Agriculture Notes Social Science Class 10

AGRICULTURE
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CLASS – 10
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Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is a primary activity in which almost two-third of India’s population is

engaged.
Farming Process
• Ploughing
• Sowing
• Watering (Irrigation)
• Weeding
• Manu ring
• Spraying of insecticides
• Harvesting
• Threshing
Types of Farming

There are various types of farming in India such as primitive subsistence

farming, intensive subsistence farming, commercial farming, plantations etc.
Primitive Subsistence Farming
• Primitive Subsistence Farming is practiced with small patches of land

with the help of primitive tools like hoe, Dao and digging sticks, and
family/community labour.
• This type of farming depends upon monsoon, natural fertility of the soil
and suitability of other environmental conditions to the crops grown.
Slash and burn Farming
Farmers clear a patch of land and produce cereals and other food crops to
sustain their family. When the soil fertility decreases, the farmers shift and
clear a fresh patch of land for cultivation.
Intensive Subsistence Farming
It is a type of farming where more number of people are engaged in

cultivating a small piece of land.

It is generally practised in thickly populated regions.

Farmers use more of chemical fertilizers to get the maximum yield.
This type of farming is prevalent in many parts of India due to the
growing population and the ‘right of inheritance’ which has led to
decrease in the size of land holding.
Main crop grown in this type of farming is rice.
Commercial Farming
❖ It is a type of farming where crops are grown on a large scale for selling
them in the market.
❖ Modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilizers, insecticides and pesticides are
used to maximize the yield.
Plantation
A type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area

using capital intensive inputs with the help of migrant labourers.
Cropping Pattern
❖ Cropping pattern means the proportion of areas under various crops at a

point of time. This is, however, a dynamic concept as it changes over
space and time.
❖ There are three distinct crop seasons in the northern and interior parts of

country, namely kharif, rabi and zaid.
❖ The kharif season largely coincides with Southwest Monsoon under

which the cultivation of tropical crops such as rice, cotton, jute, jowar,
bajra and tur is possible. It is harvested in September October.
❖ The rabi season begins with the onset of winter in October-November

and ends in April-June. The low temperature conditions during this
season facilitate the cultivation of temperate and subtropical crops such
as wheat, gram and mustard.
❖ Zaid is a short duration summer cropping season beginning after

harvesting of rabi crops, the cultivation of watermelons, cucumbers,
vegetables and fodder crops during this season is done on irrigated
lands
Kharif
It starts with the onset of the monsoon and continues till the beginning of winter
(June-July to September-October). The Kharif crops include, rice, maize, millet,
cotton, jute, groundnut, moong, urad, etc.

Rabi
It starts with the beginning of winter and continues till the beginning of summer
(Oct-Dec to April-June). The rabi crops include wheat, barley, gram and
oilseeds.
Zaid
This is a short crop season in between the rabi and kharif season Crops like
watermelons, cucumber, some vegetables and fodder crops are the major
crops.
Different between Rabi and Kharif Crops :

Rabi Kharif
Cultivation begins with the

Cultivation begins with the on set of
withdrawal of monsoons in
monsoons in May.
October.
Sowing of seeds is done in Sowing of seeds is done in June or

October-November. early July.
Crops are harvested in September-

Crops are harvested in April-May.
October.
Crops depend on the sub-soil

Crops depend on the mon soons.
moisture.
Types: Rice, millets, maize,

Types: Wheat, gram and oilseeds
groundnuts, jute, cotton and various
like mustard and rapeseeds
pulses.
Major Crops
• Food crops :-Wheat, Rice, Maize, Pulses, Oilseeds.

• Cash crpos :- Tea, Rubber, Coffee, jute, cotton.
• Horticulture crops :- Fruits, Flowers, Vegetables.
Major Crops in India
Major crops grown in India are rice, wheat, millets, pulses, tea, coffee,
sugarcane, oil seeds, cotton and jute, etc.
Rice

❖ It is the most important Kharif crop and staple food.

❖ It grows in hot and humid conditions.
❖ The ideal temperature is 250°C and rainfall is 100 cm.
❖ Grown in the plains of north and north eastern India.
Wheat
✓ Wheat is the second most important food crop of India sown in the
beginning of winter and harvested in the beginning of summer.
✓ It is a Rabi or winter crop. It is sown in Normally (in north India) the

sowing of wheat begins in the month of October-November and
harvesting is done in the month of March-April.
✓ Rainfall 50 to 75 cm is needed.
✓ The largest wheat producing states are U.P, Punjab and Madhya
Pradesh. Other than that the main regions of wheat production in India
are Haryana, Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.

MILLETS
Millets are short duration warm weather crops.
• Jowar, bajra, and ragi are important millet crops of India.

• Crops have very high nutritional value.
• Ragi is rich in iron, calcium,
• Jowar is the third most important food crop.
• Maharastra is the largest producer of Jowar
• Bajra grows in the sandy and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest
producer.
MAIZE
❖ It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder.

❖ It is a kharif crop which requires temperature between 21°C to 27°C and
grows well in old alluvial soil.
❖ In some states like Bihar maize is grown in rabi season also. It is used

both as food and fodder.

❖ Use of modern inputs such as HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have
contributed to the increasing production of maize.
❖ Major maize-producing states are Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Telangana and Madhya Pradesh.
PULSES :
India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world.
These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. Pulses
need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Being
leguminous crops,
All these crops except arhar (pigeon pea) helps in restoring soil fertility
by fixing nitrogen from the air.
Most of these are green manure crops too. Major pulse producing
states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar
Pradesh and Karnataka.

Food Crops other than Grains
Sugarcane
India is the second largest producer of sugarcane in the world after Brazil.
Climate :- It grows well in hot and humid climate.
Soil Type :- it can be grown well on a variety of soils.
Temperature :- Temperature requirement is 21°C to 27°C.
Rainfall :- Annual rainfall between 75cm and 100 cm.
The major sugarcane producing states are :- uttar pradesh, maharashtra,
karnataka, tamilnadu.
Oil Seeds :

In 2017 India was the second largest producer of groundnut in the world after
China. In rapeseed production India was third largest producer in the world
after Canada and China in 2017. Oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut,
mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds,
linseed and sunflower.
Tea
Tea cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture.

In 2020 China-1st and India-2nd in tea production in the world.
Climate :- grow well in tropical and subtropical ( hot and humid) climate.
Soil Type :- deep fertile well drained soil which is rich in humus and organic
matter.
Rainfall :- 150 to 300 cm annual. High humidity and frequent show- ers evenly
distributed throughout the year.
Major tea producing states are :- Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri
districts, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Apart from these, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Meghalaya, Andhra Pradesh and Tripura are also tea-
producing states in the country.
Coffee
➢ Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
➢ Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills
➢ Its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu.

Horticulture Crops
❖ In 2017, India was the second largest producer of fruits and vegetables
in the world after China.
❖ Horticulture Crops include the cultivation of both fruits and vegetables.
❖ Important vegetable produces in India are pea, cauliflower, onion,
cabbage, tomato, brinjal and potato.
❖ Important fruits grow in India are mango, orange, banana, pineapple,
grape, lichi, guava, apple pear, apricot, walnut, etc. crops.
Non-food Crops
An industrial crop, also called a non-food crop, is a crop grown to produce

goods for manufacturing, for example of fibre for clothing, rather than food for
consumption.
Non-food Crops
Rubber

It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it is also grown in tropical
and sub-tropical areas.
Climate :- It requires moist and humid climate.
Temperature :- temperature above 25°C.
Rainfall :- rainfall of more than 200 cm.
Areas of Cultivation :- It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka,
and Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Garo hills in Meghalaya.
Fiber Crops

• Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown
in India.
• The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, the latter is
obtained from Cocoons of the silkworms fed on green leaves specially
mulberry.
• Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as
sericulture.
Cotton
India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. Cotton is one of
the main raw materials for cotton textile industry. In 2017, India was second
largest producer of cotton after China.
Soil :- Cotton grows well in drier parts of the black cotton soil of the Deccan
plateau.
Temperature and Climate :- It requires high temperature, light rainfall or
irrigation, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for its growth.
Areas of Cultivation :- Cotton producing states are MP, Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, UP & Haryana.
Jute
It is also known as Golden fibre. Jute grows well on well-drained fertile soils in
the flood plains, where soils are renewed every year.

It requires high temperature. Major jute producing states are Bihar, Assam,
West Bengal, Odisha, Meghalaya.
Technological and Institutional Reforms
A comprehensive land development programs was initiated.
Provision of crop insurance against drought, floods, cyclone, fire and
disease was introduced.
Cooperative societies, Gramin banks and banks for providing loan to
the farmers at lower rates of interest were established.
Kissan Credit Card (KCC) was introduced.
Accident Insurance Scheme (PAIS) was introduced.
The government announced Minimum Support Price, remunerative
and procurement prices to reduce exploitation.
Technological Reforms
➢ HYV seeds / Chemical Fertilizer/ Pesticides were provided.

➢ Methods of irrigation got modernized.
➢ The latest agricultural equipment were introduced.
➢ Special weather bulletins and agricultural programs were telecast on
radio and television
White revolution
To improve the breeds of animals for the growth in milk production with the use
of modern technology.lt is also called Operation Flood.
Green Revolution

Based on the Uses of HYV seeds. Modern technology, fertilisers, pesticides,
insecticides to increase production especially Wheat production.
Negative impacts of green revolution on Indian Agriculture :-
• Landdegradation due to overuse of chemicals.

• Lowering the ground water level due to over irrigation.
• Vanishing Bio-diversity.
• Difference between rich and poor farmers is increasing.
Importance of agriculture in Indian economy:-
• India is an agricultural country.

• Nearly two-thirds of its population depends directly on agriculture for its
livelihood.
• Agriculture is the main stay of India’s economy.
• It accounts for 26% of the gross domestic product.
• It ensures food security for the country and produces several raw
materials for industries.
Contribution of Agriculture to the National Economy,
Employment and Output :-
❖ As per a survey done in 2010-11 around 52% of the Indian population is
dependent on agriculture for sustenance.
❖ When share of agriculture declines in GDP, it leads to a decline in other
spheres of the economy.

❖ To improve Indian agriculture, the Government of India made efforts to
modernise agriculture.
❖ For this the government established Indian Council of Agricultural
Research (ICAR), agricultural universities, veterinary services and animal
breeding centres, horticulture development, research and development in
the field of meteorology and weather forecast.
Institutional reforms introduced by the Indian Government in
favour of farmers :
• Provision of crop insurance facility. (fasal bima).

• Loan facilities to the farmers and development of grameen and
cooperative banks.
• Announces minimum support price (MSP), remunerative and
procurement prices for important crops.
• Specialweather bulletins and agricultural programmers for farmers.
• Broadcasting of agricultural programmers on T.V. and radio related with
new technology, tools, fertilizers etc.
Food Corporation of India
FCI is a statutory body established via Food Corporation Act 1964 to meet the
following objectives of the Food Policy: Effective price support operations for
safeguarding the interests of the farmers. Distribution of food grains throughout
the country for public distribution system.

Globalisation
The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international

influence or start operating on an international scale.
Impact of Globalisation on Agriculture :-
➢ Globalisation has also adversely impacted Indian agriculture as the
farmers in India are exposed to high competition from farmers of the
developed countries.
➢ Our farmers are not able to compete with them on prices of major
commodities like rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee, jute and spices.
➢ If India changes its cropping pattern i.e. if India imports cereals while
exporting high value commodities, it will be following successful
economics like Italy, Israel and Chile.
➢ Gene revolution and organic farming are new dimensions in Indian
agriculture that is based on innovative technology.
Ways of agricultural reforms in India
• Direct help to farmers, subsidy in account.

• Easy and cheap loan to farmers.
• Easy accessibility of water and electricity.
• Crop insurance to protect from flood, drought, cyclone and fire.

• Minimum support price (MSP), Gramin Bank, Kissan Credit Card.
• Special weather bulletins.

• Laws of land reforms implemented.
Points to know
SLASH AND BURN
Type of primitive agriculture in which farmers clear a patch of land and produce
cereals And other food crops to sustain their family.
BLOOD LESS REVOLUTION
The Bhoodan–Gramdam movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is known as
Blood Less Revolution.
FOOD SECURITY
To ensure the availability of food to all sections of society, a proper system as
buffer stock and PDS is developed by the government.

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AGRICULTURE

Best Handwritten Notes

Agriculture is a primary activity in which almost two-third of India’s population is

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

There are various types of farming in India such as primitive subsistence

Primitive Subsistence Farming

• Primitive Subsistence Farming is practiced with small patches of land

Slash and burn Farming

Intensive Subsistence Farming

It is a type of farming where more number of people are engaged in

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

It is generally practised in thickly populated regions.

A type of commercial farming in which a single crop is grown on a large area

❖ Cropping pattern means the proportion of areas under various crops at a

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

country, namely kharif, rabi and zaid.

❖ The kharif season largely coincides with Southwest Monsoon under

❖ The rabi season begins with the onset of winter in October-November

❖ Zaid is a short duration summer cropping season beginning after

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

Different between Rabi and Kharif Crops :

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

Cultivation begins with the

Sowing of seeds is done in Sowing of seeds is done in June or

Crops are harvested in September-

Crops depend on the sub-soil

Types: Rice, millets, maize,

• Food crops :-Wheat, Rice, Maize, Pulses, Oilseeds.

Major Crops in India

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

❖ It is the most important Kharif crop and staple food.

✓ It is a Rabi or winter crop. It is sown in Normally (in north India) the

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

Millets are short duration warm weather crops.

• Jowar, bajra, and ragi are important millet crops of India.

❖ It is a crop which is used both as food and fodder.

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

both as food and fodder.

These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. Pulses

need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions. Being

by fixing nitrogen from the air.

states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar

Pradesh and Karnataka.

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

Food Crops other than Grains

Climate :- It grows well in hot and humid climate.

Soil Type :- it can be grown well on a variety of soils.

Temperature :- Temperature requirement is 21°C to 27°C.

Rainfall :- Annual rainfall between 75cm and 100 cm.

The major sugarcane producing states are :- uttar pradesh, maharashtra,

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds,

linseed and sunflower.

Tea cultivation is an example of plantation agriculture.

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

In 2020 China-1st and India-2nd in tea production in the world.

distributed throughout the year.

producing states in the country.

➢ Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.

➢ Initially its cultivation was introduced on the Baba Budan Hills

➢ Its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil

Princy Education YouTube Channel Best Handwritten Notes

in the world after China.