A RESEARCH SEMINAR AND METHODOLOGY TEST

24/07/23

Q1: Choose one historic building in Lagos and write a brief overview of its history
and significance in the field of architectural conservation. Provide,10in-text
citation from 7 scholarly sources that support your discussion. Use APA 7th edition
style for both the in-text citations and the references. Cite from:
a) A journal article with one author
b) A journal article with two authors
c) A journal article with four authors

Q2: Discuss the key principles and ethics in the conservation of historic buildings.
Support your argument with references with at least 5 academic papers. Use APA
7th edition style for both the in-text citations and the references. Cite from:
a) A journal article with three authors.
Question 1: The First-Storey Building in Nigeria: An Overview of its History
and Significance in the field of Architectural Conservation.

Abstract:

This journal article provides an overview of the history and significance of the First
Storey Building in Nigeria in the field of architectural conservation. The building, constructed in
the 1800s by missionaries from the Church Missionary Society (CMS), holds great cultural and
historical importance in Nigeria. The article explores the history, architecture, and preservation
efforts of the building, drawing from various sources.

The First Storey Building in Nigeria serves as a reminder of the country's colonial past
and the role of Christianity in its history. It has become a significant tourist attraction, attracting
visitors who are interested in learning about its history and admiring its unique architecture.
Efforts are underway to preserve the building, which has been declared a national monument by
the Nigerian government.

The article highlights the challenges faced in preserving the First Storey Building,
including neglect and decay over the years. Restoration efforts are being carried out to ensure
the building's continued existence and to restore its past glory. The recent concession of the
building to a private body reflects the government's commitment to resurging the cultural
industry and promoting architectural conservation.

Overall, the First Storey Building in Nigeria holds immense historical and cultural
significance. It serves as a symbol of Nigeria's independence, national pride, and architectural
heritage. The article emphasizes the need for ongoing preservation efforts to protect this
important landmark for future generations.
Introduction:

Historic buildings are an essential part of a city's cultural heritage. They are a testament
to the city's past and serve as a reminder of its rich history(Tobora, 2014). Lagos, Nigeria, is
home to several historic buildings that have stood the test of time. One of the most notable of
these buildings is the first storey building in Nigeria, located in Badagry, Lagos State.

The First Storey Building in Nigeria is a historical landmark located in Badagry, Lagos
State. The building is significant in the history of Nigeria as it served as a pacesetter for the
Christian religion, education, development, commerce, and the end of slavery, freedom, and
independence (Olawale et al., n.d.). The building was erected by the Rev. Henry Townsend of the
Church Missionary Society (CMS) in 1845 and served as the official residence of St. Anglican
Church. The building is a reminder of Nigeria's colonial past and the role of Christianity in the
country's history(Olawale et al., n.d.)It was originally established as a storehouse for the
mission's trade activities in the region. However, over time, it evolved into a residential building,
serving as a residence for missionaries and later as a school and a parsonage.

The first-storey building in Nigeria is a remarkable historical landmark that holds

significant cultural and architectural importance. Located in Badagry, Lagos State, this structure
stands as a symbol of Nigeria's colonial past and serves as a tangible representation of its
architectural heritage(Olawale et al., n.d.). This article aims to provide an in-depth overview of
the history and significance of the first-storey building in Nigeria in the field of architectural
conservation.

Historical Background:

The history of the First Storey Building in Nigeria can be dated as far back as the days of
colonial rule. The building was not just another structural building but a sign of goodwill, hope,
and strength. The building served as the pacesetter for the Christian religion, education,
development, commerce, end to slavery, freedom, and independence, etc. (Olawale et al., n.d.).
The building was occupied by Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first African CMS bishop who
translated the Holy Bible from English to Yoruba. The building also housed the room of the first
teacher in Nigeria, Claudius Philips.
 Bishop Samuel Ajayi Crowther

Source: The Guardian, Nigeria (https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/our-heroes-past-

samuel-ajayi-crowther/)

The First Storey Building in Nigeria is an architectural masterpiece that was built in the
1800s by missionaries from the Church Missionary Society(Olutoyin Moses, 2016). The building
is a significant tourist attraction in Lagos State, and it has been declared a national monument by
the Nigerian government. The building has historical significance in the history of the slave trade
and colonialism.

The first storey building in Nigeria is located in Badagry, Lagos State. It was built by
Reverend Henry Townsend, a missionary of the Church Missionary Society (CMS), in 1845
(Adeboye & Adeyinka, 2014). The building served as the official residence of St. Thomas Anglican
Church and was later used by Samuel Ajayi Crowther, the first African C.M.S bishop who
translated the Holy Bible from English to Yoruba. The house comprises two sitting rooms, six
bedrooms, four stores, and a safe (Olutoyin Moses, 2016). The building is a symbol of hope,
strength, and goodwill and served as a pacesetter for the Christian religion, education,
development, commerce, end to slavery, freedom, and independence.

The structure's construction materials include clay bricks, coral stones, and timber,
showcasing the architectural techniques employed during the 19th century. The combination of
these materials contributed to the building's unique character and structural integrity.(Akinluyi,
n.d.)

Architectural Features:

The First Storey Building in Nigeria has unique architecture and design. The building
comprises two sitting rooms, six bedrooms, four stores, and a safe for precious items (Olutoyin
Moses, 2016). The first-storey building in Nigeria exhibits a blend of European and indigenous
architectural elements. The structure follows a simple design with rectangular floor plans,
pitched roofs, and wooden floors(Akinluyi, n.d.). The incorporation of coral stones in its
construction was a notable architectural choice, reflecting the local building practices of the time.
This fusion of architectural styles makes the building an essential example of cultural exchange
and adaptation during the colonial era(Adeboye & Adeyinka, 2014).

The First-Storey Building, Badagry-Lagos. Nigeria.

Source: Premium Times Nigeria (https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-

news/306082-nigerias-first-storey-building-records-13609-visitors.html, n.d.)

Building Significance:

The first-storey building in Nigeria holds immense significance in the field of

architectural conservation for various reasons:
 • Historical Heritage: As the oldest surviving storeyed building in Nigeria, this structure
represents a pivotal period in the country's history (Tobora, 2014). It serves as a tangible
link to Nigeria's colonial past, illustrating the interactions between European
missionaries, local communities, and the development of trade and education in the
region.
• Architectural Style: The blend of European and indigenous architectural elements in the
building's design reflects the cultural and historical interactions between Nigeria and the
colonial powers. It showcases how architecture can adapt to local materials and climatic
conditions, a critical aspect of architectural conservation(Adeboye & Adeyinka, 2014).
• Cultural Identity: The first-storey building in Nigeria is not just a historical relic but a
living symbol of cultural identity for the local community in Badagry. It serves as a
source of pride and a reminder of the community's history and heritage(Tobora, 2014).
• Tourism and Education: The significance of the first-storey building attracts tourists and
researchers interested in Nigeria's colonial past and architectural heritage(Tobora, 2014).
By conserving and promoting the site, it becomes a valuable educational resource for
understanding the country's history and culture.

Preservation Challenges and Future Considerations:

Architectural conservation is the process of preserving historic buildings to maintain their

cultural heritage. It involves restoring old and historic buildings to preserve the building using
appropriate materials and methods(Ryal-Net et al., 2019). Conservation architecture is becoming
increasingly important today, as it provides the best method for retaining the heritage and history
of a culture.

The first-storey building in Nigeria has faced conservation challenges over the years due
to natural deterioration, urban development pressures, and lack of proper maintenance(Faris
Khamidi, 2011). Conservation efforts have been crucial in preserving this historic site for future
generations. Some of the major challenges have been listed below:
 • Urban Development Pressure: As cities expand and modernize, historical buildings often
face the risk of encroachment and development that can alter their surroundings and
threaten their authenticity.
• Funding and Resources: Conservation efforts require substantial financial resources and
expertise. Securing funding for restoration and ongoing maintenance can be a challenge.
• Climate Change Impact: The changing climate and extreme weather events can pose risks
to historical buildings' stability and longevity.
• Maintenance and Sustainable Management: Effective maintenance and sustainable
management are essential to ensure the building's continued preservation.

To ensure the long-term preservation of the first-storey building, it is crucial to address these
challenges through collaboration between the government, heritage organizations, local
communities, and international stakeholders(Oluwole, 2010).

Architectural Conservation Efforts:

Preserving the first-storey building in Nigeria requires concerted efforts from government
agencies, heritage organizations, and conservation experts(Okpalanozie et al., 2021). These
conservation efforts encompass various activities, including structural assessments,
documentation, preservation of original materials, and the implementation of appropriate
restoration techniques:

• Structural Assessments: Conservation experts conduct thorough structural assessments to

identify any vulnerabilities or damages to the building. This involves examining the
foundation, walls, roofs, and other structural components to determine their condition.
• Documentation: Comprehensive documentation is essential for conservation efforts.
Detailed records, photographs, and drawings are created to capture the building's existing
state and any significant historical features.
• Preservation of Original Materials: Whenever possible, conservationists aim to preserve
the original building materials. Coral stones and clay bricks used in the construction are
carefully maintained and repaired to retain the building's authenticity.
 • Restoration Techniques: The restoration process involves employing appropriate
techniques to repair and stabilize the building while respecting its historical integrity.
Conservationists use traditional building methods and materials to maintain the building's
original character.
• Environmental Control: Managing the building's environmental conditions is critical to
its preservation. Controlling temperature, humidity, and ventilation helps prevent
deterioration and mold growth.
• Conservation Education and Awareness: Educating the local community and visitors
about the historical and cultural significance of the first-storey building is essential for
fostering a sense of ownership and pride. Public awareness campaigns can encourage
support for conservation efforts.
• Community Involvement: In addition to expert involvement, the active participation of
the local community is vital for the successful conservation of the first-storey building
(Akintola et al., n.d.). Engaging the community in the preservation process fosters a sense
of ownership and responsibility for the site. Community members can contribute to
maintaining the building, serving as tour guides, or participating in educational programs
related to its history.

Conclusion:

The first-storey building in Nigeria is a significant tourist attraction, drawing both

domestic and international visitors interested in exploring Nigeria's colonial past and
architectural heritage. Tourism generated from historical landmarks like this can contribute to the
local economy by creating job opportunities in hospitality, travel services, and handicraft
industries. The building's preservation is essential for the preservation of Nigeria's history and
serves as a reference point for the study of colonial architecture in Nigeria. Its preservation is
also essential for the preservation of the skills of the craftsmen who built it. Architectural
conservation is becoming increasingly important today, and the preservation of the first storey
building in Nigeria serves as an excellent example of the importance of preserving historic
buildings.
References:

Adeboye, A., & Adeyinka, E. (2014). Arts and Design Studies Characteristics of Early Ecclesiastical
Architecture in Lagos State in Nigeria. 19. www.iiste.org

Akinluyi, M. (n.d.). THE BUILDING INDUSTRY IN THE HOUSING PROGRAMME: TECHNOLOGY, MATERIALS
AND LABOUR TOWARDS ADRESSING HOUSING SHORTAGE IN NIGERIA A Review of Physical Facilities
Design Settings: Standard for Hospital Building Performance in Southwest, Nigeria. View project A
Review of Physical Facilities Design Settings: Standard for Hospital Building Performance in
Southwest, Nigeria. View project. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from www.ea-journals.org

Akintola, L., Fakoya, K., Akintola, S. L., & Fakoya, K. A. (n.d.). Governance and Social-Institutional
Arrangement of Small-Scale Fisheries and Relationship with Non-Fishery Users in Badagry Creek,
Lagos State, Nigeria. Retrieved July 24, 2023, from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305956147

Faris Khamidi, M. (2011). Environmental Factors Threatening the Survival of Heritage Buildings in Nigeria.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279500098

HOkpalanozie, O. E., Samson Adetunji, O., Soldovieri, F., & Masini, N. (2021). Architectural Heritage
Conservation in Nigeria: The Need for Innovative Techniques. Heritage 2021, Vol. 4, Pages 2124-
2139, 4(3), 2124–2139. https://doi.org/10.3390/HERITAGE4030120

Olawale, D., Olayinka, N., Bolaji, G., Edith, O., & Olaoluwa, E. (n.d.). Assessment of Patronage of Tourist
Sites in Badagry Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. An International Peer-Reviewed
Journal, 50, 2020. https://doi.org/10.7176/JTHS/50-05

Olutoyin Moses, A. (2016). Planning valued landscapes as potential tourism attractions for national
development: The case of Yoruba, Nigeria.

Oluwole, A. (2010). PREVAILING ISSUES AND RATE OF TOURISTS PATRONAGE OF HISTORICAL

MONUMENT: A STUDY OF BADAGRY SLAVE ROUTE AND RELICS IN NIGERIA. International Journal of
Creativity and Technical Development, 2, 1–3.

Ryal-Net, M. B., Prucnal-Ogunsote, B., Ola-Adisa, E. O., Ryal-Net, M. B., Prucnal-Ogunsote, B., & Ola-
Adisa, E. O. (2019). Assessment of Selected English Colonial Heritage Features for Sustainable
Conservation in Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria. Urban and Architectural Heritage Conservation within
Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.5772/INTECHOPEN.85759

Tobora, O. O. (2014). Cross Border Tourism in Nigeria Border State and its Socio-Economic Impact on
Development. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 39, 1–14.
https://doi.org/10.18052/WWW.SCIPRESS.COM/ILSHS.39.1
Question 2: Key Principles and Ethics in the Conservation of Historic Buildings

The preservation of historic structures for future generations is ensured by adhering to a

number of fundamental principles and ethical considerations:
• The preservation of the building's original character and authenticity is one of the key
tenets of historic building conservation(Hurol et al., 2015). This entails preserving the
structural elements, building materials, and construction techniques that are indicative of
the structure's historical relevance
• Utilizing compatible tools and methods when performing repairs or restoration work is
another crucial element (Banfill et al., 2012) By doing this, it is made sure that any
alterations to the building maintain the integrity of its original structure and design.
• When it comes to upholding cultural heritage and communal values, ethics are especially
important in historic building conservation (Fadli et al., 2021) Decision-making
procedures ought to incorporate communities and stakeholders.
• The protection of historic buildings must also take sustainability's ethical implications
into account (Zhou et al., 2022). In order to preserve a building's historical significance
while also ensuring its long-term viability and sustainability, preservation efforts should
aim to strike a balance between both factors.
• In addition, preservation of historic buildings requires conformity to statutory and
regulatory frameworks (Mekonnen et al., 2022). To safeguard their preservation, many
historic structures are covered by laws and regulations.
Additionally, the idea of ongoing inquiry and recording is crucial (Banfill et al., 2012).
Ongoing study ensures that accurate historical data is retained for future reference and helps to
enhance conservation techniques. Following these fundamental guidelines and moral standards
can help communities preserve their cultural identity, traditions, and educational institutions.

References:
Banfill, P., Bridgwood, B., & Maxwell, I. (2012). www.understandingconservation.org: Support
for developing a practitioner portfolio in built environment conservation. Journal of
Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development, 2(1), 62–79.
https://doi.org/10.1108/20441261211223270/FULL/XML
Fadli, M., Widiarto, A. E., Puspitawati, D., Maharani, D. P., Liemanto, A., Arifien, Z., &
Supriyadi, R. F. (2021). The Legal Construction of Spirituality, Ethical and Sustainable
Tourism of Temples in Malang Raya, Indonesia. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites,
35(2), 515–524. https://doi.org/10.30892/GTG.35232-679
urol, Y., Yüceer, H., & Başarır, H. (2015). Ethical Guidelines for Structural Interventions to
Small-Scale Historic Stone Masonry Buildings. Science and Engineering Ethics, 21(6),
1447–1468. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11948-014-9622-0/METRICS
Mashari, Hieu, L. H. T., & Tedjosaputro, L. (2021). Conservation of historical cultural buildings
in Indonesia and Vietnam. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2406(1).
https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0067288/604114
Mekonnen, H., Bires, Z., & Berhanu, K. (2022). Practices and challenges of cultural heritage
conservation in historical and religious heritage sites: evidence from North Shoa Zone,
Amhara Region, Ethiopia. Heritage Science, 10(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/S40494-
022-00802-6/TABLES/11
Zhou, W., Song, S., & Feng, K. (2022). The sustainability cycle of historic houses and cultural
memory: Controversy between historic preservation and heritage conservation. Frontiers of
Architectural Research, 11(6), 1030–1046. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOAR.2022.04.006