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MAHATMA
GANDHI
Returned to India in January 1915
form South Africa.
The idea of
Satyagraha
Satyagraha- emphasised the power of
truth and the need to search for truth.
Suggested that physical force was not
necessary to fight the oppressor.
Believed dharma of non-violence could
unite all Indians.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Satyagraha movements
Formed in Bombay in March Sept 1920- Calcutta Session of Muhammad Ali and
Congress resolution passed to Shaukat Ali, began
1919 to defend Khalifa’s
start NCM in support of Khilafat as discussing with Gandhi ji for
temporal power. well as for Swaraj. a united mass action.
Lawyers joined
Students and
back work in
Expensive teachers began
government
Khadi trickling back to
Clothes government
courts, due to lack
schools of alternative
institution.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Baba Ramchandra
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Bazaars were
Houses of
looted, and
talukdars and
grain hoards
merchants
were taken
were attacked Reason over.
behind
Movement
Failure
The name of the
Local leaders told
Mahatma was peasants that
being invoked to Gandhiji had
sanction all declared that land
action & was to be
aspirations redistributed
among the poor
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Rebellion in countryside
(By tribals)
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh
SUMMARY
TOWARDS CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Towards Civil Disobedience Movement
Tired of mass struggles, some Congress leaders wanted to participate in elections to the
provincial councils that had been set up by the Government of India Act of 1919.
They felt that it was important to oppose British policies within the councils.
Peasants found it
difficult to sell their
harvests and pay their
revenue.
By 1930, the
countryside was in
turmoil.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
SIMON
COMMISSION
Tory govt set up the
Commission, to suggest Commission had
some changes into no Indian
Constitutional system in member.
India
Mahatma
Gandhi found in Consumed by
salt a powerful
symbol that
the rich and
could unite the the poor alike
nation.
SALT
One of the of The tax on salt & the
government
the most monopoly over its
essential items production,
revealed the most
of food. oppressive face of
British rule
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
● On 31 January 1930,
Mahatma Gandhi sent a
letter to Viceroy Irwin
starting 11 demands.
● Some of these were of
general interest; others
were specific demands of
different classes, from
industrialists to peasants.
● The most stirring of all
was the demand to
abolish the salt tax.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
240 miles. 10
Distance
miles/day
Duration 24 days
Gandhiji + 78
No. of People
Volunteers
Start of Civil
Disobedience 6th April, 1930
Movement
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Thousands in different parts of the country broke the salt law, manufactured
salt & demonstrated in front of government salt factories.
As the movement spread:
Peasants
Foreign
refused to
cloth was
pay
boycotted
revenue
Liquor
shops were
picketed
Village People
officials violated
resigned forest laws
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Rich peasant communities – like the Patidars of Gujarat & the Jats of Uttar
Pradesh – were active in the movement.
● Hard hit by the trade depression & falling prices.
● As their cash income disappeared, they found it impossible to pay the
government’s revenue demand. And the refusal of the government to
reduce the revenue demand led to widespread resentment.
● These rich peasants became enthusiastic supporters
● For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against high revenue
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
How Participants saw the Movement?
Involvement of Industrialists
● Industrialists who made profit during first world were upset with the
restriction policies on business.
● Wanted protection against imports of foreign goods, & rupee-sterling
foreign exchange ratio.
● Formed Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 & Federation of
the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
● Prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas Thakurdas and G. D. Birla
supported the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first launched.
● But after the failure of the Round Table Conference, business groups were no
longer uniformly enthusiastic.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
How Participants saw the Movement?
Involvement of Industrialists
● The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement in large numbers, except in the Nagpur region.
● But in spite of that, some workers did participate in the Civil Disobedience
Movement, following boycott of foreign goods, against low wages and poor
working conditions.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
How Participants saw the Movement?
Moved by
Participated in Gandhiji’s call,
protest marches, WOMEN PARTICIPATION they began to see
manufactured service to the
salt, etc., & even nation as a
went to jail. sacred duty of
women.
Congress was
reluctant to allow Gandhiji was
women to hold any convinced that it
position of was the duty of
authority. women to look
after home.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Tricolour (red, green and white) and had a spinning wheel in the centre.
History | Class 10 | Marathon | Nationalism in India
Reinterpretation of History
Conclusion