US 2015005609541 cu») United States «2 Patent Application Publication co Pub. No.: US 2015/0056095 Al 6a om my ay @ (86) (6) Gorzen et al. LOW ENERGY ELECTRON STERILL Applicant: Eleetronworks Holdings LLC Chicago, TL (US) lnveatorst Daniel F Randot E: Appl. Nos M4994,151 PCT File PCT No, $371 (0M, (2)Date: "Oct. 13,2014 Related US. Application Provisional application No. 616. 12,2012. TON yrzen, Ypsilanti, Ml (US): Albuquerque, NM (US) filed on Apr. (43) Pub, Date Feb. 26, 2015 ication Classification (1) Inve AGL 208 200601) Mos 3780 (2006.01) 2) ABIL 2087 (2013.01); HOLd 3730 (013.01); 4611 220224 2013.01), HOLL 2237/06366 (2013.01) usec 422/28; 25014923; 420/22 on ABSTRACT Low energy electron sterilizers and method of sterilization ‘using low energy electrons are disclosed herein. An example scthod of sterilizing an instrument using low energy ele {rons can inelide generating one or more low energy elee- ‘eons, maintaining the instrament ina vacuum and iradiating the instrument withthe los energy electrons. The low energy electrons can have an energy less than or equal 1025 keV, and ‘the vacuum can be suiciently low to prevent the one or more electrons from producing 2 plasma [rote eter ce een ennPatent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 1of14 US 2015/0056095 AL i 4 AS wh - | les | i 7 a 5 : A 1 FIG. 1Patent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 2 of 14 US 2015/0056095 AlPatent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 3 of 14 US 2015/0056095 AlPatent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2015. Sheet 4 of 14 Rss KC FIG. 4Patent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet Sof 14 US 2015/0056095 AL FIG. 5 NS SS SQ!Patent Application Publication Feb. 26, 2015 Sheet 6 of 14 US 2015/0056095 Al FIG. 6 WOUNDPatent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 7 of 14 US 2015/0056095 Al 8 FIG.7Patent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 8 of 14 US 2015/0056095 Al % © «<, =| ¥ 7 mPatent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 9 of 14 US 2015/0056095 Al 1/4" OFF GOLD FOIL 3 SEC. EXPOSURE TOKV - Ima 1/4" 11/4 THICK STAINLESS STEEL ‘3SEC EXPOSURE TOKV- Ima 1/4" OFF 015" GRAPHITE FOIL 3 SEC. EXPOSURE TOKY - Ima.Patent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 11 of 14 US 2015/0056095 AL FIG. 108Patent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 12 of 14 US 2015/0056095 AL HG.11Patent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 13 of 14 US 2015/0056095 ALPatent Application Publication Feb. 26,2015 Sheet 14 of 14 US 2015/0056095 ALUS 2015/0056095 AI LOW ENERGY ELECTRON STERILIZATION (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED "APPLICATIONS, 10001} This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provi sional Patent Application No, 61/623,129, fled on Ape. 12, 2012, eniled “Systems and Methods for Sterilizing lems Using Low Energy Electrons.” the disclosure of which is ‘expressly incomporated herein by reference in its entirety. 1 BACKGROUND [0002] We disclose systems and methods for reducing the bioburden, such s microbial, viral, and spores, onan organic ‘ornon-onganieitem, Some accepted methods forreducing the bioburden are irradiating an item with gamma or x-rays oF ‘bombarding the item with high energy electrons. Devices that liver siciabeams typically emit high-energy beams, which ‘are inappropriate for treating organic items. Using high ‘energy beam on an organic item ca lead io crosslinking, de ‘0 the production of redolyties, molecular degradation, of ‘combinations of these effocts, as well as cause heat and molecular changes. The new systems and methods disclosed in this application mitigate or completely avoid those effects ‘while stl effectively reducing the bioburden to acceptable levels [0003] ‘The disclosed systems and methods efficiently teat ‘a wide variety of tems using low-enengy eletcons. The sys tems and methods are disclosed ina variety of eonfigurations ‘adapted specifically for different types ofitems. The configu rations are intended to be modular in some instances so that ‘onesystem may beusad fora variety of items and for multiple 10004} Provious devices have used electrons to sterilize ‘tems, Such devices typical generate and accelerate elec- trons to very high potentials measured in MeV in a vactam and then pass the eleettons through a window of very thin ‘material before the electrons hit the target item. After passing through this window, dhe electrons travel through the air and Jose energy before siriking the target item. However, elec- ‘eons still having high enerpies ionize the target item aod kill any microbes in or on the product. Hy contrast, te disclosed systems and methods instead use very low energy electrons t0 reduce he microbial burden while reducing the pxduction of xrays and radiolytie compounds [0005] One objective ofthe disclosed systems and methods fs to reduce the binbunden in the target tem without materi- ally affecting the properties ofthe target item, 1. SUMMARY {0006} Disclosed are systems and methods for reducing bioburden using electrons of relatively low enemy. While knowledge has been developed for the interaction of low ‘enenzy electrons and matters applications have been almost solely in researc. To develop a protial, usable iaiation system for reducing bioburden, a numberof systems have t© be controlled to successfully iaiate a product, Electrons ‘cut lose all ability (o reduce bioburden unless the com tion and pressureof the simosphere in which te electrons are zenerated and through which the electrons flow is controlled. ‘The degree and type of atmosphere control depends largely ‘on the energy of the electrons. For loss energy elects mosphere of air at pressure of one bar is ot feasible because such an atmosphere scatters the electrons and robs Feb. 26, 2015 jah too much slmo- sphere, the electrons lose their eneruy and become inefTee- ive, However, low pressure atmospheres can create problems for some types of target items. Living tissue typically eaanot be exposed to extremely low atmospheric pressures without ‘causing damage. [0007] Disclosed are devices and methods to provide a ‘universal eletron contol module that allows any number of irradiation configurations to be used simply by attaching them tothe electron control module. These configuratonsean contain different atmospheres, itTeent beam paths different sizes or diferent levels of acceleration and also include any ‘combination of parts and components. The electrons used and diseloyed herein can be generated by ny mechanism, inca ing an electron emitter, such asa filament, a cold cathode, oF dispenser cathode, photocathode, thermionic emitter, clec- ‘eon multiplier, carbon nanotubes. plasma source, broad area clectmon emitter, sich as.a planar emitter or linear emitter, piezoelectric electron emitter, among oiber devices, such as beta emitters. The electrons are generated inside an electron channiber. The target tem is located ina product chasaber that Js positioned to permit the electrons to enter the chamber and stke the tage item. The shape of the produet chamber Andi the electron chamber ean be any shape, inching an ‘void shape, such as that ofan egg. Its understood that in ‘certain embodiments, the electron chamber and the product chamber can be effectively one in that they share the same ‘atmosphere ln other embodiments, the electron and product ‘chambers ean be separated such that the atmospheres in each ‘haber are isolated from each ober and can be controlled separately. In addition, the two chambers ean become ellee- tively asingle chamber through an aperture or window which ‘ean be moved of opened oF closed to eithor separate the ‘tmospheres ofthe wo chambers ormix the wo ammoxpheres {nto one atmosphere. In embodiments, the atmospheres ‘whether one atmosphere between the product and electron ‘chambers oust the product chamber atmosphere the me- sphere can be adjusted through vacuum, or in certain embod ‘ments, and/or through alton of or replacement with an inert gas, such as helium. For the embodiments in which the prodict chambers atmospheically distinct from the electron chamber, the atmosphere in the prodnet chamber may be adjusted to accommodate a wide variety of target items, even including living tissue. [0008] One exemplary embodiment of the sterilizer includes a product chamber and electron chamber having 2 single atmosphere which can be reduced to less than o equal 1025 milliTorr and an electron emitter capable of producing clecions of 1-40 keV. The electrons al this edced pressure ‘ean be utilized for sterilization eventhough they are at enet- tics of I-4OKV, The elletive impact energy of the electrons “under these conditions is suflicient to reduce the biobueden ‘without materially altering the original properties ofthe tar at iter, [0009] Lowenergy electron sterilizers are disclosed herein, Anexampiesterlizerean include alow energy electron emi ter and a produet chamber. The low energy electron emsiter can be configured o emit one of more electons having an ‘energy less than or equal to 25 KeV into the product chamber [0010] Opxionally, the product chamber can be sized 10 housesat Teast an instrument. Theiastrument can optionally be ‘medical instrument, Additionally, the medical instrument an optionally require an amount of sterilization for use in aUS 2015/0056095 AI medical environment. For example, the amount of steiliza- tion can be a 2,3, 4, 5, or 6 log reduction in bioburden. Example medical instruments include at least one of & syringe a seissor and a scalpel, [0011] Altematively or additionally, the instrument can ‘optionally have at Jeast one dimension of approximately 10-16 inches or greater. Altematively, the instrument can ‘optionally have at least one dimension between approxi mately $10 inches. Alternatively, the instrument can option- ally have at least one dimension between approximately 3-5 inches. [0012] Additionally, the product chamber can optionally havea volumeoft least one of approximately 0.51, 0%, 1.0, 15,20,2.5,3.0,5.0, 10.0, 20, 30,50, or 00. Altematively ‘oF additions, the product chamber ean have atleast one ‘dimension of 0.1, 03,05, 0.7, 1.0, 15, 20,30, 50,0r 100 meters. Optionally the product chamber can have a rectan- aula, square, spherical, or ovoid shape. [0013] Additionally, the produet chamber can be main- tained ata vacuim sificently low toprevent the one or more ‘elects from producing a plasma, For example, the rodiet ‘chamber ean be maintained at a vac less than oF equal to 10° Ton. Altematvely or adlitionaly, the product chamber ‘can beanie ata vacua less than or equal 10" Tort. [0014] The energy electron emitter andthe product cham- bercan optionally bender a same atmospaere, For example, the sterilizer eaa further include an electron chamber contige ured to house the low energy elect emitter. The elscron ‘chamber and the product chamber can optionally be in uid ‘communication. For example, an aperture can be arranged between the electon chamber and he product chamber. The aperture can be atleast one ofa hole, a mesh, agate valve oF ‘thin fil [0015] The sterilizer can further include a vacuum pump that is operatively connected to the product chamber. The ‘vacuum pump ean be configured to generate and maintain the vacuum. Alternatively or additionally, the steclizer can fre ther include # product support apparatus contained in the product chamber. The poet suppor apparats can option= lly be configured to mintain a target of teiization station ary. Optionally the sterilizer ean inelude an agitator that is ‘operably connected to the product support apparatus. The agitator ean be configured to move the produet suppor appa ratus. Altematively or additionally, the sterilizer ean include a high vollge generator that is operably coupled to the low ‘enemy electron emitter. For example, te high voltage gen- ‘erator can be configured to generate at lest a voltage of between 5 kV and 25 kV [0016] Optionally the low energy electron emitter can bet least one of filament, old eathode, ora dispeaser eathodk, an oxide coated eathode, a photocathode, a themnonic emit ‘er, ameleetron multiplier and. plasma. Altematively or ai tionally, at least a portion of the product chamber ean be ‘outed With a high Z number material. Additionally, atleast ‘one ofthe electrons ean be backscattered at least onetime in the product chamber: Optionally, at least one ofthe electrons ‘can be backscattered at least 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 0r 7 times. 10017] Another example sterilizer ean include alow enerzy ‘electron emitter anda product chamber sized to house atleast ‘an insirument. The ow enengy electron emitter ean be con- figured to emit ane or more electrons into the prodictcham- ber. andthe product chumbercanbemaintainableata Vacuum Feb. 26, 2015 Jess than or equal to 10" Torr Optionally, the product eam. bercan bemaintainable a vacua less than or equal to 10- ‘Tor, [0018] Oprionally, the produet chamber can be sized to house least an instrament. The instrument can optionally be ‘medical instrument. Additionally, the medical instrument ‘an optionally roquire an amount of sterilization for use in a pedical environment, For example, the amount of sterliza- tion can be a 2.3, 4, 5, or 6 log reduction in bioburden Example medical ‘instruments include at least one of 3 syringe, «Scissor and a sealpel 0019} Alternatively or additionally, the instrument can ‘optionally have at least one dimension of approximately 10-16 inches or greater Altematively, the instrament can ‘optionally have at least one dimension between sppeoxi- ‘mately $-10 inches. Alternatively, the instrument can option- ally have at east one dimension between approximately 3-5 inches. [0020] Additionally, the product chamber can optionally Fnavea volume ofa east one of approximately 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, 15,20,2.5,30, 50, 10.0, 20,30, 50,0 100, Alternatively ‘of auditions, the product chamber can have atleast one dimension of0.1,03, 0.5,0., 1.0, 15, 20, 3.0,50, or 100 ‘meters. Optionally the product chamber can have a rectan- gular, square, spherical, or ovoid shape. [021] Optionally, the low energy eloctron emitter can be ‘configured to emit ene or more eleciros having an energy sufficiently low to prevent the one or more electrons from producing a plasma, Alteaatively or additionally, the low ‘energy electron emitter can be configured to emitone or more electrons having an enemzy less than or equal to 100 KeV. Alternatively, the low energy electron emitter can be config- ‘ured toemitone or more electrons having an energy ina rage between 10-50 keV. 0022] Tae energy electron emitter and the product cham- ‘erean optionally be undera same atmosphere. Fr example, the sterilizer can Further include an electron chamber contig: ‘ured fo house the low energy electron emitter. The electron ‘haunber andthe product chaber ean optionally be in fuk ‘communication. For example, an aperture ean be arranged between the electra chamber and tke product chamber. The apertuee can beat least one of a hole, a mesh, a gate valve oF ‘thin Tol, [0023] The sterilizer can further include a vacuum pump that is operatively connected to the proxiuct chamber. The ‘vacuum pump can be configured to generate and maintain the vvaeium. Altematively or adkiionally, the sterilizer ean fir ther include a product support apparatus contained in the pradct chamber. The rocket support epparstis can option: ally be configured to maintain trpet of sterilization staGon- ary. Optionally the stevlizer cam include an agitator that is ‘operably connected to the prouet support apparatus. The ‘agitator car be configured to move the product support pie ‘aus. Alematively or additionally, te sterilizer can ineluclea high vollaze generator that is operably coupled to the loss energy electron emitter. For example, the high voltage gen- femor ean he configured to generate at leat a voltage of at least 100 kV. Alternatively, the high voltage generator can be configured to generate atleast a voltage ofa least 10 KV. [0024] Opxionally, the low energy electron emittercan beat Jeastone ofa filament, a cold eathode, or adispensor cathode, ‘an oxide coated cathode, a photocathode, a thermionic emi teranclectron multiplier anda plasma. Altematvely or addi- sionally a least a portion of the product chamber ean beUS 2015/0056095 AI ‘coated with a hgh Z number material. Additonal teat ‘one of the clectons ea he backscatlered atleast ne Hime the produt chamber. Optionally, at east one ofthe eletrons ‘en be backscateed at least 2.3.4, 8, 6,087 mes 10025) Another example sterilizer can inch an ecto ‘chamber forhousing alow energy electron emitter, a product ‘chamber sized to house instrument anda wind arranged been the electron camber and the product chamber. The low eneray clecion emilter can be conligured to eit one amore electrons having an energy es tha or equal 025 keV dato the product chamber through the window. Additionally. the eleoton chamber and the preset chamber canbe main- tsinsle at a vacuum less than or equal to 10” Tore Option- ally the poet chamber canbe maintainole ata vacuum less than or gual to 10" Tor. 0026) Opiionlls, the pret chamber can be sized to house atlxstaninstrument. The instrament can optionally be a medical instrument. Additionally. the media instrument an optionally require an amount of terization for use ina ‘medical environment. For example the amount of sea tion ean be a 2, 3,4 5, or 6 fog reduction in beburden Example matical instrmentsinchade atleast one of syringe, scissor and scalpel {0027} Ateratvely oF adiionaly, the instrument ean ‘optionally have atleast one dimension of approximately 1-16 inches or greater. Altermatively, the istrment cam ‘optionally have atleast one dimension between sppeox mately 510 aches. Allrmatvels the instumeat can option ally have atleast one dimension between approximately 35 inches {0028} Adtonsly. he prodet chamber can optionally havea volume of test one of approximately 051, 0.8, 1.0, 15.20.25, 30, 50, 10.0,20,30, 50,0 100L. Altematively ‘or addtional the product chamber ean have at least one ‘imeasion of01,03,05,07,1.0, 1.5 20,30, 80,0F 100 mmetor Optional, the product chamber ean hive 8 retan- lar squire, spherical, or ovoid shape 10029] The sterilizer ean further inciode a vacuum pump that is operatively connected to the predict chamber The ‘acuun pun canbe configured to generate and maintain the ‘acuum, Altematively or additonal, he steiizer can fare ther include a product support apparts contained in the prt chamber. The pee! support appara ea. option: ily be configured o mbinaina target of sterizatonsation- fy. Optionally the stnlizer ean include an agitator thats ‘operably connected Yo the product support apprats. The silstor canbe configured to move the product sopport 3p rats. Altematively or aditionaly, th sterizr can include high volage generator that is operably coupled to the low ‘enor elstn emir For example, the high voltage gen- ferator can be configured to generate atleast a voltage of herwcen 5 KV and 25 kV. {0030} Opvionlly the low ener lectronemitercan beat Jeastone of filament, cold eathode, ora dispenser cathode, ‘as oxide coated cathode, photocathode, terion ei teeaneleeton multiplier anda plasma. Altematvey or ad thonally, at leat portion ofthe product chamber ean be coated with a high Z number materia Additionally t east ‘one of the cletons ea be backscatlerd a least ne ime the pruct chanbe- Optionally, at east one ofthe electrons ‘eat be backscateed at east 2 3,4, 86,0 7 ines 10081] Also disclosed herein are methods for seriization ‘sing lw energy electrons. An exariple metho of seizing instrament Using Jo energy electrons ean include weet Feb. 26, 2015 ating one or more low energy electrons, maintaining the Jnstrament in @ vacuum and iraditing the instrument with the low energy’ electrons. The low energy’electroas ean have ‘anenemgy less than or equal 1025 keV, and the vacuum can be sufficiently low to prevent the one or more electrons from producing a plasma. Optionally, the vacuum can be less than ‘r equal fo 10"? Ton. Optionally, the instrument ean be ster lized t achieve a2, 3,4, 8,06 log reduction in bioburden (Optionally, the instrament can be a medical insteameat. [0032] Another example method of sterilizing an iustru- ‘ent using alow energy electron sterilizer can include gen- ‘rating one or more low energy electrons, guiding the one oF ‘more low energy electrons into ® prodact chamber of the sterilizer and iadiatng te instrument with the low energy clectrons. The low energy electrons can have an energy less ‘than or equal to 25 keV. Optionally, the product chamber ean ‘be maintained at a vacuum sullciently low to prevent the one ‘or more low energy electrons from producing a plasma. [0033] Yet anotherexample method of sterilizing aninstru- ‘ent using alow energy clectron sterilizer can include gen- eating one or more low energy electrons, guiding the one or ‘more low energy electrons into © prodact chamber of the Sterilizer and irradiating the instrument with the low energy lectus. The product chamber can be maintainable at 2 vacuum sufficiently low to prevent the one or more love energy electrons from producing a plasma, Optionally, the low energy electeons can have an energy sufficiently low t0 prevent the low energy electrons from producing a plasma ‘Alteratvely or additionally, the low energy electrons can Ihave an energy less than or equal to 100 keV. Altemativey, the low energy electron emitter can be configured o emit one ‘or more electrons having an energy ina range between 10-50 keV. [0034] Optionally, t should be understood thatthe method of sterilization an be implemented using any ofthe sterilizers scussed herein. [035] Another example sterilizer can include a steiiza- ‘ion chamber, an atmosphere inside the sterilization chamber, ‘an elecieon emitter inside the sterilization chamber that is configured to emit electron, a target holder inside the steril- ization chamber and a pump. The pump can be operatively connected tothe sterilization chamber and eapableot altering the atmosphere inside the sterilization chamber. The electeon ‘emitter and the target holder are at limes both exposed t0 the atmosphere [0036] Opvionally the atmospnere is at a pressure of no ‘more than 50-millilorr, Altematively, the atmosphere ‘includes mostly an inert gas. or example, the inert gas ean be helium, [0037] Additionally, the pump can be adapted for reducing the pressure of the atmosphere to less than $0 millore Alternatively of sdditionally, whe pump is adapted for ‘exchanging @ frst gas in the atmosphere for a second gs in the atmosphere, Additionally, dhe seeond gas is substantially fan inert gis, For example, the inert gus can be substantially niteogen, Altematively, the inert gas can be substantially bliin, [0038] Alternatively or ditionally the sterilization cham- ber further includes an electron chamber anda product cham ber in finid communication with the clectton chamber, COptionaly, the electron chamber further includes a first con- rector and the product chamber further includes a second ‘connector that is adapted to mate with the first connector Optionally, an aperture is provided in the electron chamberUS 2015/0056095 AI jssion of at least the electrons. For ‘example, the aperture can be selected from a group consisting ‘ofa pin hole, mesh, gate valve, o thin foi 10039] Optionally the sterilizer can further include a high voltage penerator operably linked tothe electron emitter. The high voltage generator can generate voltages of between about SKV and SOKV. Optionally, the voltages are between 10 Vand 40KV. Optionally, he vllages are between IOKV and 25K. Optionally, the voltages are between SKY and 15 kV. 10040] Additionally another example sterilizer can include tn electron chamber containing first atmosphere, an elec- {eon emitter inside the electron chamber that is configured 19 ‘emit electrons, «product chamber containing a second almo- sphere that does not mix with the frst atmosphere, a target holder inside the product chamber, ad pup that i opens- vely connectedto theeletron chamber and capable of alter- ing the pressure and composition ofthe frst atmosphere [0041] - Optionally the pump is operatively connected tothe product chamber and capable of llering the pressure oF com- Position ofthe second atmosphere, [0042] -Altematively or additionally, the electron emitter is 4 filament, « cold cathode, ora dispenser cathode, an oxide ‘outed cathode, a photocathode, a thermionic emitter, an ele ‘ton multiplier ora plasma. 10043] Optionally, the sterilization chamber and/or the product chamber isan ellipsoid. Altematively, the steiliza- tion chamber and/or the product chamber is sphere 10044) Optionally, the sterilization chamber includes an agitator connected to the tanget holder. The agitator can Vibrate the target holder Altematively or additionally, the ‘agitator ean rote the lange holder, [0045] | Optionally. acostingis provided onatleasta portion ofthe electron chamber having Z-ratingofat least about3 5, ‘Altematively or additionally, the prodact chamber is glass, Stainless stee, ceramic, plastic, or high Z-matetia 10046] Optionally, the product chamber includes a high Ze-material hs a atomic number oF at east 50, 10047] Aliematively or additionally, the sterilizer further Includes fist valve to control the flow of gases into or out oF the electron chamber. The sterilizer can also optionally jnchide a socond valve to control the flow of gases into ort ‘ofthe product chamber Alternatively or additionally, the sterlizercan include a fist valve to conte the fl of gases Jno or out ofthe eleccon chamber an the prod chamber [0048] _ Optionally the sterilizer includesa focusing ring for influencing the direction or shape or both ofthe electrons. [0049] Additionally, the impact energy of electrons can ‘optionally he les than or equal to SO KY, 40k, 30 KV, 25 kV, 15 KV, 10 KY, of 5 KV. Alternatively of additionally, the product chamber, the electron chamber andor the steiliza- tion chamber an withstand at least Smilitor 10 militor, $0 rit, 100 miltor, 1 millitor, 05 militor, 0:3 militr, 0.1 nillitor, 0.05 millitor, 0.01 millitor, 0.005 militor, 0.001 mil itor, 0.0005 militor, 0.0001 milter, 0.00003-millitor, ‘capable of allowing ra 0.00001 millitor, 0.000005 millitor, oF 0.000001 militor 10080] An example irradiator can include a sterilization ‘chamber, where the sterilization chamber includes an elec ttonemitteranda produet suppor apparatus. The sterilization ‘chamber can also include a vacuum pump that is operably Tinked to the sterilization chamber, sich that when the sacktum pump produces a vacuum, the electron emitter and the product support apparatus ae under the same atmosphere. Feb. 26, 2015 [0051] Additionally, the sterilization chamber ean option- ally include an electron chamber and product chamber oper ably linked via an aperture. The operable linkage eaa be & feonnector Por example the connector can be a male-female connector. The atmospiere ofthe electron chamber and the ‘atmosphere ofthe product chamber cua be in Foe exchange after the aperture is opened 0052} ‘The ieradisior can optionally include 2 gas exchanger, Alternatively or additionally, the iadiator ean ‘optionally includes manifold, The manifold ean be opersbly connected othe product chamber. Altematively or aition- ally, the manifold can be operably connected to & sacitm ‘pump and a gas exchange. The gas exchanger can excange faelium, hydrogen residual atmosphere, and water vapor. ln Aadtio, the ifradator ean include a second manifold oper- ahly connected to the electron chamber, operably connected {0 a second vacuum source. Optionally, the iradiator ean ‘include valves to independent contol the vacuum and gain cach chamber, [0053] Additionally, te ieradiator ean include high volt ‘age penerator operably connected to the electron emitter The ‘generator can provide a delivered energy of 4 RV 10 30 KY. (Optionally, the delivered enery is 7KV to 20KV. Optionally. the delivered energy is 9 kv to 13 V. Optionally, thedeliversd energy is 10 kV. 0084} ‘The irradiator ean optionally inchude a focusing ‘ing. Altematively or addtionaly. the radiator ean include a gale valve. Altematively or additionally, the iradiator ean Jacludea valve forreducing the pressure ofthe product cham- ber [0088] Opionally, the irradiator can include a pressure ‘ransdueee. The pressure transducer ean bea vacuum indica [0056] Alternatively or additionally, the ieradiator can Include vibrator, and the vibratorean connost othe product support apparatus suc that the produet support apparatus can be vibrated, [0057] Optionally, the irradiator can include an electron ‘multiplier [0058] Alternatively o aditionaly, the radiator ean con- {ain a modified atmosphere o allow eleetron travel with a calelted electron energy reduction per unit length trough the chamber to the product, [0059] The radiator ean optionally include a rotating drum Torholding the product [0060] Ateratively or additionally, the product chamber ‘an include a eylindrical container in vercal axis alignment With the emission of electrons [0061] Oprionally, te iradiator ean include a laser device [0062] Optionally, the iradiator ean include a wire mesh fet fr suspension of an endoscope in extended alignment along a rod. Altematively or additionally, the imadiator e include atleast one electromagnet. Optionally, the product support apparatus can be a mesh tray or a mesh bag, For example, the mesh bag can be formed trom a conductive material [0063] Additionally, the radiator can includes heat (pres- sure) sensitive holder, icing toward the electron source [0064] Alternatively or additionally, the generator provides 1 dlivered energy of RV to 30 RV. [0065] Opvionally, the delivered energy is 7 KV 10.20 RV. (Optionally, the delivered energy is 9 ky to 13 KV. Optionally, the delivered energy is 10 KVUS 2015/0056095 AI 10066] Optionally, » method of sterilizing an instrument ‘can be implemented using any one of the sterilizers andor ieraditors disclosed herein. Il, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 10067] The accompanying drawings, which are incorpo- rated in and constitute a par ofthis specification, illustrate several embodiments and together withthe desriptionilus- trae the dielosed compositions und methods 10068] FIG. 1 schematically ilustrates one embodiment of a sterilizer having an electron chamber that can be alimo- spherically isolated from a produet chamber, Shown is @ ‘cabinet hovsing (1), with an electron chamber (2), a prot ‘chamber (3), 2 vacuum gas manifold 4), power supply (pro- ‘ducing voltages of for example, 10, 20, 30,40, or 0 KV oF more) (8), @ vacuum pump (6), an inem gas cylinder (7), @ vacuum pipe (8). a high voltage cable (9), and a valve (10). 10069] FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a product chamber ‘ofthe fypeshown in FIG. 1. Shown area product chamber (3), ‘valve (10), a coupling connector, for example, a female ‘connector (F) as appropriate (17), adjustable atmosphere (18), concave circular container (19),an agitator (20), and a rotational motor and shaft (21), [0070] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates elements the ele tron chamber shown in FIG. 1. Shown are an eleetton eham- ber 2), ahigh voltage cable (9), a valve (10), a filament (11) an aperture (12), coupling connecter, for example, a male ‘connector (M) as appropriate (13), electrons (14), an adjusted stmosphere in chamber (15), and a focusing cup (16) [0071] "FIG. schematically illaststesa mesh tray forhold- ng the target ten inside a product chamber3sueh asthe one showin in FIG. 1. Shosen are an electron chamber (2) 3 prod- ‘uct chamber (3), an adjusted atmosphere (18), a coupling ‘connector F (17), a coupling connector M (13), a mesh plat- orm (30), and a vibrating coil (1), [0072] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an sltemative ‘embodiment ofa prot chamber in which the target item is, held in a mesh bag andl a system for encasing the sterilized target iter in film while the item is sil inside the product ‘chamber in order'o preserve the sterile condition of the target item, Shown are an electron chamber (2), 2 produet chamber (3), acoupling cannectorF(17),acoupling connector M (13), ‘anaccess door (82), alieat sealer top (38), a heat sealer barton (G4), a top container cover (38), a bottom container cover (G6), an entrance rollers top (37), an entrance rollers bottom (G8), a rotation motor (39) anda mesh bag (40) 10073] FIG. 6 schematically illustrates an altemative ‘embodiment ofa sterilizer suitable for sterilizing living tis: sue, Shown are an electron chamber (2), a product chamber (Gas shroud) (), a valve 10),a coupling connector F (17), 8 ‘coupling connector M (13), & helium positive fow (41), 3 ‘convex (electron permeable window) (42), an x-y travel for ‘controlled motion (43), and trapped was (44), 10074] FIG. 7 schematically lusirates another altemative ‘embodiment suitable for sterilizing living tissue, with a lovehox type region with teapped gas init, described as @ flexible non-porous drape. Shown are a body product cover, an electron chamber (2), 2 valve (10), a coavex (electron permeable window) (42), and trapped gas (44), a Menible hon-porous drape (48), non-peemtiablizable drape (46), 10075] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates the major compo- nents ofan embodiment ofa sterilizer. 10076] FIG. 9 shows the results ofa sterilization activity Feb. 26, 2015 [0077] FIGS. 10A and 108 depict the probability results of fan electron setter. [0078] FIG. 11 schematically illustrates an electron emitter sited for use in the sterilizer. Shown is a section view, an emitter (100), a 15 KV power supply (105), a high voltage cable (120), a high voliage receptacle (130), vacuum enclo- sure (140), a focusing cup (150), electrons (300), a turbo pump (170), a ough pump (180), pressure gauge (190), product in a roating bow! (200), deflection focusing coils (160), iridium filament coated with Vt (110). [0079] FIG. 12iflustates «plasma electron source suitable Tor use in the sterilizer. [0080] FIG. 13 illustrates a plasma electron source suitable Tor use in the sterilizer while in operation IV. DETAILED DES RIPTION 0081} _ typical requirement of hospital operating rooms and surgery centers is the ability to rapidly sterilize medical instruments for reuse. However, in most situations, the cur- rent technology fils to provide a workable soliton, For example, spocifially, a need exists to be able to recycle specialty instruments or implant parts that may have moved ‘side the sterile Feld during shor time available during a surgical procedure. These requirements can be particularly {important in developing. ural, and mobile healthcare settings ‘where budgets for equipment are lower and facilis are more Frimilive. Current senizers such a autoclaves require a Jong, sue a 15-20 oF 30 plus minute eye from the time the instrament is placed in the sterilize uni itis cool enowgh to handle after sterilization, Antoclaves also require significant cost and infrastructure to Function propery. [0082] The disclosed systems and methods in certain embodiments ean, for example, reduce the time needed 10 Sterlize a surgical instrument or implant to four minutes or less, for example, sterilization in seconds to tens of seconds, ‘oreven less, withcyele times of ens of seconds to minutes, oF less. The disclosed sterilizing systems use a relatively low vollage power sopply attached to» vaewum chamber. A ‘vacuum chamber can elude an electron chamber, a product ‘humber or combination ofthe electron and vactm cham- bers as discussed in detail below, Alternatively oe addiion- ally, sterilization chamber en include the electron chamber andor the produet chamber. Thus, a vacuum chamber ean also bea sterilization chamber. Optionally the electron cham- ber and the product chamber ean share a same or different atmosphere as discussed in detail below. Inthe chamber oF attached tothe chamber is leated an electron emitter (can be insensitive to moderate vacuum effects) and an acceleration arid to provide a stream of electrons within the chamber. A selF-caling door in the chamber allows a holder, such as a basket to be placed in the chamber containing an instrument tobe sterilized The chamber can be sealed al evacuated to, forexample, 10-* Tore. Using turbo molecular pump technol- ‘gy, such asin production ine “acum leak detector” unis sch vacuum ean be achieved in less than T minute, such as ‘under 10 seconds. Optionally, the chamber canbe sealed and evacuated to other levels of vacuum such 2s 10°> Torr, 10° “Torr, 10-* Torr, 10-* Tore, 10" Tore, forexample, lower vvactum as provided herein refers to lower absolute pres- sre. For example, a vaeunim of 10-* Torri considered loser thana vacuum af 10° Tor. Afterthechamber is evacuated an electron generator emits afield of electrons and a series of ‘lcctmomagnetic coils selctvelyster the beam aod shape its cross section a it trvels through the ehamber. In certainUS 2015/0056095 AI aboiments, appropriate steering and shaping of the beam ‘ensures tht the entire surface of the targeted stig insta ment or implant is exposed to the sterilizing effect of the ‘elecieons, The beam cin also be expanded or contracted 10 insure all shielded or shadowed surfaces are cleaned, or in ‘erin embodiments the bouncing of the electrons can be suficent [0083] ‘The sterilizers, and in particular the product cham- bers and/or the sterilization chambers (discussed below) can be sized to house atleast an instrument. The instrament ean ‘optionally hea medical instrament. Altematvel, this diselo= ‘ie contemplates thatthe instrument can be an instrument ‘other than mdical instrument sad ea nelle aay inst ‘ment that requires an amount of sterilization such as a2. 3, 4 5, 0F6 log reduction in bioburden, for example, The anovt ‘of sterilization ean optionally be more or less than a 6 log, reduction. 10084] Alternatively or additionally, the instrament can ‘optionally have at least one dimension of approximately 10-16 inches or greater. Altematively, the instrument ean ‘optionally have st least one dimension between approxi: nately 5-10 inches. lteratively the instrument can option- ally hive at least one dimension between approximately 3-5 inches. [0085] Additionally. the product chamber can optionally havea volume fst least one of approximately 0.5L, 0%, 1.0, 15,20,2.5,30, $0, 10.0, 20,30, 50, or 100L. Altematively ‘oF additional, the produet chamber ean have atleast one ‘dimension of 01,03, 0.,0.7, 1.0, 15, 20,3.0, 50, or 100 meters. Optionally, the product chamber ean have @rectan- ular, square, spherical, or ovoid shape. [0086] —A.non-inelusive list of medica instruments nclades syringes, scissors, forceps, kniven/lades,sealpels, catheters, needles, et Alternatively or additionally, medical insta- ments include articulator, clamps, fasteners (eg. screws), tubing, diagnostic instruments, specula,chisels, box joints roadie holders, cannula, drill its, retractoes, sas, iniplant= abledevioes, shears, te Itshould be understood that medical instruments can havea variety ofsizesand a variety of shapes. Altematively or additionally, medical instruments ean ‘include one or more parts including moving parts. Further, ‘medical instruments can have one oF more crevasses, cracks and/or recessed portionvareas de to their shapes, sizes and ‘or aumber of pars. 10087] _Anon-limitingist ofelasses of metical instruments Which can be sterilized in some oral ofthe embodiments of the disclose sterilizers are Articulator, Bone chisel, Cole ‘cartilage crusher, Bone cutter, Bone distractor. Hizarov app ratus, ntramedullary kinetie Bone distractor, Bone dill, Bone ‘extender, Bone fle, Bone lever, Bone mallet, Bone rasp, Bone sare, Bone skid, Bone splint, Bone button, Caliper, Cannula, ‘Catheter, Cautery, Clamps, Curette, Depressor, Dilator, Dis scctng knife, Dstractor, Dermatome, Forceps, Forceps Dis- fccting, Forceps, Tissue, Forceps (Other), Acanthuhis oF Acanthabolos, Bone forceps, Carmaltforeeps, Cushing for= ‘ceps, Dandy foreeps, DeBakey forceps, Dayen intestinal for. ‘eps, Epilation Forceps, Halstead foreeps, Kelly forceps, Kocher forceps, Mosquito forceps, Hemostat, Hook, Nerve hook, Obstetrical hook, Skin hook, Hypodermic needle, Lan- ‘et (sealpel),Luxator, ythorome, Lythotept, Mallet, Panseh mallet, Mouth prop, Mouth gag, Mammotome, Needle holder, Occluder, Osteotome, Fpker osteotome, Periosteal ‘levator, Joseph elevator, Molt periosteal elevator, Obweg, periosteal elevator, Septum elevator, Tessier periosteal ele Feb. 26, 2015 tor, Probe, Retractor, Senn retractor, Geli retractor, We laner relmaetor, USA-Anmy/Navy retractor, “O'Connor (O'Sullivan, Deaver, Bookwalter, Sweethear{disambiguation needed], Joseph Skin Hook, Lahey Retractor, Bair (Rolle) Retractor, Rigid Rake, Flexible Rake, Ragnell Retractor, Linde Rognell Retractor, Davis Reinictr, Volkman Retruc- tor, Mathieu Retractor, Jackson Tracheal Hook, Crile Retrae- tor Meyenting Finger Retractor, ttle Retractor, LoveNerve Retractor, Green Retractor, Goelet Retractor, Cushing Vein Retractor, Langeabeck Retractor, Richardson Retractor, Richardson-Eastmann Retactor, Kelly Retractor, Parker Retractor Parker- Mott Retractor, Roux Retractor, Mayo-Col- Jins Retractor, Ribbon Retractor, Aim Retractor, Self Retin- ing Retnctors, Weillaner Retracior, Beckman-Weilaner Retractor, Beckman-Faton Retractor, Beckman Retractor, Adson Retractor, Rib spreader, Rongeur, Ulimsonie sealpel, Laser scalpel, Scissors Irs seissors, Kene scissors, Metzen- ‘baum scissors, Mayo seisors, Tenolomy sessors, Spatula, ‘Speculum, Mouth speculum, Rectal speculum, Sims vaginal speculum, Cusco's vaginal speculum, Sponge bowl, Steril ‘vation tray, Sterna sas, Suction tube, Surgical elevator, Sur gical hook, Surgical knife, Surgical mesh, Surgical needle, Surgical snare, Surgical sponge, Surgical spoon, Surgical Stapler, Surgical tray, Suture, Syringe, Tongue depressor, ‘Tonsllotome, Tooth extractor, Towel clamp, Towel forceps Backhaus towel foreeps, Lorna towel forceps, Tracheotome, Tissue expander, Subcutaneous intlatable balloon expander, ‘Trephine, Trocar, Tweezers, Venous clipping, Stethoscope, Reflex testing hammer (padded), Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure meter), A thin beam electric torch, watehy stopwatch, A measuring ape, A weighing machine, Tuning forks, Kidney dish, Bedpan, Thermometer, Gas cylinders, Oxygen mask oF tuhes, Vaporizer, Instrument sterilizers, Dressing drums, Nebulizer, Positive pressure ventilator, Car dioverter/Defbrillator, Dalyser, Rubber catheter Syringe of dierent sizes and needles, Canula, Transfusion sets, Sucker, Gastrointestinal thes, Nasogastre tube, Stomach tube, Levin's tube, Kehi's “T" tube, Infant feeding tube, Spec: ‘aeles, Enema se, Bandage, Pipettes or droppers, Griduaed spoons, Ophthalmoseope, Otoscope, Fndoseope, Proeta- scope, bottle stands, Gauze, cotton, antiseptic, and gloves. [0088] Examples of specifi instruments include Galot Aaniculator, Castovijo caliper, Payr pylorus clamp, Adson, Allis Babeock, Sponge Forceps, kalabasa, Castroviejo Crile ‘wood, Mayo: Hegar, Olsen-Hegar. [0089] A certain set of artery forceps that can be sterilized inthe disclosed sterilizers includes, Hemostatic Kelly fore eps, box join, staighvieurved 51" (14 em), Haemosttic Crile forceps, box joint, strsighveurved 5" (14 em), Hae smostatie Crile baby forceps, box joint, sraight/curved 54" (14 em), Hacmostatic hospital (Kilner) forceps, box joint S14" (14 em), Haemostatic Rochester Pean forceps, box joins, straighticurved (5" (13 em), 5)5* (14 em), 64" (16 em), 7" (18em),8" 20cm), Haemostatie Rochester Ochsner forceps, box joint, staight/eurved 64" (16 em), 7” (8 cm), 8" (20 cm), Haemostatie Cha forceps, box joint, straight ccurved 5" (13 emp 514% (14 em), 6” (75 em), Haemostatic Rochester Carmull forceps, box joint, straight/eurved 614" (16cm), “(18 em), 8" (20 em), Haomestatic Rochester Car- rmalt-Ochsner forceps, box join, staight/eurved 613" (16 em), 7 (18 em), 8” (20 em), Haomostatic Heaney forceps, box joint 8" 20 em), Haemostaic “Duetild Rose” forceps box joint 1034" (26 em), Haemostatic Mixter forceps, Box joint 64" (16 em, 714" (1895 em), 9" 23 em), HaemostaticUS 2015/0056095 AI Finochieto forceps, box joint 914" (24 em), Haemostatic Wertbeim-Cullea forceps, box joint 2114 em), Haemostatic ‘Wertheim forceps, box joint 95" (24 em), Haemostatie Cra- {aon forces js wih horizontal serrations, box joint 914" (24 em), Haemostatic Crafoord-Sellors forceps, jaws with Jongitudinal serrations, box joint 914" 24 em), Haemostatic Collin’sSellors forceps, Cilin lock, oval jaws 6:4" (16 em), 7(18em), Haemostatie Collin’ Sellars forceps, Collin lock. hear shaped 64" (16 em), 7" (18m), Flaemostatic Colin’s Sellors forceps, Collin loek, t-shaped 614" (16 em), 7" (18 em), Haemostatic Collins Sellos forceps, Collin lock rhom- boidal 614 (16cm), 7 (18cm), Spencer Wells artery larceps sere joint, sirighvicurved 5" (3 em), 6" (15 em), 7" (18 ‘em), 8" (20 em), 9" (23 em), Spencer Wells urtery forceps, box jim, straighvcurved 5" (13m), 6” (15 em), 7" (18cm). 8" 20cm), 9" 23cm), Peansartery forceps serew joint "(13 ‘em, 514" (14.emp, 6 (15 em), Dunhills artery forceps, serew Joint, curved on flat 5" (13 em), Halsead’s Mosquito artery Torceps, serew joint, straightiourved "(13 em), 5" (13 em). Box joint $" (13 em), Halstead’s Mosquito Kocher artery oregps, 1x2 teeth box joint, staighticurved 5” (13 em), and Kochers artery forceps, box join, staighveurved 5" (13cm) 514" (14 em), 6" (15 em). 7" (18'em), 8" 20 em). 10090] A certain set of diagnostic instruments that can be Sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, BOWLES STETHOSCOPE with metal ehes piece 43 or 50 mm, rubber ‘wbing snd metal binaural folding type, CP. FORD BOWLES ‘combination stethoscope with raised. diaphragm, DEEP BELL and double outlet, rubber tubing. metal binual fold- Jing ype chrome plated, FORD STETHOSCOPE with chest piece, ubber tubing and metal binaural folding type chrome phited, STETHOSCOPE BINAURAL METAL, standard type with ear tips, CIP, STETHOSCOPE. BINAURAL METAL, folding type with ear tips. C/P, FORD'S CHEST piece with black plastic deep bell chrome plated, FORD BOWLES combination chost piece rasod diaphragm, black plastic deep bell single outlet, chrome plated, BOWLES CHEST PIECE medium size 14" (45 mm) with raised phragm double outlet, chrome plated, BOWLES CHES PIECE medium size 196" (45 mm) with raised diaphragm. single outlet, chrome plated, BOWLES CHEST PIECE medium size’14" (45 mm) with raised diaphragm, single ‘outlet, chrome plated, STETHOSCOPE, wooden, STETHO- SCOPE PINARD, aluminum, TYLOR PERCUSSION HAMMER, loop handle, TYLOR PERCUSSION HAM- MER, solid handle, DEJERINE PERCUSSION HAMMER, ‘and DEIERINE PERCUSSION HAMMER 10091) | Acerisinsetofeyeinstrumentsthatcan besterilized Inthe disclosed sterilizers includes, Iroclisch’s ear speculs, ‘adult size, set of 3, Troelisch's ear specula infant size, set of 3, Toynbee ear specula, adult size, st of 3, Hartmann car ‘spect, adult size, set ofS, Gruber eae specila, adult size, set ‘of 4, Erhardt car specuis, adult size, st of 3, Hartmann ‘eustichian catheter, Troestsch eustachian catheter, Krause ear snares 7" (17-5 em), Hartman's ea dressing forceps, very delicate pattem 514° (14 em), Hartmann’ ear dressing for- ‘eps, standard pattem 6" (15 em), Troeesch’s ear dressing Toreeps, serrated 5"(13 em), Troeleseh's ear dressing forceps, 122th, $" (13 om), Troclisch’s ear dressing foreeps,sor- rated, eros ation /2"(14.em), Lucae’s ear dressing forceps, sorated, cross action 5/5" (14 em), Lucas's ear dressing oreeps, 1x2 teeth 514" (14 em), Lucae’s compression for ‘eps, Par syringe, 2 07, Ishield, 3 nozzel, Ear syringe, 3 07, 1 shield, 3 nozzel, Ear syringe, 07, 1 shield, 3 nozzel, Far Feb. 26, 2015 syringe, 607, 1 shiek, 3.n07ze, Far syringe, 8.07 | shield,3 ‘nozzel, Far polypus forceps, eoeodileaeton, Buckley mas- ‘oied chisls, Trautmann mastoied chisel, 2.4, 6,8, 10 mm, Schwartze mastoicd chsels, 2 4, 6, 8, 10 mm, Schwabe nastoied ehisels, 2, 4, 6 8, 10 mim, Defourmeatel straight 74" (19 em), Cottle-Jansea rongeur, scurved 7 em), Lueerongeur, slightly curved 6 (15 em), Zaufal-Jansen rongour with multiple setion curved 7 (18cm), Hartman's fear hook, sharp, Jacobson’s ear hook, blunt, Lucae’s ear hook, blunt, Mastoied curettes, Bishop's ear spoon, fll sharp, Jansen’s ear curetes, straight, sharp, Jansen’s ear ceuretes, angled, sharp, Volkmann's ear curcttes, Brun's ear ‘curetes, Bovwnian's speculum 254" (7 en), Bownnaa’s spect Jom, curved, Beseman’s speculum with top serew, Gracte's speculum, MeNamara’s speculum, Kogpp-Clark’s spect- Jum, Destarres lid retractor, with fenestrated blades, Des- mares id reteactors, with solid Blades, Eye scapes, Graefes cataract knives, Jaoger’s keratomes, straight, Jooger's Keratomes, slightly angled, Jaeger's Keratomes, fll angle, Desmarre’s corneal knifes, Critchet's canaliculus knife, Pool’scomeal knife, Graele’sopthalmic knife sickle shaped, Cataract needle, Cataract needle, Beer's cataract needle, Des. ‘marre’s paracentesis needle, Desmarre’s paracentesis needle, Bowman's discission needle, Kubas foreign body gouge, Rollet’s chisel, Nicatl foreign body chisel, Walton foreign body gouge, Wallon foreign body gouge, Kubat's foreign body gonge, Graefes irs hook sharp, Graefe's iris hook blunt, Graete’seysttome, Guthrie's fixation hook, double Axeatel’s iis hook, 2 prong, sharp, 2 prong, blunt, 3 prong, sharp, 3 prong, blunt, Rolle’s ook, for lachrymal sae Graete's stabismns hook, blunt, Jaege’s strabismus hook, sharp, Wecke irs spatula, Meyhoferchalavioncurette, Herb chalavion curette, Graefes iris forceps, serrated, straight, slighty curved, stongly curved, 1x2 teeth, stuight slightly ceurved, strongly curved, Iris forceps luted handle, straight, Stevens irs forceps, serited, Stevens irs forceps, 1x2 teeth, Graefes iris forceps, 1x2 tech, angled, Noyes fixation for eps, Noyes fixation forceps, with lock, Groefe's fixation oreeps, Graefe’s fixation forceps, with Jock, Wald fixation forceps, Elsching fhation forceps, Desmarreschalazion for ‘eps, with set serew, Ayer chalazion forceps, Ayer ehalazion Torceps, with set screw, Heath chalazion forceps, with set sore; Lambert chalavion forceps with sot sere, Prince tr- cchoma forceps, Knapp trachoma forceps Snellen entrap forceps, MeCallan capsule forceps, Kuhnt capsule forceps, lsehing capsule forceps, Iris sissors with Mat shanks 41° (11cm) straight, Iis scissors with flat shanks 493" (11 em) ‘curved on fat Iris scissors with flat shanks 493" (11 em) angular, Eye scissors, straight, pointed 424" (12 em), Eye scissors, curved, pointed 44" (12 em), Eye scissor, straight, blunt 494" (12 em), Fye scissors, curved, blunt 494% (12cm). ‘Knapp strabismus seissors,sraight, curved 4” (10cm), Stra bismus scissors, straight curved 49" (12 cm), Strabismus scissors, straight curved 4" (10 em), Noyes iris sci stimight, 494" (12 em), Noyes iris scissors curved, 49 fem), Wocker iris scissors, 416" (em), Wescot's iiss sors, sharp/sharp 4:2" (11 em), Wescot's iris scissors, blunt blunt 413" (11 em), Ii dissecting scissors 314" (9 em), Iris dissecting seissors 343" (O em) angular, blunt points, Iris issecting. scissors 314" (© em) straight, sharp points ‘Mathieu's iris scissors, straight 4" (11 em), and Mathieu's iris curved 414" (11 em), 0092] A certain set of gall bladder instruments that can be sterilized inthe disclosed sterilizers includes, Grey's gall ductUS 2015/0056095 AI sorceps, serrated, B/J 894" (22 em), Grey's gall duct forceps, serrated, [x2 teeth, box joint 824° (22 em), O’Shaugnessy all duet forceps, seated, box joint 716" (19 em), Shalleross {gallduet forceps, bx joint 7" (18em),Cele gall dct forceps, Screw joint 814" 21 em), Desjardin's gall bladder forceps, box joint 8° (20 em), Desjantin’s gallstone forceps, serew Joint 814" (21cm), Mayo-Blake gallstone forceps, box joint 8" 20 cm), Caemiy gall stone forceps, serew joint 10° (25 ‘em), Lister uretheral sounds, English scale Ito 16, Meta ‘eatheters mal, 1, $t09 mm, Metal eatheters male, angle 610 12, and Metal catheters female, 1, 510.9 mn [0093] _A certain set of Gynecological instruments that can be sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Cusco's vaginal speculum, lage plain (duck-bill), Medium plain (uck-bil), Small plain duck-bill}, Cusco"s vaginal specu- Jum, large, regular pattem with folding hanelles, Medium, regular pattern with folding handles, Small, regular patiera ‘with folding handles, ange with winged serew, Medium ith winged screw, Small with winged serew, Collin’s vaginal Speculum large with 42"%194" blades, Medium 44"%12" 4 blades, Grave's vaginal speculom ales, Medium 414" blades, Small, 3504" blades, Auvard’s vail speculum with removable ‘weight, Auwan’s vaginal speculum weighted, Sims vaginal speculum, Fastman Vaginal speculum, Doyen vaginal specu- Jum, Doyen vaginal speculum with slightly concave blado, Doyen vaginal spoculim with medium curved blade, large, rium, smal, Sim's uterine depressors, Braun's wlering ‘depressor, Hegar uterine dilator, set of 13 double ended 3 to 28/26 mm, Hegar uterine dilator 26, size, single ended With sloped male, Goodell uterine dilatory 13" (33 cm), Wylie’stterine dilatrs with comugated blades 12° (30 em). Sim's uterine dilstors triple blade 12" 0 em, Kogan’s ‘encdospecthim with seale-ratchet & fixing sorews 912" (24 ‘em), Without atchet "(24 em), Simpson's mterine sounds, Martin's uterine sounds, Mayo's uterine sounds, Sim's uter ine sounds, Schroeder's uterine curttes, Zweifel double ‘ended curete withone sharp and ane blunt end, Blake double ‘envded curette with one sharp andone blunt end, Sims werine ‘cuette, Recarrier’s uterine curcte,sharp/blunt, Greene uter- ine curette, Thomas uterine curt, blunt, ound, Bozeman uterine dressing forceps, box joint 10" (25 em), Bozeasina- Douglas uterine dressing foreeps, box joint 10” (25 em), ozemann uterine dressing forceps box joint 10" (25 em). Fletcher sponge forceps, box join, straightveurved 96" (24 ‘em), Foerster’s sponge holding forceps. box joint, straight) ‘curved plain jaws 715" (19 em), 913" (24 em), 10° (25 em), Foerster sponge holding forceps. box joint, sright/eurved plait/serate jaws 724° (19 em), 995" (24 em), 10% (25 em), ampley"s sponge boding forceps, box join, sruight/eurved plain serrate jaws 7/5" (19 em), 994" (24 em, 10" (25 em), “Maier’s uterine polypus forceps screw joint without ratchet, straightlcurved 8" (20 em), Maie'sutcrine polypus forceps, screw joint without ratchet, stuightcurved 10" (2S em), Mai ‘e's uterine polypus forceps, box join, straght/curved 10" (25 emp, Collin uterine forceps, collin lock 10" 25 en ‘Cheron uterine forceps, collin lock 10" (25 em), Skene ten- aculum forceps, box joint 915" (24 em), Jareho tenaculum forceps, box joint 8" (20m), Sehrocder's tenaculum forceps, boxjoint, Schroeder's tenaculum foreeps with bent Bows, box joint, Braun's tenaculum forceps, box joint 10" (25 em), Schroeder's enaculum forceps, box joint 10" (25 em), Prats ‘sll forceps, screw join 11” (28 em), Jacob's vusellam orceps, box joint 8:4" (21 em), Jacob's vusellum forceps, Feb. 26, 2015 box joint, curved sdeways814" 21 e forceps, box joint 8" (20 cm), Teal curved sideways 9° (23 em), Museur’s vusellum forceps, serew joint straight 92" (24 em) jaw width 6 mm, 9:5" (24 em) ja width 8 mm, 916" 24cm) jaw width 10mm, 912" 24 em) jw width 6 mm curved, 914% (24 em) jv width 8 mm ‘curved, 915" (24m) jaw width 10 mm curved, 101" (26.m) jane width 9mm straight, 1044" (26 cm) jaw width 11 mm Straight, 1024" (26 em) jaw width 13 mm Steaight, Museux's vusellum forceps, sew joint, curved 10/4" (26 em) jaw ‘width 9mm, 1014" (26 em jaw width 11 mm, 1014" (26 em) ja vid 13 mam, dartigues uterine elevating forceps 99" 25 fm), Somers uterine elevating foreeps 915" 24 em), Wer them hysterectomy forceps, box joint with one transverse tooth 7 (28 em), Mikuliez hysterectomy foreeps, box joint with one transverse oth 8° (20 cm), Faure hysterectomy orceps, box joint with one transverse tooth 812" (21 em), ‘Heaney hystereciomy forceps, box joint, singletooth 814" 21 cm), Heaney hysterectomy’ forceps, box joint, double tot 814" 21 em), Wertheim parametium clamp, box joint 814" (@2em), Werheim-Cullen parametrium clamp, box joint)" (22 cm), Femuusson’s angiotribe forceps, box join, straight 614" (16em), 8 20.em), Curved 614"(16.em), and Curved" (20 em». [0094] A certain set of Intestinal instruments that can be Siva in he dosed seria cs, Coll Dal stinal holding forceps, Alls (tissue) intestinal holding orceps Bd, 4x5 teth 6 [Sem Sx teeth 6 (15 em), 72" (19 cm), 9 (23 cm, Thomas-Allis dssue intestinal holding orceps 8" (20/em) box joint, Duval intestinal holding forceps BY, 814" (2 em), Si, (19 em), B/J, 9" (23 em), Babcock {ntestnal holding forceps BL 6:4" (16 em), Babcock intest ‘nal holding forceps B38" (20cm), BF (23.em), Lovelace’s intestinal clamp forceps, box joint, staight 8° (20 cm) Curved sideways 8 (20 6m), Chik’s intestinal holding for eps, rubber jaw, box joint 10" 25 em), Doyen's intestinal clamp with Jongitudival serations SIT suaight 9" (23 em), Curved 9" (23 em), Obligue serrations straight 9" (23 em). Oblique serrations curved 9" (23 em), BV scraight 9" (3 em), Curved 9" (23 cm), Doyea’s intestinal clamp longitudinal serrations, B/ straight 9" (23 em), Curved 9 (23m), Koeh- Fs intestinal clamp forceps. SU straight/curved 89" (22 em), 9" (23 em), Kocher’ intestinal clamp forceps, BI straighvcurved 824" (22 em), 10" 25 em), 11" (28 em) ‘Moynian’s intestinal clamp forceps, Si} steaighticurved 1114" 29 em), Payr's pylorusclamp with euide pin, largesize (35 em), Meatium size 1115" (29 em), Small size 814" pylorus without guide pin, lange size 1324" (GSem), Modium size 11/5" 29cm), Smal size 814" 21 em), and Lane's gastroenterostomy twin clamp 12" 30 em). [0095] A certin set of Kidney Instruments that ean be sterilized inthe disclosed sterilizers includes, Randall's ki rey stone forceps. 9" (23 em), Wertheim’s kidney pedical clamp foreeps, box joint, curved 10" (25 em), Wertheim- Cullen's kidney pedical forceps, box joint, curved 74" (19 em), Morris kidney retractor 81 (21 em), and Kelly's kidney reector 84" 21 em). [0096] A certain set of Nasal Instruments that ean be ster- ilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Voltolini nasal specula, Duplay nasal specula, Thudichum’s (Goldsmith) ‘nasal specula, Vienna nasal speculs (US style), Vienna nasal specula (current), Tieck-Halle nasal specula, for infants Hartmann-Halle nasal specula, Tartmann’s nasal specula, ‘Hartman's nasal polypus forceps 6:4" (16 em), Hartmann'sUS 2015/0056095 AI nasal polypus forceps 814" (21 em), Tilley nasal polypus forceps, serrated jaws 64" (17 em), Gross aasal polypus Jorceps, serew jit ight model staig/eurved without cateh 5" (13 em), Gross nasal polypus forceps, sew joint ight model straighveurved 514% (14 em), Gross nasal polypus oreeps, sere joint ight model struighvcurved, with cath 614" (16 em), Gross nasal polypus foreeps, stew joint, light model straight/curved, with catch 5" (13 em), Gross nasal polypus forceps, screw joint, light model straighveurved, with cateh 514" (14 em), Gross nasal polypus forceps, serew join, Hight model straight/curved, with catch 614" (16 em), Duplay"s nasal polypus and dressing forceps, serew joint, straight 8° (20.em), Curved 8° (20 cm), Lue septum citing Toreeps, Bruenings septum cutting forceps, Weil-Blakesley nasal cutting forceps, straight, Weil-Blakesley nasal eutting Toreeps, cnrved upwards, Blakesley nasal citing Torceps straight, Hartmann’s nasal cutting forceps, Noye's(alligatoe) nasal polypus forceps, Joseph nasal scissors, straight, Hey- ‘mann’s nasal scissor, smooth blades, Cte"s nasa; scissors, {or shinoplasty, Choronsbitzky nasal dressing forceps, ser rated 6/4" (16-em), Choronshiteky nasal dressing forceps, 12 teeth, Trolisch nasal dressing forceps 694" (17 em), 634" (16em), Troclisch nasal dressing foreep, 1x2 teeth, 694" (17 ‘em, Ballenger swivel kaif, and Ballenger swivel knife, 10097] _Acertainset of Needle Holders that can besterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Mayo Hegar needle holder, box joint $" (13 em), Mayo Hegar newle holder, box Joint 6" (15 em), Mayo Flegar needle holder, box joint 7 (18 ‘em, Mayo Hegar needle holder, box joint 8" (20 em), Crile ‘Wood needle holder box joint 6" (1 em), Adson needle holder one fenestrated jaw box joiat 7” (18 em), Collier needle holder box joint 5" (13 em), Masson needle holder strait broad jas, box joint 1034" (27 cm), Wangensteen needle holder straight narrow jaws 1015" 27 em), Finochietto rele holder curved jaws 10/4" (27 em), Johnson needle holder double curved jaws 10/3" (27 em), Mathiou needle holder for delicate sutires serew joint $1" (14 em), Mathie needle holder, jaws with groovelwithout groove, screw joint 514% (14 em), 4" (17 em), 74" (19 em), 8" (20 em), Box joint $94" (14 em), 634" (17 cm), 716" (19 em), 8" (20 em), Mathien needle holder, jaws with groovelwithout groove, screw joint 515" (14 em), 694" (17 em, 713" (19 emp, 8" (20 ‘en, Box joint $1" (14 em), 64" (17 emp, 735° (19 em). 8" (20 om), Olsen-Hegar needle holder & scissors combined, grew joint 513" (14 em), 614" (16¥8 em), 724" (1815 em), lies needle holder & scissors combined 64" (16 em), Langenheck (Vienna Pattem) needle holder, and box joint 644" (16m), 7 (18 em), 8" (20 em), 10098} _A certain sot of Obstreties Instruments that ean be sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Collin Pel- vimetors graduated in centimeters, Manin polvimeters grad- ated in centimeters, Preisky pelvimeters graduated in cent meters, Simpson obstetrical forceps 1214" (32 em), Simpson ‘obstetrical forceps 12/5" (32 em), Kielland obstetrical for- ‘eps. 1515" (40 em), Luikar-Kielland obstetrical forceps 2" (40cm), Anderson's obstetrical forceps 15!" (39 cz), Bame’s obstetrical forceps 14” (36 em), Luikatt-Simpson ‘obstetrical forceps 14" (36 em, Piper obstetrical forceps 1714" (44 em), Nevill-Bame’s obstetrical forceps with rae tion handle 14” (36 em), 1513" (39 em), Milne-Murray’s ‘obstetrical forceps with traction handle 151" G9 em), Tamier obstetrial forceps with traction handle 1513" (39 ‘em, Braun's cranioclast 1634" (42 em), Denman's (Smell- ie's) perforator serew joint 10" (25 em), Box joint 10" 25 Feb. 26, 2015 McClintock ovum forceps, curved, serew joint 9 (23 em), Saenger placenta forceps, curved, without ratebet 11/3" (29 em), 10:4" (27 em) with ratchet, Umbilical scissors American pattem 44" (1 cm), Dubois decapitation sesso, Straighveurved 1034" (27 em), Oral and Tonsil itn eister’s mouth gag, Dayen-Collin mouth gag, Dayen-Jan- sen mouth gag, Fergusson’'s mouth gag adult, Fenusson's ‘mouth gag child, Frgusson-Ackland mouth gag with ing ring, Mason-Ackland mouth gag eild 5/6" (4 em), Mason Aekiand mouth gog with sliding ring 8" (20 em), Mason- Ackland mouth gag with locktite ratchet 8 (20m), Mason, Ackland mouth gag with set serew 8° (20 em), ‘Tongue spatula, Bosworth tongue depressor, Tobold tongue depres- sor, Andrews tongue depressor, Yankaver suction tube with additional tubing connection, Collins tongue holding for eps, screw joint 6¥4" (16 em), Young's tongue holding for eps, box joint 614" (16 em), Guly’s tongue holding forceps, sorew joint 7/4" (19 em), Carmalt's tongue forceps, serew joint 6” (15 em), Colver's tonsil seizing forceps, sere joint, Strnight 7" (19 em), Colver's tonsil seizing forceps, Serew {in cnrved 7/6" (19 em), Ballenger's tonsil seizing forceps, ‘box joint 84" (22cm), Ballenger'stonsi seizing forceps, box joint 815" (22 em), Tying tonsil grasping forceps, box join, ‘Schnidt tonsil forceps, box joint, light curved, Schnidt tonsil Torceps, box join, full curved, Birkett tonsil forceps, box joint. sight, Birkett tonsil Zorceps, box joint, curved ‘Negu’s tonsil artery forces, serew joint small curved 7! (15m), Negu’s tonsil artery forceps, screw joint arge curved 714% (19 em), Jackson tonsil forceps, box joint, Boetcher's tonsil sissors 7" (18cm), Tonsil seissors 7/3" (19 em), Prince tonsil scissors 7" (18 cm), Shuder-Ballengertonsllectome, blade, Tobold’s laryngeal polypus forceps, curved on fat. Fraenkel’ laryngeal polypusforeeps, Mackenzie's laryngest polypus forceps, 9" 23 em), Chevalier Jackson's biopsy for eps, 12" (30 em), 16" (40 em), Chevalier Jackson’s biopsy Toreeps, 11" (28m, 2175" (Sem) [0099] _ certain st of Onhopedi Instruments that ean be sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers inclides, Ostotome (14 fem), Bone chisel with bevelled edge (14 cm), Brun’s osteotome 8mm wide 7!" cm).Brun’sosteotome 10mm wide 714" (19 em), Brun’s osteotome 12 mm wide 7:3" (19 em), Brun’s chisel 8 mm wide 715" (19 em), Brun's chisel 10 ‘mm wide 7!" (19 em), Beun’s chisel 12 mm wide 713" (19 cm), MeEwen's ostcotome § mm wide 714" (19 em), MeE- \Wen’s osteotome 10 mm 7!" (19 em), MeFwen’s osteotome 12mm wide 71" (19 em), Mel5wen'sosteotome l4mm wide 715" (19 em), MeEwen's chisel, Ye" wide 75" (19 em), MeEwen's chisel Ye" wide 7/3" (19 em) MeEwen's chisel "je" wide 795" (19 em), MeBwen's chisel?" wide 713" (19 cm), McEWwen's chisel 1" wide 7!4" (19 em), McEwen's chisel 114" wide 714" (19 em), Doyen bone mallet, 814" (21 ‘m), Hajek bone mallet $24" (21 em), Collin bone mallet 8* (20 em), Volkmann collin bone curetes, Simon's bone curetes,Volkmann bone curetes 5° (13 em), Volkmann bone ceuretts 59%" (14.5 em), Volkmann bone curettes 614" (17 Votkinann bone eurettes 8" 20 em), Bone curettes 84" 21 em), Williger bone curete, periosteal raspatory, Fare ‘eufs periosteal raspatory 6° (15 em) let, Farabeuts peri- ‘steal raspatory 6" (15 em) right, Doyen's costal peri teofome 6" (17 em) right, Doyen’s costal peristeotome 694" (17 em) lof, Lane's bone lover 101" (26.5 em) with serrated end, Lamborte hone lever, Van buren sequestniza orceps B/J9 (23cm), Sequestrum forceps §"(20em) screw! joint, straght/curved, Fergusson bone holding forceps 814"US 2015/0056095 AI (21 em), Langenbeck bone holding forceps 8!" (21 cm), Lane's bone holding forceps 1214" (31.6 em), Lane's bone hokling forceps 1513" (9.3 em), Lane's bone holding for- ‘eps 13"(33 em), Lane's boneholding forceps 1724" 45 em), Farabeuf bone holding forceps 9° (23 em), Farabeuf bone holding forceps 104" (26 em), Lambotte bone holding for- ‘eps 814" (21 em), Lambotte bone holding foreeps 10" (25, fem), Lambotte bone holding forceps 12" (30 em), Lambotte bone holding forceps 824" (21 em), Lambotte bone holding {orceps 10" 25 em), Lambotte hone holding forceps 12" 30 ‘em), Farabeullambotie bone holding forceps 1013" (26 em), Lowmann-Gersterbone clamp 7" (18cm), Lowmann-Gerstet bone clamp 8" (20cm), Lowmann-Gerstr bone clamp 84" (22 em), Luer’s bone rongeur, sew joint 6” (1S cm), Har ‘mann’s bone rongeur, serew joint 64" (17 em), Luer's bone rongeut, box joa, staght/curved 7" (18 em), Luer's bone rongeut box join, stsightcurved 67" (17 em), Stille bone rongeue, multiple ation, straight 9" (22 em), Stile bone rongeut, multiple action, curved on ft 9" (224 em), Stile bone roageur, mulipleaction, curved sideways 9 (22cm), ‘Chiron bone rongeur, multiple action, straight 7" (18 em), ‘Chiron bone rongeur, multiple ation, straight 894" (22 em), Stllebone rongeur, multiplecurved sideways slender pattern 9% (23 em), Liston bone cutting forceps, sere joint, FIG. 1-3, 514% (14 cm), Liston hone cutting forceps, screw joint 6 (17 em), Liston bone cutting foreps, serew joint 715" (19 ‘em), Liston bone cutting forceps, serew joint 824" (22 em), Liston bone cutting forceps doubie colin lock, 515" 14em), ston bone cutting forceps, double collin lock, (17 em), Liston bone cutting foreeps, double collin lock, 7!5" (19 em), ston bone cutting forceps, double collin lock, FIG. 1-3, (22 em), Liston bone cutting foreeps, box join, straight (14 em), Liston bone cutting foreeps, box joint, straight (19 em), Liston bone cutting forceps, box joint, straight (22 em), Liston bone cuting forceps, box joint, curved 534" (14 em), Liston bone cutting forceps, box joint, curved {© 4 (17 em), Liston bone cutting forceps, box joint, curved 724" (19 em), Liston bone cutting forceps, box joint, curved n bone cutting forceps, box join, angular (17 em), 795" (19 em), 804" (22 em), Litter iston forceps, box joint 6" (15 em), Liston bone cutting forceps. multiple action, straight 102" (27 em), Lise ton bone cutting forceps, multiple action, angled 1015" (27 em), Liston Key bone ‘cutting forceps, multiple action, ‘double curved 1015" (27 em) [0100] A cerain set of Probes and directors that can be sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Probes double ended 41" (11% em), 5" (13 em), 534" (14 em), 6" (1S em), 8" 20cm), 10" 25 em), Probes withehisel 414" (11cm), 5" (13 em), $12" (em), 6" 5 em), 8" 20em), 10° (25 cm), Myrile leat probe4!s"(1/Sem), $* 13em), 513" (14em).6" (15 em), 8" 20 em), 10" (25 em), Probe with eve 415" (11s ‘em, 5" (13 em), 518"(14 em), 6 (15 em), 8" 20cm), 10°(25, em), [0101] A certain set of Retractors that can be sterilized i the disclosed sterilizers includes, Grooved directors with tong tie 5” (13 em), 515" 14 em), 6" (1Sem), 8 20em), Grooved rectors with tong tie S” (13 em), $15" (4 em), (IS em), (20cm), Grooved directors with tong te & probe 5° (13. ‘em), 514" (14 em), 6 (15 em), 8 (20 em), Volkmann's retractor sharp pointed, | prong, Volkmann’s retractor sharp pointed, 2 prong. Volkmann's retractor sharp pointed, 3 prong, Volkmann's retractor sharp pointed, 4 prong, Volk- Feb. 26, 2015 10 an's reactor sharp pointed, 6 prong, Volkmann’s retrac- ‘or blunt pointed, 1 prong, Volkmann's retractor bluat pointed, 2 prong, Volkmann's retractor blunt pointed, 3 prong, Volkmann's reactor blunt pointed, 4 prong. Volk- ‘munn’s reractor blunt pointed, 6 prong Kochee's reirctor s"%)4" blade, Kocher's retractor 2"x'4" blade, Ollicr's retractor °4°%)3" (19 mmx13. mm) blade, Middledompts retractor, Middledorpls retractor with hollow handle, Czerny’s retractor 112"375" blade, Senn-Mneller retraction, Langenbeck's retractor 134" blade, Senn groen retractor (6420 mm), (-2.6«10 mm), Dissecting tenaculum 1 prong sharp with metal handle, Dissecting tenaculum 2 prong sharp With metal handle, Dissecting fenaculum double ended 2 prongs sharp, Durham retractor with bollow handle, Simon's retractor, Iie"x!s" blade, Doyen's retractor 1/3"%4" blade, Fritsch retractor 40 mm blade, Fritsch’s retractor 50 mm blade, Fritsch’s retractor 60 mm blade, Fritseh's retractor 70 mm blade, Deaver retractor 7 "1%" (18 emx9 mm), eaver retractor 815°%7s" (21/.em>22 mm), Deaverrfiae- for 9°x1" (23 enx25 mun), Deaver retractor 12%!" (30 emx13 mm) Deaver retractor 12"%1" GO en2S mm), Deaver rtrgctor 13°1" (33 em25 mam), Deaverreirctor 14114" (36 cxs2S mm), Deaver retractor 12"%12" (30 em38 mu), Deaver reactor 12"%2" (30 emx50 mm), Fine sen reircior 23 Blunt prongs, Weilaner retractor 3x4 prongs sharp oF blunt 5 (13 em), Weitlaner retractor <4 prongs sharp or blunt 614" (16.5 em), Weitlner retractor 3x4 prongs sharp or blunt * (13 em), Weitlaner retractor 34 prongs sharp or bhuat 6:6" (16.5 em), Collin retractor with 2 lateral sivwvel blades only, Collin retractor with 2 lateral swivel blades only and detachable central blade, Balfour eiractor standard pattem lateral blades 58 mm, 24" deep, spread 12 cm 434", Farabeuf retractor 1S mam wide, Mayo coliarefiue- tor, and Parker retractor. [0102] 4 certain set of Saws and Plaster instruments th ‘ean be sterilized in the diselosed sterilizers includes, Engels plaster saw 6" (5 em), Bergmann's plaster saw, Kaulich's plaster saw 9" (23 em), Langenback’s metacarpal sw with hollow handle 9" (23 cm), blade 412" (11. em), Charrier's Done saw with mobile back 8" (20 em), Charters bone sv with mobile back 10%" (27 om), Charier's bone saw with mobile hack 12" (30 em), Charrer’s bone sv with mobi back 1323" @4em),Satterle’s one saw 1114" 28 Sem) with blade 8” (20 em), Weiss blade saws detachable, Esmarch plas- ter knife 7" (18 em), Bergmann plaster knife 7" (18 em). Reiner plaster knife 7" (18 em), Plaster knife with wooden hhandle, Stile’ plaster shears, standard pattem 9" (23 em), Sille’s plaster shears, standard pattern 10%" (26 cm). Still's plaster shears, standard pattera 1414" (37 em, Silles plaster shears 9" 23 em), Brun’s plaster scissors, plain 824" (22m), Seutin's plaster shears 9" (23 em), Bruns plaster sessorsone blade serrated 84" 220m), Bergmann plaster scissors * (23 cm), Lorenz plaster scissors 914" (24 em), Schulze gauze shears 814" (21 em), Shih gauze shears 7" (18cm), Knowles ‘bandage sessors 5" (13 cm), Knowles bandage sessors 514" (14 emp Lister bandage seissors 31" (9 em Lister bandage scissors 434" (11 4em), Lister bandage scissors 512" bem), ister bandage scissors 7/4" (18/4 em), Hennig. plaster spreader 11" (28 em), Wolf plaster cast breaker 7” (18 cm), Wolf plaster cast breaker 9/3" (24 emp, Lister bandage sc sors, one large ring 65" (1615 em), Lister bandage scissors, ‘one lage ring 79" (19 em), and Lister bandage sissors, one Tange ring $14" (21 em),US 2015/0056095 AI 10103] A certain set of Seapels and operating knives that ‘canbe sterilized in te disclosed sterilizer includes, SCAL= PEL FORGED, SCALPEL FORGED, SCALPEL FORGED, DIEPFENBACT operating knives, BERGMANN opersting knives, COLLIN operating knives, VIRCHOW, dissecting knives with wooden handle, SCALPEL HANDLE No. for Interchangeable blades., SCALPEL HANDLE No. 3 for lnerchangeable blades. CATLIN'S AMPUTATING KNIEE 5 (13 em), CATLIN’S AMPUTATING KNIFE 644" (16cm), (CATLIN'S AMPUTATING KNIFE 7/4" (19em),CATLIN'S, AMPUTATING KNIFE 894" (22 em), LISTON'S AMPU- ‘TATING KNIFE $12" (14 em), LISTON'S AMPUTATING, KNIFE 694" (17 em), LISTON’S AMPUTATING KNIFE 8° (Q0 em), COLLIN'S AMPUTATING KNIFE 494" (12 em), ‘COLLIN'S AMPUTATING KNIFE 6" (15 em), COLLIN'S, AMPUTATING KNIFE 7" (18 em), COLLIN'S AMPUTAT- ING KNIFE 8%" (22 em), CATLIN’S_ AMPUTATING KNIFE 514" (14 om), CATLIN'S AMPUTATING KNIFE 654 (17 em), CATLIN'S AMPUTATING KNIFE 8" (20m), LANGENBECK’S AMPUTATING KNIFE 44" (12 em). LANGENBECK’S AMPUTATING KNIFE 5/4" (1314 em). ESMARCH RESECTION AMPUTATING KNIFE, and LANGENBECK RESECTION AMPUTATING KNIFE. 10104} A cersin set of Scissors that can be sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Operating scissor, straight, sharp blunt, blunvblunt, sharp/sharp, pattem ABC. 4)" (115 em), 5" (13 em), $15" (14 em), 6" (15 em), 7 (18cm), 8 20 cm), Operating scissors, curved, sharp/blont, blunt blunt, sharp/sharp patter A.B.C. 4:6"(L1¥2em), 5" (3em) 514" (14 em), 6" (15 em), 7 (18 em), 8" 20.em), Operating Scissors, open lt sharp/sharp 5° (13 em). Operating seis- sors, probe pointed 5" (13 em). 5" (Ld em), 673" (164 em), Dissecting scissors 415" (11 em), 5” (13 em), 515° (14 em), stor bandage scissors 3)4" (9 cm) 415" (11/5 em}, 515" (14 ‘em), 715" (18/2 em), Mayo-Sill operating scissors straight (15H em), 624" (17 em), 9” (23 em), 14 em), 624" (1513.m), 694" (17 em), 9°23 ‘em), Mayo operating scissors, stight 55° (14 em), 64" (15!sem), 674"(17 em), 9" (23em), Mayo operating seissors, ‘curved 51" (14 em), 614" (1544 em), 64" (17 em), 9" 23. ‘em), Mayo operating scissors straight 55° (14 em), 6:4" (1S!sem), 64" 17 em), 9" 23 em), Mayo operating seisors ‘curved 514" (14 em), 614" (1515 em), 64" (17 em), 9" (23. ‘em), Mayo operating scissors, straight 515" (14 em), 6:4" (15!sem), 674" 17 em), 9" 23.m), Mayo operating seissors, ‘curved $14" (I4em), 6:4" (15!4¢m) 64" (17 em),9" 23 em), “Mayo-Lexer operating scissors, straight 6" (16m), Mayor LLexer operating scissors, curved 64" (16 em), Doven surgi cal scissors, stright 7" (18 em), Doyen surgical scissors, curved ™ (18cm), Smith bandage scissors 7" (18 em), Rich ter surgical scissors angled sideways, S/B, BIB, SS 5° (13 ‘em), Richter surgical scissors angled sideways SB, BIB, S/S 504° (14 CM), Epistotomy scissors angled laterally $* (13 ‘em, Sims uterine scissor 8” 20 em) straight SB, BVB, iS, Sim uterine sessor 8" (20 em) curved S/B, B/B, SIS, Sims Uterine scissor" 20cm) sraght iB, BIB, S/S, Sims uterine scissors 8" (20 em) curved S/B, BIB, S/S, Wertheim scissors straight 8" 20 em), 9" (23 em), Wertheim scissors slightly ‘curved 8" (20m), 9 (23 em), Metzenbaum operating scis- sors 7 (18cm), 8 (20 em), Metzenbaum operating sissors a (18 em, 8" (20 em), Kelly's vascular scissors ‘night 624" (16 em), Curved 6:4" (16 em), Maier’ seissors 66" (15 em) Maier’ scissors 7 (18 cm), Smith's scissors 7" (18 em), Smith's seissors 8" (20m), Smith's scissors 9" (23 Feb. 26, 2015 Ward scissors, heavy 7" (18 em), 8" (20cm), 9" (23 cm), Sinus and drainage forceps, Sinus forceps, screw joint (13 em), 6" (15 em), 7" (18 em), 8" (20em), Sinus forceps, box joint" (13 em), 6" (1Sem), 7" (18 em), 8" 20em), Bryant's ‘dressing forces, serew joint S" (13 cm), Bryant's dressing orceps 5" (13 em), Prencs pattem dressing forceps, sere joint 5" (13 em), Kronleins dressing foreeps, box joint 5° 13 cm), Maier dressing forceps, screw joint 8 (20 em) Miers ‘dressing forceps, screw joint 10" (25 em), Gross dressing forceps, serew joint S" (13 em), $16" (14 em), 6" (15 em), 7" (18 em), 8 20 em), Splinter foreeps, Splinter Forceps, very Tine points, staightieurved without guide pin, 393" (0 cm), 46" 110m), $° (13 em), Splinter forceps, very fine points, stighvcurved with guide pin 31" (0 em), 4 (11m), 5° (13 em), Carmalt’s splinter forceps, straight 412" (1s em), Curved 4" (1114 em), Feilehenfeld forceps 312" (9 em). 415° 110m), 5" (13cm), Walter's splinter forceps, straight 44°11 em), Curved 44 (11 em), Hunter’ splinter forceps straight 413" (11 em), Curved 4" (1174 om), Arthur's splinter forceps, box joint, straight $" (13 em), Curved 5” (13 cm), Straight 513" (14 em), Curved 514" (14 em, Stieglit’s splinter forceps, box joint, stright 5" (14 em), Curved $14" (14 em), and Ralk's splinter foreeps, box joint $12" (14 em). [0105] _ certain set of Sterilizer instruments that can be sterilized in the disclosed sterilizers includes, Davis sterilizer {orceps 6" (15 cm). Davis sterilizer forceps 10" (25 cm), Davis sterilizer forceps 7" cross action (18 em), Davis steil ier forceps 10" cross action (25 em) Sterilizer forceps. 3 ‘prongs 8" 20-cm), Sterilizer Foreeps, 3 prongs 12° G30 em), CCheatle’s sterilizer forceps, serew joint 1015" (27 em), Box {pint 10:6" 27 em), Heavy pattem 11" (28 em), Harrison's ‘bor sterilizer forceps, sere joint 10" (25 em), 12" Oem), 14" (35cm), 18" (45 em), Buit’s holder for sterilizer Torceps & scissors 514" (14 em), 46" (12cm). [0106] certain sot of Suture instruments th slize inthe disclosed sterilizers inclodes, Chil ‘mation forceps 7 (18 em), Childe's approximation lorceps, with clip holder 7" (18 em), Championniere approximation ‘forceps straight 514" (13/4 em), Championniereapproxima- sion foreps, curved 51" (13 em), Wachenlekt clip apply- ing forceps 424" (12cm), Michel's clip applying forceps 4° (12 em), Micheselip applying forceps 4" (12 em), Farkas clip applying forceps 5" (12/5 em), Heath’s clip removing oreeps 5" (13 cm), Michel clip applying and removing, for cops, box joint 43" (12 em), Michel elip applying and remov= ng orceps, box joint 4%" (12m), Lutz Michel clip remov= ing hook 6" (1Sem),Litauer’s ligature scissors 5!" (14cm) Heath's ligature seissors 6” (15 em), Reverdin needles, small pattem, Reverdin needles, standard pattem, Reverdia feeds, large pattem, Cooper's ligature needles, 7/5" (19 fem), Kocher's Figure needles, 713" (19 em), Deschamps Tigature needles, right or left handle 8" (20 em), [0107] _ certain set oF Thorac and lang surgery that can be sterilized in the disclose serlizers includes, Bone shears 9” (23m), Rib sears 8%" (22 em), Colin sib shears 8" 20m), Gluekrib shears 7 (19 em), Gluck rib shears 8%" 22m), Robert's ib shears 12/4" 31 em), Bethune's rib shears 1314" (22 em), Coryllo’s ib shears left 1394" (35 em), Coryllo’s rib shears right 13%" (35 em), Willawor lobectomy’ seissors, slightly curved 1034" (27 em), Crafoord lobectomy seissors slightly curved 12" (30 em), Nelson lobectomy’ scissors strmightcurved 10" (25 cm), Nelson lobectomy’ seissors Stimighticurved 12" (30 em), Finoehictto lobectomy scissors angled on flat 1024" 26 em), Tutte thoracie thumb forceps 9”US 2015/0056095 AI (23m), Nelsonthoraci thumb Forceps 6x7 teeth "(23 em), Mayobcrington thumb forces 1" (3Sem), Wangsasteca needle holder, box joint 1012" 27 em), Finoehieto neele bolder, box joint 1015" (27 em), Johnson nee hoe, box joint 1012" 7 em), Duval lung foreeps, sere joint 8 20 ‘ni, Duval hung foeeps, box. jot 8" (20 em), Duval eollia Jang ovens, ox joint 8" 20 em), Lahey artery forceps box joint" (23 om), Davidson pulmonary vese clamp, box joi 5 (3 em), Fiochieto artery and Iigatre forceps, box joint 99s" 24 em, Roberts lung oreps ox joint strigerved 894" (224m), Roberts hang foreps box Joint straighveurved 994" (temp, Miature thoracic forceps bo jin 822" (22 em), Minture thor frees, box jain, 10" (25 em) Mine ture thoracie forceps box. joint 11" (28 em), Price Thomas bronchus clamp, box joint 8% (2 em), Satinsky’cardiovas- ar clamp, box joint 10%" (27 em), Brock cardiovascular lamp, box joint, 9" @3 em), Pots clamp, box joint 6 (6 cm), and Pots clamp, box joint, 812% 21 em) {0108} ceruia se of Thum dressing and tse ferceps that can be sterilized in the disclosed strlizersinchodes, ‘Thumb dressing forceps, broad point 415" (11/2 em 8" (13 em 312" (14cm) 6"(iSem) 7(18em), 8" dem), 10"(25 fm) 12° Gem), Thumb dressing foreps ted handle 2" (115 em, 3" 13cm), 515% (14 em), 6" 15m), 7" 8 em), 8° 20cm), 10" 25 cm), 12° GO cm). Thumb dressing for ‘eps fine pint, curved 5 (13 em), Thun dressing forceps turer end $"(13 em), 6 (15 em, 7 (8 em), 8" (20 em) 107 (25cm), 12" GOem), Semis dressing forceps, delicate 5° (3 cm Chiron’s dressing forceps 8" (13 em), Chiroa's ‘eat high enemies (eg. the several MeV eneruy levels used in commercial sterilizers), These behaioes allow low energy ‘electrons lo effectively be tumed without electric fields oF ‘deflection coils for noma incident iterations, For shallow ‘angle interaetions the lw energy electrons are able to Bounce numerous times allowing them to penetrate into eracks and crevices with considerable eicieney. [0117] Another embodiment ofthe sterilizer is particularly ‘adapted for using electrons as.a topical therapy to reduce and trea site infections, or potential infections, on live subjects Tike AIDS skin Tesions, decubitus ulcers, and bums, for ‘example. Inadiation is known methodology for reducing bacterial and virus ia cadaver transplant materials, medical products and food. However, because of the inherent fear of radiation” very litle clinic investigation beyond tumor therapy exists. One company fas developed a low-energy, Tocalized x-ray iradiation device and has filed (Photoelec- tron Corp), tying to use it for reduction of intracranial tumors. The disclosed sterilizer delivers a high dose of raia- tion to avery shallow depth by using the principles of low ‘eneray sterilization discussed herein. The electrons emitted 1B Feb. 26, 2015 ‘willl bacteria onthe surieeofeellsorsurouning patient, ‘okaryotc cellular material, bat willao penetrate ohare eukaryotic cell {0118} Iacensin embodimens the energy ofthe electrons ‘smeasured a he pot of costal withthe seal pra ‘velo be ieadited. When measred this wa tis energy the elective energy s detained or predsteminedla erin embodiments the effective energy can beat leas, equal, 0F fess than, 1 keV, 2koV, 3 keV dbeV, SKeV GeV, Te 8 eV, 9 keV, IOKCV; 12 keV, 13 KeV, 14 keV, 15 ke, 16 ke 17 keV, 18 keV, 19 keV, 20beV, 21 eV, 22 keV, 23 bV, 24 oV;25 keV, 26 keV, 27 keV. 28 keV 29 i 30 Ke, 31 keV, SDKEV, 33 LeV, 34 eV, 35 keV, 36 keV, 37 HAV, 38 keV. 39 eV, 40 keV 4 keV, 42 keV 43 keV 44 eV 45 ke, 46 keV, A7KeV, 48 LeV, 49 LV, $0 LV, 55 keV, 6OheV, 6S keV. 70 AoV, 75 ke, 80 koV, 85 keV, 90 keV, 95 keV 100 KV Optionally. an electon energy canbe sufficiently low such thatthe electrons do not produce a plasma It should be understood that tis energy Teel is related to the level oF ‘acum, ewer vat & lower absolute pressure) the elecuon energy can be wesier without proiucing « plasina Optionally an elec energy of 25 keV or ess ean be elfewive fer sterilizing medical sstruments, with speo- Priate atmosphere conditions as described hein. Option. yan elootom energy level of Tes than 20 keV 15 keV’ and 10 keV can he elfetive for steliving medical insrumcas \sitappoprat atmospheric condition as deseribed herein Tecnergy of the electrons thing the surface respective of te initial electron aeceleration voltage ean be determined tough analysis ofthe spestum ofthe xrays prodoced [0119] Inceruin embodiments, the device ean be operated ‘na paral vacuum that permits any state char that may have secumlated around ‘tems, such as plane tems, eeramieitems, oF non-conducting items to be discharged, For ccxample, within an atmosphere of 0 more, sich st charges canbe dissipated deo the ionization ofthe resis tise, [fan almosphere i les than 10° Tor ober avenies fordisspation of static chars, such s grounding the prod uct ean be ube. Optionally as uiscussed above, the sin Shere can be evacatod to ater levels of vacuum such 28 10° Toe 10° Tor, 10 Tor, 10° Tre, 10- Toe, for example [0120] The method for delivering eleetons to the skin or lesion surface without detrimental side elfecs uses ow nora eletrons projected thro lx rsistane path to the subjects target se area. While low atmosphere path could be esablished to transfer the low energy electeons, 100 ‘ich vac can damage issue, Therefore, ts prefered to tse alow density ine gas, such as helium, © minimize ery Toss asthe eeciroas ae rasenite 1 he tage site Invsuch atmospheres, 10 keV electrons can travel consider ably Tes than one millimeter before losing thelr seriiing nen: In ahsliam atmosphere, the effective distance over ‘hie electrons ean tive with sterilizing effec is multiple millimeters. The key pont i that contol ofthe ener and hence peeteation ofthe electrons at the surface beg tated «an be precisely controlled by measuring the speccum of emit ray rom the srlace, and by sig a gas shield With fone component. Helium ané hydrogen, ds to their low den- Si oes the best penetration of electrons the surface the lsctons passing though the gas wniformly and prodicably Jose ener so tha the energy athe emiter ean be increased toraccoun for these lasses. Argon eo also be sd Bt has the disadvantage that t would sequte saifcaly igh ineUS 2015/0056095 AI tial acceleration voltages and that the Argon itself would be the source of high levels of Muorescence x-rays which, at -3 eV eould contribute to an unacceptable dose of x-rays, Nor ‘mal simosphere due wo the numerous component gases would ‘cause the initial emitted electrons to decay’ in toa wide spoe> teum of encrgenic electrons atthe surface being twat, 10121] Itis understood that the electron emiter can also be mechanically moved to sean, for example, the product 10122] Tt is also understood that the deviews and methods ‘can beoperateda, for example, greater than or equal, equal to, Jess than or equal to, greater than, or less than 75 A, 150 WA,300HA,500uA, S04, 1 mA, SA, 10mA, 25m, 50 mA, 75 mA, 100 mA, 250 mA, S00 mA, 1 A. 10123] Tralso understood that the devices and methods can be operated a, forexample, peter than or equal to, equal Jess than or egual to, greater than, or less than 100 KV, 80 kV. GOV, SO RV. 4OKV, 30 RV, 25 KV, 20 RV, ISKV, 10 KV, or $ kv. 10124] Ins also understood thatthe devices and methods ‘can be operated such that the beam isnot focused to greater than or equal to, equal to, less than or equal to, greater than, oF Jessthan, to 300mm, 400 mm, 300:mm, 20 mi, 100 mm, 90 ‘am, 80mm, 70am, 60m, $0 mm, 40 mm, 30 mm, 20 ms, 10mm, $ mm, 4 mm,3 mm, 2mm, 1 mm, 09 mm, 08 mm. 027 mn, 0.6mm, 0.5 mm, 0.4mm, 03 mm, 0.2 ms, 0.1 mm, (0.08 mm, 0.06 mm, 004 mm, or 0.02 mm. 10125] Its also understood thatthe devies and methods ‘can be operated such that the surface of the product tobe hit with electrons is lager than 0.1 em,? 0.2 em.? 033 em! 04 ‘em.*0.5em,*0.6em,-0.7em,*08em,20-9em-? Lem. 2em. Bem. 4om? Sem.’ Gem. em, Sem,’ 9m,” 10cm, 30 ‘em. 50 em. 75cm, 100em, 400em.* or 100m? 10126] The electron source can produce quantity of ele {tons which can havea variable shape, sucha focused shape, approximately a pencil shape for example, or dispersed shape, approximately a cone shape. The electrons can be produced in such a way as to preduce a field ora beam. In a ‘ypical sitution, a focused shape is a more concentrated ‘electron quantity per area, and cone shape is a more difluse ‘electron quantity perarea. The shape ofthe electron quantity js related tothe amount of sterilization desired, a well asthe sway in which the item to be sterilized is more or less uni ormly sterilized, For example, if the quantity of electrons produced i in the shape of pencil have an ars of coverage Smaller than the item to be sterilized this eletron quantity ‘could be indexed and moved aver the item, whereas ifthe ‘quantity of electrons was more in the shape of a cone, the “quantity might not need to be scanned, but the dose unifor- rity issues, forexample, the edges relative tothe centercould be accounted for. For example, electrons produced ina field, ‘will ease electrons to come from different veetors at differ: ‘ent velocities. Thisean occu, for example, through reflection ‘of electrons within the chamnber [0127] The sterilizer system shown in FIG. ‘cabinet housing 1, which isthe overall housing forthe unit The cabinet housing 1 canbe made from any material, suchas shyet metal. The cabinet housing { ypically would onan an ‘lociron chamber 2, a product chamber 3, a vacuum gs ‘manifold 4, a high volage power supply §,a vacuum pump 6, tn inert gas eylinder 7 containing inert gas (eg, helium), @ vacuum pipe 8, high voltage cable 9, and gas valve 10. An ‘electron emitter, not shown, wowld be located in electron ‘chamber 2 Feb. 26, 2015 [0128] FIG. 2iustrates the product chamber 3 with acou- pler 17 that is adapted to connect electron chamber 2 to the product chamber 3. Coupler 17 mates with «complementary feupler on the electron chamber (aot show in FIG. 1) For ‘the sterilizer shown in FIGS. Hand 2, the electron chamber 2 ‘and product chamber 3 have separate uimospheres for which pressure and composition may be controlled independently. ‘Thus, atmosphere 18 in product chamber 3 may be sterilized dry air, nitrogen, an inert gas such a8 helium, or any other stable gas at suitably low pressure, preferably atleast a partial vacuum. A concave eicular container 19 for holding the targeted item shown within product chamber 3 and may bbemade, eg. of sinless ste. This disclosure also contem- plates other types of producttarget containers including eon- ‘ainers that are not caneave, An agitator 20 is located within the container 19 and the container 19 is rotated Via a shaft connected to a motor 21. As motor 21 rotates the container, agitator 20 disrupts the targeted item so that the item is ‘exposed more evenly and thoroughly tothe electrons. Such an tor 20 is particularly well suited o ensure that ceria ‘types of targeted its like powder, small granular material, foreven small metallic or plastie pant, such as screws ete are sufficiently exposed tothe sterilizing effect ofthe electrons emitted hy the emitter H shown ia FIG, 3, Valve 10 coupled to gascylinders andlor vacuum machinery is one mechanism or controlling the stsosphere 18 within product chamber 3 The temperature of the targeted item ean be regulated to reduce emissions of water Vapor and volatiles as needed by ‘controling the ciration and strength of the electrons imping- ‘ng the targeted item, Reducing sich emissions is desirable avoid contaminating atmosphere 18, [0129] FIG. 3 schematically depicts electron chamber 2 ‘containing atmosphere 15 and vatious operative elements For example, electron emitter 11 i shown in electron cham- ber 2. The eleciroa emilter 11 may be a lament, cathode dispenser, nanotube, or ther known device for generating clecirns, The electrons 14 are show passing out of electoa chamber 2 through aperture 12 and coupler 13, which is adapted to connect to coupler 17 from FIG. 2, on its way 10 fenlering precact chamber 3 (also shown in FIG. 2). lis ‘understood that in certain embodiments, the prodetebaanber 3 and lectron chamber are connected in such a manner that they share a single atmosphere at all times, However, inthe ‘embodiment shown in FIGS, 1-3, there is coupling eonnec- tor 13,which connects electton chamber 2102 product cham- ber 3 (not dircctly shown in this diagram). Dotted line 14 represents a beam of electrons released from the emitter 1 ‘The electron chamber 2 contains atmosphere 15, which may include alow pressure and/or inert ass. FIG, 3 also depicts ocusing cup 16 that i wsed to alter the path or shape or bot ofthe clecttons 14, The electtefeld wenerated bythe focus- ing cup 16 alfocts the electrons and begins to organize the clecttons into an electron beam, for example [0130] The embodiment ofthe sterilizer shown in FIG. 4 can optionally be suited, for example, to sterilize a medical instrument or implantable hardware in the operating rom. This embodiment can have the advantages of low heat build pandas wellasno omanie molecule effet on the instrument ‘or implantable device. This embodiment eomprisesa product chamber 3 coated with a high Z number material (eg. a ‘material with 7 numberof 47 or more, profeably gold) and ‘agrounded open mesh platlorm 30 for supporting the targeted item during the sterilization process. In addition, shown in 5.4 isa vibrating motor 31 and a high volume vacuuUS 2015/0056095 AI pump, The electron chamber connects tothe product eh ber3. The product chamber 3s presente as ball, but be an oblong sphere as well In this typeof embodiment the uct chamber can have a clamshell configuration where the sphere or oblong sphere ean be opened by a hinge mecha nism allowing to paris of te sphere to open like a clams An adjusted atmosphere 18 such as 9 Vacuum oF an inert atmosphere is shown within the product chamber 3.A mesh platfoem 30 i shown which holds the targeted item, such as 2 ‘medical instrument, such as forceps or scalpel. Vibrating coil ‘31 vibrates the mesh 3010 agitate the iargoted itemandexpose all surfaces tothe sterilizing electrons, When produet cla ber isa clamshell configuration, the coupling connectors 13, 17 ofthe electron and product chambers 2,3 ean optionally create a seal betwcen the top and bottom portions of the product chamber 3. The seal ensures that the pressure of stmosphere 18 may be reduced or made inert or oth. and ‘maintained in its adjusted state to facilitate sterilization. [0131] The produet chamber 3 and electron chamber 2 of EIG.4 may optionally share the same atmosphere 18. valve (oot shown) may be employed between electron chamber 2 and product chamber 310 permit precise control over when oF ifthe atmospheres inthe tWo chambers mix. Alternatively, dae ‘electron chamber 2 and product chamber 3 may have per nently separate atmospheres. In such a coafiguration, the two ‘chambers can be separated, for example, by a nan-movable Window that permits electrons to puss from the electron ‘chamber 2to the product chamber 3, The atmospheres in cach ‘ofthe chambers would be independently contoed fr pres+ sure and gaseous content 10132] During a surgical procedure, a surgical instrument ‘or implantable handware ean be rinsed, dred! and placed on platform 30 (protocol ean differ for different materials oF Instruments). A vacuum can be drawn on the chamber 3, and ‘can be drawn in about 0.5-10 mites (or lest as described herein) depending on the size ofthe chambers andthe capac- ity thevacitam pump employed. Effective 25 keV electrons ‘ean be emitted into chamber 3 through aperture 12 while platform 30 is vibrated andor rotated. At the end of the sterilization eel, che product chamber 3 ean be backfilled With inert gs and the irradiated item is moved to the sterile field or placed in a sterile bag. The inert gas will also aid in ‘cooling the targeted item and reducing oxidation 10133] The device shown in FIG. § illustrates an embodi- ‘ment ofthe sterilizer thats similar tothe embodiment of FIG. 44. One difference is that a eonehctive mesh hag 40 replaces the mesh ay 30 of FIG. 4. Additional, two entrance rollers 37 and 38, which transport a plastic film into and out of product chamber 3 without bresking the adjusted atmosphere fnside product chamber 3. The film can be transported such that it Is positioned above and below the instrament to be sterilized so tht the upper and lower portions of the film ean be heat scaled around the targeted Fem after it has been sterilized, Before the film is heat sealed around the targeted item, the electron emiter can be vse to expose the underside ‘ofthe upper rol and the top side of the lower roll of film to ‘ensure that the film ites sterile. After these surlaces of the film have been sterilized, the wire mesh bag 40 is dropped ‘onto one ofthe plastic films, andthon seat sealing fame top ‘and bottom 33 anl 34 which can come down an seal the 160 pisceso plastic or film, 38 nd36 together. The plastica film ‘encased istrumeat can then be diseonaected from the roll of film for example, and can be removed from the sterilizer in a sterile manner, The cover 35 can be a heat sensitive cover Feb. 26, 2015 ‘Sheet 38 and 36 are shown placed in pressure and heat sen- sitive holders such thatthe fies of the covering are faced ‘owand the electrons during the ieradiation eyele. Alter tively plastic bag open at one end could be placed at the bottom ofthe chamber. fer the sterilization eycl, inciud- ing sterilizing ofthe bag), the bag is drawn over the targeted item and sealed, for example, witha heat seal [0134] FIG, 6 illustrates an embodiment of the sterilizer thats wel site for sterilizing living issues such as wounds, bums, and uleers among others. The eleciron chamber 2 includes an electro emitter that emits electrons that stream ‘out of the bottom side of electron chamber 2 and through the product chamber 3, Electra chamber 2 is conaected to @ product chamber 3 through complementary coupling connec- {ors 13 and 17. The product chamber 3 can be an open ended ‘hamiber that contains atmosphere 41, which i preferably an inert gas such as helium so that the electrons reach the tar- geted item with suiicient sterilizing energy. A bottle of Doelium or inert gas7 ean be attached to valve 10 and connee- torassembly. As valve 10 opened, helium or inert gas lows into the chamber 3 at above atmosphere pressure to maintain 4 positive pressure of gas flowing. This postive pressure ‘displaces air and creates a more favorable localized lmo- sphere 4 for the electrons inthe beam to travel more ef ciently: Also shown isa convex (electron permeable window) 42, whichisan electron director having a shape attempling to ‘mate the exit of the electrons out of the produet chamber 3, 0 that at any given x-y-7 coordinate exit point an electron rom the coavex 42, the eleeteon will avel approximately the same distance through the helium as any ther electron feay- ing from any other Xz ordinate ofthe eoavex 42, This vill have the effect of producing approximately the same Amount of energy for each electron at the surface of the ‘wound, The convex 42 can be adapted for different body shapes and different shapes of procict chamber 3nd desired Feliu Howe pattems to ensure even exposure of the woud to the electrons in the beam. Acceptable variance from electton to clecion i within + or ~39%, 585, 8%, 10%, 20% 50%, oF 70%, An indexing surface 43 is shown above the sterilizer vo provide frame of reference for moving the sleiizer in space sit traverses targeted item with a surface are that i 100 Jangeto expose atone time. The sterilize inclessystems for sensing its leation under the indexing surface 48, moving the Sterilizer to other locations under indexing surface 43, and ‘racking the amount of time speat at each location while the sterilizer is emitting eleciaas. The sterilizer also includes systems for moving the sterilizer such that the entire surface ‘area of the Langeted item receives u dose of electrons that is silficient to sterilize the targeted item, [0135] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates another embodt- ‘meat ofa sterilizer for wounds similar o the embodiment of FIG. 6. In FIG. 7, the atmosphere surrounding the wound is controlled via helium a convex (electron permeable window) -42havingan access por that mates witha flexible non-porous ‘rape 48 snd noa-permiablizable drape 46. The drapes 48, 446 are flexible enough to conform closely to the wound and ‘ill maintain the sterile atmosphere of inert gas co Failitate clficent delivery of the electrons inthe beam. Areas of the ‘wound that need not be treated are covered by Vaseline ® oF some other sterile electon absorbing material [0136] FIG. 8 schematically illastrates a generic embod ‘meat ofthe sterilizer FIG. 8depictsamodule having an outer leak proof shell A, which is ovoid in shape. While itis depicted as ovoid it cam be any shape. However it should beUS 2015/0056095 AI ble to withstand a vacuum, Shell A has valve B to contol onosphere within te all Also show i human interlace module Cand enerayfesback module D. Power supply Uypieally provides up wo about 28 kV poteaial with either grounded anode or grounded athode potentials and curent Upto about Lamp. The unit i also shown with an outside porwer source. Flectton generator represents any ane ofa Known typeof device for generating clectons, More than one ‘ectron generator Gmay beused tositertheexpostre pattern ‘of the electrons (othe targeted item, The sterilizer say aso inelude an electromagnetic col H for narrowing o dilsing the beam andor altering the direction of the beam. Also shown isan adjustable aperture into the fowsing lo allow ‘letrons to pss from th housing. A connector Js son for mechanically interfacing. with a product_chamber, now shown. As described above, the prodct chamber may or may not share the same atmesphere withthe sell A. An optional valve K is connected to connector J to whea is desired to contol the atmosphere inthe product ebamber separately Troms the atmosphere in the sell. The stelizer also includes an electrical connector. tothe secondary imation device {0137} FIG.11 schematically tastes ina sectional view sn clecton emiter hat is Well suited foe use in the steer fd hat is connected to product chamber witha rotting holder forthe targeted item. The emitter shown in FIG. Mis ‘capable of operation ina vacua greater 10° Torrand uptoa presse of 10" Tre The emitter 100 ses filament ‘or a plauna as the source of eletroas. For example, a mage retro source sich as those used for putering, is able to talntina highly ionized plasm in relatively Tow yacuurn pressure (a higher absolute pressure) when compared to the Pressure that would normally support plasma, This det mgt field use confine electrons (0 a eircilaroxbit, thus substntally increasing the number of collisions between elctrons and the residual ga molecules in the ‘acuum. Typically. this arrangemet i sed as an on source However for aserlizer an apropriasly biased acceleration voilge pulls electrons fom the plasms to puide them to collide witha targeted ter, The energy levels andthe mmr ‘ofthe elecions that cole with the arget are contol by alering the aceleation voltage, the atmosphere through which the elesaous travel andor the confinement magnetic Fl [0138] The exemplary emiter 100 of FIG. 11 inciodes power supply’ 105 that rated for 1S RV. High voltage cable 120 tants power from power supply 105 ta cole ii ium lament 110 hats cote with tri. The lament 110 is contained within vacuum enelosute 140 Iti well known that such sn iridium lament canbe bated Wo high tempera- ture without significant chemical reactions with the atmo- Sphere doe tos highly sable oxide However, sine iiium has a high work fnetion tis no possible to directly generate significant elecwons curets. For this reason, a stable Low ‘work function materi i applied tothe indium, sueh a3 thorium oxide or ytua. Since thorium oxie has high evel ‘of natural radioactivity we have developed a low work fune- tion emitter eomposed a the oxide of yum, europim aid ‘anaium. Carim oxide and ya are also prefered mst- Pals Fleetons are emit fom lament 110 side Toctsing ‘cp 180, Electrons are drain ds tothe bias from the si rounding pounded chamber nd dreted owand the targcted item in am clots 300 sing vlinge applied to the dls Gi and focusing evils 160, Feb. 26, 2015 [0139] Pressure inside the vacuum enclosure 140 is repn- lated by turbo pump 170 and rough pump 180 asin butter Aly valveto eontrol pumping speed andiora valveto introduce gas into the chamber, with the pressure being readable via pressure gauge 190, The targeted item is placed ina rotating bow oF tumbler 200 so that the various surfaces ofthe itera are evenly exposed to electrons in the electrons 300, The Seflection and focusing els 160 may also be used to move and focusidetocus the electrons 300, which Rrther ensures that all suriees ofthe targeted item are exposed sulliciently to the sterilizing effect of electrons. [0140] FIG. 12 itostrates a prototype of a plasma-based electron emitter which can be used in te sterilizer. Repre- sented portion of vacuum chamber defined by the fag The bell shaped component isthe focusing cup. Inside the oeusing cup, there isa ceramic high voltage receptacle sure rounding a magnet or electromagnet, Plasma is generated in the atmosphere around the magnet. The atmosphere may ‘include residual water vapor and atmospheric ai inside the chamber that remain as the pressure inside the chamber is lowered. Other gases fed into the chamber (eg. helium or ‘yon may support the generation ofa plasma, [0141] FIG. 13 illustrates a prototype ofthe plasma-based electron emitter shown in FIG. 12 while the emitter is in ‘operation. A mirror, shown approximately in the cater ofthe ‘igure is placed on a phosphorous coated sereen tat is inside ‘chamber that is free of eletrcal feds, The mero rellets the image of the electron source so that the camera ean cap- ture an image ofthe emitter in operation, The plasma gener- ated by the emitters visible asthe bright white ring near the center ofthe flected image. The electrons being drawn from the plasma cast the purple glow that is visible just above the ring of plasma. The electrons are ejected from the plasma ‘through a narrow aperture into the chamber which is free of clecizical fields, Electrons being emitted by the source cause the phosphorous coated sereen to low green, A. DEFINITIONS, [0142] 1A, an, the [0143] As used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a.” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thu or example, reference to “a pharmaceutical carrier” includes mixtures of two oF more sich carriers, and the like [0144] 2. About [0145] “About” modifying, for example, the quantity ofan ingredient in a composition, concentrations, volumes, pro- ‘ess temperature, process time, yields, flow rates, pressures, and lke Values, and ranges thereof, employed in deserbing the embodiments ofthe disclosure, refers to variation in the ‘numerical quantity that ean occur, for example, though yp cal measuring and handling procedures used for making com- pounds. compositions, concentrates or use formulations {through inadvertent erorin these procedures; though ditfer- ences ia the that differ due to aging of a composition or form apantcular initial concentration or mixture, and amounts that tier due to mixing or processing s compos! tion with a particular initial concentration or mixture Whether modified by the tea hereto include equivalents to these quUS 2015/0056095 AI [0146] 3. Activity [0147] Activity or like terms refers to the actions o states disclosed herein, such a the actions or states of cell prolif ‘eration, modulating binding or modulating a signaling path- ‘way, and trinsactvation and downstream transactivation, [0148] 4. Component [0149] Disclosed are che components to he used to prepare the disclosed compositions as well asthe compositions them- selves to be wsed within the methods diselosed herein, These and other materials ae disclosed herein, and it i understood that when combinations, subsets, interactions, groups, et. of these materials are disclosed that wile spevifi reference of ‘each various individual and collective combinations and per- tation ofthese compounds may not be explicitly disclosed, ‘each i specifically contemplated aad deseribed herein. Thus, ita class of molocules A,B, and C are disclosed as well as 8 ‘lass of molecules D, E, and F and an example of a combi nation molecule, A-D is disclosed, then even if each is not individually rected each is individally and collectively templated meaning combinations, A-E, A-F, B-D, B-E, Bek, CD, CE, and C-F are considered disclosed, Likewise, any subset or combination of these is also disclosed. Thus, for ‘example, the sub-group of A-E, B-F, and C-E would be con- sidered disclosed. This concept applies to all aspects of this application including, but not limited to, steps in methods of ‘king and using the disclosed compositions. Thus, if there ‘are a variety of additional steps that ean be performed its understood that cach of these additional steps can be p= Jormed with any specific embodiment or combination of ‘embodiments of the diselosed methods [0180] | $.Controt [0151] The terms control or “contol levels” or “control cells” of like terms are defined as the standard by which a ‘change is measured, for example, the contols are not subs jected tothe experiment, bot arc instead subjected toadefined Set of parameters, or the controls ae based on pre- or poste treatment levels. They ea either be run in parallel with oF before or aera test run, or they can be a pre-determined standard. For example, a control can refer to the results rom _anexperiment in which the subjects or objects or reagents et. ‘re trated as in a parallel experiment except for omission of the procedure oragent or variable ee, under test and which is used as a standard of comparison in judging experimental ‘effets. Thus, the control ean be used to determine the effets related tothe procedure or agent or variable ee, For example, if the effect of atest molecule on a cell was in question, one ‘could a) simply record the characteristics of the cell in the presence of the molecule, b) perform a and then also record the elects of adding a contol molecule witha known ativity ‘of lack of activity, ora control composition (eg. the assay buffer solution (the vehicle) and then compare effects ofthe test molecule to the eonteo. In certain circumstances once & ‘contol is performed the contol can be used as standard in ‘which the contol experiment doesnot have to be performed, ‘again and in other circumstances the contol experiaent should berunin parallel each timea comparison willbemade. [0182] 6. Inhibit [0153] By “inhibit” or other forms of inhibit means 10 hinder, suppress, or restrain a particular characteristic. I is ‘understood that thiss typically in relation to some standard or ‘expected valu, in other words it is relative, but that i isnot always necessary forthe standard or relative value to be refered to. For example, “inhibits bioburden” means hinder jing oF restraining the amount of bioburden that takes place Feb. 26, 2015 relative ta standard ora contol It is understood that wher- {ever one ofthese wordsis used it is also disclosed that tou be, for example, a leat 1%, $9, 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, ‘00%, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000% inhibited from 3 contr [0184] 7 Increase [0155] By “increase” or like terms means raising of an ‘event or characterise, Is understod that this typically in ‘elation to some standard or expected value, in other words it is eatve, but that itis not always necessary forthe standard or relative value to be refered wo, For example, “increases bioburden” means raising the amount of bioburden relative to 4 standard ora conta Its understood that wherever one of these words is used its also disclosed that it eould be, for cample, at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 50%, 100%, 500%, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000%% raise! fom a contol [0156] 8. Isolated [0187] As used herein, the terms “isolated” like tems refer to material which is substantially or exsen- tially fee from components that normally aeeompeany it as oundin itsnative state or substantially fee from non material components, stich as atleast 509%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 9894, 06 99% material [0158] 9. Material [0159] Material isthe tangible part of something (chemical, biochemical, biological, or mixes) that goes into the makeup ‘ofa physical objec. [0160] 10, Modulate [0161] Tomodulate,orformsthereof, means either inereas- ing, doeeasing, oF maintaining an stivity. Its understood that wherever one ofthese words is used it i also disclosed that it could be. Its understood that wherever one of these words is used its als disclosed tht it could be, for example, atleast 1%, 5%, 10%, 20%, SOP, 100%, $00%, 1000, 10,000, 100,000, 1,000,000% modulated from a control [0162] "11. Molecule [0163] As used herein, de tems “molecule” or lke tems rolers to a biological or biochemical or chemical entity that ‘exists in the form of a chemical molecule or molecule with a Sefinite molecular weight, molecule of like terms is a chemical, biochemical or biological molecule, reganiless of [0164] Many molecules are of the type refered t0 as ‘onganie molecules (molecules containing carbon atoms, among others, connected by covalent bonds), slthough some ‘molecules do not conn carbon Gneluding simple molecular {gases such as molecular oxygen and morecomplex molecules suchas some sulfur-hased polymers). The general tem “mol- cule” includes numernvs descriptive classes or groups of polecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, steroids, organic pharmaceuticals, small molecule, receptors antibodies, and lipids. When appropriate, one or more of these more descriptive terms (many of which, such as “pro- ‘ein, themselves deseribe overlapping groups of molecules) will be used herein because of application ofthe method to @ subgroup of molecules, without detraeting, rom the intent v0 have such molecules he representative of oth the general class “molecules” and the named subclass, such as proteins. Unless specifically indicated, the word “molecule” woud include the specific molecule an sits thereof, such a phat- smaceutically acceptable salts. [0165] 12. Optional [0166] “Optional” or “optionally” means thatthe subse- ‘quently described event of circumstance may or may notUS 2015/0056095 AI ‘eccur and that the description includes instances where sid ‘eveal or circumstance oceus and instances where it doesnot [0167] 13. Prevent [0168] | By*prevent or like terms or other forms of prevent means to stop particular characteristic or condition. Prevent ‘does ot require comparison to aconteolasitis typically more absolute than, for example, reduce or iohibit. As used herein something could be reduced but not inhibited or prevented but something that is reduced could also be inhibited or pre- vented, It is understood that here reduce, inhibit or prevent are used, unless specifically indicated otherwise, the use of the other two words is also expressly disclosed. Thus, if Jnhibits phosphorylation is disclosed, then reduces aaa pre- vents phosphorylation are alsa dislosed, [0169] 14. Ranges 10170] Ranges can be expresset herein from “about” one particular value, andor to “about” another particular Value. When such a range is expressed, another emboxtiment includes from the one particular value andor to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by wse ofthe antecedent “about.” it willbe understood that the particular value forms another embod ‘ment, It will be further understood that the endpoints ofeach ‘of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other ‘endpoint, and independently ofthe other endpoint. cis also ‘understood that there area numberof vales disclosed herein, ‘and that each value is also herein disclosed as “about” that particular value in addition to the valu itselE. For example, i the value'10"is disclosed, then “about 10” isalso disclose. Itis also understood that when a value is disclosed that “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to the value and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, as appropriately understood by the skilled artisan, For example, if the value "10" is disclose the "less than or equal 1010” as ‘well as “greater than ar equal to 10”isalso disclosed. tisalso understood thatthe throughout the application, data are pro- Vided in a numberof different formats, and that this data, represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any ‘combination of the data points. For example, ifa particule ‘datum point “10” and a particular datum point 15 ure dis tron emitter, so that they struck one of the three materials There was a film 4 inch from the surface of the material, so that eleciwons that passed through the material also passed the ‘lm without hitting. it, and only struc the film if on a eeec- tive pith, The electrons were emitted for a 3 second pulse at IOKV and 1 mA. The film therefore measures the extent (© Which electrons Were not absorbed by the material but and rebounded back toward the film, These rebounding eleetrons, jn sterilization context, would be available for sterilizing shatever they hit. Te results of this experiment shovved hat old reflected more electrons than stainless steel and stainless Steel reflected more electrons than graphite. This indicates that all thrve of these types of materials, and analogs, would be suitable foruse.as a material ining the product chamber of an radiator, and tht gold and stainless steel would be pre ‘erred electron multipliers relative to graphite 2. Bxaimple 2 10186) FIGS. 108 and 108 illustrate the results from 2 ‘mulation of an electoa steiking a point and relleting ia some ditsetion based on probability. The model is run by ‘continuing to fre adtiona electrons atthe same point and proceeding trsugh a probability scale, The results are shown tor Gold, Fe, and C, and indicate that Gold has the highest dispersive and mos efficiency relativeto Fe, and Pe, has more dispersive aetivity and more ellicieny than, Squigaly Hines below the impact ine indicate that more of the electrons iC are being absorbed than in Fe, than in Gold, beeause Cis less ‘dense than Pe and Fei less dense than Gold 3. Example 3 Sterilization Examples 8) Materials and Methods [0187] (1) The pathogen [0185] Spores rom Bacillus punsius were used for testing “They came fom Spore Suspetson 7066921 aban fromm Mesalas. Thespores wereobtanedandkeptar4 degrees per the insttons from the manvfactuee [0189] Used he standard porsoTutn fom Mesat abs. The Agar used is Tiyptic Soy Agar (INA) (Soybean-Cascin Digest Agar) The final pts 7-1-0. and the Formulas follows: Paneratie Digest of Cascin 15.0. gramslL iter Papaie Digest of Soybean—§0 grams itr; Saium Chlo- ‘ile—50 grams/Liter Agar—180 grams ter 10190] 2) The Method of noeulating [0191] Shoo of meal, made from an 316 alloy were cut into Gby 24 mm steps. These sips were then heat stedized {378 dgres For 1 hour in a metal box 10192] Tho est strips were then removed from the box ta ‘ean beach, aod 7 doles ofthe Bucs puis solion ‘vere plaedontocne sidcofthestrip. Thestps wer allowed to airdry on the clean bench Feb. 26, 2015 19 [0193] Sets of four strips were made ta time, Exposed 3 strips to irradiation condition, the fourth strip was use as a positive contol [0194] (3) The Method of lradiating [0195] _ beam of electrons was produced fom the iradia- ‘ion apparatus which was approximately 3 mnx3 mm. The ‘eam Wasa 15 kV at 1 mAmp. This is Watts0.625 wattsem (2) XXX. The beam was scanned over an area of 38 m passes covering the entire 6324 mm strip in 30 seconds, 60 seconds, oF 120 s exposure times. [0196], The iradiation was performed at a vacuum of 2x10“ forall experiments, [0197] _Afterthe presribed time of radiation, the internal ‘manipolator arm of the irradiation device was used to move the irradiated strip ito a sterilized canister, which was cov- ered in the deviee, before ie was let hack into the chamber. ‘The covered easter was then removed and the snap se Was covered with taped to maintain the seal of the canister and its ‘op. [0198] (4) The Method of assaying [0199] (a) General Procedure [0200] There are 11 general steps that ean be done to deter: ‘mine the numberof bacteria in a given sample. (Step 1.0 [0201] _Asepically 1OBI's ino. sterile 250 mi blender cup ‘containing 100 mi of chilled, processed water or pool gon ‘ents ofeach ampoule into a sterile serew-capped 10 ml test tube (processing ampoules, skip 1 step 4.0; i processing ‘metal proc, aseptically transfer I earier into a water blank containing 9.9 ml sterile, processed water with 0.1 ml of Tween 80 and I ml of 3 mm sterile glass beads. Vortex for 2 [0202] Insert 10 matube into sonicator (38 5-40:5 KHz, fll ‘wave inhistrial stack transducer) for 10 minutes. [0203] Voreex again for 2 mimes. Skip to step 4.0) Gi Step20 [0204] Blend 3-5 minutes to homogeneous pulp of com- poneat fibers. (i Step 3.0 0208] _Aseptically transfer a 10 mlaliguot from the blender cup into a sterile, serw-capped 10 mi test tube. Label each tube with Lot, Temperature and Length of Exposure, (uy Step 40 [0206] Heat shock tuhes in a water bath (10 minutes at 807-85" C. for mesophiles, 15 minutes at 95°-100" C. for thermophiles,) Immediately cool tubes in a water bath of 0°-4° C. Do not heat shock Bls exposed to serlant wit hours of exposure (9) Sep-5.0 [0207] Voreex the tubes fr 15-20 seconds. (vi) Step-60 [0208] Perform serial dilutions by pipeting out 1.0 ml of the aliquot into another sterile, serew-capped 10 ml test ube