Tinh Qua Do

01/09/2013 10.
Applications of Laplace
interactive mathematics
Learn math by playing with it!
home
sitemap
math interactives
math blog
about
feedback
Search site
Chapter Contents
Laplace Transforms
1a. The Unit Step Function - Definition
Oliver Heaviside
1b. The Unit Step Function - Products
2. Laplace Transform Definition
Table of Laplace Transformations
3. Properties of Laplace Transform
4. Transform of Unit Step Functions
5. Transform of Periodic Functions
6. Transforms of Integrals
7. Inverse of the Laplace Transform
8. Using Inverse Laplace to Solve DEs
9. Integro-Differential Equations and Systems of DEs
10. Applications of Laplace Transform
Laplace Transforms Problem Solver
Comments, Questions?
www.intmath.com/laplace-transformation/10-applications.php 1/30
01/09/2013 10. Applications of Laplace
Summer holidays
I feel summer holidays are:
Too long
About the right length
Not long enough
Vote!
Votes so far: 1689
Recommendation
Easy to understand calculus lessons on DVD. Try before you commit. More info:
MathTutorDVD.com
Online Algebra Solver
Solve your algebra problem step by step!
Online Algebra Solver »
Share
Share this page.
From the math blog...
Who's Counting - interesting real-life math applications

John Allen Paulos discusses why it is important to understand math in the news....
more »
Producing mathematics for the Web
I recently got an enquiry from a mathematics teacher who likes my Interactive Mathematics site....
more »
Math graphs on the Web without images
Here's one way to plot good looking graphs on the Web - ASCIIsvg....
more »
Earth killer - composite trigonometry CO2 graph
Here's a satisfactory attempt to model the Earth's increase in CO2 concentration, using Excel and Scientific Notebook....
more »
Graphs using free math software
Do we still need to graph on paper, or should we use free math graphers instead?...
more »
10. Applications of Laplace Transforms

Circuit Equations
There are two (related) approaches:
1. Derive the circuit (differential) equations in the time domain, then transform these ODEs to the s-domain;
2. Transform the circuit to the s-domain, then derive the circuit equations in the s-domain (using the concept of "impedance").
We will use the first approach. We will derive the system equations(s) in the t-plane, then transform the equations to the s-plane. We will usually then transform
back to the t-plane.
Example 1
Consider the circuit when the switch is closed at t ,

= 0 V C (0) = 1.0 V . Solve for the current i(t) in the circuit.
Answer
1
∫ i dt + Ri = V
C
1
3
∫ i dt + 10 i = 5
−6
10
Multiplying throughout by 10−6 gives:
−3 −6
∫ i dt + 10 i = 5 × 10
Taking Laplace transform:
−6
I 1 5 × 10
−3
( + [∫ i dt] ) + 10 I =
s s s
t=0
Now in this example, we are told V c(0) = 1.0 .
So
1 1
V c(0) = [∫ idt] = [∫ idt] = 1
C C
t=0 t=0
1
That is: Therefore: [∫
−6
[∫ i dt] = 1 i dt] = 10
−6
10 t=0 t=0
NOTE: [∫ idt] = q0 .
t=0
−3
( + ) + I =
−6 −6
I 10 5 × 10
−3
( + ) + 10 I =
s s s
−6
10
Collecting I terms and subtracting from both sides:
s
−6 −6 −6
1 5 × 10 10 4 × 10
−3
( + 10 )I = − =
s s s s
Multiply throughout by s :
−3 −6
(1 + 10 s) = 4 × 10
Solve for I :
−6
4 × 10 1
−3
I = = (4 × 10 )
−3
1 + 10 s 1000 + s
Finding the inverse Laplace transform gives us the current at time t:

−3 −1000t
i = 4 × 10 e
Note: Throughout this page these problems are also solved using Scientific Notebook. They are TEX files and you need Scientific Notebook or similar, to view
them.
Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)
iPage® Web Hosting

www.iPage.com
Web Hosting, Email & Free Domains! Trusted by Millions.
Example 2
Solve for i(t) for the circuit, given that V(t) = 10 sin5t V, R = 4 W and L = 2 H.
Answer
di
Ri + L = V
dt
di
4i + 2 = 10 sin 5t
dt
5
4I + 2(sI − i(0)) = 10
2
s + 25
Assume i0 = i(0) = 0 .
50
4I + 2sI =
2
s + 25
25
(2 + s)I =
2
s + 25
25 A Bs + C
So I = = +
2 2
(s + 2)( s + 25) s + 2 s + 25
2
25 = A(s + 25) + (Bs + C )(s + 2)
We need to solve for A, B and C.
First, let s = −2 and this gives
25 = 29A
25
Thus A =
29
Next, we equate coefficients of s :

2
25
0 = A+ B gives B = −
29
Equating coefficients of s :
50
0 = 2B + C gives C =
29
So
25
I =
2
(s + 2)( s + 25)
25 25 s 50 1
= − +
2 2
29(s + 2) 29 s + 25 29 s + 25
25 1 s 2 5
= ( − + )
2 2
29 s + 2 s + 25 5 s + 25
So we have
25 2
−2t
i = (e − cos 5t + sin 5t) A
29 5
Here is the graph of i(t):

Example 3
In the circuit shown below, the capacitor is uncharged at time t = 0. If the switch is then closed, find the currents i1 and i2, and the charge on C at time t greater
than zero.
Answer
NOTE: We could either:
Set up the equations, take Laplace of each, then solve simultaneously
Set up the equations, solve simultaneously, then take Laplace.
It is easier in this example to do the second method. In many examples, it is easier to do the first method.
For the first loop, we have:
1
R(i 1 + i 2 ) + ∫ i1 = E
C
1
10(i 1 + i 2 ) + ∫ i1 = 5
0.2
10(i 1 + i 2 ) + 5 ∫ i1 = 5
2i1 + 2i2 + ∫ i1 = 1 ...(1)
For the second loop, we have:
10(i 1 + i 2 ) + 40 i 2 = 5
10 i 1 + 50 i 2 = 5
2 i 1 + 10 i 2 = 1
1
i2 = (1 − 2 i 1 ) ...(2)
10
www.intmath.com/laplace-transformation/10-applications.php
(2) (1) 11/30
Substituting (2) into (1) gives:
1
2i1 + (1 − 2 i 1 ) + ∫ i 1 dt = 1
5
Simplifying:
8 4
i1 + ∫ i 1 dt =
5 5
Multiply throughout by 5 :
8i1 + 5 ∫ i 1 dt = 4
Next we take the Laplace Transform of both sides.
Note:
L {∫ i 1 dt}
I1 1
= + [∫ i 1 (t)dt]
s s
t=0
I1 q0
= +
s s
I1
In this example, q 0 = 0 . So L {∫ i 1 dt} =
s
I1 4
8 I 1 + 5( ) =
s s
4 12/30
(8 + ) 1 =
5 4
(8 + )I 1 =
s s
(8s + 5)I 1 = 4
4 1 1
I1 = =
5
8s + 5 2 s +
8
Now taking Inverse Laplace:

5
1 − t
i1 = e 8
And using result (2) from above, we have:
1
i2 = (1 − 2 i 1 )
10
5
1 1 − t
= (1 − (2) e 8 )
10 2
5
1 − t
= (1 − e 8 )
10
For charge on the capacitor, we first need voltage across the capacitor:
V C = 5 − 10(i 1 + i 2 )
5 5
1 − t 1 − t
= 5 − 10( e 8 + (1 − e 8 ))
2 10
5
− t
= 4 − 4e 8
q
C =
q
So, since V C = , we have:
C
q = C × VC
5
− t
= 0.2 × (4 − 4 e 8 )
5
− t
= 0.8(1 − e 8 )
Graph of q(t):
Example 4
In the circuit shown, the capacitor has an initial charge of 1 mC and the switch is in position 1 long enough to establish the steady state. The switch is moved from
position 1 to 2 at t = 0. Obtain the transient current i(t) for t > 0.
Answer
10
Position 1, after a 'long time': i0 = = 2 A
5
Position 2: (t ≥ 0 )
We apply = ∑ emf (that is, sum of the electomotive force), and consider the sum of the potential difference across elements.
In position 2, there is no emf.
di 1
5i + 0.1 + ∫ i dt = 0
−6
dt 200 × 10
di
5i + 0.1 + 5000 ∫ i dt = 0
dt
Finding Laplace Transform:
5I + 0.1(sI − 0 ) + 5000( + ) = 0
I q0
5I + 0.1(sI − i 0 ) + 5000( + ) = 0
s s
−3
I 10
5I + 0.1(sI − 2) + 5000( + ) = 0
s s
I 5
5I + 0.1sI − 0.2 + 5000 + = 0
s s
Multiplying by 10s:
2
50sI + s I − 2s + 5000I + 50 = 0
2
(s + 50s + 50000)I = 2s − 50
Solving for I and completing the square on the denominator gives us:
2s − 50
I =
2
s + 50s + 50000
2s − 50
=
2
s + 50s + 625 + 49375
2s − 50
=
2
(s + 25) + 49375
s − 25
≅2
2 2
(s + 25) + 222.2
s + 25 50
= 2( − )
2 2 25 2
(s + 25) + 222.2 (s + 25) + 222.2
s + 25 50 222.2
= 2( − )
2 2 2 2
(s + 25) + 222.2 222.2 (s + 25) + 222.2
So the transient current is:
50
−25t −25t
i = 2(e cos 222.2t − e sin 222.2t)
222.2
−25t
= e (2 cos 222.2t − 0.45 sin 222.2t)
We could transform the trigonometric part of this to a single expression:
2 cos 222.2t − 0.45 sin 222.2t = R cos(222.2t + α)
−− −−−−−−−
2 2
R = √2 + 0.45 = 2.05
0.45
α = arctan = 0.22131
2
So i
−25t
= 2.05 e cos(222.2t + 0.22)
Example 5
The system is quiescent. Find the loop current i2(t).
Answer
Quiescent implies i1, i2 and their derivatives are zero for t = 0, ie
i1(0) = i2(0) = i1'(0) = i2'(0) = 0.
For loop 1:
10 i 1 + 10(i 1 − i 2 ) = 4
20 i 1 − 10 i 2 = 4
10 i 1 − 5 i 2 = 2
1
i1 = (2 + 5 i 2 ) ...(1)
10
For loop 2:
di 2
20 2 + 0.1 + 10( 2 − 1 ) = 0
di 2
20 i 2 + 0.1 + 10(i 2 − i 1 ) = 0
dt
di 2
−10 i 1 + 30 i 2 + 0.1 = 0
dt
di 2
−100 i 1 + 300 i 2 + = 0
dt
Substituting our result from (1) gives:
1 di 2
−100 × (2 + 5 i 2 ) + 300 i 2 + = 0
10 dt
di 2
−10(2 + 5 i 2 ) + 300 i 2 + = 0
dt
di 2
250 i 2 + = 20
dt
Taking Laplace transform:
20
250 I 2 + (sI 2 − i 2 (0)) =
s
20
(250 + s)I 2 = since i2 (0) = 0
s
20
I2 =
s(s + 250)
20 A B
Let = +
s(s + 250) s s + 250
So 20 = A(s + 250) + Bs
20
www.intmath.com/laplace-transformation/10-applications.php 2 19/30
20 = 250A ⇒ A = =
20 2
20 = 250A ⇒ A = =
250 25
2
A+ B = 0 ⇒ B = −
25
20 2 1 1
So = ( − )
s(s + 250) 25 s s + 250
Taking Inverse Laplace:
2
So i2
−250t
= (1 − e )
25
Example 6
Consider a series RLC circuit where R = 20 W, L = 0.05 H and C = 10-4 F and is driven by an alternating emf given by E = 100 cos 200t. Given that both the
circuit current i and the capacitor charge q are zero at time t = 0, find an expression for i(t) in the region t > 0.
Answer
We use the following equation from before:
di 1
Ri + L + ∫ i dt = E
dt C
and obtain:
di 1
20i + 0.05 + ∫ i dt = 100 cos 200t
−4
dt 10
After multiplying throughout by 20, we have:
di
4
400i + + 20 × 10 ∫ idt = 2000 cos 200t
dt
Taking Laplace transform and using the fact that i(0) = 0:
I s
400I + sI − i(0) + 200000 = 2000
2
s s
2
+ 200
2
s
2
400sI + s I + 200000I = 2000
2 2
s + 200
2
s
2
(s + 400s + 200000)I = 2000
2 2
s + 200
2
s
I = 2000
2 2 2
(s + 400s + 200000)(s + 200 )
Using Scientific Notebook to find the partial fractions:
2
2000
2
s
2000
2 2 2
(s + 400s + 200000)(s + 200 )
2000 − s −400 + s
= +
2 2
s + 400s + 200000 s + 40000
So
s − 2000 s − 400
I = − +
2 2 2
s + 400s + 200000 s + 200
s − 2000 s − 400
= − +
2 2 2
s + 400s + 40000 + 160000 s + 200
s − 2000 s − 400
= − +
2 2 2 2
(s + 200) + 400 s + 200
s + 200 2200 s 400

= + + −
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
(s + 200) + 400 (s + 200) + 400 s + 200 s + 200
s + 200 2200 400 s 200

= − + + − 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
(s + 200) + 400 400 (s + 200) + 400 s
2
+ 200 s
2
+ 200
So
11
−200t −200t
i = −e cos 400t + e sin 400t + cos 200t −2 sin 200t
2
NOTE: Scientific Notebook can do all this for us very easily. In one step, we have:
⎧ ⎫ 22/30
⎪ ⎪
⎧ ⎫
⎪ 2 ⎪
s
−1
L ⎨2000 ⎬
⎩
⎪ 2 ⎭
+ 200 ) ⎪
2 2
(s + 400s + 200000)(s
11
−200t −200t
= −e cos 400t + e sin 400t + cos 200t − 2 sin 200t
2
11
Transient part: −e−200t cos 400t + e
−200t
sin 400t
2
Steady state part: cos 200t − 2 sin 200t
Example 7
R (t)
24/30
A rectangular pulse vR (t) is applied to the RC circuit shown. Find the response, v(t).
Graph of vR (t):
Note: v(t) = 0 V for all t < 0 s implies v(0-) = 0 V.
Answer
Now V R (t) = u(t) − u(t − 2)
To solve this, we need to work in voltages, not current.
1
We start with .Ri + ∫ i dt = V
C
1
The voltage across a capacitor is given by v = ∫ i dt .
C
dv
It follows that C = i .
dt
So for this example we have:
dv
RC + v = u(t) − u(t − 2)
dt
Substituting known values:

6 −6
RC = 10 × 10 = 1
Then
dv
+ v = u(t) − u(t − 2)
dt
−2s
1 e
Taking Laplace Transform of both sides: (sV − v0 ) + V = −
s s
Since v0 = 0 , we have:
−2s
1 e
(s + 1)V = −
s s
−2s
1 e
V = −
s(s + 1) s(s + 1)
−2s −2s
1 1 e e
= ( − ) − ( − )
s s + 1 s s + 1
−2s −2s
1 1 e e
= − − +
s s + 1 s s + 1
So, taking inverse Laplace

−t −t+2
v = u(t) − e ⋅ u(t) − u(t − 2) + e ⋅ u(t − 2)
−2s
e
NOTE: For the part: L , we use:
−1
{ }
s + 1
−1 −as
L {e G(s)} = g(t − a) ⋅ u(t − a)
So we have:
1
G(s) =
s + 1
−t
g(s) = e
a = 2
−2s
e
−1
L { } = g(t − a) ⋅ u(t − a)
s + 1
−(t−2 )
= e ⋅ u(t − 2)
−t+2
= e ⋅ u(t − 2)
Solution Using Scientific Notebook
1. To find the Inverse Laplace:
−2s
1 e
−1 −t −t+2
L { − } = 1 − e − Heaviside(t − 2)(1 − e )
s(s + 1) s(s + 1)
2. To solve the original DE:
dv
+ v = u(t) − u(t − 2)
dt
v(0) = 0
Exact solution for v(t):

−t −t+2
v(t) = Heaviside(t) −e Heaviside(t) −Heaviside(t − 2) +Heaviside(t − 2)e
To see what this means, we could write it as follows:
−t −t+2
v(t) = (1 − e )u(t) + (−1 + e ) ⋅ u(t − 2)
−t −t 2
= (1 − e ) ⋅ u(t) + (−1 + e e ) ⋅ u(t − 2)
−t −t −t 2
= (1 − e ) ⋅ u(t) + (−1 + e ) ⋅ u(t − 2) + e (e − 1) ⋅ u(t − 2)
−t −t 2
= (1 − e ) ⋅ (u(t) − u(t − 2)) + e (e − 1) ⋅ u(t − 2)
To get an even better idea what our expression for v(t) means, we graph it as follows:
9. Integro-Differential Equations and Systems of DEs

Laplace Transforms Problem Solver
Didn't find what you are looking for on this page? Try search:
Search site
Best Web Hosting of 2013

Top10BestWebsiteHosting.com
Fast & Reliable Web Hosting Service compare and find the best for you
Online Algebra Solver
This algebra solver can solve a wide range of math problems. (Please be patient while it loads.)
Go to: Online algebra solver
Ready for a break?
Play a math game.
(Well, not really a math game, but each game was made using math...)
The IntMath Newsletter
Sign up for the free IntMath Newsletter. Get math study tips, information, news and updates each fortnight. Join thousands of satisfied students, teachers and
parents!
Given name: * required
Family name:
email: * required
Subscribe me!
See the Interactive Mathematics spam guarantee.
Share IntMath!
Short URL for this Page
Save typing! You can use this URL to reach this page:
intmath.com/appslaplace
Calculus Lessons on DVD
Home | Sitemap | Author: Murray Bourne+ | About & Contact | Feedback & questions | Privacy | IntMath feed | Mobile Easy to understand calculus lessons on
| DVD. See samples before you commit.
Page last modified: 09 February 2013 More info: Calculus videos
Share IntMath.com
Close

Tinh Qua Do

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Tinh Qua Do

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

01/09/2013 10.

I feel summer holidays are:

About the right length

Not long enough

Votes so far: 1689

Online Algebra Solver

Solve your algebra problem step by step!

Online Algebra Solver »

Share this page.

From the math blog...

Who's Counting - interesting real-life math applications

Producing mathematics for the Web

Math graphs on the Web without images

Earth killer - composite trigonometry CO2 graph

Graphs using free math software

10. Applications of Laplace Transforms

Consider the circuit when the switch is closed at t ,

Multiplying throughout by 10−6 gives:

Taking Laplace transform:

Now in this example, we are told V c(0) = 1.0 .

Finding the inverse Laplace transform gives us the current at time t:

Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)

iPage® Web Hosting

We need to solve for A, B and C.

First, let s = −2 and this gives

Next, we equate coefficients of s :

Here is the graph of i(t):

Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)

NOTE: We could either:

Set up the equations, take Laplace of each, then solve simultaneously

Set up the equations, solve simultaneously, then take Laplace.

For the first loop, we have:

2i1 + 2i2 + ∫ i1 = 1 ...(1)

For the second loop, we have:

Substituting (2) into (1) gives:

Next we take the Laplace Transform of both sides.

Now taking Inverse Laplace:

And using result (2) from above, we have:

Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)

In position 2, there is no emf.

Finding Laplace Transform:

So the transient current is:

We could transform the trigonometric part of this to a single expression:

2 cos 222.2t − 0.45 sin 222.2t = R cos(222.2t + α)

Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)

The system is quiescent. Find the loop current i2(t).

Quiescent implies i1, i2 and their derivatives are zero for t = 0, ie

i1(0) = i2(0) = i1'(0) = i2'(0) = 0.

Substituting our result from (1) gives:

Taking Laplace transform:

Taking Inverse Laplace:

Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)

We use the following equation from before:

After multiplying throughout by 20, we have:

Taking Laplace transform and using the fact that i(0) = 0:

Using Scientific Notebook to find the partial fractions:

s + 200 2200 s 400

s + 200 2200 400 s 200

Steady state part: cos 200t − 2 sin 200t

Alternative answer using Scientific Notebook. (.tex file)

Note: v(t) = 0 V for all t < 0 s implies v(0-) = 0 V.

Now V R (t) = u(t) − u(t − 2)

To solve this, we need to work in voltages, not current.