By: Joseph R. Del Carmen, Ph.D.

▪ An antiderivative 𝐹(𝑥) of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is a function whose derivative is 𝑓(𝑥). In

other words, 𝐹 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥
▪ Suppose that 𝐹(𝑥) and 𝐺(𝑥) are antiderivatives of a function 𝑓(𝑥). Then 𝐹(𝑥) and
𝐺(𝑥) differ only by a constant. That is, 𝐹 𝑥 = 𝐺 𝑥 + 𝐶 for some constant 𝐶.
▪ To find all antiderivatives of a function, it is necessary only to find one antiderivative and
then add a generic constant to it.
Ex.
𝑑
a. 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 3 = 2𝑥
𝑥
𝑑
b. 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 + 10 = 2𝑥
The antiderivative of 2𝑥 is 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
▪ The indefinite integral of a function 𝑓(𝑥) is denoted by

න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

The elongated S (large S-shaped) symbol before 𝑓 𝑥 is called an integral sign.

▪ The indefinite integral ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬represents all antiderivative of 𝑓(𝑥)
 𝑥 𝑛+1
if n ≠ −1
1. Power Formula: ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑛 𝑥 ׬‬ = ቐ 𝑛+1
ln 𝑥 if n = −1
2. Function times constant ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬ 𝑘 = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓𝑘 ׬‬
3. Sum and Difference ‫ 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬± ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑔 ׬‬
1. Evaluate ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬7 + 3𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥
𝑥8 3𝑥 5
‫ 𝑥 ׬‬7 + 3𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 = ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬7 𝑑𝑥 + 3‫ 𝑥 ׬‬4 𝑑𝑥 = 8
+ 5
+𝐶
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬ 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 3
1
𝑥2 2𝑥 2
‫= 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬ = 𝑥𝑑 𝑥 ׬‬ 2 3 +𝐶 = +𝐶
3
2
1 1
3. Evaluate ‫׬‬ + 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥
1 1 1 𝑥 −1 1
‫׬‬ + 𝑑𝑥 = ‫׬‬ 𝑥 −2 + 𝑑𝑥 = + ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 = − 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 −1
4. Evaluate ‫ ׬‬3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 − 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
‫ ׬‬3 sin 𝑥 + 4 cos 𝑥 − 5𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ‫ ׬‬sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 5‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒 ׬‬
= −3 cos 𝑥 + 4 sin 𝑥 − 5𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Evaluate the following indefinite integral.
2
1. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬+ 5𝑥 − 3 𝑑𝑥
6
2. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
3. ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
4. ‫ ׬‬3sec𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The definite integral of a function
𝑓 𝑥 over in interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is denoted
by
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
and represents the sum of the
infinitesimals 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 for all x in 𝑎, 𝑏 .
𝑏 𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 ቚ = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎 𝑎
 2
1. Calculate ‫׬‬1 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2
2
𝑥 3 2 23 13 7
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ቚ = − =
1 3 1 3 3 3
𝜋
2. Calculate ‫׬‬0 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
න sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 ቚ = − cos 𝜋 − (− cos 0) = − −1 − −1 = 2
0 0
Evaluate the given definite integrals
1
1. ‫׬‬0 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
2 1
2. ‫׬‬1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
1
3. ‫׬‬−1 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4
4. ‫׬‬0 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
"Integration by Substitution" (also called "u-Substitution" or "The Reverse Chain
Rule") is a method to find an integral, but only when it can be set up in a special way.

‫𝑔 𝑥 𝑔 𝑓 ׬‬′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Transform to
‫𝑢𝑑 𝑢 𝑓 ׬‬
Then we can integrate 𝑓(𝑢), and finish by putting 𝑔(𝑥) back as 𝑢.
1. Evaluate ‫ ׬‬cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by substitution 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
2. Evaluate ‫׬‬
𝑥 3 +9
Solution: 1
‫ ׬‬cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 𝑥 3 + 9; 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥; 3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥; 𝑑𝑥 = 2 → 2 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 න
𝑥3 + 9
1 1 𝑑𝑢
So, ‫ ׬‬cos 𝑢 (2 𝑑𝑢) = න
1 3 𝑢
= ‫ ׬‬cos𝑢𝑑𝑢 1 −
1
2 = න 𝑢 2 𝑑𝑢
1 3
= sin 𝑢 + C 1 1
2 = 2𝑢2 + 𝐶
1 3
= sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶 ; the final step is to 2 𝑥3 + 9
2 = +𝐶
substitute back 3
Evaluate the given integrals
𝑥−2
1. ‫𝑥 ׬‬2 −4𝑥+9 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
2. ‫ ׬‬1+𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ‫ ׬‬tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Generalizing this process for functions 𝑢 and 𝑣,
𝑑 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑢
𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣𝑑𝑢
so that integrating both sides give in the integration by parts formula:

න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න𝑣𝑑𝑢
for differentiable functions 𝑢 and 𝑣
1. Evaluate ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 ׬‬
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥
න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න𝑣𝑑𝑢
න𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − න𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
2. Evaluate ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑒𝑥 ׬‬
Let 𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 ; 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥; 𝑣 = 𝑥 2
න 𝑢𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න𝑣𝑑𝑢
න𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 − න𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
which leads you in the wrong direction:
a more difficult integral than the
original
Evaluate the following integral

1. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3. ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥