Solutions of Excersises in The Text Book

12-4 Derivatives
Evaluate limits to find the derivative of each 2. g(t) = −t2 + 2t + 11; t = 5 and 3
function. Then evaluate the derivative of each
function for the given values of each variable. SOLUTION:
1. f(x) = 4x2 − 3; x = 2 and −1 g(t) = −t2 + 2t + 11; t = 5 and 3
SOLUTION:
f(x) = 4x2 − 3; x = 2 and −1
The derivative of g(t) is g’(t) = −2t + 2. Evaluate

g’(t) for t = 5 and 3.
The derivative of f(x) is f’(x) = 8x. Evaluate f’(x) for

x = 2 and −1.
ANSWER:
g′(t) = −2t + 2; g′(5) = −8, g′(3) = −4
ANSWER:
f ′(x) = 8x; f ′(2) = 16, f ′(−1) = −8
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12-4 Derivatives
3. m(j) = 14j − 13; j = −7 and −4 4. v(n) = 5n 2 + 9n − 17; n = 7 and 2

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
m(j) = 14j − 13; j = −7 and −4 v(n) = 5n 2 + 9n − 17; n = 7 and 2
The derivative of m(j) is m’(j) = 14. Evaluate m’(j)

for j = −7 and −4. The derivative of m(j) is constant.
Therefore, it will be 14 at any given value. The derivative of v(n) is v’(n) = 10n + 9. Evaluate
v’(n) for n = 7 and 2.
ANSWER:
m′(j) = 14; m′(−7) = 14, m′(−4) = 14
ANSWER:
v′(n) = 10n + 9; v′(7) = 79, v′(2) = 29

12-4 Derivatives
5. f(c) = c3 + 2c2 − c + 5; c = −2 and 1 6. r(b) = 2b 3 − 10b; b = −4 and −3

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
f(c) = c3 + 2c2 − c + 5; c = −2 and 1 r(b) = 2b 3 − 10b; b = −4 and −3
The derivative of f(c) is f’(c) = 3c2 + 4c − 1.

Evaluate f’(c) for n = −2 and 1.
The derivative of r(b) is r’(b) = 6b 2 – 10. Evaluate

r’(b) for b = −4 and −3.
ANSWER:
f′(c) = 3c2 + 4c − 1; f′(−2) = 3, f′(1) = 6
ANSWER:
r′(b) = 6b 2 − 10; r′(−4) = 86, r′(−3) = 44
Find the derivative of each function.

7. y(f) = −11f
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
y′(f) = −11

12-4 Derivatives
8. z(n) = 2n 2 + 7n
11.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
z′(n) = 4n + 7
ANSWER:
9. p(v) = 7v + 4
SOLUTION:
12. n(t) = + + +4
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
p′(v) = 7
10.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
13.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:

12-4 Derivatives
14. q(c) = c9 − 3c5 + 5c2 − 3c temperature is equivalent to f’(h).
SOLUTION:
b.
ANSWER:
q′(c) = 9c8 −15c4 + 10c − 3
15. p(k) = k 5.2 − 8k 4.8 + 3k

SOLUTION:
p(k) = k 5.2 − 8k 4.8 + 3k
c. Determine when f’(h) = 0.
ANSWER:
p′(k) = 5.2k 4.2 − 38.4k 3.8 + 3
16. f(x) = −5x3 − 9x4 + 8x5

Since , choose only the positive value and
SOLUTION:
the endpoints. Evaluate f at h = 0, 12.85, and 24.
ANSWER:
f ′(x) = −15x2 − 36x3 + 40x4
Thus, the maximum temperature is 68.92°.
17. TEMPERATURE The temperature in degrees
Fahrenheit over a 24-hour period in a certain city can ANSWER:
be defined as f(h) = −0.0036h 3 − 0.01h 2 + 2.04h +
a. f ′(h) = −0.0108h 2 − 0.02h + 2.04
52, where h is the number of hours since midnight.
b. f ′(2) = 1.96; f ′(14) = −0.36; f ′(20) = −2.68
a. Find an equation for the instantaneous rate of
c. 68.92°F
change for the temperature.
b. Find the instantaneous rate of change for h = 2,
14, and 20.
c. Find the maximum temperature for 0 ≤ h ≤ 24.
SOLUTION:
a. The instantaneous rate of change for the

12-4 Derivatives
Use the derivative to find any critical points of

the function. Then find the maximum and Solve g’(m) = 0 to find the critical points.
minimum of each graph on the given interval.
18. f(x) = 2x2 + 8x; [−5, 0]
SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of f(x).
Solve f’(x) = 0 to find the critical points.
The critical points for this function occur at and
. Evaluate g(m) at the endpoints and at any

critical points.
The critical point for this function occurs at x = −2.
Evaluate f(x) at the endpoints and at any critical
points.
The critical point is (−2, −8), the maximum is 10, and

the minimum is −8.
ANSWER:
critical point: (−2, −8); max: 10, min: −8
19. g(m) = m3 − 4m + 10; [−3, 3]

The critical points are
SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of g(m). the maximum is
25, and the minimum is −5.
ANSWER:
12-4 Derivatives
21. t(u) = u 3 + 15u 2 + 75u + 115; [−6, −3]

critical points:
SOLUTION:
max: 25, min: −5
Find the derivative of t(u).
20. r(t) = t4 + 6t2 − 2; [ 1, 4]
SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of r(t).
Solve t’(u) = 0 to find the critical points.
Solve r’(t) = 0 to find the critical points.
The critical point for this function occurs at u = −5.

Evaluate t(u) at the endpoints and at any critical
points.
Critical points for this function occur at t = 0. Note

that although t = 0 is a critical point of the function
r(t), it does not lie on the interval [1, 4].
The critical point is (−5, −10), the maximum is −2,

The critical point is (0, −2), the maximum is 350, and and the minimum is −11.
the minimum is 5.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: critical point: (−5, −10); max: −2, min: −11
critical point: (0, −2); max: 350, min: 5
22. k(p) = p 4 − 8p 2 + 2; [0, 3]
SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of k(p).

12-4 Derivatives
23. f(x) = −5x2 − 90x; [−11, −8]

SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of f(x).
Solve k’(p) = 0 to find the critical points.
Solve f’(x) = 0 to find the critical points.
The critical points for this function occur at −2, 0, and

2. Evaluate k(p) at the endpoints and at any critical
points. The critical point for this function occurs at −9.
Evaluate f(x) at the endpoints and at any critical
points.
The critical point is (−9, 405), the maximum is 405,

The critical points are (−2, −14), (0, 2), and (2, −14). and the minimum is 385.
The maximum is 11 and the minimum is −14. Note ANSWER:
that although p = −2 produces the same value as p =
critical point: (−9, 405); max: 405, min: 385
2, it is not considered a minimum because it does not
lie on the interval [0, 3].
ANSWER:
critical points: (−2, −14), (0, 2), and (2, −14); max: 11,
min: −14

12-4 Derivatives
24. z(k) = k 3 − 3k 2 + 3k; [0, 3] 25. a(d) = d 4 − 3d 3 + 2; [−1, 4]

SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of z(k). Find the derivative of a(d).
Solve z’(k) = 0 to find the critical points. Solve a’(d) = 0 to find the critical points.
The critical points for this function occur at 0 and

2.25. Evaluate a(d) at the endpoints and at any
The critical point for this function occurs at 1. critical points.
Evaluate z(k) at the endpoints and at any critical
points.
The critical point is (1, 1), the maximum is 9, and the

minimum is 0.
ANSWER:
critical point: (1,1); max: 9, min: 0
The critical points are (0, 2) and (2.25, −6.54). The
maximum is 66 and the minimum is −6.54.
ANSWER:
critical points: (0, 2) and (2.25, −6.54); max: 66, min:
−6.54

12-4 Derivatives
ANSWER:
26. c(n) = n3 + n 2 − 6n + 8; [−5, 5]
critical points: (−3, 21.5) and (2, 0.67); max: 32.17,
min: 0.67
SOLUTION:
Find the derivative of c(n). 27. THROWN OBJECT Refer to the application at
the beginning of the lesson. The height h of the ball in
feet after t seconds can be defined as h(t) = 65t −
16t2 + 5 for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.
a. Find h′(t).
b. Find the maximum and minimum points of h(t) on
the interval.
Solve c’(n) = 0 to find the critical points. c. Can Gabe throw the ball up to Zach’s window?
SOLUTION:
a. Find the derivative of h(t).
The critical points for this function occur at −3 and 2.

Evaluate c(n) at the endpoints and at any critical
points. b. Solve h’(t) = 0 to find the critical points.
The critical point for this function occurs at or
2.03. Evaluate h(t) at the endpoints and at any

critical points, or t = 0, 2.03 and 4.
The critical points are (−3, 21.5) and (2, 0.67). The
maximum is 32.17 and the minimum is 0.67.

12-4 Derivatives
The minimum is (0, 5) and the maximum is (2.03, 29. g(x) = (3x4 + 2x)(5 − 3x)
71.02).
SOLUTION:
c. Yes; the maximum height that Gabe can throw the g(x) = (3x4 + 2x)(5 − 3x)
ball is approximately 71 feet. This is more than the 70
feet needed to reach Zach’s window. Let f(x) = 3x4 + 2x and h(x) = 5 − 3x.
ANSWER:
So, g(x) = f(x)h(x).
a. h’(t) = 65 − 32t
b. (2.03, 71.02); (0, 5)
c. Yes; the maximum height that Gabe can throw the
ball is approximately 71 ft. This is more than the 70 ft
needed to reach Zach’s window.
Find the derivative of each function.
28. Use g(x), g′(x), h(x), and h′(x) to find the derivative
SOLUTION: of f(x).
Let g(x) = 4x + 3 and h(x) = x2 + 9. So, f(x) =

g(x)h(x).
ANSWER:
g′(x) = –45x4 + 60x3 – 12x + 10
Use g(x), g′(x), h(x), and h′(x) to find the derivative

of f(x).
ANSWER:
f ′(x) = 12x2 + 6x + 36

12-4 Derivatives
30. h(x) = (−7x2 + 4)(2 − x) 31.

SOLUTION:
h(x) = (−7x2 + 4)(2 − x) SOLUTION:
Rewrite using a rational exponent.
Let f(x) = −7x2 + 4 and g(x) = 2 − x. So, h(x) =
f(x)g(x).
Let and . So, s(t)

= f(t)g(t).

of f(x).
Use f(t), f′(t), g(t), and g′(t) to find the derivative of

s(t).
ANSWER:
h′(x) = 21x2 – 28x – 4
ANSWER:
s′(t) =

12-4 Derivatives
33. c(t) = (t3 + 2t − t7)(t6 + 3t4 − 22t)

32.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION: c(t) = (t3 + 2t − t7)(t6 + 3t4 − 22t)
Let a(t) = t3 + 2t − t7 and b(t) = t6 + 3t4 − 22t. So,

c(t) = a(t)b(t).
Let and .
So, g(x) = f(x)h(x).
Use a(t), a′(t), b(t), and b′(t) to find the derivative of

c(t).

of f(x).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
g′(x) =

12-4 Derivatives
34. p(r) = (r2.5 + 8r)(r − 7r2 + 108)

35.
SOLUTION:
p(r) = (r2.5 + 8r)(r − 7r2 + 108) SOLUTION:
Let f(r) = r2.5 + 8r and g(r) = r − 7r2 + 108. So, p(r)

= f(r)g(r).
Let f(a) = and g(a) = . So, q(a) =

f(a)g(a).
Use f(r), f′(r), g(r), and g′(r) to find the derivative of

p(r).
Use f(a), f′(a), b(a), and b′(a) to find the derivative

of q(a).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:

12-4 Derivatives
36. f(x) = (1.4x5 + 2.7x)(7.3x9 − 0.8x5)

37.
SOLUTION:
f(x) = (1.4x5 + 2.7x)(7.3x9 − 0.8x5) SOLUTION:
Let g(x) = 1.4x5 + 2.7x and h(x) = 7.3x9 − 0.8x5. So,

f(x) = g(x)h(x).
Let f(x) = and g(x) = . So, h(x)
= f(x)g(x).

of f(x).
Use f(x), f’(x), g(x), and g’(x) to find the derivative

of h(x).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
38. BASEBALL A pitch is struck by a bat with a

mass of m kilograms. Suppose the initial speed of the
ball after being struck is given by
.
a. Find an equation for the instantaneous rate of

12-4 Derivatives
change for the initial speed of the ball.

b. Use a calculator to graph the equation you found
in part a on 0 ≤ m ≤ 2. What is happening to the
instantaneous rate of change for the initial speed of
the ball as the mass of the bat increases?
c. If the mass of the bat varies inversely with the
hitter’s control of the swing, is it always wise to use
a bat that weighs 1.05 kilograms over a bat that The instantaneous rate of change for the initial speed
weighs 0.80 kilogram? Explain your reasoning. of the ball decreases drastically as the mass of the
bat increases.
SOLUTION:
a. The instantaneous rate of change for the initial c. Sample answer: s′(0.80) = 47.37 and s′(1.05) =
speed of the ball is equivalent to s′(m). Let f(m) = 29.69. This suggests that the instantaneous rate of
185m – 15 and g(m) = m + 0.15. change for the initial speed of the ball is higher with a
lighter bat. Although the heavier bat will produce a
greater ball speed, the relatively small increase in
speed may not compensate for a decrease in control.
ANSWER:
a. s′(m) =
b.
Use f(m), f′(m), g(m), and g′(m) to find the derivative
of s(m).
The instantaneous rate of change for the initial speed

of the ball decreases drastically as the mass of the
bat increases.
c. Sample answer: s′(0.80) = 47.37 and s′(1.05) =
29.69. This suggests that the instantaneous rate of
change for the initial speed of the ball is higher with a
b. Use a graphing calculator to graph lighter bat. Although the heavier bat will produce a
greater ball speed, the relatively small increase in
.
speed may not compensate for a decrease in control.

12-4 Derivatives
Use the Quotient Rule to find the derivative of 40.

each function.
39. SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
Let g(m) = 3 – 2m and h(m) = 3 Let d(n) = 3n + 2 and f(n) = 2n + 3. So,
.
+ 2m. So, .
Use d(n), d′(n), f(n), and f′(n) to find the derivative

Use g(m), g′(m), h(m), and h′(m) to find the of g(n).
derivative of f(m).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
g′(n) =
f ′(m) =

12-4 Derivatives
41. 42.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let a(t) = t2 + 2 and b(t) = 3 – t2. So, . Let a(q) = q 4 + 2q 2 + 3 and b(q) = q 3 – 2. So,
Use a(t), a′(t), b(t), and b′(t) to find the derivative of

r(t).
Use a(q), a′(q), b(q), and b′(q) to find the derivative
of m(q).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
r′(t) = m′(q) =

12-4 Derivatives
43. 44.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let f(t) = t2 – 5t + 3 and g(t) = t3 – 4t. So, Let f(m) = m4 + 1 and g(m) = −m3 + 2m. So,
. .
Use f(t), f′(t), g(t), and g′(t) to find the derivative of

Use f(m), f′(m), g(m), and g′(m) to find the derivative
v(t).
of c(m).
ANSWER:
v′(t) =
ANSWER:
c′(m) =

12-4 Derivatives
45. 46.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let g(x) = x3 + 2x and h(x) = −x2 + 3. So, Let f(r) = 1.5r3 + 5 – r2 and g(r) = r3. So,
. .
Use g(x), g′(x), h(x), and h′(x) to find the derivative Use f(r), f’(r), g(r), and g’(r) to find the derivative
of f(x). of q(r).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
q′(r) =

12-4 Derivatives
47. 48.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Let f(x) = x5 + 3x and g(x) = −x4 – 2x3 – 2x – 3. So,

Let f(w) = w + w4 and g(w) = w2. So, .
m(x) = .
Use f(w), f’(w), g(w), and g’(w) to find the

derivative of t(w). Use f(x), f’(x), g(x), and g’(x) to find the derivative
of m(x).
ANSWER:
m′(x) =
ANSWER:

12-4 Derivatives
49. ECONOMICS Nayla and Deirdre are selling Find the equation of the line tangent to f(x) at the
sweatshirts to raise money for the junior class. Their given point. Verify your answer graphically.
weekly revenue is given by r(x) = 0.125x3 – 11.25x2 50. f(x) = 3x2 + 2x – 7; (1, –2)
+ 250x, where x is the cost of one sweatshirt.
SOLUTION:
a. Find r'(x).
b. Find the solutions of r'(x) = 0. First, find the derivative of f(x) using the power rule.
c. What do the solutions you found in part b
represent in terms of the given situation?
The slope of the tangent line is given by f ’(1) = 8.
SOLUTION: Use the point-slope formula to find the equation of
a. the line with slope m = 8 that passes through (1, –2).
The equation of the tangent line is y = 8x – 10.

b.
Next graph f(x) and the tangent line on the same
screen.
ANSWER:
c. Sample answer: The solution of 14.72 represents
the price that Nayla and Deirdre should charge per y = 8x – 10
sweatshirt to make the maximum possible revenue.
The solution of 45.28 is not relevant because the
revenue is 0 when x = 40.
ANSWER:
a. r'(x) = 0.375x2 – 22.5x + 250
b. 14.72, 45.28
c. Sample answer: The solution of 14.72 represents
the price that Nayla and Deirdre should charge per
sweatshirt to make the maximum possible revenue.
The solution of 45.28 is not relevant because the
revenue is 0 when x = 40.

12-4 Derivatives
51. f(x) = –5x2 – 10x + 25; (–2, 25) 52. f(x) = –0.2x2 + 1.5x – 0.75; (5, 1.75)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the derivative of f(x) using the power rule. First, find the derivative of f(x) using the power rule.
Use the point-slope formula to find the equation of Use the point-slope formula to find the equation of
the line with slope m = 10 that passes through (–2, the line with slope m = –0.5 that passes through (5,
25). 1.75).
The equation of the tangent line is y = 10x + 45. The equation of the tangent line is y = –0.5x + 4.25.
Next graph f(x) and the tangent line on the same Next graph f(x) and the tangent line on the same
screen. screen.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
y = 10x + 45 y = –0.5x + 4.25

12-4 Derivatives
53. f(x) = 4x2 – 12x – 35; (–1.2, –14.84) 54. f(x) = 0.8x2 + 0.64x – 12; (10, 74.4)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
First, find the derivative of f(x) using the power rule. First, find the derivative of f(x) using the power rule.
Use the point-slope formula to find the equation of Use the point-slope formula to find the equation of
the line with slope m = –21.6 that passes through (– the line with slope m = 16.64 that passes through (10,
1.2, –14.84). 74.4).
The equation of the tangent line is y = –21.6x – Next graph f(x) and the tangent line on the same
40.76. screen.
Next graph f(x) and the tangent line on the same
screen.
ANSWER:
y = 16.64x – 92
ANSWER:
y = –21.6x – 40.76
55. DERIVATIVES Let f ′(x) be the derivative of a

function f(x). If it exists, we can calculate the
derivative of f ′(x), which is called the second

12-4 Derivatives
derivative, and is denoted f ′′(x) or f (2)(x). We can a. f ′′(x) = 80x3 − 12x

continue and find the derivative of f ′′(x), which is b. g′′′(x) = −420x4 + 96x − 42
called the third derivative and is denoted f ′′′(x) or f c. h (4)(x) = 1080x−7 + 240x−6
(3)(x).These are examples of higher-order
derivatives. Find the indicated derivative of each Sketch a graph for a function that has the given
function. characteristics.
a. second derivative of f(x) = 4x5 − 2x3 + 6 56. The derivative is 0 at x = −1 and x = 1.
b. third derivative of g(x) = −2x7 + 4x4 − 7x3 + 10x SOLUTION:
c. fourth derivative of h(x) = 3x−3 + 2x−2 + 4x2 Sample answer: Draw a graph with a maximum at x
= −1 and a minimum at x = 1.
SOLUTION:
a. second derivative of f(x) = 4x5 − 2x3 + 6
ANSWER:
b. third derivative of g(x) = −2x7 + 4x4 − 7x3 + 10x
Sample answer:
c. fourth derivative of h(x) = 3x−3 + 2x−2 + 4x2
ANSWER:

12-4 Derivatives
57. The derivative is −2 at x = −1, x = 0, and x = 2. 58. The derivative is 0 at x = −1, x = 2, and x = 4.
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Draw a line with a slope of −2 Sample answer: Draw a graph with a minimum at x
through x = −1, x = 0, and x = 2. = −1, a maximum at x = 2, and a minimum at x = 4.
ANSWER: ANSWER:
Sample answer: Sample answer:

12-4 Derivatives
59. The derivative is undefined at x = 4.

SOLUTION:
Sample answer: Draw a graph with a vertical
asymptote at x = 4.
p(t) ≈ −0.0045t2 + 1.2946t + 5.5159
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
b.
Find when p’(t) = 0.

60. STUDYING Sayra kept track of the amount of time
t in minutes that she studied the night before an exam
and the percentage p that she earned on the exam.
a. Find a quadratic equation p(t) that can be used to

model the data. Round the coefficients to the nearest
Find the score when t =144,
ten thousandth. Graph the data and p(t) on the same
screen.
b. Use p′(t) to find the maximum test score that
Sayra can earn and the amount of time that she
would need to study to achieve this score.
A maximum score of 98.63% would be achieved at
c. Explain why more time spent studying does not 144 minutes.
necessarily result in a higher exam score.
SOLUTION: c. Sample answer: Studying for more than three

hours the night before a test may mean that Sayra is
a.
not getting enough sleep.
ANSWER:
12-4 Derivatives
a. p(t) ≈ −0.0045t2 + 1.2946t + 5.5159 the area of a circle is the formula for the
circumference of a circle. The derivative of the
formula for the volume of a sphere is the formula for
the surface area of a sphere.
c.
b. p′(t) ≈ −0.009t + 1.2946; A maximum score of

98.63% would be achieved at 144 minutes.
c. Sample answer: Studying for more than three
hours the night before a test may mean that Sayra is d. The side of a square in terms of the apothem is
not getting enough sleep. 2a.
61. MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In this

problem, you will investigate how derivatives relate to
some geometric properties.
a. ANALYTICAL Find the derivatives of the
formulas for the area A of a circle and the volume V
of a sphere in terms of r.
b. VERBAL Explain the relationship between each
formula and its derivative.
c. GEOMETRIC Draw a square and its apothem
a. Draw a cube and the apothems a for three faces
that are joined at a shared vertex.
d. ANALYTICAL Write formulas for the area A
of the square and the volume V of the cube in terms
of the apothems a. Find the derivative of each e . Sample answer: When the area of a square is
formula in terms of a. written in terms of its apothem, the derivative is the
e. VERBAL Explain the relationship between each formula for the perimeter of the square. When the
formula and its derivative. volume of a cube is written in terms of the apothems
of its faces, the derivative is the formula for the
SOLUTION: surface area of the cube.
a.
ANSWER:
a. A′ = 2πr; V′ = 4πr2
b. Sample answer: The derivative of the formula for
the area of a circle is the formula for the
circumference of a circle. The derivative of the
formula for the volume of a sphere is the formula for
the surface area of a sphere.
c.
b. Sample answer: The derivative of the formula for

12-4 Derivatives
64. PROOF Prove the Product Rule for Derivatives by

showing that
. (Hint:
Work with the right side. Add and subtract f(x)g(x +
h) in the numerator.)
d. A = 4a 2; A′ = 8a; V = 8a 3; V′ = 24a 2
SOLUTION:
e . Sample answer: When the area of a square is
written in terms of its apothem, the derivative is the Sample answer:
formula for the perimeter of the square. When the
volume of a cube is written in terms of the apothems [f (x)·g(x)]'
of its faces, the derivative is the formula for the
surface area of the cube.
62. ERROR ANALYSIS Alicia and Ryan are finding [f Follow the hint provided.
′(x)]2, where f(x) = 6x2 + 4x. Ryan thinks that the
answer is 144x2 + 96x + 16, but Alicia thinks that the
answer is 144x3 + 144x2 + 32x. Is either of them Combine like terms. One group contains g(x + h).
correct? Explain your reasoning. The other group contains f(x).
SOLUTION:
Ryan is correct. Ryan found f ′(x) = 12x + 4 and then
Factor out the like terms.
squared this result. Alicia squared the original
function and then calculated the derivative.
f (x) = 6x2 + 4x Distribute the limits.

f ′(x) = 12x + 4
[f ′(x)]2 = (12x + 4)2 = 144x2 + 48x + 48x + 16 =
= f ′(x)g(x) + f(x)g′(x)
144x2 + 96x + 16
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
Ryan; sample answer: Ryan found f ′(x) = 12x + 4 [f (x)·g(x)]'
and then squared this result. Alicia squared the
original function and then calculated the derivative.
63. CHALLENGE Find f ′(y) if f(y) = 10x2y3 + 5xz2 −

6xy2 + 8x5 − 11x8yz7.
SOLUTION:
= f ′(x)g(x) + f(x)g′(x)
ANSWER:
f ′(y) = 30x2y2 − 12xy − 11x8z7

12-4 Derivatives
65. REASONING Determine whether the following . (Hint:

statement is true or false. Explain your reasoning.
Work with the right side. Add and subtract f(x)g(x)
If f(x) = x5n + 3, then f ′(x) = (5n + 3)x5n + 2.
in the numerator.)
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
True; sample answer: The power for f(x) is 5n + 3. Sample answer:
Due to the Power Rule, this will become the
coefficient of the derivative. The power of the
derivative will be one less than the original power. It
will then be (5n + 3) − 1 or 5n + 2.
ANSWER:
True; sample answer: The power for f(x) is 5n + 3. Follow hint provided.
Due to the Power Rule, this will become the
coefficient of the derivative. The power of the
derivative will be one less than the original power. It
will then be (5n + 3) − 1 or 5n + 2. Combine like terms. Two terms share g(x) and two
terms share f(x).
66. PREWRITE Use a plot pyramid to map out the
process of finding the derivative of
f(x) = 4x2 − 2x + 5 evaluated at x = 1. Divide out an h to get the numerator to resemble
SOLUTION: f'(x) and g'(x).
Distribute the limits.
Convert to f'(x) and g'(x).
ANSWER:
ANSWER:
Sample answer:
67. PROOF Prove the Quotient Rule for Derivatives by

showing that

12-4 Derivatives
Find the slope of the lines tangent to the graph

of each function at the given points.
69. y = x2 − 3x; (0, 0) and (3, 0)
SOLUTION:
Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph at (0,
0).
68. Writing in Math Can two different functions have

the same derivative? Explain why this is or is not
possible and provide examples to support your
answer.
SOLUTION:
Sample answer: It is possible for two different
functions to have the same derivative. Because the
derivative of any constant is 0, any pair of functions
that only differ by a vertical shift will have the same
derivative. For example, f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x2 + 3
have the same derivative of 2x.
ANSWER:
Sample answer: It is possible for two different
functions to have the same derivative. Because the
0).
derivative of any constant is 0, any pair of functions
that only differ by a vertical shift will have the same
derivative. For example, f(x) = x2 and g(x) = x2 + 3
have the same derivative of 2x.
ANSWER:
−3; 3

12-4 Derivatives
70. y = 4 − 2x; (−2, 8) and (6, −8) 71. y = x2 + 9; (3, 18) and (6, 45)
SOLUTION: SOLUTION:
Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph at (−2, Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph at (3,
8). 18).

−8).

45).
ANSWER:
−2; −2
ANSWER:
6; 12

12-4 Derivatives
Evaluate each limit.

74.
72.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
−8
73.
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
75. EXERCISE A gym teacher asked his students to

track how many days they exercised each week.
Use the frequency distribution shown to construct
and graph a probability distribution for the random
variable X, rounding each probability to the nearest
hundredth.
ANSWER:
SOLUTION:
To find the probability that X takes on each value,
divide the frequency of each value by the total
number of students. The total number of students is
30.

12-4 Derivatives
Days, 0 1 2 3 4 5 five-number summary. Justify your choice.

X
SOLUTION:
P(X) 0.10 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.13 0.07
a. On a graphing calculator, press STAT, EDIT and
After making the table, graph the probability input the data into L1. Then turn on Plot1 under the
distribution with the number of days on the x-axis and STAT PLOT menu and choose the histogram icon.
the probability expressed as a decimal on the y-axis. Graph using ZoomStat or by adjusting the window
manually.
The graph is positively skewed with the majority of

players practicing between 15−20 hours, with a few
that were greater than 20.
ANSWER:
Days, 0 1 2 3 4 5 b. Sample answer: Since the distribution is skewed,
X the five-number summary can be used to describe
P(X) 0.10 0.20 0.23 0.27 0.13 0.07 the distribution of data. Select STAT, CALC, 1-
VAR Stats.
76. SPORTS The number of hours per week

members of the North High School basketball team
spent practicing, either as a team or individually, are
listed below.
15, 18, 16, 20, 22, 18, 19, 20, 24, 18, 16, 18
The time ranged from 15 to 24 hours, the median
a. Construct a histogram and use it to describe the
time was 18 hours, and half of the times were
shape of the distribution.
between 17 and 20 hours.
b. Summarize the center and spread of the data
using either the mean and standard deviation or the ANSWER:
12-4 Derivatives
a. 79. sin
SOLUTION:
The graph is positively skewed with the majority of ANSWER:

players practicing between 15−20 hours, with a few 0.239
that were greater than 20.
b. Sample answer: Since the distribution is skewed, Write an explicit formula and a recursive
the five-number summary can be used to describe formula for finding the nth term of each
the distribution of data; the time ranged from 15 to 24 geometric sequence.
hours, the median time was 18 hours, and half of the 80. 1.25, −1.5, 1.8, …
times were between 17 and 20 hours.
SOLUTION:
Use the fifth partial sum of the trigonometric First, find the common ratio.
series for cosine or sine to approximate each –1.5 ÷ 1.25 = –1.2
value to three decimal places. 1.8 ÷ (–1.5) = –1.2
77. cos For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 1.25 and r = –

1.2 in the nth term formula.
SOLUTION:
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. Then

indicate that the next term is the product of the first
ANSWER: term a n – 1 and r.
0.841 a n = 1.25(−1.2)n − 1 ; a 1 = 1.25, a n = −1.2a n − 1
78. sin ANSWER:

a n = 1.25(−1.2)n − 1 ; a 1 = 1.25, a n = −1.2a n − 1
SOLUTION:
ANSWER:
0.623

12-4 Derivatives
81. 1.4, −3.5, 8.75, …

82. , , ,…
SOLUTION:
First, find the common ratio. SOLUTION:
–3.5 ÷ 1.4 = –2.5 First, find the common ratio.
8.75 ÷ (–3.5) = –2.5
÷ =2
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = 1.4 and r = –
÷ = 2
2.5 in the nth term formula.
For an explicit formula, substitute a 1 = and r = –
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. Then =2 in the nth term formula.
term a n – 1 and r.
a n = 1.4(−2.5)n − 1 ; a 1 = 1.4, a n = −2.5a n − 1
For a recursive formula, state the first term a 1. Then
ANSWER:
an = 1.4(−2.5)n − 1 ; a 1 = 1.4, a n = −2.5a n − 1 term a n – 1 and r.
an = (2)n − 1 ; a 1 = , a n = 2a n − 1
ANSWER:
an = (2)n − 1 ; a 1 = , a n = 2a n − 1

12-4 Derivatives
83. SAT/ACT The figure shows the dimensions, in 84. REVIEW What is the slope of the line tangent to
feet, of a stone slab. How many slabs are required to the graph of y = 2x2 at the point (1, 2)?
construct a rectangular patio 24 feet long and 12 feet F 1
wide? G 2
H 4
J 8
SOLUTION:
y = 2x2 at the point (1, 2)?
A 18 Find the slope of the line tangent to the graph at (1,
B 20 2).
C 24
D 36
E 40
SOLUTION:
Combine two tiles to form a square 4 ft by 4 ft.
You will need 6 of these squares for a length of 24

feet and 3 squares for a width of 12 feet. The correct choice is H.
This is a total of 3 6 or 18 squares. Since each ANSWER:

square is made of 2 slabs, it will take 2 18 or 36 H
total slabs. The correct choice is D.
ANSWER:
D

12-4 Derivatives
85. The Better Book Company finds that the cost in 86. REVIEW Find the derivative of f(x) = 5 .
dollars to print x copies of a book is given by C(x) =
1000 + 10x – 0.001x2. The derivative C′(x) is called F
the marginal cost function. The marginal cost is the
approximate cost of printing one more book after x G
copies have been printed. What is the marginal cost
when 1000 books have been printed? H
A $7
J
B $8
C $9
D $10 SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
The marginal cost when printing 1000 books is $8 or F is the correct choice.
choice B.
ANSWER:
ANSWER: F
B

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12-4 Derivatives

The derivative of g(t) is g’(t) = −2t + 2. Evaluate

The derivative of f(x) is f’(x) = 8x. Evaluate f’(x) for

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 1

3. m(j) = 14j − 13; j = −7 and −4 4. v(n) = 5n 2 + 9n − 17; n = 7 and 2

The derivative of m(j) is m’(j) = 14. Evaluate m’(j)

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 2

5. f(c) = c3 + 2c2 − c + 5; c = −2 and 1 6. r(b) = 2b 3 − 10b; b = −4 and −3

The derivative of f(c) is f’(c) = 3c2 + 4c − 1.

The derivative of r(b) is r’(b) = 6b 2 – 10. Evaluate

Find the derivative of each function.

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 3

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 4

14. q(c) = c9 − 3c5 + 5c2 − 3c temperature is equivalent to f’(h).

15. p(k) = k 5.2 − 8k 4.8 + 3k

c. Determine when f’(h) = 0.

16. f(x) = −5x3 − 9x4 + 8x5

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 5

Use the derivative to find any critical points of

Solve f’(x) = 0 to find the critical points.

The critical points for this function occur at and

. Evaluate g(m) at the endpoints and at any

The critical point is (−2, −8), the maximum is 10, and

19. g(m) = m3 − 4m + 10; [−3, 3]

25, and the minimum is −5.

21. t(u) = u 3 + 15u 2 + 75u + 115; [−6, −3]

Solve t’(u) = 0 to find the critical points.

Solve r’(t) = 0 to find the critical points.

The critical point for this function occurs at u = −5.

Critical points for this function occur at t = 0. Note

The critical point is (−5, −10), the maximum is −2,

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 7

23. f(x) = −5x2 − 90x; [−11, −8]

Solve k’(p) = 0 to find the critical points.

Solve f’(x) = 0 to find the critical points.

The critical points for this function occur at −2, 0, and

The critical point is (−9, 405), the maximum is 405,

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 8

24. z(k) = k 3 − 3k 2 + 3k; [0, 3] 25. a(d) = d 4 − 3d 3 + 2; [−1, 4]

The critical points for this function occur at 0 and

The critical point is (1, 1), the maximum is 9, and the

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 9

The critical points for this function occur at −3 and 2.

The critical point for this function occurs at or

2.03. Evaluate h(t) at the endpoints and at any

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 10

Find the derivative of each function.

Let g(x) = 4x + 3 and h(x) = x2 + 9. So, f(x) =

Use g(x), g′(x), h(x), and h′(x) to find the derivative

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 11

30. h(x) = (−7x2 + 4)(2 − x) 31.

Let and . So, s(t)

Use g(x), g′(x), h(x), and h′(x) to find the derivative

Use f(t), f′(t), g(t), and g′(t) to find the derivative of

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 12

33. c(t) = (t3 + 2t − t7)(t6 + 3t4 − 22t)

Let a(t) = t3 + 2t − t7 and b(t) = t6 + 3t4 − 22t. So,

Use a(t), a′(t), b(t), and b′(t) to find the derivative of

Use g(x), g′(x), h(x), and h′(x) to find the derivative

eSolutions Manual - Powered by Cognero Page 13

34. p(r) = (r2.5 + 8r)(r − 7r2 + 108)

Let f(r) = r2.5 + 8r and g(r) = r − 7r2 + 108. So, p(r)

Let f(a) = and g(a) = . So, q(a) =