a Approved For Release 200 : 1/03/07 : CIA-RDPS6-00787R009490040032-1 {THE WORLD OF THE SUPRA-SENBORT ORD # /9/2-62 DETRODUCTION hia paper will aistss the onarphous subject of ESP and related topics, not exhaustively, but ith the purpose of informing Interested persons, where, by whos and how the extra-senscry wild 1s statied. we tn pot tha porpote of the author to show any bias, ot to tai PATE tn a controversy about the existence of BEF. tthe ores is water investigation, ea the suthor oniy wishes to describe cireuatances end persons conver! with these matters. the reader has his om opinion shout the reasonableness et tee pimccrmace wal probably would not De avayed by an article wA¥een WY an cnonynous source. Tt ia fair to the audience to nov however that the thor 1a a behavior sotentist, fully acereatted as ¢ Felioy ine Sorish Sctence association. fe 18 also an associate mesber in goo! stanting of a legitimate ESP organization. My sympathies Le in neither extreme side of the validity or non-validity of ESP. Te te befitting to state ny bias tn tue Diviten! quote, "Seek anf ye shall find ant the truth shalt wake you free." 1 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1——— Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 ‘waaT IS BaP? tte topte of BSP ts extracrtinartiy broad and 811 enocmpassing ent tbe tnttiaia hae been used to desortbe « multitiie of phenowenn. spect ctoatty, Map stands for extra-consory perception, that 1s, the receytion of tnrormation by means other than the customary senscry procenees, Vision audition, gustation, olfaction and Idnesthests. Those investigators con- carne’ vith phenomena that do not appear well explainet or accounted for vy the muni neans of pereeption have postulated aequisttion of movielee i voy the extra-sensery patinmy viich has not been fully unlerstood oF Get- ected. Suh infividuals accept the existence of auch an avemie on theo retical assumption or faith, often proclaiming thet only future technoloey and research vill provide the appropriate proofs. Be this ae te my, the | reader should be aware that actenoe Gots not olain to mlerstand conplstehy | tne inom systens by hich ve receive and process sensory dete, Mypothe- | sizing an unknom or undiscoverel system may be begging the question rather | than offering 2 neaningful solution. j jai Gisctplines of science have move then enough researchable problens | for exantnation. sone scientists feel that to wanter into such poorly | qnarted seas of the nysticel events, notoriously unstable ant ephemeral, ere rather poor subjects for stuly in the Isboratery vbere 2 phenonence | should be reproducible for testing. Repeatability of on event te a basic requirenent for a research investigation. ‘tus, even some clinically | cpserrable phenomena ore often not considered eppropriate subject matter for the inboratery exunination, Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1_— Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 pa a remat of this hantioap, the investigation of BaP events 49 2eft to those vo do not requize the sane research contitions as the must 24DeF~ story scientist. They ore villiti to tolerate less stable dete. They are roxced to publish or report their findings in journals end et mewtines exclusively atuned to the esoteric. They accept éifferent professional credentials than other professionel groupe because there 1s Bo defined eye cific training in this eres. they have becone a clique or guild or, in some cases, a oult, who have a responsibility to deonstrate to coligegves sh the pubile thaththone events occur anf are a legitinate subject for scien- i titte study. | ‘the Mstory of sclence te replete with examples of subject matter thet vyere considered too unique for serious stuly, of events watch were thonsht | to ve beyeut setentific exmination, findings which were beyond accertance | of the then prominent and influential sctentists. For instance, hypnosis | yas not 00 long ago cousitered a souevhat musptetous oocurrence, ami Yet ‘even though stil poorly unterstood, ie an acoeytable phenomenon of inves | tigation today. Reading throwh the fingertips or “dermal optical peroe?~ | ton," a few short yours ago, would have Deen thought # Tutterous ares | since the Russians have published thetr stuftes in the dewalt optioal effect, ‘po or three American investigators in universities are exmining the phen enon. Ie reowite aren't encouraging tt vill sink beck to its previous state of Linbo but smuentarily 1t 1s an “ecesptable event.” More is nen- | ‘tioned on this topic later. Mais particular exmple illustrates « etrem- stance veich 1s of interest in the changing etatas of fielts for justifiable etatly. the Rp researchers have been aware of and interested in “finger reading" for sone tine, tut have had little sucess tn convincing heir | ris tom 3 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1—— Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 more conservative colleagues thet such a phenomenon could reasonably exist, However, after the Russians beome interested and a nev nane was a7plied, ‘the seme phenomenon gained respectability. It can be anticipated thet other auch events vill also gain equal acceptance. Lest the reader conclude that the author is favoring the HIP position unfairly, let it be said thet scfence progresses coutiousiy ant 1s not hurried into stutying matters without due consideration of the Likelihood of reasonable solutions. Practical or political conditions also tend to tnriuence the Atrection of ectence and the funding mechantens of governments | oe fountstions can ani do often determine the importance ani attractivensss | of an area for stuty. Te the Russians are interested, then the West mst | st least heep its scientific eye alert. Weedless to say, the Chinese vill | do the sme, As far as ESP is concerned, there has been some conser | dteplayet by both cope, but {thas bem « cautious ani suspicious eotry | into this field carefully dtaguised in terms less oterie--such ae dermal | optical phenomena and sensory processes. | Te shows be renmubered that when such penetrations are made nto sotence, BaP sbulies are not generally supported through the yerencran? investigators but rather through the more conservative scientist as an adjunct to his normel research interest. ‘Thus, de cam be seen that B®, although often neglected by the scien- tific community, does get its attention when stimulation of money, political or practical events occur. & Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1a Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 SOME SPECIFICS OF THE PREAOMERON nen ESP 1s meutioned, one usually thinks of such terns as telepethy (reading another's thoughts, or ecumunication between two minds without intervening spoken or witten words), clairvoyance (recognition or peroe?- tion of on event or eiromatance of which no one else 1s avere), 1ecos- nition (imovledge of an event or cireustance prior to its eecurrence), peychokinesis (manipulation of physical extities by thought energy). These are familiar areas of the paranormal that receive considerable attextion- ‘At the sane time, such topics as survival of personality after death, polter- quist, visions, faith dealing, medium behavior en a host of occult phen- quena seen also to be proper mibjects of stuly. It is mn undefined area wut basically concerns events thet appear to depend on energy, mot generally percetved or received by ardinary sensory systens. The events are aifri- cult to reproduce under appropriate conditions for stuly. They are also expertences that are private, subjective and often exotion-laten. They ‘exe not common to everyone, vhich Linits their understanding and oypertim- tty for stuty, Posatbly our cultural attituies tovert the occult may be a factor in redusing the musber of cases mate public, but even if there vere indiestions of more data, the nature of the pehnonena ts still terribly elusive. METHODOLOGY Jae researchers have attempted for years to utilize the techniques aot exyerinental mathote of the physical aclentists in order to treat their ante effectively ond to follow the lead of their mare rigorous colleagues. tuetr efforts represent, st tines, a comeviat inadequate tow in the direction 3 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1—_——— Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 of appropriate controls and a stmmvhat superficial understenting of real experimental nethoiology. Because of the nature of their stuites, amt tambers of subjects are generally available and, therefore, their results | exe coupletely depentent on the application of statistic, ‘the data may be | shown to de statistically significant, but often the non-parametric techniques | are applied after the deta in collected and it is not part of the baste | eayerinental plan, In eldition, tt can often be seen that pertinent vari- | ables are not controlled, and thus the data, though significant fron a | statistical viewotnt, may be inadequate, In addition, sone of the psycho- | Aogical tests or questionnaires that are used have mot been carefully | prepared or atequntely validated on other populations. This tenis, therefore, | to give lees credence to their findings. | Many of the instances of ESP phenonena are of such a nature that they | must be stufiel umier non-leboratary or natural conditions, Such instances | make it extremely difficult to control those variables which may be deter- | wining factors in such stulies. In actuality, a clinical or judgumtal apyreech vould be a mch more satisfactory technique of investigntion thas to attenpt any elaborate experimental procedures. In order to overcome these | Aifttculties, the ESP investigator often employs very sophisticated electronte equtyoent for measures, Unfortunntely, often these investigators are not | soyhistionted in the operation of such equiyment, nor in the interpretation of ite data, ‘Therefore, such instrumentation does not a2 to the reliability of the informetion, It is rather obvious that the psychic experience 1s an actions) laden situation which also prevents a systematic, objective labar- atory approach to the problem. Ageia, the eliniesl methodology 1s probably more effective. The experinental techniques vhich might be applied would be | -_ | Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1—_— Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 mest aqyropeinte in on examination of conditions ter watch euch Dbencese might be induced. auperinental procedures have been developed in the eres of hypnosis, drug stuiies, ete., vate might contribute to suites of psyenic phenomena. im genera, the anthor feels that the REP researcher tries [0° herd to apply expertmaatel methodology itch may be inappropriate to “he phenomena unter investigation. He would do better to isolate clinically ‘ue variables viich could perhaps be studied in part unter laboratery om8- Qitions. A good, thorough, objective clinical assessment would be a8 success- ul in selling thie type of research as inappropriately applied experiments) ethos based on statistion2 significance witch may oF my not be peyenolasi= wally pertinent. rurther examination of the physical deprivation techniques, ‘the sim- intion of battlefied stress, procedures used by military payobologists, may be appropriate for the stuly of some of these contitions. RESEARCHER ANTIIUDES scmathing mst be menttonel about the experinenter attktule in stuites of these phenomena. he BSP investigator, in general, tekes « sympathetic view of his eubject. He is proving e case for HEP. Im general, the payshol- gist involved in staties of EP ts as exotionally involved, but on te ealppsite ext of the scale. He feels threatened and negative toward euch qmerplatoed phenonana, therefore, tents to depreciate remitts snl conestonsiy fr unconsciously control subjects umier stufy. Te te soumbet retnforeing to find nev sctentiste vho are willing to took at the ESP area without precncetved notions of tts extatense OF ROR extetence, Yat rather axe motivated fron the point of view thet this is en T Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1——_—_ Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 interesting area of study vaich should be given the attention. Recently, a fev investigators have cone to the fore and seen to be well qualified ant seex to unterstand when to apply rigorous control and hov to adjust variables in the epproprinte fashion. Tt is the author's belief that these invest! ~ fgxtars have © mejor contribution to wake to the field. It is reinforcing to find thee continuing their professional relationships with their more conservative collengues, ani yet, at the same tine, publishing in the journels of parapsychology. From a mathofological point of view, the euthor would recoumend that EeP be studied from a naturalistic cr phenomenological approech, that clinical Judgsent be utilized until aspects of psychic phenowma can be identified for appropriate atuly unier laboratory comiitions. It is ny belief that some of the yhenomens can be treated effectively, but only by the most sophisticated investigators. Dr. Martin Orne has shown thet the dennis of the investigator unter ordinary conditions can ay the resultso f an exper- iment by conscious or wiconsetous manipulation of subjects. These findings throw in doubt oeny of the behavioral stulies that have already been done in a variety of areas and certainly would east dovbt on sone of the positive findings of the parnpsychologist. It is, therefore, necessary thet future research in psychic phenomena be gonucted with the utmost care and by more highly trained and sophisticated research personel. MSRARGH EFFORTS IN ESP Tt 1a disficult to deseribe research programs of any field but perti- cularly hard to give at overview of BSP, First, the diversity of the phen- quena would make {t a never-ending report and secondly, there seens to be waity Tt. 8 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 any interested investigntors vho inov one another infrmally but ere mot pmbers of institutions or professional associations. Of course, the major nap centers are cbrious, hovever, there is considersble fractiontzation in the field and the journals ond meetings of the paranormal do not really reyresent the general population of investigators or interested partion. the wuthor vill attest to discuss the organizations ant tuvestigntors of vhich he 4s avere vio seen to have nore thane passing interest in these ‘topics. ‘THE DUKE COMPIEX Probably the dest Inow ESP research center in the world vas that st Duce University under the direction of Dr. J. B. Rhine, This laboratory yes founded over 30 yeurs ago ani served as a focal point of research ent publication for BSP stuiies. In 196+ Rhine founded the "Founiation for the Study of the Neture of Man" looxtet also in Durban, North Carolina. The University lsborateries were closed anf Thine is continaing his staiies ttorough the Founiation, Associated vith him has been the Paychteal Research Fouiation, Tnc., whose director, Mr. W. G. Roll, {0 primarily interested in the stuty of post-vorten survival. Other staff mcbers inelute Dr. Loutse A- maine (ites. Rhine) vho has written several articles end books on HP, visiting investigators on fellowships or staff appointments from the United States ant other countries, The Duke laberstory has served as a training grout fer many of the yarapsychologists throughout the vorld. This treining fonction has mate Duke, in the past, HSP's Heces and helped Dr. Rhine become a very influential mn in this field of endeavor, In fact, he has been perhaps nore prominent than matiy have been in the best interest of HEP, since Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 4% ds aXieged by sone thet the "sotence of Bap" bas not broatened or grown as it wight unter the lentership.of 2 less charismatic figure. A11 sctences have their leaders, but usually thet Ieafership is restricted to personel research anf witing. His influence hos encompassed? research nethodolony aad fumting allooation more than might be customry. ‘The Carolina complex has many aspects of a center that has offered research stimilation ent has served as 4 clearning house of approved research. the research done at Duke covers a variety of sibjects, but principally ccnernet vith Inboratery investigations of INP utilizing Zener (BOP ears), Aice mantyulation, testing of seasitives, In addition, the laboratary was ‘a methodological proving ground for ways in vhich phenonens might be stulted. Te also served as the publicstion center, ant thus # review potnt for articles reporting HEP research aroun! the world. Most of the arBicles are ef stuiies done vith techniques and tests developed et Duke or by Duke- ageiiinted people. the Jounsis published are the Journa} of Parepeyebsloey end the Parapeychologton! Bulletin, Many of the stulies are described in statistical terns reporting that a eet of conditions resulted im demonstrating fa significance beyond! chance of the EP phenomena, Generally, the statie- tice are correctly used, but the experiuental conditions usy be open to question because sone veriables have uot been eprropriately controle’. Tt de the author's impression that the treatuent of statistical data, although techateally correct, is mive ant my be statistically stgaifioant, but not peychologioally pertinent. Ye scientists other than nenbers of the tmmed- jave field vead these articles regularly ant, therefore, there is little qoastructive criticion given to methodology or procedures. ‘The author hns noted that members of the group do not alwys ask penetrating questions 0 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 concerning procedures of their colleagues either because they feel they must “trust” each other's experinental skills or they do not conprebent the real seeateg.of the scientific techniques. (Most scientists have little ecmpunc- tion to inguixe of another's procetures, Ho one expects protection throvsl ovartesy ani none assumes infallibility in experimental deeien.) Interestingly enough, » parancrml inventignter occasionally publicly ingugns oncther's motives rather than his experiuental procedures. Some of the coments that are witten in these Journals about questionable research can be less than polite. Im recent times, the influmee of the Rhine couplax has declined. There are nov mare centers of stuly, such as the University of Virginia ani the University of Celifornie in Los Angeles, ‘This is o natural evolution becouse of greater acceptance of thie field in general. Hovever, Ehine's Isboratery vas anf ic influential in other parte of the world because of tts scholarship ant fellowship funds. Dr. K. Romkrishmir Roa of India bas been st Duke for three years anf reports that his govern- went has asked him to met up a research center in ESP vhen he returns. De. Milar Rysl of Prague, Czechoslavakia, bas been supported by funds from Duke for three years, Hin research has been concentrated on one subject vino seens to be a very sensitive infividuel. His skill 1s reporting stimilus carts in sealed envelopes. Several Western parepsychologists, invluting Qatther Pratt and Ian Stevenson of the University of Virginia, and Stephen ‘Arms of Oxford, have vorked with Ryzl in Prague. Rysl also has kept Br. Rhine briefed (by letter) on EAP research in sone of the Tron Curtain countries. n Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 Me, Sofi Otent, Assistant Professor of Paychology, Japanese Defense Aoadeny, sent a your at Duke ant will continue his studies in Japan. De. Breno Onetto revently set up a parapsychology lsboratary in Chile. These exe eusples of the foreign interest that has been spawmed by Rhine. OTMER CHREERS OF ESP whe second most prosinent group in the field is the American Society of Paychical Research located in New York City. Tt is headed by Dr. Gertner Murphy (also of Menninger Clinic). Dr, Karlos Osis is the research director. the society's prine interest is to collect, evaluate and report evidence of paychte phenomena. It is on outgrovth of the British Society started ‘over a huntred years ago for the seme purpose. There have bees wany distin- guished names anong the weibers of these societies, all of vhom are or wire dedicated to understanding the esoteric. Any such group varies in its ability ‘to evaluate payehic events scientifically, but certainly the society collected more anecdotal date than any other organisation. he menbers are sincere with a bias towed believing such events occur. However, they do try to maintain objectivity. The Amerioan Society 1e in competent reseerch hands. their present efforts are concentrated on stutying the relationship between Bap and crontivity sponsored by the Tttieson Family Foundation. In eddition te this program, Dr. Osis has been interested in patient behavior prior to death as reported by trained observers and medical persomel. This research ts on attenyt to explore impressions, verbal reports, and senecry inform- ‘tion just before death. ‘tke many groups converned vith the occult, the society's staff becomes involved in all related phenonens from inventigating the henesty of mediums to enbanconent of ESP under drugs. Much of their interests are revealed 2 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 im their lecture series and their publication, Journal ef Peychical Research (a quarterly), Membership is open to all vho express an interest in psychic ‘Phenomena, There are really quite a number of experienced ESP investigaters and at the some time few organizations sponsoring their stuties. Tt is notable that there tends to be cone mobility from one group to another as a result. For example, a few years ago, Dr. Osis was research director of the Para- peychological Foundation in Nev York. ‘This group is headed ty Mrs, Hleine Garrett, a medium of some note. ‘The foundation publishes the magarine Tesorrov, viteh 19 0 mire popularly written version of an KEP journal. ‘mee years ago, Dr. Osis and Mr. Souglas Dean left the Founfation, De, Osis to the American Society and Mr. Dean to the Newark Engineering Gehool. The Foundation still functions, sponsaring research, but does in~ house. They resesitly sponsored work in hypnosis and ESP, which is a vogue exe at the mgment. ‘EHE PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION Whe taawe groups mentioned have had consiterable influence in the major EHP organization, the Parapsychological Association. This is the professionnl group vhich holds amu meetings, fur paper presentation and poliey planning for many of the parapaychologists throughout the world. One can hold aneo~ etate status with no real specific soadente requirenents ant weuter status, 4f que exgages in and reports ISP research. To attend these meetings one amast be voushed for by a bouafide meuber of the assbciation. This is an attenyt to keep out troublesome inftviduals who are ayt to be fascinated ‘by the title and the organization's progran. B Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 The quality of the popers at these mectings is uneven. Generally, ‘they are of a less rigorous quality than at other professional groups, par- ‘tioularly in the descriytion of experimental methodology. Some critiquing cocurs but usually the atmosphere is one of “togetherness” and mxtual support. Some unpleasant situations have developed as the result of per- sonal differences within the group, ‘There are few menbers in the associn- ‘tion who are eligible to hold office so there can be difficulty conserning vho is appropriate to serve next. In the lest few years, th ne's establish- pent of the Foundation has caused sone splits in the group which are not ‘totally healed yet. ‘The association has sought recognition for Parapsychology in seienti- fie circles, but with Little success. They attempted recently to becone | aetiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science, | ‘ut were refused. ‘There are several countries represented in the PA and Jast year the enmal necting ws held in England to satisfy Zuropean meubers. | In general, however, the organization ts Auerican dominated ond run. Although not politieslly or professionally powerful, it serves as an identification ent reinfortenent nechanisn for the out-group of parascientists. One of the better Imom and highly respected meubers of the Parapsycho- | Aogicel Association end formerly vith Dr. Rhine for 25 years is Dr. Gaither Pratt, presently at the University of Virginia, Medical School. His yrin- | cipal interest at present is the identification of good EXP subjects at ‘the University of Virginia. He recently authored book and is also lecturing | on ESP throughout the country. De, Pratt has visited Rey] twice in Prague and has uade two trips to Russiaxts discuss ESP vith Professor Yastiiev and other interested acientists. wu Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 He is probably better informed on this type of research being done around the world than any other single igdtvidual. ‘Toure are other investigatars vho might be sentioned in connection with the Rhine group anf the Association, but it would make tedious reading. Some of the better’ Imovn individuals are: Dr. Gertrude Sclmeidler, City College, New York; Dr. Carroll B. Nash, St. Joseph's College, Philateiphia, Pa.s Dr. John Freeman, Institute of Parapsychology, Durham, North Carolina; Mrs, Sally Feather, Paychiatry Depertaent, Duke University Houpitel, Durham, Worth Carolina; Dr. R. A. McConnell, Mophysics Department, University of Pittsburgh; Dr. Montague ULiman, 4802 10th Averme, Brooklyn, New York; Mrs, Rhea Waite, Westburgh, Long Island; Dr. Lawrence Cusler, City College, Bev York. THE WON-PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION DNVESTIGATORS ‘The previous section describes briefly one world of parapaycholegy. There are many other interested infividuals, but for one reason or another, have not become closely associated with Dr. Rhine or the Parapsycholagical Association. De. Andvija Puharich, presently associated with the Intelectron Corp., has had a long-time interest in the occult. He vas directer of e namprofit foundation in Meine for several years where he studied verious sensitives unter “scientific™ conditions. Among other things, he was responsible for ‘bringing Peter Kurkos to this country. dx. Hurkos has become a relatively vell-lnown sensitive who quite often receives attention in the press for his exploits. More vill be said of him later. Dr. Puherich has been interested fie te effect of drugs on the mind oni wrote “The Sacred Mushroom" about the smoshreom ester of South Anerica. He also write "Beyond Telepathy" which is 5 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 fe collection of cocult observations and EP research. Dr. Puharich is a very personable inlividual vho has a broad scope of interests beyond the oooult area, He is quite a sophisticated person and 1s vell informed about parapsychology. At present, Dr. Puherich is concerned with bio-medical research and development at the Intelectron Corp., and he does make only ‘an oveasional research foray in HEP. One of the better known European centers of ESP is at the University of Utrecht under the Direction of Dr, W.H.C, Tenhoeff. He is chatraan of ‘the Department of Parapsychology and has gained considerable publicity ‘through his prize sensitive, Mr. Crofestt. Meny popular articles have been weitten of Croisett's ab{lity to locate lost or missiay people and to heal the sick, A popular book has been written entitled, "Croisett the Clairvoyant,” which desoribes his life and gifts. Much of the Sunday supplement claina of Mr. Crotestt are generally thought to be omggerated, wot he de still sought after ant pertodically the subject of come new “seientifiec study.” Dr. Tenhoeff does a few stuiies occasionslly in ESP, but ts principally know for his Gifted protege. In 196+, Mr. Crotectt was ‘wrought to the U.5. by the Averican Society of Paychical Research for stuty at Rocktand State Hospital. Peter Hurkos should be treated somevhat separately, since he has become a great celetrity on the sensitive scene. He is a Dutehan who was injured in a fell mmy years ago. According to his om story, upan recovering consstousness after three days, he found that he was receiving a considerable epount of information, through his sensory systems, which he found confusing and difficult to understand. He vas put unter medical care and after a while, he began to be able to handle this information successfully. Ina 16 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 pense, be vas receiving impressions, ideas, pictures that are not ordinarily yart of our everylay experience. This vay he allegedly gained imovledse wmavailable to nosh of the other people. His demonstrations of this ability have been relatively impressive. He con tell from an object omed by some- one and give considerable information about the infividuel. It is difficult ‘te Imow whether {t is as accurate as indicated, but in the demonstrations, the subjects seem, at least, to agree with his statements. The life of the sensitive 1s not sm ensy one, particularly when he has ‘veen transplanted into a new culture. Mr. Hurkos has had to perform publicly im arder to earn sufficient money to live, He has been given publicity ‘which has, in a sense, perhaps mife him feel more famous thafi he should. As a resutt, be has lived a mech different life then he might have anticipated. Beosuse of the strong pressure of entertainment and in public demonstration of sktlis, he has adopted behaviors thet will help make him look more sen~ eational, Therefore, he is an extremly difficult subject to study with any degree of objectivity. He needs to succeed and, therefore, will adjust his performace for maximm sieceas. He has developed many manners of the showan ant, unfortunately therefore, may give the impression of being insincere, It is doubtful that he would be a good subject for a long-term scientific investigntion. Hovever, he will always titillate the interest of the awlience and does do some unusual things. As noted previously, he was brought to the U.8, by Dr. A. Pubarich and vas studied in Maine for some months. ww Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 ASGOCIATES OF PARAPSYCHOLOGY Yor a muber of years, there have been people in the Washington area who have been intrigued with the area of ESP and the ocoult. They are not associated vith the Duke laboratories or any specific ESP center. Their interests are not to conduct research, but rather to watch demonstrations and encourage grunting organizations to give money for research in ESP. In general, I would say they heve Little influence on procurement: of funds, ‘but they are an interesting group. Dr. Riesemen, 2 psychiatrist, has been cue of the most active individuals here in Washington. He is extremely sxiliful in sleight-of-hand and has spent a good deal of tine attempting to duplicate and initate ESP phenonena, particularly in the card reading aren. He 19 a most knovledgeable individual about the occult scene and eens to have contact with mny of its lending peruonalities. He bas held sessions in his hove in Virginia ani seens to be somevhat of « center of ‘these activities. Dr. Riesemen seems to be convinced that these phenomena exist and has been o hardy supporter of such individunle as Peter Hurkos. We has been an atvisor to the local police force, who on ocension have hired people such as Peter Hurkos to look into missing persons or mmder cases. Mr, Williew C, Moore, a Washington lawyer, is concerned vith the Progress of ESP. Ho sous quite Ynoviedgesble of the field in general ant demcnstrations confucted in the area and keeps abreast of research being conducted in the field. He is more of a commmicator then an investigator and often arranges meetings for people with similar interests. 18 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 SWIG ES ‘England has alvays had a soft spot for its ghosts and mediums. The Paychical Society was started there ant interest in the occult still lives emongst all levels of British society. It would be impossible to describe eli those persnalities vho dedicate sone tine and energy to this interest ‘bub let a fev names be representative. Oxford has, through grants, supported ‘the research of one Stephen Abrams, o proverbial Yank st Oxford. Mr. Abrams 44a most cf his studies at the Mometry Department fron 1960 to 1963. He was particularly concerned with Eq? and hypnosis end spent much of his time with a fev particularly good subjects. He also worked with Mr. Shackleton, vho is quite famous in England as a sensitive. Their experiment concerned ‘the tranmission of dravings fron the artist to Shockleton in another room. ‘Uafortunately, the data, although intriguing, could not be analyzed by any valid or reliable method. They weuld be of clinical interest hovever. Me. Aorans' research, although of interest, never really progressed ‘deyond the pilot stege, because of other comituents anf funding difficulties. At yoesent, he is seeking suppart for a teleccummications laboratory to be loomted in England. Mer. Abraus established rather good rapport vith Professor Vasiliev and hip colleagues ani visited Moscow and Leningrad to lecture. ‘There are several other noted ESP advocates in England vho have written several books and articles. Professor 5. G. Soal of London is one of the most noted investigators and has published an excellent book entitled "Motern Experiments in Telepathy" vhich ia a superior review of the research done in ISP. Mrs. Rosalin§ Heywood of London is an avid fan of the occult, although she has little professional training she is a very bright and 19 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 relatively effective person. she 1s a believer but ome who seems to be well ‘yalanced. Ear book “Beyond the Reach of Sense” is vel? written. Sone of the prominent names in other fields vho participate in EXP stalies are Sir Alistair Hardy, the vell-mmom biologist at Oxterd (he served as the artist in Abrams-Shackleton experinent). Professor C. D. Board, ‘the famous philosopher at Cambridge, 1s on the Board of Direstars of the British Society of Paychical Research and has written many interesting exticles on the topic of ESP. Professor H. H. Price, philosopher at Oxford, 4s an active participant in the field and recently gave a lecture on meson- Line and ESP here in the United States. Bir Cyril Burt, psychologist ant statistician of great note, has written on the subject ani been active in assisting in the research of others. Professor W. Grey Walters, an internationally thom cyberneticist and Ywain physiologist of England, 1s an advisor to the Society of Payehiea] Research. ‘The general atmosphere in England, particularly in dealing vith sone of the shove mentioned luminaries, is one of extrene empathy for the ESP or occult investigntor, However, there ims also the feeling, at least, perosived by the author that there is Little interest on their pert to ook at the “mits and bolts” of scientific validation of these phenomena. Again, the need to “accept” the researcher's word vas obvious as if “genfile- man don't question each other's techniques"--a totally inexcusable attitute for the typieal scientist who needs to know such information for complete wnterstending of the exparinent. These individuals, in general, accept the coeult and aren't terribly concerned with those vho don't~-a such nore amture attitude in some vays than that demonstrated in the United States. 20 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 Nonetheless, this apyrosich vill do Little to advance the reputation of ESP in scientific circles. At least, their more informal relaxed and confident air is refreshing. Tt was in England that much of the Russian BY effort wis reported by Stephen Arems in Kay 1962, who had recently returned from Vasiliev's Inboratory, Tt would be interesting to speculate vho has encouraged vio to become interested in ENP, There is some indication that the “Houtilus Story" vhich was publicized by (HIS WEEK, « Sunday supplement, on Septexber 5, 1963, may have started wick of this activity. The transmission of ESP signals frona siimérged U.S, sulmerine to 4 land base vas first reported in a French nevapeper in 1959. It is quite possible that this false report, epested in many publications and by vord of mouth cause/the Russians to worry that the U.S. had a breakthrough in this area. Perhaps at the sone time, the emazing story stirred some of the U.S. scientists to rethink their om opinions of BAP. Regardless, since that general time frane, there have ‘bem indtoations of considerable activities in both sides of the curtain. he Russian work 1s difficult to evaluate because of the mny confusing reports and articles by visitors vho seen to see that which they are moti- vated to wee, Some of vhat has been said to be ougoing research is in reality old research. ‘Sone of the visitors have even reported statements made by extremely prominent Soviet scientists that we are cure vere simple cases of mistaken identity. Other people, however, have picked up this sisinformtion ani it is repeated without source reference and assumed to be new date, Aso result, most recent claims in the Browing-Stone book, this witer feels, is perjaps exggerated. a Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 Professor Vasiliev in the best Known in the field, He 1s Professor ef Migstology st the University of Leningrad. His work was reported to be monitared by e comittes heated by Professor E. A. Asratian, Director of the Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Acadeny of Science, There is sone doubt oonverning the validity of ESP research end, ‘therefore, this committee serves as advisor. Vasiliev's staf consists of physiologists, electronic specialists, physicists, cybernsticists and a Paychiatrist. Juri Tupitsin, the psychiatrist and Pavel Terentiev, a statis- Sedan, are considered key nen. ‘The project akinistretor 1s Alga Lenz, a party functionary. Avoarting to one source, the Russians appear to be well acquainted with American research in this area. They soem, hovever, oriented touard ‘the approach of the early French school. It is to be remenbered that Vasiliev iss stutent of Bekhterev, vho in turn was a protege of Charcot's, ‘Thetr theoretical position, as reported by this same source, hypothe- sizee ESP enargy as a radiated form emmating from the brain and called Diological radio commmication. In order to test this position, the Russians have encased thetr exerinenters in shielded roons during experiments. Such shielding seems to have no effect, in other words, allegedly IEP or thought ‘transfer occurs through shielding. Yurther stufies concerning radiated energy are being conducted with elestroscopes by a physicist named B. B, Kozumski vho utilives the Faraday Cage. Also interested in this approach is Dr. Mirse of the Institute of Meurophysiology. “Experiments in Mental Suggestions” by L. L. Vasiliev, Published in England, 1963, is one of the more interesting. 2 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 POORER READING ‘Professcr Gregory Razran, Chairman of the Paychology Department, Queens College, Hew York, has been mich interested in this dermal gytical phenanenon and visited Russia when the subject vas under study. lis report @t e District of Coluibia Papehological Association Meeting in 1965 reviewed the field ant left the impression that he believed the Russian research vas competently hantled and that it was worthy of attention, Since that time, be has, in public articles, shown his continued support of his cheervation ‘by indtonting that articles to the contrary that eppeured in the Russian yeess were not a proper interyeetation of the scientist's view. He hes not undertaken research in this area himself, but has encouraged othert such as Dr. Richard Youts of Barnard College, New York, to tavesti- gate know cases. ‘he author Yo witnessed on two or three occasions this phenomenon im en American subject and found the individual denonstrating behavior quite ‘Deyoud his ow abilities, Others who have observed believe fraud is involved ‘and so tt goes... As yet, such cases of umsunl belnvior do not always get Objective study because of funding linttations or experimenter bins. ‘This particular area vill continue to receive attention so long as convincing cases or subjects are avatlable. ‘PRESSURE FOR FUNDING As previously mentioned, there is still considerable pressure for more funding of reseaipch in the ESP field. Various industrial companies have ‘sponsored the writing ani submission of occasional proposals to various zB Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 Private or govermental agencies. These are usually sparked by a need to get a quick ansver to a problem not easily solved in a conventional manner. For exuple, the difficulty of communicating across great @istances in space has given the EP enthusiast inroads that were previously dented ‘because he supports the view that “mental energy” can be transmitted instan- taneously. Ina vay, ESP is suggested as a panocea for problems which at the moment my be ar sem to be beyond the “state of the art” of the usual. Atseipline, R, W. Lowrie's paper, “Aspects of Parapsychology in Communication,” Presented at a conference on “Cybernetic Aspects of Mantiachine Relation- ships” at the University of Florida on 13 February 1965, is an exmple of 4 plea for greater attention to the potential of EH, This review unfor- ‘tmately, Like most, camot give appropriate weight to the meaningfulness ef the basic data upon vhich the papers ttre based. More in these esoteric areas then others in it necessary to Imow the competence ani the methodology Of the investigator before his results can be accepted an scientifically sound ond relevant. The extra care is not exercised because of a question Of deliberate fraui, but rather because of investigator bias, uaivete, and ‘the inspplicabtlity of some standard methodologies to these rather elusive vhencmens. ‘Thus, merely quoting results and findings of post research with- oat intinate kovledge of the research circumstances con be misleading and ‘perhaps overoptinistic. WAT 1S THE FUTURE OF ESP AND RELATED RESEARCH? As long as man searches for an underatanding of his enviroment ond speculates on the rationale of his place in the umiverse, he vill continue to be intrigued with the esoteric. aw Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1 Further breakthroughs vhich give more sophisticated techniques for understanding the functioning of the mind and body perhaps will erode the fussiness of ESP clains and permit rore precieé studies of these now ephemeral gitts or povers. Unfortunately, as has been indicated, the parapsychologist 4s not apt to have the technical skills to utilize the equipment end method- ology relevant to the problens and progress vill be mate by the other scientists as an adjunct to their more conservative interests. there are a mmber of research studies nov in progress of accepteble worth that will at least bear peripheral interest to the study of ESF yfyencmens. 1. Concern with interpersonal interactions--somevhere here the social. or behavioral scientist 1s conscious of the as-yet umessured cuss which are registered, processed, integrated and used to assess other persons. We kmov that individuals very in their ability to be avare of the reaction cnpability of these. We refer to this as sensitivity ami classify individuals along such a continuum. This skill, or gift, is not completely unlerstood ‘vu so far it is not considered extra sensory. Perhaps it could be called supra sensitivity, All sensory inputs contributing to e more-nccurate-than- average assessment and prediction of how this individual behaves. Stulies systenatically exploring cues utilised by persons defined as operating on this supra sensory level would help us identify the subtle ‘pehaviors vhich are so rich in predictive information. It seems reasonable to believe that top-notch salesmen operate on such cues, as do confidence nen and highly skilled diagnostictans. Is this sensitivity a product of an unusual neuf@logical structure? Is it a conceptual thought processing system, unique to some? Or te it perhaps 25 Approved For Release 2001/03/07 : CIA-RDP96-00787R000400040032-1