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    The inductive effect is a permanent shift of electron density caused by electronegative or electropositive groups through sigma bonds. It operates on sigma bonds and causes partial charge development, becoming negligible after the third carbon atom. The strength of the inductive effect depends on distance from the group, number of groups, and power of the groups. It impacts acidity, stability of reaction intermediates like carbocations and carbanions, and stability of radicals.

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    The inductive effect is a permanent shift of electron density caused by electronegative or electropositive groups through sigma bonds. It operates on sigma bonds and causes partial charge development, becoming negligible after the third carbon atom. The strength of the inductive effect depends on distance from the group, number of groups, and power of the groups. It impacts acidity, stability of reaction intermediates like carbocations and carbanions, and stability of radicals.

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    3 views4 pages

    Induction

    Uploaded by

    arya1234
    The inductive effect is a permanent shift of electron density caused by electronegative or electropositive groups through sigma bonds. It operates on sigma bonds and causes partial charge development, becoming negligible after the third carbon atom. The strength of the inductive effect depends on distance from the group, number of groups, and power of the groups. It impacts acidity, stability of reaction intermediates like carbocations and carbanions, and stability of radicals.

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    Electron density

    displacement

    Electron density
    delocalization

    Inductive Effect:
    Characteristics
    (1) Permanent
    (2) Operates on sigma bond
    (3) Partial charge development
    (4) Can be neglected after 3rd carbon atom
    (5) Distance dependent

    While comparing the Inductive effect point of difference will be in following order
    D: Distance of -/+I group (First point of difference)
    N: Number -/+I group (Second point of difference if tie in D)
    P: Power of -/+I group (Third point of difference if tie in D and N)
    -I groups: EWG electron withdrawing groups of ESG (electron seeking groups)

    +I groups: EDG electron donating groups ERG (Electron releasing groups)

    Following diagrams indicate order of +I / -I effects of various species:

    Applications:
    (1) Acidic strength of Carboxylic acids and alcohols
     AS (Acidic strength) is related with the stability of anion formed known as conjugate
    base

    (2) Stability of Reaction intermediates (Carbocation, Carbanion and radicals)


     Stability of reaction intermediates depend on the factor if concentration of positive
    charge or negative charge or electron density is increased or decreased on Carbon
    atoms.
    (3) Stability of Carbocations / Carbanions / Radicals

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