Medicinal Chemistry

Assist. Prof. Dr. Rebwar O. Hassan

 Outline
• Get to know each other
• Explaining the most important topics in the Coursebook
• General information about all topics in Chemistry.
• Branch of chemistry
• Aqueous solution
• Acid-base chemistry
• Solution and mixture
• Mater
 Me

My name is Rebwar Omar Hassan

I have a Ph.D. in Chemistry,
Specialized in Chemistry, and my main Specialization is
Analytical Chemistry.
You can know more about me on my website
https://academics.su.edu.krd/rebwar.hassan
 Overview
• General chemistry studies matter, energy, and interactions
between them. The main topics in chemistry include acids and
bases, atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonds, and
chemical reactions.
Important Chemistry
• Understanding the Natural World: Chemistry helps us understand the elements that
make up our world and the daily chemical reactions.

• Medical Science: In medical science, chemistry aids in developing life-saving drugs and
treatments.

• Environmental Impact: Through chemistry, we can understand and manage the impact
of human activities on the environment.

• Technological Advancements: Many modern technologies depend on chemistry.

• Food and Agriculture: Chemistry contributes to improved agricultural practices and

food processing techniques, leading to higher crop yields and better food preservation.
 Aqueous solutions
-General concept of aqueous solutions
Electrolyte
A substance that produces ions when dissolved in water.
AaBb → a Ab+ + b Ba+

The presence of these ions enhances the electrical conductivity of the solution. Electrolyte solutions are
calcified to:

1- Strong electrolyte:
They are considered to ionize completely when dissolved in water.
Examples: HNO3, HCl, NaOH, and salts are produced by neutralizing a strong acid and base.
 Aqueous solutions
2- Weak electrolyte:
Incomplete ionization when dissolved in water. Some increase in conductivity is observed.
Examples:
H3PO4 H3O+ + H2PO4‫־‬
AgCl (s) Ag+ + Cl ‫־‬
HC2H3O2 H3O+ + C2H3O2‫־‬

3- Non-electrolyte:
Materials that are soluble in water but do not dissociate. No increase in conductivity is observed.
Examples:
Ethanol –C2H5OH
Glucose - C12H22O11
Acid-Base Chemistry

Definitions of Acid-Base
• The Arrhenius Definition of Acids and Bases .

• An Arrhenius acid is any substance that ionizes when it dissolves in water to give the H + or
hydrogen-ion.

• Therefore, Arrhenius acids include HCl, HCN, and H2SO4 that ionize in water to give the H+ ion.

• An Arrhenius base is any substance that gives the OH-, or hydroxide- ion when it dissolves in water.

• Compounds that contain the OH- ion, such as NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2, are Arrhenius bases.
 Acid-Base Chemistry
• The Arrhenius theory has several disadvantages.

• It can be applied only to reactions in water because it defines acids and bases in terms of
what happens when compounds dissolve in water.

• It doesn't explain why some compounds in which hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1
(such as HCl) dissolve in water to give acidic solutions, whereas others (such as CH4) do
not.

• Only the compounds that contain the OH- ion can be classified as Arrhenius bases. The
Arrhenius theory can't explain why other compounds (such as Na2CO3) have the characteristic
properties of bases.
 Acid-Base Chemistry

• The Brnsted Definition of Acids and Bases

• An acid is a proton donor, a base is a proton acceptor.

• For the reaction between HCl and water:

• HCl (g) + H2O (l) H3O+ (aq) + Cl‫( ־‬aq)

• According to this theory, an H+ ion is transferred from an HCl molecule to a water

molecule when HCl dissociates in water.
• HCl acts as an H+-ion donor in this reaction, and H2O acts as an H+ion-acceptor. A
Brnsted acid is, therefore, any substance (such as HCl) that can donate an H+ion to a base.
A Brnsted base is any substance (such as H2O) that can accept an H+ ion from an acid.
 Acid-Base Chemistry

• The Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases :

• In the Lewis theory of acid-base reactions, bases donate pairs of electrons,
and acids accept pairs of electrons.
• A Lewis acid is, therefore, any substance, such as the H+ ion, that can
accept a pair of nonbonding electrons. In other words, a Lewis acid is an
electron-pair acceptor.
• A Lewis base is any substance, such as the OH- ion, that can donate a pair
of nonbonding electrons. A Lewis base is, therefore, an electron-pair
donor.
 Acid-Base Chemistry

• Acids Proton donor:

CH3COOH + H2O → H 3O + + CH3COO‫־‬

Acid Base Conjugate acid Conjugate base

[H3O+][CH3COO-]
Equilibrium expression: Ka =
[CH3COOH]
Ka=Acid dissociation constant
Base: Proton acceptor:
NH3 + H2O → OH‫־‬ + NH4+
Base Acid Conjugate base Conjugate Acid
[OH-][NH4+]
Equilibrium expression: Kb = [NH3]
Kb=Base dissociation constant
 Acid-Base Chemistry

• Amphiprotic Species (Amphoteric)

• Species that possess both acidic and basic properties are amphiprotic.
• Amphiprotic solvent (that can act as an acid or base): Water, methanol, ethanol.

NH3 + CH3OH → NH4+ CH3O‫־‬

+
Base Acid Conjugate acid Conjugate base

HNO2 + CH3OH → CH3OH2+ NO2‫־‬

+
Acid Base Conjugate acid Conjugate base
 Acid-Base Chemistry

• Strength of Acid and Base

• Acids and bases reflect the relative availability of hydrogen ions, proton/electron donors,
or acceptors. Acid-base reactions are extremely important in living cells and industrial
processes.
• Strength is based on the amount that will dissociate. Strong acids dissociate completely and
never reach equilibrium with their conjugate bases. [H+] = [HA]o
The pH Scale
pH refers to the hydrogen ion concentration or the ability of a species to donate/accept protons or
electrons.

The pH scale is a compact way to represent solution acidity.

• 0-2: Strongly acidic
• 3-6: Weakly acidic
• 7: Neutral
• 8-10: Weakly basic
• 11-14: Strongly basic/alkaline
• The number of decimal places for pH and pOH can be calculated as the following
• pH=-log[H+]
• pOH=-log[OH-]
• pH + pOH = 14.00
 The pH Scale

Acid-base reactions

•Strong acid + strong base= salt pH 7

•Weak acid + strong base= salt > 7

•Strong acid + weak base = salt < 7

•Weak acid + weak base = depends on which

one is stronger Acid-base depending on the

Ka and Kb values
Differences between strong and weak acids

Property Strong Acid Weak Acid

Ka value Large Small

Position of
Far to the right Far to the left
dissociation

[H+]eq vs. [HA]o [H+] ≈ [HA]o [H+] <<[ HA]o

Strength of
conjugate base vs. Much weaker Much stronger
H2O
What is the difference between
pKa and pH
pKa
pKa is the negative value of logarithmic Ka
Indicates whether an acid is the strong or
weak acid
Gives details of the dissociation of an acid in
aqueous solution
If the pKa of acid is high, It is a weak acid. If
the pKa of acid is low, It is a strong acid
Depends on the concentration of acid ,
conjugated base and H+
pH
pH is the logarithmic value of the inverse of
the H+ concentration
Indicates whether the system is acidic or
alkaline
Gives details about the concentration of H+
ions in the system
If the pH of the system is high. The system is
alkaline, If the pH of the system is low the
system is acidic
Depends on the H+ concentration
 Solutions and Mixtures
• An important part of general chemistry is learning about different types of
solutions and mixtures and how to calculate concentrations. This category
includes topics such as colloids, suspensions, and dilutions.
 Solutions

• Solutions are homogeneous mixtures.

• The major component is called the solvent, and the minor
components are called the solute.
• If both components in a solution are 50%, the term solute can be
assigned to either component.
• When two liquids dissolve in each other, the major component is
called the solvent, and the minor component is called the solute.
True, colloidal and suspension solutions
• True solution is a homogeneous
mixture where the solute is evenly
distributed and dissolved in the
solvent.
• A colloidal is where one substance is
dispersed and suspended in another.
• A suspension is where particles are
suspended and fall out after a period
of time
 Matter
• Matter is the "stuff' of the universe: air, glass, planets, anything that has mass and
volume.
• We learn about matter by observing its properties, the characteristics that give each
substance its unique identity.

The basic difference between these states is

the distance between the “bodies.”
•Gas – bodies are far apart and in rapid motion.

•Liquid – bodies closer together but still able to

move past each other.

•Solid – bodies are still closer and are now held

in a definite arrangement.
State of matter
 Classification of Matter
Matter

Substances Mixtures
Made up of two or more
form of matter having constant chemical different substances that are mixed.
composition and characteristic properties

Homogeneous
(Solutions)
Elements Compounds
A substance composed of two or
A substance that can not be more elements chemically Heterogeneous
separated into simpler substances combined in fixed ratios by
by chemical means. mass.
Water - H2O
Carbon dioxide - CO2
 Pure Substances and Mixtures:
Mixture – Combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its
own chemical identity.
• Homogeneous mixture –a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform, and every part of the
solution has the same properties.
Examples:
-Air
-Alcohol in water.
• Heterogeneous mixture – a type of mixture in which the components can be seen as two or more
phases are present.
Examples:
-Sand and water
-Water and oil
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