PART 2 (Midterm Notes)

Part 2 MT Contents:
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD (COMPLETE)
 PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION (COMPLETE)
 READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY (COMPLETE)
 UNDERSTANDING THE SELF (COMPLETE)

MMW (Midterm Notes)

Measures of Central Tendency (Ungrouped Data)

 Mean (ARITHMETIC AVERAGE OF A SET OF OBSERVATIONS)= x̄ = ( Σ x ) / n (Summation notation ∑ ,

observations/ data (X), total number of observation (n)
 Median (Middle value: measures the central item of the data) = x͂
1. Arrange the data in ascending or Descending order
If odd = Middle Item – 3, 7, 9, 11
If even = Middle item ÷ 2
 Mode = Most often repeated value = X
Unimodal - 1
Bimodal - 2
Trimodal - 3
Multimodal – 4 or more
U, B, T, M

RAW DATA
Measures of Dispersion
 Variance – Average of the squared deviations from the mean
 Standard Deviation – The most important measure of standard deviation. Position of the data in a frequency
distribution in relation to the mean.
 The Coefficient of Variance – A type of relative dispersion that expresses the standard deviation as a
percentage of the mean
 Variance normal S^2 = x̄ and Variance Raw data
 where 𝜇 represents the mean of the population, sample data x̄

Measures of Shapes
 Skewness – The degree of the departure from symmetry "The pearson coefficient of
Skewness" relationship between mean and median.
 Kurtosis – The degree of peakedness of a frequency curve of the distribution in
relation to normal distribution.
 PCOMM

Academic Research in The 21st Century

Academic Writing – A formal style of writing used in universities and scholarly publications.

1. SPECIFIC AND CLEAR LANGUAGE – Should not sounds pompous(exaggeratedly or ostentatiously

dignified or self-important). /Should not sounds very formal
Should right in a register academic writing
 Avoid ungrammatical error
 Avoid colloquial conversation and informal context
 Avoid technical/Specialized terms
Characterized by Bias-free language
 Should be careful to not discriminate against R, G, A, SC, Dis

Informal/Non-Standard Usages/More Formal – Precise Equivalents

1. Non-standard/Informal - Acceptable usage in S English
2. Contractions – Spelled out as two words
3. Acronyms not universally known – Spelled out
4. Acronyms for institutions – Spelled out the first time they used, but later can use acronym

2. A BALANCE CREDIBLE VOICE

 Should not be stiff or stilled and somber in tone
 Balanced objectively and not overly emotional
 Do not use (!!!/...)
 Third person view "Somewhat less personal level"

 Cluttered writing - Word clutter means using more words than necessary to convey a written message. Why is this
bad? It wastes space, of course. But more than that, it makes a story harder to read, and more tedious to get through.
Stories in the mass media that are hard to read don't get read.
 Writer-focused/Focus on the subject

3. SOCIALLY AND CULTURALLY RELEVANT TOPICS

 Considered topics that was relevant and interesting
 Q's to consider: Does their significance beyond the writer? / Does they matter to larger context?

CRITICAL THINKING, COLLABORATION and WRITING PROCESS

 Critical Thinking – No clear-cut answers by asking significant questions and exploring

different solutions.
 Collaboration – It occurs when two or more people work together to accomplish
common goal to meet the defined goal.
  The Writing As Process – Required for the research, reading, and collaboration
involve in the entire process of writing a document.

THE WRITING STAGES OF WRITING PROCESS

 The Pre-writing stage – Before the first draft – Choosing a topic and limiting
it – Narrow-Focused Topic = General Topic and Specific topic - Asking Research
Questions and Establishing the Significance of one's research = WH's Questions
– Composing a Thesis Statement – It is an essentially, the tentative answer to the
research question. Preparing the Writing Outline = Introduction, Development,
Conclusion – Doing the research and finding Credible sources - Check the universal
resource locator or URL, read the "About Us" section of the website, Review the
content for relevance, depth, breadth, accuracy and currency, look at the sources
sited

 The Writing stage – The Second stage of the writing process " The act of producing
the first draft"

 The Re-writing stage – Researching, rethinking, redesigning, rewriting, line by line

editing, satisfying process of making the word write

RPH
PHILIPPINE HISTORY: SPACES FOR CONFLICT AND
CONTROVERSIES

 Francisco Albo's Log (Case study 1)

 March 16th 1521 – Northwest from the Ladrones = it was name called YUNAGAN
 Went southwards and they anchored to SULUAN – 9 and twenty-thirds degrees
north latitude.
 Another sailed from uninhabited island of GADA = Food and water supply
From Pigafetta's testimony GADA seems to be AQUADA or HOMONHON at 10 degrees North
Latitude
 SEILANI – Uninhabited island known to have gold (SEILANI or as Pigafetta calls it
"CEYLON" = Leyte)
  They turned southwest to a small island called "MAZAVA" - A latitude of 9 and a two-
thirds degree North.
 MAZAVA (MASAUA/LIMASAWA = Southern Leyte) PLANTED CROSS
 12 leagues, down to a latitude 10 and one-third degree = Two islands MATAN and
SUBU
 (La Villa) of SUBU = Encountered a local king (Raja Humabon = King Charles/Don
Charles)
 Albo does not mention THE FIRST MASS

 Antonio Pigafetta's Log (Case study 1)

 March 16, 1521 – "High land" - ZAMAL = SAMAR
 March 17, 1521 - "Uninhabited island" - "Lay to the right" - HUMUNU (HOMONHON)
- stayed for 8 days March 17 - 25
 March 17, 1521 – (same day) - "Islands of Saint Lazarus" - Sunday in the Lenten
season – 11th chapter of St. John – raising Lazarus from the dead
 March 18, 1521 - "Islands of Saint Lazarus" renamed "Watering Place of Good
Omen" (Acquada la di bouni segnialli)
 Leaving HOMONHON – Toward the west southwest – CENALO or CEYLON (Leyte)
 March 28, 1521 – Mazua/Mazaua = Southern Leyte (stayed for 7-days)
 March 31, 1521 – Magellan's initiative for 3G's – Fr. Pedro de Valderama – conduct a
mass in Mazaua – Easter Sunday – Planted The Cross
 April 4, 1521 – Left Mazaua to come to CEBU/ZUBU – encontered five islands
namely:
"CEYLON, BOHOL, CANIGHAN, BAIBAI, and GATIGHAN"

CASE STUDY 2: What happened in the Cavite mutiny?

 The year 1872 – The Cavite mutiny – The Martyrdom of the three priest (Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora) GOMBURZA – Executed by garrote witnessed
by young Jose Rizal

PRIMARY SOURCES: 1. TRINIDAD DE TAVERA's ACCOUNT OF THE CAVITE MUTINY 2. EDMUND

PLAUCHUT's account of CM
 Spanish historian JOSE MONTERO Y VIDAL – centered on how the event was an
attempt in overthrowing the Spanish Govt.
 GOV. GEN. RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO implicated the native clergy, who were then,
active in the movent.
  Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda - made the novel EL FILIBUSTERISMO
– dedicated to the GOMBURZA

CASE STUDY 3: DID RIZAL RETRACT?

 Retraction – The action of drawing something back/a withdrawal of statement.
 December 29, 1896 (Before execution) – Manila – Rizal retracted all of his word and
writings and declared himself a catholic

 Source Fr. Vicente Balaguer – The only eyewitness

 The Jesuit friar Fr. Vicente Balaguer – Rizal attended a mass, received communion,
and prayed the rosary.

 SOURCE The Testimony of Cuerpo de Vigilancia – Michael Charleston Chua – GMA

News Online
 “At 7:50 yesterday morning, Jose Rizal entered death row accompanied by his
counsel, Señor Taviel de Andrade, and the Jesuit priest Vilaclara. “At 3 in the
afternoon, Father March entered the chapel and Rizal handed him what he had
written. Immediately the chief of the firing squad, Señor del Fresno and the Assistant
of the Plaza, Señor Maure, were
informed. Makikita na ang dalawang binanggit na opisyal, sina Juan del Fresno at Eloy
Moure, ay
ang mga nakapirma mismo sa dokumento ng retraktasyon na tumayong mga saksi. G
ayundin binanggit ng guwardiya na bago dalhin sa Luneta si Rizal, ikinasal siya kay Jos
ephine Bracken.

 “At 5 this morning of the December 30th 1896, the lover of Rizal arrived at the prison
…dressed in mourning. (The day of his death)
 Walang binanggit na may pumasok na Padre Balaguer. Ibig sabihin wala si Padre
Balaguer doon, maaaring secondary source na lamang siya
 Points to ponder - "IMITATIONS OF CHRIST"
- “Ilibing niyo ako sa lupa. Lagyan ninyo ng panandang bato at KRUS.
Ang aking pangalan, araw ng kapanganakan at ng kamatayan. Wala nang iba.
Kung pagkatapos ay nais niyong bakuran ang aking puntod, maaari niyong gawin. Wala nang anibersaryo.
Mas mabuti kung sa Paang Bundok. Kaawaan ninyo si Josephine.”

 The two influencial novels of Rizal – NOLI ME TANGERE, EL FILIBUSTERISMO

 There are 4 iterations of the texts of this retraction:

First: *La Voz Espanola
*Diario De Manila
*On the day of execution Dec. 30, 1896
Second: *La Juventud – a magazine in Barcelona, spain
*A few months after the execution
*Fr. Vicente Balaguer

 The Balaguer Testimony – Jesuit friar, an eyewitness of the writing of the document
(Retraction) - Allegedly "primary" account for Rizal's retraction

CASE STUDY 4: WHERE DID THE CRY OF THE REBELLION HAPPEN?

 Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro

 "El Grito de Rebelion" or "Cry of Rebelion" to mark the start of these revolutionary
events, identifying the places where it happened. In the Philippines, it happened in
August 1896, Northeast of Manila where they
Declared rebellion against the Spanish colonial government.
 Emilio Aguinaldo commissioned an "Himmo de Balintawak" - to inspire the renewed
struggle after the Biak-na-Bato failed.

 Heroes of 1896 – Epifanio de los Santos(EDSA) Avenue and Andres Bonifacio Drive-
North Diversion road Until 1962, The Cry of Balintawak was celebrated every 26 of
August for unknown reason

DIFFERENT DATES AND PLACES OF THE CRY

 Lt. Olegario Diaz – a guardia civil – Happened in Balintawak August 25, 1896
 Teodoro Kalaw – Filipino historian – Kangkong Balintawak on the LAST WEEK of August
 Santiago Alvarez – A katipunero - son of Mariano Alvarez leader of Magdiwang faction in Cavite –
Cry in Bahay Toro in Quezon City in 24 of August 1896.
 Pio Valenzuela – wrote the "Memoirs of the Revolution" a Katipunero and privy to many events
concerning the Katipunan – Cry happened in Pugad Lawin, the house, store-house and yard of Juan
Ramos, son of Melchora Aquino 23 of August 1896
 Gregorio Zaide – The Cry happened in Balintawak 26 of August 1896
 Research Historians – Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnation, and Ramon Villegas – The cry
took place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barangay banlat Quezon City – 24 of August 1896
 Guillermo Masangkay – 26 of August in Balintawak – the house of Apolonia Samson, then Cabeza of
that barrio of Caloocan.

LIST OF EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN CRY OF PUGADLAWIN (acc. Valenzuela)

 August 19-20, 1896 (Balintawak) - The first place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Aguedo del Rosario arriving on Balintawak at August 19, 1896. - Pio Valenzuela
arrived on Balintawak at August 20, 1896.
  August 22, 1896 (Kangkong) - 500 members of the katipunan met at the house and yard of Apolonio Samson
at Kangkong.
 August 23, 1896 (Pugad Lawin) - The discussion together with 1000 members of katipunan, whether or not
the revolution against the Spaniards government should be started on August 29, 1896. - It was taken at
Juan Ramos' place at Pugad Lawin. - After the tumultuous meeting, many of those present tore their cedula
certificates and shouted “Long live the Philippines! Long live rhe Philippines!"
 He once told a spanish investigator that the "Cry" happened in Balintawak in August 26, 1896

LIST OF EVENTS THAT HAPPENED IN CRY OF PUGADLAWIN (acc. MASANGKAY)

 GUILLERMO MASANGKAY One of the original members of the Katipunan, GUILLERMO MASANGKAY was
designated to build the KKK in Cavite.
 His accounts contribute to our understanding of the Cry of Balintawak and the death of Bonifacio: On August
26, 1896 a big meeting was held in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson, then cabeza of that barrio
of Caloocan.
 Among those who attended, I remember, were Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Aguedo del Rosario, Tomas
Remigio, Briccio Pantas, Teodoro Plata, Pio Valenzuela, Enrique Pacheco, and Francisco Carreon. They were
all leaders of the Katipunan and composed the board of directors of the organization.
 Delegates from Bulacan, Cabanatuan, Cavite, and Morong were also present. At about nine o’clock in the
morning of August 26, the meeting was opened with Andres Bonifacio presiding and Emilio Jacinto acting as
secretary.
 Andres Bonifacio once siad: “You remember the fate of our countrymen who were shot in Bagumbayan.
Should we return now to the towns, the Spaniards will only shoot us. Our organization has been discovered
and we are all marked men. If we don’t start the uprising, the Spaniards will get us anyway.
 What then, do you say?” “Revolt!” the people shouted as one. Bonifacio then asked the people to give a
pledge that they were to revolt. He told them that the sign of slavery of the Filipinos were (sic) the cedula
tax charged each citizen. “If it is true that you are ready to revolt... I want to see you destroy your cedulas. It
will be a sign that all of us have declared our severance from the Spaniards.”

UTS
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