COMPUTER EVOLUTION

AND PERFORMANCE
Techniques to Increase
Speed ​in Modern Explain the concept of
Processors. performance balance.

1. Superscalar Execution: 1. Avoiding Bottlenecks:

2. Out-of-Order Execution: 2. Optimizing Overall Throughput:
3. Pipelining: 3. Resource Allocation:
4. Caching: 4. Central Processing Unit(CPU):
5. Branch Prediction: 5. Synchronization:
6. SIMD: 6. Flexibility and Adaptability:
7. Hyper- Threading: 7. Scalability:
8. Speculative Execution:
1.SUPERSCALAR EXECUTION
DESCRIPTION: ALLOWS THE CPU TO EXECUTE MULTIPLE INSTRUCTIONS
SIMULTANEOUSLY BY USING MULTIPLE EXECUTION UNITS.

BENEFITS: INCREASES PERFORMANCE BY EXECUTING MULTIPLE INSTRUCTIONS IN A

SINGLE CLOCK CYCLE.

2.OUT-OF-ORDER EXECUTION
DESCRIPTION: THE CPU EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS OUT OF THEIR ORIGINAL ORDER TO
UTILIZE SCATTERED AVAILABLE RESOURCES.

BENEFITS: ENHANCES RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND REDUCES WAITING TIMES.

3.PIPELINING:
DESCRIPTION: DIVIDES THE PROCESSING INTO SMALLER STAGES TO EXECUTE MULTIPLE
INSTRUCTIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY.

BENEFITS: INCREASES INSTRUCTION EXECUTION SPEED BY REDUCING WAIT TIMES

BETWEEN INSTRUCTIONS.

4.CACHING:
DESCRIPTION: USES A CACHE MEMORY TO STORE FREQUENTLY ACCESSED DATA AND
INSTRUCTIONS, REDUCING ACCESS TIMES FROM THE MAIN MEMORY.

BENEFITS: REDUCES DATA ACCESS TIME, THEREBY SPEEDING UP PROCESSING.

5.BRANCH PREDICTION
DESCRIPTION: PREDICTS THE OUTCOME OF CONDITIONAL BRANCHES AND EXECUTES
INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE KNOWING THE ACTUAL RESULT.

BENEFITS: REDUCES WAITING TIME BY PREDICTING BRANCH OUTCOMES CORRECTLY.

6.SIMD (SINGLE INSTRUCTION, MULTIPLE DATA)

DESCRIPTION: PERFORMS THE SAME OPERATION ON MULTIPLE DATA
SIMULTANEOUSLY.

BENEFITS: INCREASES PROCESSING SPEED IN PARALLEL PROCESSING

APPLICATIONS.
 7.HYPER-THREADING:

DESCRIPTION: ALLOWS A PHYSICAL CORE TO EXECUTE MULTIPLE THREADS

SIMULTANEOUSLY.

BENEFITS: IMPROVES RESOURCE UTILIZATION AND MULTITASKING PERFORMANCE.

8.SPECULATIVE EXECUTION:
DESCRIPTION: EXECUTES INSTRUCTIONS THAT THE CPU PREDICTS WILL BE REQUIRED IN
THE FUTURE.

BENEFITS: REDUCES WAITING TIME WHEN SPECULATIVE EXECUTION PREDICTIONS ARE

CORRECT.
SOLUTION:

=>THESE TECHNIQUES ARE COMBINED AND

OPTIMIZED IN MODERN PROCESSORS TO
ACHIEVE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE IN
HANDLING DIVERSE TASKS.
 Explain the
concept of
performance
balance.
THE CONCEPT OF PERFORMANCE BALANCE REFERS TO THE
OPTIMIZATION AND EQUILIBRIUM OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS WITHIN A
COMPUTER SYSTEM OR ARCHITECTURE TO ACHIEVE OVERALL OPTIMAL
PERFORMANCE.
 1.AVOIDING BOTTLENECKS:
PERFORMANCE BALANCE AIMS TO PREVENT ANY SINGLE COMPONENT FROM
BECOMING A BOTTLENECK. A BOTTLENECK IS A COMPONENT THAT OPERATES AT A
LOWER PERFORMANCE LEVEL COMPARED TO OTHER COMPONENTS, THEREBY
LIMITING THE OVERALL SYSTEM PERFORMANCE.

2.OPTIMIZING OVERALL THROUGHPUT:

ACHIEVING A BALANCE IN PERFORMANCE INVOLVES OPTIMIZING THE OVERALL THROUGHPUT OF
THE SYSTEM. THIS DOESN'T JUST MEAN MAXIMIZING THE PERFORMANCE OF INDIVIDUAL
COMPONENTS; IT ALSO INVOLVES ENSURING THAT THE ENTIRE SYSTEM WORKS COHESIVELY TO
DELIVER THE BEST OVERALL PERFORMANCE.
3.RESOURCE ALLOCATION:
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT): CONSIDER THE BALANCE BETWEEN THE NUMBER OF
CORES AND THE PROCESSING SPEED OF EACH CORE.
MEMORY (RAM): WEIGH THE TRADE-OFF BETWEEN CAPACITY AND ACCESS SPEED.
STORAGE: CHOOSE BETWEEN STORAGE SPEED AND CAPACITY.

4.CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU):

MEMORY: BALANCING CAPACITY, SPEED, AND LATENCY.
STORAGE: BALANCING BETWEEN STORAGE CAPACITY, DATA TRANSFER RATES, AND ACCESS TIMES.
POWER-PERFORMANCE TRADEOFF: BALANCING PERFORMANCE ALSO INVOLVES MAKING
TRADEOFFS BETWEEN POWER CONSUMPTION AND COMPUTING PERFORMANCE.
 5.SYNCHRONIZATION:
ENSURING PROPER SYNCHRONIZATION BETWEEN COMPONENTS TO AVOID SITUATIONS
WHERE ONE COMPONENT IS IDLING WHILE WAITING FOR ANOTHER TO COMPLETE ITS TASK.

6.FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY:

STRIKING A BALANCE BETWEEN SYSTEM FLEXIBILITY AND OPTIMAL PERFORMANCE. A SYSTEM THAT
CAN ADAPT TO DIFFERENT WORKLOADS AND USAGE SCENARIOS WITHOUT SACRIFICING
PERFORMANCE EXCESSIVELY IS CONSIDERED WELL-BALANCED.

7.SCALABILITY:
A BALANCED SYSTEM SHOULD BE SCALABLE, MEANING IT CAN HANDLE INCREASED WORKLOADS OR
RESOURCE DEMANDS WITHOUT DEGRADING OVERALL PERFORMANCE SIGNIFICANTLY.
 SOLUTION:

=>ACHIEVING PERFORMANCE BALANCE IS AN ONGOING AND

DYNAMIC PROCESS, REQUIRING CAREFUL CONSIDERATE.

=>IT INVOLVES UNDERSTANDING THE INTERDEPENDENCIES OF

VARIOUS COMPONENTS AND ADJUSTING CONFIGURATIONS
Thank You For
Listening.