13 Science 9 Unit 13 Mole Concept Study Guide

13.
Science 9 Unit 13 Mole Concept (Study Guide)
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Unit 13
Mole Concept
Table of Contents
Introduction 3
Essential Questions 4
Review 4
Lesson 13.1: Mole 6

Objectives 6
Warm-Up 6
Learn about It 7
Key Points 10
Web Links 10
Check Your Understanding 11
Challenge Yourself 12
Lesson 13.2: Molar Mass of a Compound 13

Objectives 13
Warm-Up 13
Learn about It 14
Worked Examples 16
Worked Examples 20
Key Points 23
Web Links 24
Lesson 13.3: Calculations from Moles to Mass and Vice-Versa 28

Objectives 28
Warm-Up 28
Learn about It 29
Worked Examples 31
Key Points 35
Web Links 35
Lesson 13.4: Calculations from Moles to Number of Particles and Vice-Versa 38

Objective 38
Warm-Up 38
Learn about It 39
Worked Examples 40
Key Points 44
Web Links 44
Lesson 13.5: Calculations from Mass to Number of Particles and Vice-Versa 48

Objectives 48
Warm-Up 48
Learn about It 49
Worked Examples 50
Key Points 57
Web Links 57
Laboratory Activity 61
Performance Task 64
Self Check 66
Key Words 67
Key Formula 68
Wrap Up 70
References 70

GRADE 9 | SCIENCE
Unit 13
Mole Concept
The building blocks of matter are atoms. The size of the atom is extremely small
that a particle of dust contains about 1 x 10 16 atoms. With this, chemists devised a
way in order to conveniently determine the number of chemical entities in a given
substance. This is known as mole. Mole is very useful in determination the quantity
of substance, conversion of one unit to another, and establishing mass relationship.
The establishment of mole as the molecular currency gave rise to precise

measurements in the atomic scale, not only within atoms, ions or molecules but
also among different substances interacting in a chemical reaction. For example,
solid iron rusts in the presence of atmospheric oxygen to produce a reddish-brown
compound known as ferric oxide, Fe2O3. From its chemical formula, a molecule of
iron is always composed of three atoms of iron combined with two atoms of

oxygen. When the reaction is contained in a closed container, the mass of a
molecule of Fe2O3 would actually just weigh 2.65 х 10-22 grams! No instrument up to
this date can actually measure extremely small values such as this one. To deal
with this, early scientists extended the idea of the mole from the number of chemical
entities to actual masses. But how exactly did they arrived with these nifty
calculations?
In this unit, you will learn how to measure the mass of an atom, an ion or a
molecule. Also, you will learn the new system of mathematics, termed as
stoichiometry, that has been adopted to deal with extremely large and extremely
small quantities.
Essential Questions
At the end of this unit, you should be able to answer the following questions.
● What is the definition of mole? How can we describe a mole of a substance?

● How can we determine molar masses?
● How can we calculate number of particles, atoms, ions, formula units, or
molecules from the number of moles?
● How can we measure actual masses from the number of moles or from the
number of chemical entities?
Review
● An atom is composed of neutrons, protons and electrons. Neutrons and

protons are located in the nucleus, while electrons revolve around it.
● The mass of an atom is essentially concentrated in the nucleus, since
electrons are much lighter compared to protons and neutrons.
● The atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of protons present in
its nucleus. The atomic mass (A) of an element is the sum of the number
of protons and neutrons.
● An isotope of an element contains the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons. Hence, the isotopes of an element have different
mass numbers.
4
● The periodic table is arranged in increasing atomic number. Atomic masses
generally increase too, with few exceptions.
● Compounds are made of two or more atoms. Covalent compounds are
composed primarily of nonmetallic atoms while ionic compounds are
composed primarily of metallic atoms.
● Ions are charged atoms, which resulted from the removal of an electron on
the atom's outermost shell.

Lesson 13.1: Mole
Objectives
In this lesson, you should be able to:
● describe the mole as a unit of molecular currency; and
● describe the importance of mole in calculations involving atoms
and molecules.
Weighing and counting are used to measure a given object. It is more convenient to
determine the mass of sugar as compared to count them. On the other hand, it is
more convenient to count books as compared to determine its mass. However,
determining the mass of individual atoms or counting the number of atoms present
an object would be very tedious. Have you ever wondered how to
conveniently quantify the amount of atoms or other particles in a given
substance?
Warm-Up
23
Count 1 to … 6.02 x 10 !
Is counting always easy as 1, 2, 3? Let’s answer this question by doing the simple
exercise below. For the following material, decide what “unit” of measurement is
commonly used to count them. The first item is done as an example.
6
Material Suggested unit of counting or
measurement
Eggs pieces or dozens

(because they are often sold in
pieces or dozens)
Meat
Shoes
Paper
Donut
Pencil
Earrings
Mongo
Rice
Sand
Discuss your answer with a partner. Did you arrive with the same unit of
measurement?
Learn about It
The Mole
There are counting units to denote a certain number of objects in a given unit, like a
pair (2 objects), a dozen (12 objects), and gross (144 objects). Meanwhile, there are
different units to express the mass of a given object. The size of the atom is
miniscule that it would be tedious to determine the mass of the individual atom.
Likewise, the size of the atom is extremely small that a given substance could
contain quadrillion or more than sextillion atoms. Hence, there should be a special
unit that can conveniently handle extremely small and extremely large quantities.

The mole is defined as the amount of substance which has the same number of
particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units) as the number of atoms present
in exactly 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12. It is the fundamental measuring unit
in chemistry. This unit is used to count the chemical entities relative to the mass of
given standard. Its abbreviation is mol while its symbol is n.
23
One mole is equivalent to 6.022 x 10 particles in which this value is
determined experimentally. This value is known as Avogadro’s number,
symbolized as NA, which is named in honor of the Italian mathematical physicist
Amedeo Avogadro. He is the same person who proposed Avogadro’s law which
deals with the relationship between the volume of gas and number of moles at
constant pressure and temperature. In fact, there is a celebration known as Mole
day which is celebrated every October 23 from 6:02 in the morning to 6:02 in the
evening. This aims to commemorate Avogadro’s number which is the basic
measuring unit in chemistry and to increase the awareness and interest in
chemistry.
Fig.1. Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro
Can you imagine how large Avogadro’s number?
Avogadro’s number is a very large number. If we expand the numbers and write it
all down, it would reach the septillion place value!
septillion sextillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand

602 200 000 000 000 000 000 000
To imagine this, let us consider marbles, oranges and basketballs. One mole of
marbles would cover the entire earth to a depth of around 5 km. One mole of
oranges would even cover at a depth of 20 km. One mole of basketballs could
create a planet as large as that of the earth.
8
If you still can’t imagine how large Avogadro’s number is, let us consider a grain of
sand which weighs about 0.0044 grams. We can calculate the mass of a mole of
sand, that is an Avogadro’s number of sand, as shown below.
If a sack of sand approximately weighs 50 kg, then this amount is equal to 5.3 x 1016
sacks of sand. That is a whooping 53 000 000 000 000 000 sacks of sand! This
value is extensively large when applied to normal objects, but is useful in
quantifying minute ones such as elements and compounds as you will see in the
future lessons.
Furthermore, there are specific terms used to denote the number of particles in a
given distinct chemical entity. Atoms are used to denote the particles in an element,
ions are used in charged particles, formula units are used in ionic compounds, and
molecules are used in covalent compounds. This is illustrated in the examples
provided in the table below.
Table 13.1. One mole of a chemical entity is equivalent to 6.022 x 1023 atoms, ions,
molecules or formula units.
A mol of entity Is equivalent to
1 mol of C-12 6.022 x 1023 carbon-12 atoms
1 mol of Li+ 6.022 x 1023 lithium ions
1 mol of CO2 6.022 x 1023 CO2 molecules
1 mol of NaI 6.022 x 1023 NaI formula units
9
Key Points
● Since calculations involving atoms and molecules often results to either

extremely small or extremely large quantities, a special unit that can
conveniently handle such quantities are required.
● The mole is the amount of matter which has the same number of particles
(atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units) as the number of atoms present in
exactly 12 grams of the isotope carbon-12. It is abbreviated as mol and
symbolized as n.
23
● One mole is equivalent to 6.022 x 10 particles. This value is known as
Avogadro’s number which is in honor of Amedeo Avogadro.
● Atoms are used to denote the particles in an element, ions are used in
charged particles, formula units are used in ionic compounds, and molecules
are used in covalent compounds.
Web Links
For further information, you can check the following web links:
● How did Amedeo Avogadro discovered the mole? Read his
challenges in the field of mathematics and science before he
actually thought of the mole concept:
Helmenstine, Anne Marie. 2017. ‘Amedeo Avogadro Biography.’
https://www.thoughtco.com/amedeo-avogadro-biography-606872
● Still can't get how big is a mole? Visualize it in this video

presentation:
TED-Ed. 2012. ‘How Big is a Mole?’ https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=TEl4jeETVmg
10

Check Your Understanding
A. Write T is the statement below is true. Otherwise, write F.

1. The mole is defined as the amount of matter which has the same number of
particles present in 12 grams of carbon-12.
2. One mole is equivalent to 6.022 x 10-23 particles.
3. Particles can be in the form of atoms, ions, formula units or molecules.
4. The Avogadro’s number is named after the Czech mathematician and
chemist Amedeo Avogadro.
5. Ions are used to denote the particles present in charged particles.
6. A half mole of copper contains 3.011 x 1023 molecules.
7. The mole is designed such that it can conveniently handle small and large
numerical values.
8. Mole is the fundamental measuring unit in chemistry.
9. The mole is abbreviated as mol and is symbolized as m.
10. There are 1.2044 x 1024 moles in two particles of the element He.
B. Determine the number of particles of the following. Make sure to write the
correct chemical symbol of the given substance as well as the proper name of
the chemical entity.
1. one mole of water
2. one mole of zirconium
3. one mole of glucose
4. one mole of chloride ion
5. one moles of potassium nitrite
6. two moles of molybdenum
7. two moles of aluminum iodide
8. two moles of ammonium ion
9. two moles of calcium sulfate
10. three moles of ozone
11

Challenge Yourself
Answer the following problems comprehensively.

1. Why do you think the definition of the mole is based on the isotope
carbon-12? Explain your answer.
2. If the mole is strictly defined to carbon-12, why can we use it to quantify
other elements such as hydrogen and oxygen?
3. If one atom of carbon-12 weighs exactly 12 g, how much does a mole of
carbon-12 weighs?
4. Are there the same number of atoms in a mole of hydrogen and a mole of
water? Explain your answer.
5. How many ions are there in a mole of table salt (NaCl)? Show your
calculations.
12

Lesson 13.2: Molar Mass of a Compound
Objectives
● determine the atomic mass of an element from the relative
abundances and masses of its isotopes; and
● calculate the molar mass of a given compound.
Every component of an object has an individual mass which contributes to the

totality of the mass of the object. Your bag is heavy because it is the sum of the
masses of your books, notebooks, papers, pencil case, pens and erasers. This also
applies in microscopic level. In the atomic scale, the total mass of an atom is the
sum of the masses of its constituting particles, which are the electrons, neutrons
and protons. Have you ever wondered how do we determine the mass of
an element and compute the mass of a compound?
Warm-Up
Whack-A-Mole, Count-A-Mole!
For the following substances, count the number of particles present in each and
express it using the correct unit.
Substance Number of Particles
1 mole of hydrogen atom
1 mole of oxygen gas
1 mole of ammonium
ion
1 mole of diamond
1 mole sodium carbonate
13

Take a look at the values you listed in the second column. Are they the same? Now,
these values correspond to the number of particles present in the substance. Do
you think these values have the same weights? Hypothesize and check your
answer as you go through the discussion.
Learn about It
The Atomic Mass Unit

Dozen, pair, gross, and ream can only provide the number of items. Mole may have
similarity with the aforementioned counting unit since one mole of a substance is
readily associated with 6.022 x 1023. However, mole is more than just a counting
unit. One mole of a substance contains a fixed number of particles and has a fixed
mass.
The atomic mass unit (amu) is the mass that is equal to the 1/12 of the carbon-12
isotope. One atomic mass unit is the same as one Dalton (Da). The masses
recorded in the periodic table are expressed in units of amu. For example,
hydrogen has an atomic mass of 1.00794 amu, while oxygen has an atomic mass of
15.999 amu. These values have been experimentally determined using mass
spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is a method which is used to determine the
charge-to-mass ratio of an ionized sample of element. The analysis of data could
provide information on the relative mass and relative abundance of the particle.
The masses of other atoms were determined by setting carbon-12 as the standard.
Since carbon-12 contains 6 neutrons and 6 protons, the atomic mass should be 12
amu. Recall that the mass of an electron is negligible, compared to the masses of a
proton or a neutron. By fixing this value in a mass spectrometer, other atoms can
be analyzed and their relative mass compared to carbon-12 can be determined. For
example, helium was determined to be 33.44 % as massive as the carbon-12 atom.
Using this analogy, the mass of a helium atom can be determined as
The same is applicable for hydrogen, oxygen and all the elements, and their atomic
masses are recorded in the periodic table. But why is the atomic mass for
14

carbon-12 not exactly 12 amu? This is because atomic mass, sometimes referred
as average atomic mass, is the weighted average of the masses of naturally
occurring isotopes in which it takes into account the atomic mass and relative
abundance of each isotope. Carbon has two isotopes, carbon-12 and carbon-13,
which naturally exist in different amounts. From these data, the average mass of
carbon was calculated to be 12.01 amu. The process of calculating atomic masses
will be discussed in the next section.
Calculating Atomic Mass

To calculate for the atomic mass of element, the relative abundances (R.A.) and the
atomic masses of each isotopes (AM isotope) must be considered. This is summarized
in the equation below. In the given equation, the relative abundance of a specific
isotope is expressed in percentage while the n th isotope depends on the number of
isotope of an element.
The atomic mass, referred as AMave in the equation, is the mass which appears at
the periodic table.
Fig.2. Elements together with their symbol and atomic mass.
The mass (in grams) of one mole of an element has an equal numerical value as
that of atomic mass (in amu) of the element. For example,
1 mole H atom has a mass of 1.008 g and 1 H atom has an atomic mass of 1.008
amu.
1 mole Na atom has a mass of 22.99 g and 1 Na atom has an atomic mass of
22.00 amu
1 mole Cl atom has a mass of 35.45 g and 1 Cl atom has an atomic mass of 35.45
amu
15

Worked Examples
Example 1
From the following data, determine the atomic mass of nitrogen.
Atomic mass Relative abundance

Isotope
(amu) (%)
nitrogen-14 14.00 99.64
nitrogen-15 15.00 0.36
Step 1 Write the working equation based on the general equation for the
atomic mass of an element.
Since there are only two isotopes, there are only two components
needed to be represented in the equation. The general equation can
be rewritten to
Step 2 Substitute the given value to the working equation.
Step 3 Solve for the answer.
This is consistent with the atomic mass of nitrogen reported in the periodic table,
which is also close to 14.0037 amu.
16

Let us Practice
From the following data, determine the atomic mass of bromine.
Atomic mass Relative abundance

Isotope
(amu) (%)
bromine-79 78.9183371 50.69
bromine-81 80.9162906 49.31
Example 2
Chlorine has two naturally existing isotopes, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.
Chlorine-35, with an atomic mass of 34.9689 amu, has a relative abundance of
75.78%. If the atomic mass of chlorine-37 is 36.9659, what is the average atomic
mass of chlorine?
be rewritten to
Although the relative abundance of chlorine-37 is not given, it can

be easily deduced since there are only two isotopes. The sum of
their relative abundances in percentage should be 100, hence, the
value of the relative abundance of chlorine-37 is 100 75.78 = ー
24.22%.
Now, substituting these values give the following equation
17
This is consistent with the atomic mass of chlorine reported in the periodic table,
which is also close to 35.477 amu.
Let us Practice
Hydrogen has two naturally occurring isotopes, hydrogen-1, with an atomic mass
of 1.007825 amu, and hydrogen-2, with an atomic mass of 2.014102 amu.
Hydrogen-1 is the more common isotope, occupying nearly all hydrogen roles in
different compounds with a relative abundance of 99.98%. What is the average
atomic mass of hydrogen?
Example 3
Carbon has two naturally existing isotopes, carbon-12, with an atomic mass of
12.0000 amu, and carbon-13, with an atomic mass of 13.0034 amu. If the average
atomic mass of carbon is recorded to be 12.0107, what are the relative percent
abundances of the two isotopes?
Step 1 Represent the relative abundances in terms of an unknown variable.
The relative abundances are what we are trying to solve here, so we

represent them with unknown variables. For instance,
Then, we know that the relative abundance of carbon-13, in

percentage is just
18

be rewritten to
From here, we can make use of the expressions we have represented

from Step 1.Substituting the values gives the following equation.
We need to isolate to one side and solve for its value.
The value of x can be converted to percentage by multiplying it by 100.

Hence, the relative abundance of carbon-12 is 98.93%. Consequently,
the relative abundance of carbon-13 is equal to 100 98.93 = 1.07%. ー
Let us Practice
Copper has two naturally existing isotopes, copper-63, with an atomic mass of
62.929599 amu, and copper-65, with an atomic mass of 64.927792 amu. If the
average atomic mass of copper is recorded to be 63.546 amu, what are the
relative percent abundances of the two isotopes?
19

Calculating Molar Mass
In line with these calculations of atomic masses, we can define another quantity,
known as the molar mass (M) as the mass per one mole of a given elementary
entities (atoms, molecules, ions, formula units). It has a unit of g/mol or kg/mol. The
molar mass has an equal numerical value with the atomic mass.
The molar mass of an element is equal to its atomic mass. The molar mass of a
compound is the sum of the molar mass of all its constituent elements. To calculate
for the molar mass, we can use the equation below,
where is the molar mass of the first element, is the number of atoms of the
first element, is the molar mass of the nth element, and is the number of
atoms of the nth element.
The molar mass of a covalent compound is referred as its molecular mass (MM)
while the molar mass of an ionic compound is referred to as its formula mass (FM).
Worked Examples
Example 4
What is the molar mass of an oxygen molecule?
Step 1 Locate the constituting elements in the periodic table and find their
atomic masses.
An oxygen molecule, O2, is made up solely of oxygen atoms. From the

periodic table, the atomic mass of oxygen is 15.999 g/mol.
20

molar mass of a compound.
Since there is only one constituting element, then the working

equation should contain only one component, as shown below.
where is the molar mass of an oxygen atom, and is the number

of oxygen atoms present in the compound.
Step 3 Substitute the given value to the working equation and solve for the
answer.
Therefore, the molecular mass of an oxygen molecule is 31.998 g/mol.
Let us Practice
What is the molar mass of a sulfur crown (S8) molecule?
Example 5
Xylene is one of the components of pen marker and paint thinner. Its chemical
name is dimethyl benzene (C8H10). What is the molar mass of xylene?
atomic masses.
Xylene, C8H10, is made up of C and H. From the periodic table, their

atomic masses are 12.011 g/mol and 1.008 g/mol, respectively.
21

Since there are two constituting elements, then the working equation
should contain two components, as shown below.
where is the molar mass of a carbon atom, is the number of

carbon atoms present in the compound, is the molar mass of a
hydrogen atom and is the number of hydrogen atoms present in the
compound.
answer.
Therefore, the molecular mass of a xylene molecule is 106.168 g/mol.
Let us Practice
Hydrogen peroxide is also known as agua oxigenada. It is commonly used to
disinfect wounds. It has a general formula of H2O2. What is its molar mass.
Example 6
Liquid soda is the commercial name of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). It is used to
remove the clogs in drainages. What is the molar mass of sodium hydroxide?
atomic masses.
Sodium hydroxide, NaOH, is made up of Na, O, and H. From the

periodic table, their atomic masses are 22.990 g/mol, 15.999 g/mol,
and 1.008 g/mol, respectively.
22

Since there are three constituting elements, then the working equation
should contain three components, as shown below.
where is the molar mass of a sodium atom, is the number of

sodium atoms present in the compound, is the molar mass of an
oxygen atom, is the number of oxygen atoms present in the
compound, is the molar mass of a hydrogen atom and is the
number of hydrogen atoms present in the compound.
answer.
Therefore, the formula mass of sodium hydroxide is 39.997 g/mol.
Let us Practice
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), also known as baking soda, is oftentimes used to
reduce stomach acid. What is the formula mass of sodium bicarbonate?
Key Points
● Atomic mass unit (amu) is defined as the mass equivalent to 1/12 of that of
the carbon-12 isotope.
● Atomic mass, or sometimes referred as average atomic mass or atomic
weight is the average of the masses of naturally occurring isotopes and takes
into account relative abundance of each. The atomic mass of a given element
is expressed in atomic mass unit.
23

● The atomic mass can be calculated using the following equation
where AM is the atomic mass of a certain isotope and R.A. is its relative
abundance.
● The mass (in grams) of one mole of an element has an equal numerical value
as that of atomic mass (in amu) of the element.
● Molar mass (M) is the mass per one mole of a given elementary entities. It
has a unit of g/mol or kg/mol.
● The molar mass can be calculated using the following equation
where is the molar mass of the first element, is the number of atoms
of the first element, is the molar mass of the nth element, and is the
number of atoms of the nth element.
● The molar mass has an equal numerical value with the atomic mass if the
substance is an element.
● Molecular mass is used to refer to the molar mass of covalent compounds
while the formula mass is used to refer to the molar mass of an ionic
compound.
Web Links
● Did you know that the atomic mass unit (amu) came a long way
before it got finalized? Check it here:
Peiser, Steffen et. al. 2018. ‘Atomic Weight.’
https://www.britannica.com/science/atomic-weight
● How does a mass spectrometer work? Learn how does it

measure mass by visiting this site:
Royal Society Of Chemistry. 2008. ‘Mass Spectrometry MS.’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J-wao0O0_qM
● Want a complete list of the masses of the elements and their

abundances? Try to visit this site:
Scientific Instrument Services. 2017. ‘Exact Masses of the Elements and Isotopic
Abundances.’
24
http://www.sisweb.com/referenc/source/exactmas.htm
A. Calculate the average atomic mass of the following element, given their exact
atomic mass and relative isotopic abundances.
1. Europium
Isotope Atomic mass Relative abundance

(amu) (%)
europium-151 150.9199 47.80
europium-153 152.9212 52.20
2. Magnesium

(amu) (%)
magnesium-24 23.9850 78.99
magnesium-25 24.9858 10.00
magnesium-26 25.9826 11.01
3. Chromium

(amu) (%)
chromium-50 49.9461 4.345
chromium-52 51.9405 83.789
chromium-53 52.9407 9.501
chromium-54 53.9389 2.365
4. Naturally abundant rhenium-185 has an atomic mass of 185.00 amu and a

relative abundance of 37.1% If there are only two isotopes, and the recorded
atomic mass of rhenium is 186.2 amu, what is the identity of the other
isotope?
25

5. Naturally occurring copper exists as either 63Cu or 65Cu. If the recorded
atomic mass of Cu is 63.55 amu, what are the relative abundances of the two
isotopes of Cu?
B. Read the following problems. Calculate the molar mass of each specified
compound.
1. Calcium chloride has various applications. It is used in highway maintenance
in which it is used in dust control and melting ice. Calculate the molar mass
of calcium chloride.
2. One of the components of biofuel is ethanol (C2H5O). What is the molar mass
of ethanol?
3. Marble readily reacts with acid. The parent rock of marble is limestone which
is mainly composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Compute the molar mass
of calcium carbonate.
4. Pentanol is an alcohol of pentane. It has a chemical formula of C 5H11OH.
What is its molar mass?
5. Phosphoric acid is industrially prepared from “phosphate rocks” which are
primarily calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2. What is the molar mass of a
phosphate rock?
6. Epsom salt has a broad range of applications from several health and
wellness benefits to crafts and gardening. The chemical name of Epsom salt
is magnesium sulfate heptahydrate. Calculate the molar mass of Epsom salt.
Challenge Yourself
Read the following problems carefully, and answer the questions that follow.
1. A mole of H atom has a mass of 1.008 g and a H atom has an atomic mass of
1.008 amu. If this is the case, is 1 g equivalent to 1 amu? Justify your answer.
2. The atomic mass of silicon is 28.09 and the following table presents the
information on its isotope. Complete the information of silicon-29.
Isotope Atomic mass Relative

(amu) Abundance (%)
Silicon-28 27.976927 92.2297
Silicon-29
Silicon-30 29.973770 3.0872
26

3. Spaghetti is one of the favorite foods of kids and it has several ingredients.
The following table presents some of the chemical compounds found in the
ingredients of spaghetti. Calculate the molar mass of the given compounds.
Ingredient Chemical compound Chemical formula

Tomato Sauce Lycopene C40H56
Olive Oil Oleic acid C18H36O2
Ground Pork Cholesterol C27H46O
Onion Allyl methyl sulfide C4H8S
Black Pepper Piperine C17H19NO3
4. What is the molar mass of a hypothetical compound if a molecule of it weighs

2.33 x 10-22 g?
5. An element M occurs naturally in three isotopic forms, whose exact masses
and abundances are shown below. What is the identity of element M.
Isotopes of M Molar Mass Relative Abundance

(amu) (%)
M-28 27.977 92.23
M-29 28.976 4.67
M-30 29.974 3.10
27

Lesson 13.3: Calculations from Moles to
Mass and Vice Versa
Objectives
● recognize dimensional analysis as a mathematical technique
used to solve basic stoichiometric problems; and
● perform interconversion between moles and mass using
dimensional analysis.
In daily life, we usually measure a substance in terms of its mass in grams or

kilograms. Rice, pork, chicken and beef are usually bought in kilos, while large
factories require tons of industrial materials to mass-produce useful products. In
the atomic level, things are really hard to measure in a gram scale. Instead, the
number of particles present in the substance is specified, and is subsequently
converted to mass. Mole is the basic measuring unit in chemistry which allows the
conversion of one unit to another. How do we convert moles to mass and
vice-versa?
Warm-Up
M&M’s: Mass and Moles
The following substances are things you encounter in your daily life. Identify the
number of particles present in a mole of the substance and its molar mass. Express
your answer in proper units.
Material Number of particles in 1 Molar Mass

mol of the
substance
water, H2O
copper wire, Cu
28
hydrochloric acid in
muriatic acid, HCl
propane in LPG
tanks, C3H8
acetic acid in
vinegar,
CH3COOH
sucrose in table sugar,
C12H22O11
carbonic acid in soft

drinks, H2CO3
caffeine in coffee,
C8H10N4O2
hydroxyapatite in teeth
enamel, Ca5(PO4)3OH
Learn about It
Stoichiometry is the study that deals with the quantitative aspect of chemical
reactions, which involves the mass relationships between the reactants and their
products. Moreover, dimensional analysis is a useful method which utilizes a
conversion factor, and involves the cancellation of units in order to obtain the
desired quantity. The following equation shows the calculation in a dimensional
analysis.
Conversion factors contain two dimensions defined by their numerators and

denominators. The numerator should contain the desired quantity or unit, while
the denominator should contain the given quantity or unit. In this way, the given
quantity can be cancelled, and the desired quantity can be obtained, as shown
below.
29

In line with this, the molar mass shows the relationship between mass, in grams,
per one mole of a substance. Hence, it is used in converting moles to mass, and
mass to moles. The molar mass can be used as a conversion factor in
interconverting mass and moles. For instance, the following equation shows the
conversion of moles to mass using molar mass.
Alternatively, this way of cancelling the units to obtain mass from moles can be
defined by the following equation.
where is the number of moles, is the molar mass (in g/mol), and is mass (in
g). This is the general equation that relates moles to mass.
Conversion factors are reversible. This is useful in doing the reverse process and in
this case, converting mass to moles. For example, by dimensional analysis, mass
can be converted to moles as shown.
The corresponding relationship shows an equation derived from the previous

relationship we have shown between moles and mass ( ).
You should always bear in mind the following generalizations in interconverting

mass and moles:
1. In converting mass to moles, the given value of mass is divided by the
molar mass. The unit of grams is present both in the numerator and the
denominator; hence, it will be cancelled. This results to the unit mole (mol) in
the numerator which is the appropriate unit for the desired quantity of
moles.
30

2. On the other hand, in converting moles to mass, the given value of mole is
multiplied by the molar mass. The unit of moles is present both in the
numerator and the denominator; hence, it will be cancelled. This results to
the unit gram (g) in the numerator which is the appropriate unit for the
desired quantity of mass.
The figure below summarizes the aforementioned general relationships between

mass and moles.
Fig.3. Process of calculating mass to moles, and vice-versa.
Worked Examples
Example 1
One of the inorganic compounds present in red paints is cadmium selenide (CdSe).
How many grams are there in 6.220 moles of cadmium selenide? The molar mass
of cadmium is 112.41 g/mol and selenium is 78.96 g/mol.
Step 1 Identify the working equation based on what the problem is asking for.
The problem asks for the mass in grams. We can directly use the
general equation, since it is expressed in terms of mass.
Step 2 Substitute the given values.
Check if the other values are already given. The number of moles is
given as 6.220 moles, while the molar mass is reported to be 78.96
g/mol. We can directly substitute this to the equation.
31

Carry out the operations and solve for the answer. Express the answer
in proper units.
Hence, there are 491.1 g in 6.220 mols of CdSe.
Let us Practice
Suppose you ate 0.500 moles of table sugar, C12H22O11. How many grams did you
eat? The molar mass of table sugar is 342.30 g/mol.
Example 2
One of the components of photographic flash lamps and laser is Xenon. How many
moles are in 9.290 g of Xe? The molar mass of xenon is 131.30 g/mol.
The problem asks for the number of moles. From the general equation
, we can obtain an expression for by rearranging the
terms.
From , divide both sides by to obtain
Check if the other values are already given. The mass is given as 9.290
g, while the molar mass is reported to be 131.30 g/mol. We can directly
substitute this to the equation.
32

in proper units.
Hence, there are 0.07075 mole of Xe in 9.290 g of Xe.
Let us Practice
Upon combustion, an unknown hydrocarbon released 49.4 grams of CO2. What is
the number of moles of CO2 released after combustion? The molar mass of CO2 is
44 g/mol.
Example 3
In the presence of a catalyst such as manganese, potassium chlorate decomposes
to oxygen gas and potassium chloride. How many moles of KClO 3 is consumed
when 16.20 g of KClO3 decomposes to form KCl?
, we can obtain an expression for by rearranging the
terms.
From , divide both sides by to obtain
33

Check if the other values are already given. The mass is given as
16.20 g, but the molar mass is still not given.
We need to determine first the molar mass. By looking at the periodic

table, the values of the molar masses for K, Cl and O are 39.098,
35.453 and 15.999 g/mol.
Then, the molar mass of KClO3 can be determined as
These values can then be directly substituted this to the equation.
in proper units.
Hence, there are 0.1321 moles of KClO3 that decomposed with 16.20 g of the
substance.
Let us Practice
Phosphoric acid is used as a significant component of potassium fertilizers. It has
the chemical formula of H3PO4. How much phosphoric acid, in moles, is added to
the fertilizer if it contains 22.4 grams of it?
34

Key Points
● Stoichiometry is the study that deals is the quantitative aspect of chemical

reaction.
● Dimensional analysis is a useful method which utilizes using a
conversion factor and cancellation of units in order to obtain the desired
quantity. In this mathematical technique, the desired unit is placed in the
numerator while the given unit is placed in the denominator.
● The molar mass can be used as a conversion factor in interconverting
mass and moles. As a conversion factor, it is reversible. When the mass
of a substance is being determined, the mass factor in the molar mass
expression should be in the numerator. On the other hand, when the
number of moles of a substance is being determined, the moles factor in
the molar mass expression should be in the numerator.
● The mass and number of moles of a given substance is related by the
equation
Web Links
● Who started all of these mathematical analyses? Visit this site
to know more:
Purdue University. 2004. ‘Jeremias Benjamin Richter.’
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/history/stoichiometry.html
● Still no good in dimensional analysis? These examples in terms

of simple day-to-day units might be useful! Visit this site to
learn the basics of it:
Alysion.org. n.d. ‘Fun with Dimensional Analysis.’
http://www.alysion.org/dimensional/fun.htm
35

Answer the following questions completely. Show your solutions.

1. One of the components of photocells and space vehicles is rubidium. How
many moles are there in 9.50 g of Ru?
2. How many moles of hydrogen bromide are there in a 44.2 gram sample of
this gas?
3. Copper is a good conductor of electricity and this is the reason why it is used
in electrical wiring. How many kilograms of Cu are there in 81.60 moles of
Cu?
4. Platinum is a gray-white metal which has several applications. It is used in
dentistry equipment, catalytic converters, and electrodes. Given that there
are 12.25 moles of Pt. Convert the given value of moles to mass.
5. What is the mass of a 10.123 moles sample of sodium hydroxide?
6. Suppose you have eaten 0.500 moles of NaCl. How much table salt, in mg,
did you eat?
7. The tip of a matchstick contains 52.0 grams of elemental phosphorus, P 4.
Determine the number of moles of P4 present in the tip of the matchstick.
8. Aspartame has a chemical formula of C14H18N2O5. It is used as a sweetener in
foods and beverages. How many moles are there in 16.71g of C14H18N2O5?
9. Adenosine triphosphate is the energy currency in living things. One of its
components is phosphorus. How many kilograms are there in 162.80 moles
of phosphorus?
10. An herbicide has a chemical formula of C 3H8NO5P. How many moles of the
herbicide are there in a 347 gram sample of the herbicide.
Challenge Yourself
Answer each problem comprehensively.
1. If the molar mass is used as a conversion factor between mass and moles,
can you think of a conversion factor between moles and the number of
particles? Justify your answers.
2. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is used as a primary ingredient in baking
soda. How many grams of oxygen are in 1.230 grams of NaHCO3?
36

3. Gravimetry is often used to measure and compare the elemental content of
different substances. However, it is just a direct application from moles to
mass conversion of the particular element. For the following substances,
indicate the correct symbol whether the carbon content, in mass, of the first
substance is equal (=), greater than (>) or less than (<) the carbon content of
the other substance.
a. 1.0 g NaHCO3 1.0 g H2CO3
b. 2.0 g CO2 1.0 g CO
c. 1.0 g C6H12O6 0.5 g C12H22O11
37

Lesson 13.4: Calculations from Moles to
Number of Particles and Vice Versa
Objective
● compute the number of particles in a given amount of moles
and vice-versa.
Avogadro’s number is the conversion factor used in the calculation between moles
to number of particles. There are exactly 6.022 x 1023 atoms, ions, molecules or
formula units in a mole of their respective chemical substance. From this
perspective, the mole converts something big to some manageable values. But
how do we convert moles to number of particles and vice-versa?
Warm-Up
How Many Grams Left?
Help! Mommy shark is on diet, but she is not good in mathematics and chemistry.
She wants to track her food gram-intake, but the only thing she knows are the
following:
1. She recently ate a lapu-lapu she found near a coral.
2. The lapu-lapu ate a clownfish residing in the coral.
3. The clownfish ate an anchovy which was lost from its group.
4. The anchovy ate 10.0 moles of seaweeds living near the foot of the coral.
5. Ninety percent of the mole composition of the seaweeds is sucrose
(C12H22O11).
6. Only ten percent of the original mole content is transferred from one
organism to the other.
Mommy shark has a dietary limit of 250 mg of sucrose intake. Did mommy shark
suffice her diet, assuming that the only sucrose molecules being transferred to
her are those that originated from the algae.
38

Learn about It
Avogadro’s number, 6.022 x 1023 particles per mole, shows the relationship
between the number of particles and one mole of the substance. Since it
contains both the number of particles and the number of moles as shown below,
it is used as a conversion factor between these two quantities.
In converting moles to number of particles, the given value of mole is multiplied

by Avogadro’s number. The unit of mole is present in the denominator; hence, it
will be cancelled. This results to the unit particles (atoms, ions, molecules, or
formula units) in the numerator which is the desired quantity.
where is the number of moles, and is Avogadro’s number.
In converting the number of particles to moles, the given value of number of

particles is divided by the Avogadro’s number. The unit of number of particles is
present in the denominator; hence, it will be cancelled. This results to the unit mole
in the numerator which is the desired quantity.
where is the number of moles, and is Avogadro’s number.
The figure below summarizes the aforementioned general relationships between

mass and moles.
39

Fig. 4. Process of calculating mass to moles, and vice-versa.
In line with this, let us recall from there are specific terms used for a given particle.
Atom is used for element, ions for charged particles, molecules for covalent
compounds, and formula units for ionic compounds.
1 mole NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 NaCl formula units

1 mole NaCl = 6.022 x 1023 Na+ ions and 6.022 x 1023 Cl- ions
1 mole H2O = 6.022 x 1023 H2O molecules
1 mole H2O = 1.204 x 1023 hydrogen atoms and 6.022 x 1023 oxygen atoms
Worked Examples
Example 1
Methane is the simplest form of alkane. It is used as a fuel in gas turbine and
generator. How many molecules of methane are there in 7.30 moles of methane?
The problem asks for the number in molecules. We can directly use
the general equation, since it is expressed in terms of the number of
molecules.
40

given as 7.30 moles. The Avogadro’s number is equal to 6.022 x 10 23
number of molecules per mole of methane.
in proper units.
Therefore, there are 4.40 x 1024 molecules present in 7.30 moles of methane.
Let us Practice
Suppose you drank 4.50 moles of caffeine in your coffee cup. How many
molecules of caffeine did you drink?
Example 2
The noble gas krypton is commonly used in photography. Some cameras and
fluorescent light bulbs contain krypton. How many moles are there in 3.45 x 10 24
atoms of Kr?
41

. we can obtain an expression for
by rearranging the terms.
From , divide both sides by to

obtain
Check if the other values are already given. The number of particles is
given as 3.45 x 1024 Kr atoms. We can directly substitute this to the
equation.
in proper units.
Hence, there are 5.73 moles of in 3.45 x 1024 Kr atoms.
Let us Practice
Potassium carbonate decomposes into carbon dioxide and potassium oxide. How
many moles of K2CO3 are produced when 3.35 x 1024 molecules of it are obtained?
42

Example 3
Sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, is also known as sulfate of soda. It is commonly used as a
primary ingredient in soaps and detergents. How much sodium ion (Na +) is present
in 1.37 moles of Na2SO4?
The problem asks for the number of ions. We can directly use the
general equation, since it is expressed in terms of the number of
molecules.
given as 1.37 moles. The Avogadro’s number is equal to 6.022 x 10 23
number of formula units per mole of sodium sulfate.
The problem, however, asks for the number of sodium ions. The
solution can be extended by looking at how much sodium ions are
present in a formula unit of Na2SO4. By looking at the subscript, we can
find out that there are two sodium ions per formula unit of Na 2SO4.
Hence,
in proper units.
number of Na+ = 1.65 ✕ 1024 Na+ ions
Therefore, there are 1.65 x 1024 sodium ions present in 1.37 moles of sodium
sulfate.
43

Let us Practice
Potassium hexacyanoferrate produces a Prussian blue complex in the presence
of ferric ions. The monohydrate complex of the Prussian blue substance has the
formula of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3. How many atoms of iron are present in 1.275 moles of
the product?
Key Points
● Avogadro’s number, 6.022 x 1023 particles per mole, shows the relationship
between the number of particles and one mole of the substance.
● In converting moles to number of particles, the given value of mole is
multiplied by Avogadro’s number.
● In converting the number of particles to moles, the given value of number of
particles is divided by the Avogadro’s number.
Web Links
● How does a Geiger counter work? Watch this video for a good
introduction of a Geiger counter:
SciShow. 2018. ‘Why Do Geiger Counters Make that Clicking Sound?’
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qtvz8lH5zhk
● How do you define small things in terms of the number of

particles? How many are in a dust?
MadSci Network. 2003. ‘How Many Atoms are in a Spec of Dust?’
http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/2004-05/1083795717.Ch.r.html
● How many are in a grain of salt?

PhysLink. n.d. ‘Approximately How Many Atoms are in a Grain of Salt?’
http://www.physlink.com/education/askexperts/ae342.cfm
44

● How many are in a grain of rice?
Quora. N.d. ‘How Many Atoms are there in a Grain of Sand?.’
https://www.quora.com/How-many-atoms-are-there-in-a-grain-of-sand
A. Fill up the table below by giving the correct moles or number of particles for
each substance. Express your answer in proper units.
Substance Number of Number of Moles

Particles
sodium ion (1) 2 moles of Na+
aluminum atom (2) 1.23 moles of Al atom
ammonia (3) 0.12 moles of NH3
ferric sulfate (4) 45.7 moles of Fe2(SO4)3
chloroform (5) 15.99 moles of CHCl3
acetic acid 3.12 x 1012 molecules of (6)

CH3COOH
potassium nitrate 4.56 x 1022 formula units (7)

of KNO3
elemental boron 9.12 x 106 atoms of B (8)
sulfide ion 3.33 x 1023 ions of S2- (9)
diethyl ether 1.12 x 1010 molecules of (10)

CH3OCH3
B. Answer the following questions. Show your complete solution.

1. Cobalt is 27th element in the periodic table. It is used in aircrafts and
rechargeable batteries. How many moles are there in 8.03 x 10 24 atoms of
Co?
45

2. Hafnium is used one the components in nuclear control rods. How many
atoms are there in 26.10 moles atoms of hafnium?
3. One of the natural pH indicators is red cabbage. It produces several colors in
which it turns red in acidic solution while it green or yellow in basic solution
depending on basicity. Red cabbage contains an anthocyanin with a general
formula of C15H11O. It is responsible for the color change. How many
molecules are there in 9.87moles of C15H11O?
4. The distinct smell of lemon grass is due to the presence of chemical
compound known as citral. How many moles of citral (C10H16O) are there in
8.76 X 1025 molecules of C10H16O?
5. Lycopene has a chemical formula of C 40H56. It is found in tomatoes and has
antioxidant property. How many (a) carbon atoms and (b) hydrogen atoms
are there in 4.50 moles C40H56?
Challenge Yourself
Vitamin D is needed in order for the body to effectively absorb calcium. It has the
following chemical structure.
Answer the following questions. Show your complete solution whenever needed.
1. Based on its chemical structure, what is its chemical formula?
46

2. How many molecules are there in 5.10 moles of of Vitamin D?
3. How many carbon atoms are there in the given sample of Vitamin D?
4. How many hydrogen atoms are there in the given sample of vitamin D?
5. If there are 7.901 x 1025 atoms of O in a sample of vitamin D, how many
moles are present in the said sample?
47

Lesson 13.5: Calculations from Mass to
Number of Particles and Vice Versa
Objectives
● solve problems involving calculations of mass to number of
particles and vice-versa; and
● use mole ratios to solve stoichiometric problems involving a
chemical equation.
The ability to compute and convert one measurement to another is an essential

skill in chemistry. The result of which can provide more comprehensive information
on a given substance and/or chemical reaction. We have seen before that mole can
be used to convert extremely small values of masses to values we can easily
handle. Likewise, we have seen how the mole can be used to convert extremely
large values of masses to values we can easily solve. From this perspective, the
mole can be seen as a unit that can bridge extremely small values (microvalues)
and extremely large values (macrovalues). But how is mole used to convert
mass to number of particles and the other way around?
Warm-Up
From Micro to Macro: There is no easy way but … moles!
Shown below is a mole chart - a chart that shows how one parameter, in the form
of either mass or number of particles, can be converted to another using
conversion factors and moles. Fill up each rectangles below with corresponding
values by performing the operation indicated by the arrows. Express your answer
with the correct units.
48

What did you notice in converting from one end of the rectangle to the other end of
the rectangle? What unit of measurement bridges the other two units of
measurement?
Learn about It
Interconversion between mass and number of particles

Molar mass is used in the calculation involving mass and mole while Avogadro’s
number is used in the calculation involving mole and number of particles. The
following diagram shows the process of calculations of mass to number of particles
and from number of particles to mass.
Fig.4. Flow chart of computation from mass to number of particles and vice-versa.
49

The diagram can be taken as a multiple step conversion from mass to mole and
mole to number of particles. You can observe that if you want to convert mass to
number of particles or vice versa, you always need to convert them first to moles.
This reinforces the idea that the unit of mole bridges the macro world (masses) and
the micro world (number of particles).
Hence, the conversion from mass to number of particles require your previous
knowledge on molar masses and Avogadro’s number as conversion factors.
Alternatively, dimensional analysis can be employed in multiple steps to obtain the
required unit or quantity.
Worked Examples
Example 1
One of the main components of black pepper is piperine which has a chemical
formula of C17H19NO3. How many molecules are there in 20.55 grams of piperine?
The molar mass of a piperine molecule is 285.332 g/mol.
Step 1 Strategize based on what the problem has given and what is it asking
for.
The problem asks for the number of particles given mass in grams.
From here, our strategy is to convert first the given mass to moles, and
subsequently convert the moles to number of particles.
50

Step 2 Identify the working equations.
To convert mass to moles, we use the following equation we have

derived from the previous lessons.
Then, to convert moles to number of particles, we use the following

formula
We can combine this equation to come up with a more direct solving

route from mass to number of particles, as shown below
Step 3 Substitute the given values and solve for the answer.
Check if the other values are already given. The mass is given as
20.55 grams, while the molar mass is reported to be 285.332 g/mol.
The Avogadro’s number is equivalent to 6.02 x 1023 molecules per
mole piperidine. We can directly substitute this to the equation and
solve for the answer.
Therefore, there are 3.531 X 1027 molecules of piperine in 20.55 grams of
piperine. Example 2
In basic conditions, potassium permanganate is being reduced to potassium
manganate in the presence of sodium sulfite. Potassium manganate has the
formula of K2MnO4. How much in grams does 4.32 x 1013 formula units of
potassium manganate weigh?
51

for.
The problem asks for the mass given the number of formula units.
From here, our strategy is to convert first the given number of formula
units to moles, and subsequently convert the moles to mass.
To convert number of formula units (or particles, in general) to moles,

we use the following equation we have derived from the previous
lessons.
Then, to convert moles to mass, we use the following formula

route from number of particles to mass, as shown below
Check if the other values are already given. The number of particles is
given as 4.32 x 1013 formula units. The Avogadro’s number is
equivalent to 6.02 x 1023 formula units per mole potassium
manganate. The molar mass, however, is not given, and should be
solved.
By looking at the periodic table, the values of the molar masses for K,
Mn and O are 39.098, 54.938 and 15.999 g/mol.
52

Then, the molar mass of K2MnO4 can be determined as
We can directly substitute this to the equation and solve for the
answer.
Therefore, 4.32 x 1013 formula units of K2MnO4 weighs 1.41 x 10-8 g.
Let us Practice
Lead (II) acetate is the only acetate salt that is weakly ionizing in water. In a one
gram of the salt, only 3.12 x 10 8 formula units are being converted to ions. How
much, in grams, does this soluble part of Pb(CH3COO)2 weigh?
Mole relationship between substances in a chemical reaction

A given measurement of one substance (sample A) can be converted to another
measure of another substance (sample B) using mole ratio. Hence, a given mass of
sample A can be stoichiometrically converted to a mass of sample B using molar
mass, Avogadro’s number, and this time, also mole ratio, as the conversion factors.
The mole ratio is defined as the mole equivalence of any substance belonging in the
same, balanced equation.
To explain this, let us consider a hypothetical reaction shown below
It can be seen that this equation is balanced in terms of how much A and B are
present in the reactant and product sides. From the equation, we can say that
53

where the symbol means “stoichiometrically equivalent”. This suggests that for
very one mole of A, there reacts one mole of B by which their reaction produces
one mole of AB.
Hence, we can use this mole equivalence, termed as mole ratio, to interconvert
moles between two different chemical entities. Take note that the mole ratio can
only interconvert moles, and requires other chemical units such as mass and
number of particles to be first converted to their corresponding number of moles.
The processes of converting units within a chemical entity and between two
chemical entities are summarized in the figure below.
Fig. 5. Flow chart of calculation and conversion of one unit of one substance
to another.
Example 3
The combustion of propane, which is the reaction with oxygen gas, produces
carbon dioxide and water, as shown by the equation below.
C3H8 + 5O2 ➝ 3CO2 + 4H2O
If there are 1.29 x 1024 molecules of C3H8, how many grams of carbon dioxide are
produced?
for.
The problem asks for the mass of carbon dioxide produced given the
number of propane molecules present. From here, our strategy is to
54

convert first the given number of propane molecules to moles of
propane, convert moles of propane to moles of carbon dioxide and
subsequently convert moles of carbon dioxide to mass of carbon
dioxide.
To convert number of propane molecules to moles of propane, we use

the following equation we have derived from the previous lessons.
Then, to convert moles of propane to moles of carbon dioxide, we

need to determine the mole ratio between the two substances. From
the balanced equation, we can see that
Then, to convert moles carbon dioxide to mass carbon dioxide, we use

the following formula

route from number of particles to mass, as shown below
Check if the other values are already given. The number of propane
molecules is given as 1.29 x 1024 molecules. The Avogadro’s number
is equivalent to 6.02 x 1023 propane molecules per mole propane. The
molar mass of carbon dioxide, however, is not given, and should be
solved.
55

By looking at the periodic table, the values of the molar masses for C
and O are 12.010 and 15.999 g/mol.
Then, the molar mass of CO2 can be determined as
Now, we can directly substitute this to the equation and solve for
the answer.
Hence, 283 g of CO2 will be produced when 1.29 x 1024 molecules of propane is
combusted.
Let us Practice
The combustion of butane, which is the reaction with oxygen gas, produces
carbon dioxide and water, as shown by the equation below.
2C4H10 + 13O2 ➝ 8CO2 + 10H2O
33
If there are 2.13 x 10 molecules of C4H10, how many grams of water are
produced?
56

Key Points
● Molar mass is used in the calculation involving mass and mole while
Avogadro’s number is used in the calculation involving mole and number of
particles.
● Mole is a unit that bridges the macro world (masses) and the micro world
(number of particles). To convert mass to number of particles or vice versa,
always convert to moles first.
● The mole ratio is used to interconvert two different chemical entities
belonging in the same reaction. The stoichiometric equivalences can be
determined from the balanced chemical equation.
Web Links
● Always remember that stoichiometry-based calculations only
work when the chemical reaction is balanced. Don’t know how
to balance a chemical equation yet? You can read this site for
guidelines:
Helmenstine, Anne Marie. 2018. ‘Easy Steps for Balancing Chemical Equations.’
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-balance-chemical-equations-603860
● Yes baby! There’s more to it! Stoichiometry is not limited to

mass and number of particles, but moles can also be converted
to volume units! See the expanded mole map version here and
study the following examples:
Socratic. n.d. ‘How do you solve a stoichiometry problem?’
https://socratic.org/questions/how-to-solve-the-problems-of-stiohiomerty-what-is-th
e-formula-of-stiohiomerty
57

A. Write T if the following statement is true or F if false.

1. Avogadro’s number is useful in converting moles and number of particles.
2. The molar mass of a particular atom can be used in directly converting
number of particles to atomic mass.
3. In the reaction A + 2B ➝ AB2, 2 moles of B is stoichiometrically equivalent to 1
mole of AB2.
4. Three conversion factors are needed to fully convert number of particles to
moles and vice versa.
5. The conversion of moles to number of particles occurs in a series of
factor-label approach steps.
6. In making a regular ham sandwich, two moles of bread is stoichiometrically
equivalent to 1 mole of ham.
7. Only mole values of two different chemical substances can be
stoichiometrically converted to one another.
8. For the combustion of CO2 to form solid carbon, 1 gram of CO2 is
stoichiometrically equivalent to 1 gram of carbon.
9. Factor-label approach and dimensional analysis will give different results
when the number of particles is converted to moles of the same species.
10. To get the mass of a combustible substance from its mole, one needs the
mole ratio of that substance to oxygen.
B. Answer the following questions. Show your complete solutions.

1. Nihonium is one of the recently added elements in the periodic table. From
the four recent elements, it is the only one which is discovered in Asia. How
many grams are there in 2.3 x 1024 atoms of Nh? The molar mass of Nh is
286 g/mol.
2. Glucose is the main energy source in living organism. It has a chemical
formula of C6H12O6. How many molecules of glucose are there in 2.50 g of
glucose? The molar mass of hydrogen is 1.008 g/mol, carbon is 12.01 g/mol,
and oxygen is 16.00 g/mol.
3. Glass containers are not used to store hydrochloric acid (HF) since the
silicates of the glass reacts with HF. How many grams of HF are there in
4.500
X 1023 molecules of HF? The molar mass of hydrogen is 1.008 g/mol and
fluorine is 19.00 g/mol.
58
4. The mixture of gold and palladium results to white gold which is used in
jewelry. The molar mass of gold is 196.97 g/mol and palladium is 106.4
g/mol.
a. How many grams of gold are there in 5.90 x 1023 atoms of gold?
b. Assuming that the mass of palladium is the same as the mass of gold,
how many atoms of palladium are there in the given mass of
palladium?
5. Sodium azide is the components of car airbags. The decomposition of
sodium azide produces sodium and nitrogen gas. The molar mass of sodium
is 22.99 g/mol and nitrogen is 14.01 g/mol.
a. Write the balanced chemical equation of this reaction.
b. For 49.75 g of NaN3, how many atoms of N is formed?
c. For 7.60 X 1023 molecules of NaN3, how many grams of Na is formed?
Challenge Yourself
Read each problem carefully and provide what is being asked. Show your
complete solution whenever needed.
1. Haber process is the method of producing ammonia from nitrogen gas and
oxygen gas. One of the essential applications of ammonia is the production
of fertilizer.
a. Write the balanced chemical equation.
b. What mass of NH3 can be made when 114.5 moles H2 reacts with
excess N2?
c. How many moles of NH3 is produced from 12.75 g of N2 which reacts
with excess H2?
2. Baking soda has several applications such as cooking, deodorizing the body,
whitening the teeth, and cleaning stains. Baking soda is the common name of
sodium bicarbonate. When sodium bicarbonate decomposes, it produces
water, carbon dioxide, and sodium carbonate. Write the balanced chemical
reaction. Then, for 54.85 kilograms of sodium bicarbonate, compute the
a. moles of carbon dioxide
b. moles of water
c. mass of sodium carbonate
d. mass, in grams, of water
3. The main component of gasoline is octane. The chemical reaction between
octane and oxygen gas produces carbon dioxide and water. Balance the
following chemical reaction and complete the table presented below.
59
C8H18 CO2 H2O
8.25 mol (a) g (b) molecules
8.9 x 1023 molecules (c) mol (d) g
For every 8.25 mol of C8H18 which reacts with excess O2,
a. How many grams of CO2 are produced?
b. How many molecules of H2O are produced?
For every 8.9 X 1023 molecules of C8H18 which reacts with excess O2,
a. How many moles of CO2 are produced?
b. How many grams of H2O are produced?
The density of octane is 0.692 g/mL. How many grams of oxygen is needed
to burn 785 mL octane?
60

Laboratory Activity
Activity 13.1
Number of Particles, Moles, and Molar Masses of Common
Household Reagents
Objective
At the end of this laboratory activity, the students should be able to:
● Observe and relate the number of particles, moles and molar masses of
different household reagents.
Materials and Equipment

● copper wire (tanso)
● aluminum foil
● lead (tingga)
● iron nail (not galvanized)
● Water, H2O
● hydrogen peroxide (agua oxigenada), H2O2
● rock salt, NaCl
● chalk, CaCO3
● table sugar, C12H22O11
● baking powder, NaHCO3
● tablespoon
● watch glass
● beaker
● periodic table
● platform balance
Procedure
The Molar Mass of the Substance
1. Using a periodic table of elements, theoretically compute the molar mass of
each substance. Indicate the calculated values on the table below. Show your
solution.
2. Now, approximately weigh the amount of each substance equivalent to one
mole of it. Observe closely how much of each substance is needed to obtain
61

1 mole. Solids can be cut or pulverized into smaller pieces. Weigh the solids
in watchglasses while weigh the liquids in small beakers or containers.
3. Record the actual mass you weighed on the table below.
4. From the actual masses, calculate for the number of particles present in each
amount of substance. Express your answer in correct units and record it in
the table below. Show your solutions.
Number of Particles in each Substance

1. Measure one tablespoon of each test substance.
2. Using the molar mass you have obtained for each substance from the
previous section, calculate the number of moles present in each mass you
have weighed. Record your answers on the table below. Show your solution.
3. Compute for the number of particles of each substance. Record your
answers on the table below. Show your solution.
Waste Disposal
Dispose all solids in the trash bin.
Flush all solutions in the sink with excess amount of running water.
Data and Results (or Observation)

Record your observations below.
Table 1. Molar mass and number of particles present in a mole of the substance.
Household Molar mass Mass Number
material (g/mol) (g) of
particles
copper wire (tanso)
aluminum foil
lead (tingga)
iron nail (not

galvanized)
water, H2O
hydrogen peroxide
(agua oxigenada),
H2O2
62

rock salt, NaCl
chalk, CaCO3
table sugar,
C12H22O11
baking powder,
NaHCO3
Table 2. Moles and number of particles present in a tablespoon of the substance.

Household Mass of 1 tbsp Moles Number
material (g) (mol) of
particles
copper wire (tanso)
aluminum foil
lead (tingga)
iron nail (not

galvanized)
water, H2O
hydrogen peroxide
(agua oxigenada),
H2O2
rock salt, NaCl
chalk, CaCO3
table sugar,
C12H22O11
baking powder,
NaHCO3
Guide Questions
1. What can you say about the amount of a mole of each substance? Do
they have the same amount?
63

2. From Table 1, which among the substances has the largest mass
corresponding to a mole of it?
3. In terms of amount, would three moles of baking powder correspond to
three moles of chalk? Would three moles of any substance, in general, would
have the same amount compared to three moles of other substances?
4. From Table 2. can you arrange the substances in the order of
a. increasing mass;
b. increasing moles;
c. increasing number of particles?
5. Mathematically explain the relationship of mass and number moles as well
as number of moles and number of particles based on your experiment. Are
all three of them related to one another?
Performance Task
Title of Performance Task
How much mole of food do you eat - and do you actually need?
The human diet is composed of a variety of macromolecules, vitamins, minerals,

and trace elements that are vital for body processes. According to the Food and
Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) of the Department of Science and Technology
(DOST), regular children ages 13-15 needs 2700 kcal of energy, 15% of which
should come from protein, 15% from total fats, 60% from carbohydrates and the
remaining 10% from other sources.
To be able to assess properly your food intake, you need to check the label of each
food you eat. Some of the values are expressed in grams, and most are in
milligrams. Your goal is to reconstruct food labels from grams to moles, and even to
number of particles using your knowledge of basic stoichiometry.
Goal
● Your task is to reconstruct several food labels by converting the given masses
of each macro and micronutrients to moles and number of particles.
● The problem/challenge is how will you be able to determine the number of
moles and number of particles of several nutrients using your knowledge of
basic stoichiometry.
64

Role
● You are a part of a group of young scientists who study basic chemistry and
are advocate of promoting a healthy lifestyle.
Audience
● Your audience are your classmates.
Situation
● Select at least three food products locally available and list down all the
nutrients present in it by checking the nutrition facts label.
Product, Performance and Purpose

To be able to achieve your purpose, follow these steps:
● Study how to read nutrition facts labels.
● Tabulate the masses of each nutrients for each food product you chose.
● Convert each masses to number of moles and number of particles using
basic stoichiometry skills.
● Make a pie chart that represents the number of moles of each nutrient to
compare their relative amounts. Also, compare the amounts of each nutrient
found on one food product to the other food product.
● Assess which one is a better source of a particular nutrient. Be ready to
report your findings in the class.
Standards and Criteria for Success

● Your work must meet the standards found in the rubric below.
Criteria Below Needs Successful Exemplary

Expectations Improvement Performance Performance
0% to 49% 50% to 74% 75 to 99% 100%
Research and Report shows Shows some Organized, but Very organized
Analysis of no organization, but lacks few details and
Literature, organization report did not needed to comprehensive,
Organization flow smoothly completely report carefully
from one idea to explain the topic planned out and
the other has met the
objectives
Correctness of data No structure Shows some Shows all Shows all
presented structures, but structures but structures that
most are contains minor meet the rules in
incorrectly errors in bond writing correct
65

drawn formation and Lewis structures
lone pairs
Communication Was not able Was able to Was able to Was able to
skills to communicate communicate, communicate,
communicate some thoughts but some are presented the
his thoughts not well report in a manner
explained well understood by
the audience
Self Check
After studying this unit, can you now do the following?
Check I can…
Describe what one mole of a substance is
Calculate the molar mass of a given substance
Interconvert mass, moles and number of particles using molar mass,

Avogadro’s number and mole ratio as conversion factors
Reflect
I find the most interesting because .

I got checks because .
I need to improve on because .
I need to practice because .
I plan to .
66

Key Words
Atomic mass It is the average of the masses of naturally occurring

isotopes and takes into account relative abundance of
each. It is commonly expressed in amu.
Atomic mass unit It is defined as the mass equivalent to 1/12 of that of the
(amu) carbon isotope. It is numerically equivalent to the unit
grams per mole (g/mol).
Avogadro’s number It is defined by the value 6.022 x 1023. It is the same
(NA) number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or formula
units) present in one mole of the substance.
Dimensional analysis It is a useful method which utilizes using a conversion
factor and cancellation of units in order to obtain the
desired quantity. In this mathematical technique, the
desired unit is placed in the numerator while the given
unit is placed in the denominator.
Formula mass It is used to refer to the molar mass of ionic compounds.
Molar mass It is the mass per one mole of a give elementary entities.
It has a unit of g/mol or kg/mol.
Mole (mol) It is the amount of matter which has the same number of
particles (atoms, molecules, ions, or formula units) as the
number of atoms present in exactly 12 grams of the
isotope carbon-12.
Molecular mass It is used to refer to the molar mass of covalent
compounds.
Stoichiometry It is defined as the study that deals is the quantitative
aspect of chemical reaction.
67

Key Formula
Concept Formula Description
Atomic Mass Use this formula to solve

for the average atomic
mass if the masses of
each isotopes and their
where: relative abundances are
● R.A. is the relative given.
abundance of each isotopes
in percentages,
● AM are the atomic masses,
correspondingly of the 1st
isotope and the nth (or last)
isotope, and
● AMave is the average atomic
mass of the element, and is
the one reported in the
periodic table.
If we let the relative abundance of Use this formula to solve

the first isotope as , the relative for the relative
abundance of the second isotope abundances of each
follows that it should be , then isotope if the masses of
we can rewrite the formula as each isotope and the
average atomic mass
are given.
Molar Mass Use this formula to

calculate the molar mass
where:
of a compound given the
● is the molar mass of the atomic masses of each
first element, elements and the
● is the number of atoms of chemical formula of the
the first element, compound.
● is the molar mass of the
nth (or last) element, and
68

● is the number of atoms of
the nth (or last) element.
Mass and Use this formula to

Mole where: calculate the mass of a
● is the number of moles substance given its
number of moles and
● is the molar mass, in grams molar mass.
per mole, and
● is mass, in grams
Use this formula to

calculate the number of
moles of a substance
given its mass and molar
mass.
Use this formula to
calculate the molar mass
of a substance given its
mass and number of
moles.
Number of Use this formula calculate

Particles and the number of
where:
Mole particles of a substance
● is the number of moles
given its number of
● is Avogadro’s number, moles.
equivalent to 6.022 x 1023
particles per mole
Use this formula calculate

the number of moles of
a substance given its
number of particles.
69

Wrap Up
Interconverting between mass, moles and number of particles within a

Substance and between two substances
References
Brown, Theodore L. 2004. Chemistry: The Central Science (11th ed). Singapore:
Pearson Education (Asia) Pte Ltd.
Chang, Raymond. 2010. Chemistry (10th ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Padolina, MA. Cristina D, et al.2004, Conceptual and Functional Chemistry:

Modular Approach. Philippines: Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
70

Silberberg, Martin S. 2009. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change (5th
ed). New York: McGraw-Hill.
71

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Science 9 Unit 13 Mole Concept (Study Guide)

Business Administration (Bulacan State University)

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Lesson 13.1: Mole 6

Lesson 13.2: Molar Mass of a Compound 13

Lesson 13.3: Calculations from Moles to Mass and Vice-Versa 28

Lesson 13.4: Calculations from Moles to Number of Particles and Vice-Versa 38

Lesson 13.5: Calculations from Mass to Number of Particles and Vice-Versa 48

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The establishment of mole as the molecular currency gave rise to precise

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● What is the definition of mole? How can we describe a mole of a substance?

● An atom is composed of neutrons, protons and electrons. Neutrons and

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Eggs pieces or dozens

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Fig.1. Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro

Can you imagine how large Avogadro’s number?

septillion sextillion quintillion quadrillion trillion billion million thousand

● Since calculations involving atoms and molecules often results to either

● Still can't get how big is a mole? Visualize it in this video

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A. Write T is the statement below is true. Otherwise, write F.

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Answer the following problems comprehensively.

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Every component of an object has an individual mass which contributes to the

Substance Number of Particles

1 mole of hydrogen atom

1 mole of oxygen gas

1 mole sodium carbonate

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The Atomic Mass Unit

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Calculating Atomic Mass

Fig.2. Elements together with their symbol and atomic mass.

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Atomic mass Relative abundance

Step 2 Substitute the given value to the working equation.

Step 3 Solve for the answer.

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Atomic mass Relative abundance

bromine-79 78.9183371 50.69

bromine-81 80.9162906 49.31

Step 2 Substitute the given value to the working equation.

Although the relative abundance of chlorine-37 is not given, it can

Now, substituting these values give the following equation

Step 1 Represent the relative abundances in terms of an unknown variable.

The relative abundances are what we are trying to solve here, so we

Then, we know that the relative abundance of carbon-13, in

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Step 3 Substitute the given value to the working equation.

From here, we can make use of the expressions we have represented

Step 3 Solve for the answer.

We need to isolate to one side and solve for its value.

The value of x can be converted to percentage by multiplying it by 100.

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An oxygen molecule, O2, is made up solely of oxygen atoms. From the

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Since there is only one constituting element, then the working

where is the molar mass of an oxygen atom, and is the number

Therefore, the molecular mass of an oxygen molecule is 31.998 g/mol.