Name: HAMZA ALI MALIK Enrollment: 01-133232-018

Section: 1-A(EE)
QUESTION 1:

Classification of computers is based on factors such as size,

configuration, performance, and technological aspects. Let's
dive into each category:
1. Supercomputers:
These are the largest and most powerful computers. They
are used for complex calculations and simulations, such as
weather forecasting, scientific research, and nuclear
simulations.
2. Mainframe Computers:
These are large-scale computers used by organizations for
data processing and handling multiple users
simultaneously. They have high processing power,
extensive storage capacity, and can support multiple
operating systems.
3. Minicomputers:
These mid-sized computers are used for specific tasks or
small-scale operations. They are more powerful than
microcomputers but less powerful than mainframes.
 Minicomputers are often used in research institutions,
universities, and small businesses.
4. Microcomputers:
These small-sized computers are commonly known as
personal computers (PCs) used by individuals. They are
typically used for general-purpose computing, such as
word processing, internet browsing, and gaming.
Now, let's talk about the generations of computers:

 First Generation (1940s-1950s):

The first computers used vacuum tubes for processing and
magnetic drums for storage. They were large, expensive, and
consumed a lot of power. Examples include ENIAC and UNIVAC.

 Second Generation (1950s-1960s):

The second generation introduced transistors, which made
computers smaller, faster, and more reliable. Magnetic core
memory was used for storage. Examples include IBM 1401 and
CDC 1604.

 Third Generation (1960s-1970s):

The third generation introduced integrated circuits (ICs), which
allowed for even smaller and faster computers. This led to
advancements in software and the development of high-level
programming languages. Examples include IBM System/360
and DEC PDP-11.

 Fourth Generation (1970s-1980s):

The fourth generation introduced microprocessors, which
integrated all the components of a computer on a single chip.
This led to the development of personal computers (PCs) and
the rise of the computer industry. Examples include Apple II
and IBM PC.

 Fifth Generation (1980s-present):

The fifth generation is characterized by the use of artificial
intelligence and parallel processing. It focuses on developing
computers that can perform tasks traditionally done by
humans, such as natural language processing and problem-
solving. Examples include IBM Watson and Google DeepMind.

QUESTION 2:
When it comes to RAM (Random Access Memory) and ROM
(Read-Only Memory), there are different types available.
For RAM:

 DRAM (Dynamic RAM):

This is the most common type of RAM used in computers. It
stores data in capacitors and requires constant refreshing to
maintain the data.

 SRAM (Static RAM):

SRAM is faster and more expensive than DRAM. It uses flip-
flops to store data and does not require refreshing. SRAM is
commonly used in cache memory.
For ROM:

 PROM (Programmable ROM):

PROM is a type of ROM that can be programmed once. It is
programmed using a special device called a PROM programmer.

 EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM):

EPROM can be erased and reprogrammed multiple times using
ultraviolet light. It requires a special EPROM eraser to erase the
data.

 EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM):

EEPROM can be erased and reprogrammed electrically. It does
not require ultraviolet light for erasing, making it more
convenient than EPROM.

 Flash Memory:
Flash memory is a type of EEPROM that can be erased and
reprogrammed in blocks. It is commonly used in USB drives,
memory cards, and solid-state drives (SSDs).