CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Mohd S,. Raszlin,. (2020) The purpose of this study is to convert wind
energy from air conditioning exhaust into kinetic energy and electricity. The research
focuses on designing an air exchanger device (AED) to generate electricity from
waste air conditioning exhaust. The AED uses wind energy, following the concept of
a wind turbine, and is designed using materials like voltage regulator, dynamo,
voltage boost converter, mini fan, diode, capacitor, rechargeable battery, and shaft.
The AED generates high voltage, which can be stored in a rechargeable battery and
light LEDs. This design can save electricity for a single house, reducing global
consumption.
The Design of Air Exchanger Device (AED) to Generate Electricity From Waste Air
Conditioning Exhaust (WACE)
https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/peat/article/view/177

According to Muhammad U, et al (2022) The aim of this study is to presents a low-

cost, eco-friendly, and low-cost triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) that recycles
plastic and electronic waste for power generation. The GP-TENG is fabricated using a
solvent- and cleanroom-free in-house rapid fabrication process. It has practical
applications in powering digital calculators, electronic watches, and blue light-
emitting diodes. This approach provides a sustainable path towards a green world.
Facile, low-cost and environment-friendly triboelectric nanogenerators using recycled
plastic and electronic wastes for self-powered portable electronics
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.072

Based on Ramprasad C,. et al (2022) The purpose of this article is to find the Rare
earth elements (REEs) are crucial in high-tech appliances worldwide, and their
recovery from waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is crucial for
sustainability. However, optimizing recovery methods and minimizing environmental
impact are still a challenge. This review discusses REEs, recovery methods, and their
environmental impacts, as well as future research directions in the circular economy,
policy framework, and research roadmap for WEEE REE recovery.
Strategies and options for the sustainable recovery of rare earth elements from
electrical and electronic waste
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.135992
According to Anna O,. (2019) The purpose of this article the digital age has been
accompanied by a tsunami of E-waste exported from developed countries to
developing countries and economies in transition around the world. Global attention
to the problems of E-waste first began with the discovery of mountains of E-waste in
the village of Guiyu of southeastern China over 15 years ago. Obsolete computers
were primitively and crudely recycled, resulting in extensive levels of environmental
contamination consisting of a cocktail of pollutants which included heavy metals and
persistent organic pollutants. The handling of E-waste became an emerging issue
and thereafter problems similar to that of Guiyu became mirrored in other E-waste
dumping grounds in other countries. This chapter reviews the contaminant levels in
the environment and the adverse impacts on human health due to E-waste recycling.
Environmental Contamination and Health Effects Due to E-waste Recycling
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816190-6.00015-7

According to Sangita A,. et al (2023) The purpose of this article is to show that
Electronic waste, has a significant global value that poses a significant challenge in
proper disposal due to its hazardous elements. It is generated in various sectors,
including homes, schools, and workplaces. To reduce the burden on health and the
ecosystem, scientific treatment is crucial. Biological methods, such as bioleaching,
biosorption, bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biomineralization, are preferred
over traditional cleanup techniques due to their low capital expenditure and
attractive design. E-waste is an excellent secondary source of precious metals,
requiring safe and environmentally friendly treatment.
E-waste management using different cost-effective, eco-friendly biological
techniques: an overview https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90463-6.00026-9

According to Sunny, Et al (2017) This study aims to use International Conference on

Circuit, Power and Computing Technologies (ICCPCT), 1-5, 2017 Fan is one of the
unavoidable electronic equipment in everyday life. The presence of a fan in a house,
office or school is not considered as a luxury on the other hand it is included in the
basic requirement. Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by making it
controlled by a remote. In a remote controlled table fan, a remote is used to
regulate the speed of fan and to adjust its position. Radio Frequency (RF) remote
can be used for controlling speed and to swing the fan to a desired direction. Using
this system, changing the speed of the fan and adjusting the direction from couch or
bed or even outside the room is possible. The remote is used for controlling the
speed of the fan in three different levels. This innovation finds its use mainly to help
old age people who cannot walk in order to control the speed of fan. Remote
controlled fan with infrared remotes are already implemented but, here radio
frequency remotes are introduced so that high range is obtained as compared with
infrared remote and presence of obstacles does not affect its working as in case of
infrared remote. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8074184
Based on Arda Işıldar ,.et al (2018) This study aims Electronic waste as a secondary
source of critical metals: Management and recovery technologies
When electrical and electronic equipment reaches the end of its useful life and is no l
onger in use by customers, it is referred to as electronic waste.
Often abbreviated as "e-waste," it stands for Waste Electric and Electronic Equipmen
t (WEEE).
The European Commission's WEEE Directive (2012/19/EU) divided all WEEE into ten
main groups.
These ten main product groups are arranged according to the type of product and th
e category of legislative applicability.
They are divided into 58 subcategories, or roughly 900 products, each of which inclu
des a representation of discarded equipment.
In actual WEEE practice, they are also connected to five to seven collecting categorie
s (Wang et al., 2012b).
Rapid technical advancements and rising demand in the electronics industry are linke
d to the development of WEEE.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921344917302100

According to Abhishek Kumar,.et al (2017) This study aims to Management of

electrical and electronic waste: A comparative evaluation of China and India
The late 20th century saw a rapid transformation in science and technology, which al
so drastically altered the industrial and socioeconomic landscape. These changes per
sisted into the early 21st century, revolutionizing the domains of information and co
mmunication [1].
Older products quickly become outdated as a result of the constant introduction of n
ew information, communication, and technology (ICT) and other e-products into the
market [2].E-waste is increasing rapidly in bulk [3], [4].
According to a recent United Nations University (UNU) report, 41.8 MT of e-waste ar
e produced annually worldwide [5]
A significant amount of this electronic garbage is being illegally transported from affl
uent nations to developing Asian nations, such as China and India.
Nonetheless, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of P
eople has been accepted by China and India.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364032117302861

According to Dumitrita I,.et al (2018) This study aims to Assessment of the waste
electrical and electronic equipment management systems profile and sustainability in
developed and developing European Union countries The evaluation of electrical and
electronic equipment (WEEE) waste management systems from industrialized
nations (Germany, Sweden, and Italy) and developing nations (Romania and
Bulgaria) is covered from 2007 to 2014. Indicators linked to the collection,
transportation, and treatment phases of the WEEE life cycle represent the profiles of
the WEEE management systems. The efficiency of WEEE treatment alternatives is
highlighted by the greenhouse gas efficiency indicator, which is displayed along with
the sustainability of national WEEE management systems in terms of greenhouse
gas emissions. The essential components of the country comparisons are the
presence or development of appropriate WEEE management practices, the overall
performance of waste management, and robust versus weak economies.
Assessment of the waste electrical and electronic equipment management systems
profile and sustainability in developed and developing European Union countries
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X17309674

Based on Juliya S,. et al (2017) This study aims to design and implement Radio
Frequency controlled miniature fan. Fan is one of the unavoidable electronic
equipment in everyday life. The presence of a fan in a house, office or school is not
considered as a luxury on the other hand it is included in the basic requirement.
Here the facility of ordinary fan is increased by making it controlled by a remote. In
a remote controlled table fan, a remote is used to regulate the speed of fan and to
adjust its position. Radio Frequency (RF) remote can be used for controlling speed
and to swing the fan to a desired direction.
Design And implementation of RF controlled miniature fan
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/8074184

Based on Tianzeng Li, Et Al(2019) This article wants to experiment mini desk fan
thru analysis and numerical simulation. In order to realize the function of short-term
rapid cooling and long-term soothing refrigeration of mini desk fan, an innovative
design solution of mini desk fan based on experimental analysis and numerical
simulation technology is proposed.
Research on Mini Desk Fan Design Based on Experimental Analysis and Numerical
Simulation Technology https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/msbda-
19/125917046
According to NAA Talib, Et Al (2020), This project will present the design,
construction, development, control and evaluation of an automatic function of
electric fan. Fan is the important thing for circulation of air. The development of
Automatic Mini Fan with Human Detector System by Using PIR Sensor presented in
this project is required to fulfill the requirement of technologies today and it had
been fabricate with new design. The automatic mini fan with two types of power
supply which is Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) can continuously
function if one of the power supplies cannot be used. Development of Automatic
Mini Fan with Human Detector by Using PIR Sensor
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/932/1/012081/meta

Based on Bagiyo C, Et al(2020) this article reports the experimental study on cabin
cooling system for parked car under direct sunlight by applying a mini air cooler and
exhaust fan powered by a solar cell on small car Bajaj Qute RE60. Two
thermocouples were installed inside and outside the cabin to monitor the
temperature for 7 hours, expressing daytime heat conditions. The results showed
that this cooling system could reduce the temperature to 10 K by removing 8982 kJ
(0.356 kW) of heat. In conclusion, this prototype is very promising to be developed
and if implemented on a larger scale will reduce car interior damage while parking
under direct sunlight.
Study on cooling system for parked cars using mini air cooler and exhaust fan
https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/3801

According to Changfa Wu, et al.(2022)This study provides guidance for the

development of clean and efficient recycling technology of WECs and mitigate
various scientific and technological challenges for the e-waste recycling in the
circular economy.
Recycling value materials from waste PCBs focus on electronic components: A review
on technologies, obstruction and prospects
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213343722013896

According to Thakur P,. Kumar S,. (2022) The study aims to examine the global
increase in e-waste, highlighting its dual nature as valuable and toxic, and the
challenges faced by developing countries like India and China in managing it due to
economic constraints and inadequate regulations. Thakur P,. Kumar S. Evaluation of
e-waste status, management strategies, and legislations Review
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
start=30&q=Management+of+electronic+waste&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t
=1704980947157&u=%23p%3D5ymm18aYlmsJ

Based on Daniela G,. et al (2021) The study aims to introduce the SUSTWEEE
methodology, a four-level approach to assess the sustainability of Waste Electric and
Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management systems. Testing in Romania’s 2014
system revealed mixed performance, with challenges like low collection rates and
lack of reuse data. Daniela G,. et al. Sustainability assessment of waste electric and
electronic equipment management systems: Development and validation of the SUSTWEEE
methodology
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652621014335

According to Rahul R,.et al (2021) The study aims to discusses challenges in

managing electronic waste, emphasizing the need for technical skills, infrastructure,
financial support, and community engagement for sustainable environmental
preservation
E-waste management and its effects on the environment and human health
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145623

According to Rajesh A,. Amit T,. (2021) The study aims to highlights the growing
environmental concern of e-waste and emphasizes the need for a holistic approach,
including improved product design, recycling rates, and reduced pollutants emission,
to ensure efficient and safer e-waste management. Rajesh
E-waste management: A review of recycling process, environmental and
occupational health hazards, and potential solutions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2215153220303925

Based on Kai D,.et al (2020) The study aims to highlights the global significance of
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) management in achieving
Sustainable Development Goals, promoting a circular economy, and enhancing
resource efficiency. It suggests measures to improve WEEE management, including
incorporating circular economy principles and smart collection systems.
Electronic waste collection systems using Internet of Things (IoT): Household
electronic waste management in Malaysia https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
as_ylo=2020&q=Management+of+electronic+waste&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qab
s&t=1704979924130&u=%23p%3DWweqaoPh_oQJ

According to I.M.S.K. Ilankoon,.et al (2018) This study aims to E-waste in the

international context – A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards, waste
management strategies and technologies for value recovery Waste produced by
electrical and electronic devices, or "e-waste," is one of the trash categories that is
expanding the quickest around the globe, with an annual growth rate of 3-5 percent.
Worldwide, e-waste generation in 2016 amounted to 44.7 million metric tons, or 6.1
kg per person. Although e-waste is categorized as hazardous trash, it also offers a
large potential for value recovery, in contrast to other waste types. Consequently, it
is heavily trafficked as a resource for recovering metal and as garbage for disposal
between the industrialized and developing worlds. In 2016, just 20% of the world's
e-waste was recycled or disposed of appropriately; the other 80% was unreported
and probably either dumped, traded, or repurposed under subpar conditions.
E-waste in the international context – A review of trade flows, regulations, hazards,
waste management strategies and technologies for value recovery
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0956053X18306366

According to Mahdi I, (2018) This study aims to An integrated approach to establish

e-waste management systems for developing countries Globally, the manufacturing
of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is expanding quickly. Significant
advancements in the electronics and information and communications technology
sectors, shifts in consumer behavior and consumption patterns, shorter product life
cycles as a result of technological advancements, and economic growth are all
contributing factors to this growth (Terazono et al., 2006; NSWMA, 2013;
Needhidasan et al., 2014; Hossain et al., 2015). Managing e-waste, which is
produced domestically or illegally imported as used goods, is extremely difficult for
many developing nations (Nnorom and Osibanjo, 2008). A large amount of the
components of e-waste are dumped in unmanaged landfills in developing nations,
especially in low- and middle-income countries. In a similar vein, informally recycling
e-waste is common. To recover copper and eliminate plastic, wires are torched in
open areas.
An integrated approach to establish e-waste management systems for developing
countries https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652617321315

According to Pia T,. (2013) This study is about Waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) is a growing global waste stream, making efficient recycling
crucial for a sustainable environment and economic recovery. Recycling electronics
products, which contain multiple material types, is complex due to insufficient
collection infrastructures, poor efficiency, and a lack of consumer awareness about
the potential environmental benefits and energy savings. Pia T,. A Challenge for
Recycling Industry and Society" This study aim to Waste electrical and electronic
equipment (WEEE) is a growing global waste stream, making efficient recycling
crucial for a sustainable environment and economic recovery. Recycling electronics
products, which contain multiple material types, is complex due to insufficient
collection infrastructures, poor efficiency, and a lack of consumer awareness about
the potential environmental benefits and energy savings.
Management and recycling of electronic waste https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Management+of+electronic+waste&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&
t=1704980258840&u=%23p%3Do4UqVObX93cJ
Based on Chatterjee S., et al. (2012) this study aim to Electronics waste is a
significant global issue, with e-waste accumulation and recycling being a concern in
developing countries due to hazardous materials. Recycling e-waste through
appropriate technologies is profitable, but the current recycling costs are not viable.
This article proposes an outsourcing model where equal participation of the
organized and unorganised sectors is ensured to make the e-waste management
business profitable. The unorganised sector will focus on collection, disassembly, and
segregation of e-waste, while the organized sector will concentrate on processing
PCBs to extract precious metals. The segregated materials can be managed through
conventional recycling practices, while the unorganised sector can sell the PCBs to
organized recyclers. This approach eliminates unhygienic practices in developing
countries, stops pollution, and protects worker health. Once the outsourced model is
established, the recycling of e-waste business will be viable, ensuring higher metal
recovery and minimum landfill.
Sustainable electronic waste management and recycling process
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Management+of+electronic+waste&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=
1704982702156&u=%23p%3DOLLzEZH_S_8J

According to Anwesha B.,et al (2015). This study is about Electronic waste, or e-

waste, is a growing issue due to the increasing reliance on electronic devices in our
daily lives. The volume of e-waste has increased exponentially due to affordability
and technological innovation. In India, the current methods of storage, processing,
recycling, and disposal of e-waste have immense potential to harm human health
and the environment. This article evaluates the involvement of various stakeholders
in the generation and management of e-waste in India, addressing the dominance of
informal recycling and its socio-economic, health, and environmental implications.
The findings call for an integrated approach in Indian e-waste management,
including the identification of diverse stakeholders in the generation and
management processes. A sustainable E-waste management system in India
requires identifying the functionalities of various stakeholders.
Generation and Management of Electronic Waste in India: An Assessment from
Stakeholders’ Perspective https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Management+of+electronic+waste&oq=#d=gs_qabs&t=
1704981625745&u=%23p%3DdGvjo5ESvmcJ

Wang, R., & Xu, Z.(2014) this study aim to A study using x-ray fluorescence (XRF)
spectrometry has found that bromine is present in a range of plastic consumer
products, with the highest concentrations found in small appliances predating 2005.
The study also found that bromine was present in items of jewellery, coffee stirrers,
and other non-electronic items, often associated with the presence of silver and
lead. The findings suggest that the widespread recycling of electronic plastic waste is
possible, as most Br-contaminated items are black. However, disposal by
conventional municipal means may expose BrFRs to the environment and humans.
The study also discusses the recycling of non-metallic fractions (NMFs) from waste
electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), which are a significant portion of WEEE
waste. The study reviews methods and technologies for recycling plastics and glass,
focusing on the intractable NMFs from WEEE. The pyrolysis technology has the
lowest energy consumption, but the containing of BFRs makes the process
problematic. Supercritical fluids and gasification technology have a potentially
smaller environmental impact but higher energy consumption.
Recycling of non-metallic fractions from waste electrical and electronic equipment
(WEEE): A review https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=recyclable+mini+fans+electronic+waste&oq=#d=gs_qab
s&t=1704982947767&u=%23p%3Dudcr3Er5tLUJ
According to Vidyadhar a., et al. (2016). The study of this article is Electronic waste,
including personal computers, televisions, and mobile phones, is a growing issue in
both developed and developing countries. It is both environmentally hazardous and
valuable, with significant metal value. The growing consumption pattern indicates a
need for immediate attention to e-waste management and recycling. Despite
research and development efforts, there is no universally acceptable model for e-
waste management, and India is severely lacking in R&D efforts.
A review of technology of metal recovery from electronic waste
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
start=20&q=electronic+waste&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5#d=gs_qabs&t=1704992026133&
u=%23p%3DLsZmIT8dOdAJ

Based on Rahul R., et al (2021 This study is about E-waste management presents
challenges, requiring inventory creation and recycling regulations. Efficient
management strategies in developed and developing nations are crucial for limiting
negative effects and preserving a sustainable environment, while protecting human
health and environment.
E-waste management and its effects on the environment and human health
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969721006914

According to Keshav P. et al (2020) This study aim circular economy is promising for
managing electronic products and e-waste, aligning with sustainable resource
management goals. The collective effort of businesses, consumers, and governments
is crucial for establishing circular systems. Behavioral sciences can be integrated to
facilitate e-waste management, leveraging consumer behavior to promote pro-
environmental behaviors and drive positive change. Identifying opportunities for
behavioral interventions in e-waste management contributes to a more circular
economy. Understanding consumer behavior is essential for developing strategies for
responsible consumption, waste reduction, and effective e-waste management
practices.
Behavioral change for the circular economy: A review with focus on electronic waste
management in the EU
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590289X20300062

Based on Bashar M. et al (2023) The research explores the compatibility of

conventional air conditioning with green building principles, highlighting the need for
systems that improve indoor comfort while promoting environmental sustainability. It
calls for the adoption of innovative HVAC technologies that promote eco-efficiency
and comfort, integrate with sustainable construction, use greener refrigerants, and
maintain environmental integrity, promoting a more sustainable and occupant-
friendly built environment.
 The Green Cooling Factor: Eco-Innovative Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning
Solutions in Building Design
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/1/195

Anjani R.K. et al (2020) This article aims text highlights the importance of
addressing waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) for environmental and
species well-being. Developed countries manage e-waste through laws and recycling
facilities, while developing nations face challenges due to policy gaps and societal
barriers. Key areas for improvement include integrating sectors, enforcing laws,
regulating transboundary movements, holding manufacturers accountable, raising
consumer awareness, promoting eco-friendly designs, and investing in recycling
facilities. Anjani R.K. et al Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing
nations – Facts and plausible solutions
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699

Rajesh A. et al (2021) This study focus on the review emphasizes the importance of
managing electronic waste to minimize environmental impact and protect public
health. It acknowledges the benefits of recycling, but also warns of potential toxic
substances. A comprehensive approach is recommended, including improved product
design, increased recycling rates, and minimizing hazardous e-waste emissions. The
review also discusses global trends in e-waste generation and offers strategies for
enhancing recycling efficiency. Rajesh A. et al E-waste management: A review of
recycling process, environmental and occupational health hazards, and potential
solutions https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2215153220303925
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
This conceptual framework shows the process of turning electronic waste into a
useful thing like a portable mini electric fan

ELECTRONICE
WASTE

PARTS
GATHERING

ASSEMBLING/
CONSTRUCTING

PRODUCTING
FINAL PRODUCT