clyde Consultants, One Walnut Creek Center, 100 Pringle Avenue, Walnut Creek, CA 94596 Western Energy and Land Use Team Division of Biological Services Research and Development Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the Interior Washington, DC 20240This report should be cited as: Theurer, F. D., K. A. Voos, and W. J. Miller. 1984. Instream water tempera- ture model, Instream Flow Information Paper 16. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-84/15. y.p.PREFACE This paper has four parts, each designed for a different target group. Therefore, each part is designed to stand alone, even though some readers may belong to more than one target group. Part [. Applications. This part is written as an overview for managers and first-time potential users. It is designed to: (1) explain the objective and scope of the model; (2) provide guidance regarding basic data sources; (3) provide guidance on the use of the different solution techniques avail~ able; and (4) provide examples that illustrate the use of the model. Part II. Physical Processes and Math Models. This part is written for the hydrologist or hydraulic engineer responsible for the physical modeling results. The fundamental principles involved and the math models used to describe them are explained in detail. Part IT]. User's Manual. This part is written for the technician who will actually be doing the calculations. It describes the various solution techniques available, their input requirements, and their scope of program coverage. At the moment, none of the solution techniques solve the entire model, not even the mainframe computer program. However, most model components can be solved by one or more of the solution techniques. Part IV. Software Support Documentation. This part is written for the AbDP/engineering staff responsible for supporting each solution technique(s). It provides a comprehensive program description for each solution technique. This part also provides, for each solution technique, information useful for purposes of maintainence, modification, transportability, and linkage to other related models.CONTENTS PREFACE FIGURES. TABLES....... ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . Part T, APPLICATIONS..........-000 00 Introduction... Basic Data Sources Meteorology. . Hydrology..... Stream Geometry. Solar...cceeee as Use of Solution Techniques. HP~34C Program... HP-41C Program BASIC Program... FORTRAN 77 Program. Example Applications... Upper Colorado River Basin. Tucannon River,...... REFERENCES........ Part II. PHYSICAL PROCESSES AND MATH MODELS Introduction Solar Radiation. Extraterrestrial Radiation Sunrise to Sunset Duration. Atmospheric Correction... Cloud Cover Correction. Diurnal Solar Radiation... Solar Radiation that Penetrates Solar Shade... .. ce cece cece erence eee ee ees Level-Plain Sunrise/Sunset Hour Angie and Azimuth Local Sunrise/Sunset Altitudes Topographic Shade.........05 Riparian Vegetation Shade. Solar Shade Factor. Definitions. Meteorology Adiabatic Correction Model... . Average Afternoon Meteorological Conditions. i ti WBOOGORHUDA AH 4 FA ht teed Be ad fet Bet et Yk tk Pn Pt bt tt ot i 1 aon Boe aneaCONTENTS (continued) Page Heat Flux... eect e tenets I1-32 Thermal Sources T1~34 Radiation Ti-34 Solar Radiation Corrected for Shading . T1734 Atmospheric Radiation............., ve 11-35 Topographic Features Radiation II-36 Riparian Vegetation Radtation. oe Ti~36 Water Radiation......... 11-37 Stream Evaporation. II-38 Convection......... T1+39 Streambed Conduction. Ti-40 Stream Friction... 1I-41 Net Heat Flux. Ti-d2 Heat Transport ri-44 Dynamic Temperature - Steady Flow Il-45 First-Order Solutions... TT-49 Second-Order Solutions. II-50 Time Periods......... II-53 Diurnal Fluctuations. II-53 Flow Mixing...... TI-55 Regression Models. TI-55 Standard Regression “Model TI-56 Transformed Regression Model 11-57 Validation...............00. iT-60 Regression Model Validation, II-60 Heat Transport Model Validation TI-63 Calibration... 00.6... eee II-63 Solar Calibration.........., TI-65 Single-Parameter Heat Transport Calibration. Tl-67 Multiple-Parameter Heat Transport Calibration. II-70 Element Correction Ii-71 Partial Derivatives I1-72 Statistical Definitioc Ti-78 Standard Ceviation.......... Ti-79 Modified Standard Difference of Estimate II-79 Heat Transport Model II-80 Regression Model Ii-80 Coefficient of Multiple Correlation Ti-81 Mean Difference eee Ii-81 Probable Difference... 11-82 Conversions and Physica Ti-82 REFERENCES. occ ec cscs ees eceeeeeen ens STD pegaCONTENTS (continued) USER'S MANUAL. occ eee cee eee General Input Requirements. Stream System Geometry... Meteorology..... Hydrology....... HP-34C Solution Technique. HP-41C Solution Technique. Solar Shade Program..... Solar Radiation Program... Standard Regression Program... Transformed Regression Program. Heat Transport Program... BASIC Solution Technique... FORTRAN 77 Solution Technique Features Offerad........ Linkage to Other Models. . Capabilities and Limitations. Organization of Data....,.. Data Requirements... Stream System Network, Stream Geometry Data Time Period......, Meteorology... Study Information. Hydrology Data.. Job Control Variables. Stream Identification. Node Field... File Structure. Output Files. Input Files... Job Control File Time Period File Meteorology File.. Stream Network Files Stream Geometry File Study File.......... Hydrology Nede File. Hydrology Data File. Shade File........ Page TLl1-5 ITi-§ L1i-5 Iti-6 Ili-? TH-10 Iii-14 ITi-15 Tli-21 I1i-26 TLI-39 IL-5] 111-57 IlI-61 Ili-61 TiI-62 TII-62 ITi-63 TII-63 TI1-63 I11-66 Ili-67 I1IT-68 III-68 IlI-68 111-69 III-70 IT1-70 Ili-72 TII-72 TLi-75 ITI-76 TLI-83 Ti-85 T1I-87 TII-89 TII-89 IlI-89 TII-90 ifl-91 TL1-93CONTENTS (concluded) Internal Files.............. Example Problem a Example Deseription..........0.05 Job Control File. Time Period File. Meteorology File. Skeleton Network... Stream Geometry File Study Files......... Hydrology Node File. Hydrology Data File. Shade File.......... Job Contro} File Completion. Example Program Execution. Program Overview JBCNUD ~ Job Control Update Program. STRGEM ~ Stream Geometry Program. . HYDROL - Hydrology Program..... METROL - Meteorology Program.............. REGTWO ~ Water Temperature Regression Program TRNSPT ~ Heat Transport Program............. YSTATS ~ Validation Statistics Program REFERENCES Part IV. SOFTWARE SUPPORT DOCUMENTATION Introduction. ...........55 HP-34C Program Version Introduction... .. 02. ceecer ener ene e ees eee ee Basis for HP-34C Transport Temperature ¥ Model Heat Flux Budget + Heat Transfer Equation HP-41C Program Version Introduction. .............008 Solution Techniques Instructions. BASIC Version... cc. cesses eeeee Introduction. Source Code... : FORTRAN 77 Solution Technique. FORTRAN 77 Computer Program.............4. Page TII~98 T1T-95 TII-95 T1I+95 T11+96 I]1-97 11-97 III-100 Iif-102 I1I-102 III-103 TiI-104 111-106 III-107 III-107 III~107 T1[-112 TII-112 IiI-113 Ti[-114 Til-114 Til-117 TEI-118 Iy-4 TVe4 Iv-4 Ty-4 Iv-8 iv-8 IV-10 Iv i2 Iyni2 Ty~12 Iv-58 I-58 iv-59 IV-70 Iv-70“TE 11.2 11.3 11.4 Ii.5 11.6 Ti. Til.2 Ifl.3 Til.4 T1i.5 T11.6 H1i.7 TI1.8 Ti1.9 FIGURES Upper Colorado River Basin network. ........ 0... eee eee eens Tucannon River watershed. ..... 0.0... e cece cece ene n eee eee Longitudinal average mean daily temperature profile........ Longitudinal maximum daily temperature profile............. Distribution of predicted fishery enhancement resulting from restoration of aquatic habitat..............0......00- Solar angle measurements Local solar and stream orjentation angle measurements...... Riparian vegetation shade parameters............0. 00 cc eee ee Heat flux Sources... 6. ccc cece entree een eens Dynamic energy contro] volume Typical longitudinal water temperature profile predicted by the heat transport equation................... Location of mean monthly ground level solar data stations HP-41C shade example... 0... cece ccc cece eee eens HP=41C solar radiation input example.................se cues HP-41C solar radiation output example... .... ccc eee eee eee HP=41C standard regression input example........... sees eee HP-41C standard regression output example. . HP~41C transformed regression input example........sceee eee HP-41C transformed regression output example............... HP-41C heat transport input/output example.............200- Ili-8 111-20 TI-27 111-29 T11+34 T1I-36 TII-43 III-47 TIT-56Number TIT.10 TIL.4 TIL.12 tv.1 IV.2 IV.3 Iv.4 1V.5 V.6 Iv.7 FIGURES (concluded) Example schematic diagram node locations......... Recommended file building that identifies the skeleton SOQUENCE. cee eee eee eras Schematic diagram of the Upper Colorado River subnetwork. .........-4. HP-34€ source code listing... .ccceeecccee eee re eevee eter nee HP“41C source code listing for the solar shade model....... HP-41C source code listing for the solar radiation MOdET. cee cece eee eee HP-41C source code listing for the standard regression model........- HP-41C source code listing for the transformed regression model. . HP-41€ source code listing for the heat transport mode)... 22... wee eee eee Page T1+65 I1I-94 III-99 Tv-5 IV-22 I-30 1-38 Tyn44 IV"52 Ty-59Number T. 1.2 TABLES Diurnal water temperature flucuations....... 0... eee eee eee Tucannon River stream geometry data for existing CONGILIONS ce eee eee teen ee tee ete eee ene Tucannon River stream geometry data for climax conditions... Shade parameters for mainstem Tucannon River and Sheep Creek... ccc e cern cece ee ee eee ne teen etree Summary of observed versus predicted streamflows in the mainstem Tucannon River. ... 0... cece cece cece ence eee Recorded streamflows at USGS gage near Starbuck............ Diversions and returns along mainstem Tucannon River....... Meteorological data transposed to Forest Service fire guard Station... cece cece cert eee tee ee bees eer eenee Validation data Estimated juvenile fish production in the Tucannon River, Washington... ec cece ccc eee c eee eee ener etre eee Estimated adult fish returns to Tucannon River, Washington... Net monetary value per escaping spawner............ eee eae Present worth and average annual benefits........sesseeweee Dust coefficient doo... eee eee eet cece eee Ground reflectivity R er eee eee rere eth bere ete Regression coefficients for maximum daily air Temperatures... cece eee te eee ene eee ee Transformed regression model statistics... Heat transport model statistics for 1964-1979 before calibration Page 1-13 1-42 1-43 1-84 11-13 t-l4 11-32 11-62 11-64Number 11.6 IT.10 If.dl 11.12 TH.1 Mr.2 III.3 TIT.4 TIE.§ IIL.6 TIT.7 TI1.8 TI1.9 TIT.10 Tit. T11.12 HIE.13 TABLES (continued) Heat transport model statistics, normals before calibration Solar calibration using normal meteorology... Wind calibration factors... .. ec cece cece eect e eee eee Statistics of heat transport mode) after single~parameter (wind) calibration: 1964-1974... Statistics of heat transport mode} after single-parameter (wind) calibration: normals... .. 0.0... cece cece ee eee eee eee Equivalent English and metric units Physical Constants... ccc cece cee eee tener eee rete renee Dust and ground reflectivity. ....0.00..0... 0.02. cece eee eee dob control file format... Time period file format... 0. eee eee e er eee eee Meteorology file format... 0... cee eee eee Skeleton network file format. .... 0.6. cece eee c eee ences Stream geometry file format............. 00.0 e ec eee eee Study file format... 0... ccc eccentrics Hydrology node file format.... cc cee eee e cect e eee eee Hydrology data file format... 0. ccc c eee eee eee eee Shade file format.. Initial job control file... Lecce ee eee ee Example time period file... occ ccs c eee e cece erent vee eee Example meteorology File... . ccc icc c cece eee eee Page 11-65 11-66 11-68 Ti-69 T1-70 11-85 11-85 TT1+25 T11-76 111-83 ITI-84 TI1-86 TI1-88 TII-89 i1i-90 Tli-91 IiI-91 III-96 TII-97 ili-98Number Ili. IIL. iil. Tr. Tir. Mt. ili. TIT. 14 15 16 v 18 19 20 21 Iv.i Tv.2 IV.3 Iv.4 Iv.5 V.6 TV.7 IV.8 TABLE: Example skeleton file... Example stream geometry fil S (concluded) Qe cece eee eee Example study File... cc ccc ce cee cece renner eee ee Example hydrology node file Example hydrology data file Example shade file... cece cece ence e eee ee tence nena Completed job control file... ce cece cee eee eee Binary-sequential KTRNSPT f HP-34C register utilization HP-34€ verification example ile format.......... HP-41C GMStruchions. 6... cece cece eee eee eee Instream water temperature Instream water temperature Instream water temperature Instream water temperature model Instream water temperature solar radiation model........... standard regression model....... transformed regression Page Ti-100 Ti1-100 11l-102 I1I-163 TiI-103 IIE-104 L1i-107 TII-215 IV-6 [V-6 Iv-13 Iv-20 TV¥-28 1V-35 T¥-44 Iv-50ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Any technical manuscript of this size and complexity obviously builds upon the work of others. Some mention of the more prominent seems to be appro~ priate. First, to recognize key personnel, and second, to admit that any undertaking of this size is not a "lone ranger" operation, but is an extension of the effort of other people-~and other institutions. Two Polish scfentists, Drs. Andrezej K. Kraszewski and Witold F. Krajewski, on sabbatical from Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland, and Institute of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland, respectively, worked with Dr. William J. Grenney at Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Together, they provided an im= portant nexus that led to an analytic solution of the heat transport equation. This, in turn, made both the network solution and diurnal fluctuation calcula~ tions feasible. John M. Bartholow, of the Instream Flow and Aquatic Systems Group, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, contributed the BASIC program version to this paper. The Tennessee Valley Authority's Water Resources Research Laboratory and the Department of Energy's heat flux relationships were an important necessary basis for minimizing the input parameters previously required of other similar models for heat flux relationships. The U.S. Forest Service provided a rudimentary shade model that Ted to an analytic basis for evaluating both the topographic and riparian vegetation shade. The American Water Resources Association graciously allowed the repeat of the Tucannon River article as an example in this paper. The U.S. Soil Conservation Service provided the funding and personnel for the model development and subsequent coding of the solution techniques, And, finally, recognition is required of the work of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service personne] at the Western Energy and Land Use Team who labored many hours preparing and editing the text, tables, equations, and figures. Ms. Madeline Sieverin typed the manuscript, Ms. Jennifer Shoemaker prepared the illustrations, and Ms. Cathy Short edited the manuscript.SS FWS/OBS-84/15, SEPTEMBER 1984 INSTREAM WATER TEMPERATURE MODEL Part |. Applications Fish and Wildlife Service U.S. Department of the InteriorCONTENTS Part I. APPLICATIONS 2.200.022 ee eee Introduction ...... Basic Data Sources Meteorology . Hydrology ..... Stream Geometry . Solar ..........6. Use of Solution Techniques . HP-34C Program ....... HP-41C Program BASIC Program ... FORTRAN 77 Program Example Applications ... Upper Colorado River Basin Tucannon River ....... REFERENCES I-1 E F 3 Tepe t eek PP PoP EL PRP EE COGOORONAREE iNunber : L.1 T.2 1.3 4 r.5 FIGURES Upper Colorado River Basin network Tucannon River watershed Longitudinal average mean daily temperature profile Longitudinal maximum daily temperature profile Distribution of predicted fishery enhancement resulting from restoration of aquatic habitat1.10 T.11 TABLES Diurnal water temperature flucuations ... Tucannon River stream geometry data for existing conditions . Tucannon River stream geometry data for climax conditions.... Shade parameters for mainstem Tucannon River and Sheep Creek coc eee cece teen tenes tetas Summary of observed versus predicted streamflows in the mainstem Tucannon River .. Recorded streamflows at USGS gage near Starbuck .....,,0. 00 Diversions and returns along mainstem Tucannon River ........ Meteorological data transposed to Forest Service fire guard SEALTOM Coe cece ee eee Validation data .......c cece ee ce verre Estimated juvenile fish production in the Tucannon River, Washington .. 0c. cece cece eee eee ence ee ates Estimated adult fish returns to Tucannon River, Washington .. Net monetary value per escaping spawner .. Present worth and average annual benefits I-3 I-41 1-42 1-43 1-44PART I. APPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION The Instream Flow and Aquatic Systems Group (IFASG), in cooperation with the U.S. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service CFWS), has developed this model to predict instream water temperatures based on either historical or synthetic hydrological, meteorological, and stream geometry conditions. The model is applicable to any size watershed or river basin with a stream network of any stream order and complexity. The model incorporates several features, including: (1) A heat transport model that predicts the average mean daily water temperature and diurnal fluctuations in water temperature as functions of stream distance; (2) A heat flux model that predicts the energy balance between the water and its surrounding environment; (3) A scolar model that predict the solar radiation that penetrates the water as a function of latitude, tim of year, and meteorological conditions; (4) A shade model that predicts the solar radiation-weighted shading resulting from beth topography and riparian vegetation; (5) Meteorological corrections that predict changes in air temperature, relative humidity, and atmospheric pressure, as functions of a change in elevation; and (6) Regression aids that smooth and/or fill in missing water temperature data at headwater and internal validation/calibration locations. This paper describes these, and subsidiary, features, such as statistical aids and guidance regarding basic data sources, and describes how to use the model in ungaged watersheds. The instream water temperature model was designed to predict the average daily temperature and diurnal fluctuations in water temperatures throughout a stream system network. It mostly uses readily available meterorological and hydrological data. Stream geometry information also is necessary, but often is collected as a part of previous or concurrent hydrologic studies, However,the model does not require the collection of new field data (e.g., stream temperature) over some period of time before the temperature regime of a stream system can be predicted. The use of previously collected data may help to calibrate the model, but is not necessary for most applications. Meteorologic data required by the model consist of certain solar radiation coefficients, air temperature, relative humidity, sunshine ratio, and wind speed. These data often are available from published climatological and related data but generally require extrapolation to a point in the basin. The model includes features to transpose meteorology data from a single known point in the basin throughout the stream network Solar radiation is entirely modeled as a function of the latitude of the stream basin, time of the year, and prevailing meteorological conditions. Shading, resulting from both topographic features and riparian vegetation, is modeled as a function of latitude, time, basin topographic characteristics, and riparian vegetation parameters, Hydrological data required by the model consist of discharge or flow data throughout the stream system and initial water temperatures at the beginning points. The hydrological data needed, either the discharge, initial tempera~ ture, or both, can be developed from synthetic hydrological procedures or from Known or assumed reservoir operation procedures, where applicable. The model includes regression techniques to smooth and/or complete water temperature data at points of at least some known water temperature. Stream geometry information needed consists of the stream system network (mainstem and tributaries}, stream widths, stream gradients, shading parame~ ters, and hydraulic retardence. Data on all but the shading parameters are normally collected as part of a hydrological study. The instream water temperature model can be conceptualized as three general parts: (1) input preprocessing; (2) heat flux relationships; and (3) a heat transport equation. Input preprocessing includes the preliminary input generation, such as the adiabatic meteorological corrections, solar radiation, and regression models. The heat flux relationships deal with the heat sources and thermal processes involved in the exchange or generation of heat, including back radiation from the water. The heat transport equation describes the downstream movement of heat energy in the water and the actual exchange of heat energy between the water and its surrounding physical environ~ ment. Instream models differ from lake models because the downstream water movement tends to mix the water. This turbulent mixing is assumed to evenly distribute the temperature both vertically and transversely and, therefore, is the basis for using a constant water temperature throughout a given cross section at any given instant. The purpose of the transport model is to predict the longitudinal temperature variation. While the temperature at a specific cross section may be constant ai any given time, a downstream differential is expected and predicted. 1-5The turbulent mixing, leading to a homogeneous distribution of temperature throughout a given cross section, simplifies the application of the heat flux relationships part of the model. All heat entering the water is assumed to be immediately distributed both vertically and transversely. All heat leaving the water isa function of this homogeneous water temperature. Flowing water generally mixes at a far faster rate as a result of the turbulence than due to either conduction or convection within the water, The mode] can, and has been, used satisfactorily to evaluate the impact of the following factors on instream water temperature: (1) Riparian vegetation (past, existing, and proposed); (2) Reservoir releases (discharge rates and temperatures); and (3) Stream withdrawals and returns. The mode? has been used in large basins ({e.g., the Upper Colorado River Basin) to study the impact of water temperature on endangered species (Theurer et al. 1982). It also has been used in smaller, ungaged watersheds to study the impacts of riparian vegetation on salmonid habitat (Theurer et al., in press). The model also has been used several times to evaluate the tmpact of reservoir releases on water temperature immediately below a dam, Various solution techniques, ranging from hand-held calculator to computer programs, directly offer the user reasonable answers for each application. The selection of the proper solution technique depends on the complexity of the application, volume of computations involved, and availability of hardware to perform the calculations. The software for al} the solution techniques is available to the user through IFASG (see Part IV). BASIC DATA SQURCES Meteorology Only four basic meteorological input parameters are needed: (1) mean daily air temperature; (2) mean daily relative humidity; (3) mean daily wind speed; and (4) sunshine ratio or cloud cover during daylight hours. Each parameter must be averaged over the chosen time period for analysis. Informa- tion on all four parameters are available either directly or with minor computations from published weather data. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) publishes Local Climatological Data (LCD) for numerous weather stations throughout the Nation. These LCD's contain monthly time pertod averages for the specified year and monthly normals for the entire period of record to date. If time periods other than months are desired, daily records need to be obtained and averages computed for the selected time period. Some daily data can be obtained from the U.S. Weather Bureau, U.S. Soil Conservation Service snowtel data, local airports, military bases, and personal weather stations. However, most applications should be able to use the LCD's with, at most, limited adjustments.When the model is being used to predict the future impacts of various proposals (gaming), only a limited set of meteorological conditions probably would be needed. The normals (approximately 50% chance of occurrence) would be of paramount interest. An extreme or two might be needed to represent a cold and/or a hot year. This information could be obtained by extracting respresentative years from historical data or synthetically developing the data using frequency analysis. The choice of a source for meteorological data is independent of the model; however, the validity of predicted water tempera- tures is closely tied to the validity of the input data, Hydrology The hydrology input data consist of discharges at ai] specified points throughout the stream network and water temperatures at only certain points. The transport model requires known water temperatures for all headwaters, reservoir structures, and other beginning points in the network. If validation or calibration jis desired, known water temperatures also are necessary at these points. The regression models are used to synthesize the known water temperatures at a specific network point so that water temperatures under different meteor- elogical or hydrological conditions can be predicted. However, the regression model only predicts water temperatures at the specific network point for which the regression analysis applies. The transport model is necessary for longi- tudinal water temperature predictions, Discharge data are necessary for each hydrology node in the network. A hydrology node is a point in the network where a discontinuity in hydrology occurs; @.g., the Junction of a tributary with the main stem. Discharges are assumed to vary linearly (lateral flow) between nodes. Therefore, the hydrol- ogy network requires a sufficient number of nodes to represent the major tributaries and any significant changes in lateral flow. The discharge values at each hydrology node can be obtained from histori~ cal records, the use of synthetic procedures, or both. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has discharge data for many stations throughout the Nation. Water temperature data are available for some of these stations. Some data are available from published USGS Water Resources Data and Water Quality Records; additional data can be obtained through the USGS WATSTOR system. The use of historical records requires a hydrologic analysis to determine the discharges at the remaining, ungaged hydrology nodes. An experienced hydrolo~ gist is needed to identify the necessary representative hydrology nodes and to determine the actual discharges for proper hydrologic balancing. Hydrology data frequently need to be developed entirely by synthetic means for ungaged basins. Accepted procedures exist that can be used to syntheti- cally determine discharges throughout a basin using rainfall-runoff models. This step requires an experienced hydrologist. Starting water temperatures at headwaters can be determined synthetically by a separate water temperature study. For example, assume that a headwater node is located on a tributary that has a significant drainage area and 1s a short distance upstream from a junction. This headwater drainage area can be I-7