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Chemmatters Feb1993 Aspirin Marsella
Chemmatters Feb1993 Aspirin Marsella
By Gail Marsella Scene Three. The year is 1992. A and are some of the oldest and most
high school student, diligently study- frequently used drugs. Willow trees
Scene One. The year is 1614; the ing for an exam, develops a contain salicin, oil of wintergreen is
place is eastern Massachusetts. Four headache after several hours of methyl salicylate, and aspirin is
members of the Wampanoag tribe of intense concentration. She goes to acetylsalicylic acid (see Figure 1).
American Indians have developed the medicine cabinet, takes out a bot-
high fevers. The shaman ventures out tle marked "aspirin ," and swallows Painful discoveries
into the forest, where he carefully col- two pills with a glass of water. In less At some time in the remote past, a
lects some leaves, roots, and bark than an hour, her headache is gone. primitive physician may have tried
from a willow tree. He returns home, Taking medicine to relieve pain, using the bark from a willow tree to
grinds up the plant material, and fever, and inflammation is a ritual that relieve a patient's pain or fever.
brews it in water. The patients drink has been repeated through most of Unlike so many other plant remedies
the hot herbal tea, and bathe in a recorded history. Willow tree bark that were tried, this one worked!
cooled solution of the ground bark. extract, oil of wintergreen, and aspirin Many cultures have a history of
Within hours, the fevers are lower, are similar in molecular structure and herbal medicine, so the same discov-
and the sick people are resting com- metabolic effect. All three belong to a ery was probably made hundreds of
fortably. group of chemicals called sa/icy/ates, times, beginning with very early
Scene Two. The year is 1846; the humans.
place is London, England. On the day These first investigations were
of the Prince's annual ball, the Grand mostly "trial and error" (much to the
Duchess is suffering from severe joint dismay of the suffering patient).
pain due to arthritis. She sends for Studying the actual chemistry of med-
her doctor, and is given oil of winter- icinal plants began only in the 1800s.
green to swallow. In a short time the Imagine the difficulties the early
inflammation in her joints lessens, chemists faced! Identifying the active
and she can move without pain. The ingredient in a mound of willow tree
duchess attends the ball, and fulfills bark was a formidable task. From the
her social obligations. hundreds of chemicals contained in
, 11-- _
°II ./-1
n C
'-OCH 3 '( ~.t
Win~~~;:een l~
by Dr. Hoffman nearly a century ago.
\J- OH When acetylsalicylic acid ages, it may
Methyl Salicylate ..--...
'\.---
S.\!1
_ 'V If'
decompose and return to salicylic
acid and acetic acid. If you have a
\\y~7?I;
very old bottle of aspirin around the
/HYd'OIYS;S house, open it and take a sniff. It may
----\ /~/
smell like vinegar, because vinegar is
~1'\\.'1\\
/' 1
J 1\\ \~" ~. \\.~
~ il. \
\ \', \\
f \\ °
Ii \
V \\ A' .
splnn g
O-C-CH3
Acetylsalicylic Acid
Figure 1. Salicylates have been used as painkillers since ancient times. Salicin can
be extracted from the bark of willow trees, and methyl salicylate is found in winter-
green plants, also called teaberry. Aspirin was first prepared by the acetylation of
Take a"BAVER~ BREAK"!
salicylic acid, which results from heating a solution of salicylic acid and acetic
acid in the presence of sulfuric acid.
I I
ill
Wh" 'h' ho, ."'h,, "d h;gh h,m;d;', g,t '" do.,
-make you feel tense, headachy, all worn out, just stop
many patients preferred their aches net; today, Americans swallow nearly for a few minute.s a~take a "Bayer Break"! Thanks to :. -!
Instant flaking action, Bayer brings the fastest, gentlest
and fever to the severe heartburn 50 million tablets a day. 'relief you can set from hot·weather aches and pains,;;
N"";m.y",,,'''h,,'bo,t,''',k,'''.''''.''''.''
• - -
We promiseyou'Jlfeel betterfastl
caused by the remedy. So the search Aspirin can be made easily in the
was on for a chemical that was simi- laboratory by reacting acetic acid with This aspirin advertisement from 1961
lar to salicylic acid-but without the salicylic acid to produce acetylsali- looks out of date, but modern ads
side-effects. cylic acid, the same procedure used promote the same benefits.
:
II
sis, and is potentially fatal. (See box, that pass through the stomach with-
H" /C"
Acidosis, in "Mystery Matters, Poi- out dissolving. The coating resists the
¢
soned Milk," in the December 1992
issue of Chern Matters.)
acid juices of the stomach, but dis-
solves quickly in the basic environ-
I CH,
What should you do if you find ment of the small intestine. Called
your little brother or sister has swal- "enteric" aspirin, these tablets effec-
Acetaminophen
lowed a lot of aspirin? Or eaten a tively eliminate stomach irritation, but (Tylenol)
whole tube of Ben-Gay, which con- they cannot work until the contents of OH
tains methyl salicylate? First-and the stomach are passed to the intes-
most important-call your local poi- tine, which may not happen until sev- o
son control center and ask for instruc- eral hours after the tablet is ingested. CH 3 II
\ C
tions (the telephone operator will give People who need a constant dose C/ "OH
you the number). Salicylate poisoning of analgesic, or who are treating
symptoms of flu or other viral illness,
H ~\H
\~
causes ringing in the ears, extremely
rapid breathing, nausea, and, surpris- frequently turn to the aspirin-free H
\ /C
ingly, fever. Once these symptoms alternatives. The most common is /C \ Ibuprofen
appear, the situation is very serious, CH 3 "cH (Advil, Motrin)
3
and the patient needs medical treat-
ment immediately. Simulated stomach
You can see the difference acetaminophen, marketed under the
Stomach upset between regular aspirin, buffered
"Over-the-counter" drugs do not familiar name "Tylenol" as well as
aspirin, and enteric aspirin by test- other brands. Like aspirin, aceta-
require a doctor's prescription-but ing the tablets in neutral, acidic,
that doesn't mean they're not potent minophen reduces fever and relieves
and basic solutions. Your stomach pain, but it has no effect on inflamma-
medicines. Aspirin is a very effective is acidic, but your small intestine is
painkiller and fever reducer, but it tion or blood clotting. Ibuprofen (sold
basic. These chemical opposites under the brand names Motrin and
causes side-effects in some people. are separated by the pyloric valve,
Most common is the problem of stom- Advil) is another non-aspirin
which opens only briefly to transfer painkiller.
ach upset. Though aspirin is much partially digested food from the
less irritating than plain salicylic acid, The discovery that aspirin works
stomach to the intestine. by inhibiting prostaglandin opened
it causes stomach upset in a very Begin with three transparent
small percentage of people. One new avenues of medical research. A
glasses or plastic cups. Add 120 specific prostaglandin that promotes
strategy for reducing stomach irrita- mL (1/2 cup) of water to each con-
tion is to combine the aspirin with an coagulation of the blood and another
tainer. Note the time, then simulta- that inhibits coagulation have been
acid buffer-a combination of chemi- neously add a regular aspirin
cals that reduces acidity. The result- identified. A new group of
tablet to one container, a buffered prostaglandins was discovered by fol-
ing product, buffered aspirin, is a
aspirin to another, and an enteric lowing the clue that aspirin reduces
genuine help for this group of people. aspirin tablet to the third. Note
However, the drug manufacturers most forms of inflammation but not
changes in the tablets at 30-sec- the inflammation of asthma.
used buffers as a way to distinguish ond intervals until no further
their brand of aspirin from others and Researchers have learned a lot from
change is evident. To simulate the the once-mysterious ingredient of the
produced a blitz of TV advertisements acid environment of the stomach,
claiming, "Our aspirin won't upset bark of the willow tree.
repeat this procedure using vine-
your stomach." The claim is both cor- gar in each container instead of Gail Marsella is a chemist and freelance
rect and misleading. Buffered aspirin water. You will see one of the science writer living in Allentown. PA.
is a genuine improvement for the tablets dissolve more vigorously
small percentage of people who are References
than before. To simulate the basic Maheady, Donna Carol. "Reye's Syndrome:
susceptible to this kind of stomach intestine, repeat once more, using Review and Update"; Journal of PediatriC
irritation, but it has no value to the a solution made by adding 16.3 g Health Care; September-October, 1989 Vol.
rest of us. 3, NO.5.
(1.5 teaspoons) of powdered bak- Roueche, Berton. The Medical Detectives;
For people who are under a doc- ing soda, NaHC03 , to the 120 mL Chapter 5, "Aspirin"; Times Books: New
tor's orders to take aspirin around the of water. One of the tablets will York.
clock every day (arthritis sufferers, for Willis, Judith Levine. "On the Teen Scene:
dissolve suddenly after a delay of Using Over-the-Counter Medications Wise-
example), stomach irritation can 20-30 minutes. D.P.R. ly"; FDA Consumer Magazine, November
become a serious issue. For these 1991.