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DataCommunication CH-2
DataCommunication CH-2
TELEGRAM
� ال
�️ ��م �� يي و��م ��ى سيند ن�ا ��د
Application Layer
Provide service for user to see the data using some protocols like
(Http ,STMP, TELNET)
- First Layer for source (sender) ھﻲ اول طﺑﻘﮫ ﺗﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدم
- For example ( WhatsApp , google chrome , etc.)
- Functions of Application Layer (Not Important)
Network virtual terminal (Remote log-in)
File transfer and access
Mail services
Directory services (Distributed Database)
Accessing the World Wide Web
Presentation Layer
is responsible for translation, compression, and encryption.
ﻋن طرﯾﻖ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت ال ﺗرﺟﻣﮫ: ﺗﺟﮭﯾز اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل ﯾﻣﻛن ﻋرﺿﮫ ﻟﻠراﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم
واﻟﺿﻐط و اﻟﺗﺷﻔﯾر
� ال
️ ��م �� يي و��م ��ى سيند ن�ا ��د�
Functions
1- Compression / decompression
ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺑﻌد ﺗﺷﻔﯾرھﺎ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺿﻐطﮭﺎ ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﻘﻠل ﺣﺟﻣﮭﺎ ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﻌطﻲ ﯾﺳرﻋﮫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﻘل ﻟو
ﻛﺎن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣن ال راﺳل او ﻓك ﺿﻐطﮭﺎ ﺑﻌد ﻓك ﺗﺷﻔﯾرھﺎ ﻟو ﻛﺎﻧت ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻠم
) 2- Encoding /decoding = (encryption
ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺷﻔﯾرھﺎ وﺗﺣوﯾﻠﮭﺎ ﻣن ascii codeل machine languageوھذه ﻣرﺣﻠﮫ ال
encodingوﺗﺣدث ﻟو اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣن ال راﺳل واﻟﻌﻛس ﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﻟو اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻣن اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم وﺗﺳﻣﻲ decoding
3- Define data format
ﺗﻛون ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم ﻓﻘط وھذه اﻟوظﯾﻔﺔ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻣﻌرﻓﮫ ﻧوع اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم ﻣن ال راﺳل ﻟو ﻛﺎن ﺻوره ،ﻓدﯾو
Session Layer
is responsible for dialog control and synchronization.
ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﮫ ال : direct controlھﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﯾﮫ ﻓﺗﺢ sessionﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﻌﻠم ھل ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ اﻟﺗواﺻل
ﺑﯾن اﻟراﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم وھل ﺳﺗﺗم اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺷﻛل ﺻﺣﯾﺢ
اﻟﺗزاﻣن : Synchronizationھﻲ أرﺳﺎل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺑطرﯾﻘﮫ ﻣﻌﯾﻧﮫ ﯾﺟب ان ﯾﻛون ﺑﮭﺎ ﺗزاﻣن
ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن وﻗت اﻻرﺳﺎل واﻻﺳﺗﻼم و ﻛﻣﯾﮫ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣرﺳﻠﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠﻣﺔ
Functions
1- Create logical session
Sessionھو طﻠب دﺧول ﺟﮭﺎز ﻣﻌﯾن إﻟﻲ اﻟﺳﯾرﻓر ﻓﯾﺗم ﻓﺗﺢ ﻣﻧﻔذ ﻟﯾﮫ ﯾﺳﻣﻲ ﺑـ
2- Terminates logical session
ﻛل ﺳﯾرﻓر ﻟﮫ ﻋدد ﻣﺣدد ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻓذ اذ اﻣﺗﻠﺊ ﻻ ﯾدﺧل اﺟﮭزه اﺧري إﻻ ﻟو ﺟﮭﺎز ﻣوﺟود ﺑﺎﻟﺳﯾرﻓر ﺧرج وھﻧﺎ
ﯾﺄﺗﻲ دور ھذه اﻟﺧطوة ھو اﻗﻔﺎل ھذه ال sessionﻟﻌدم ﻣﻠﺊ اﻟﺳﯾرﻓر ﺑﺎﻷﺟﮭزة اﻟﻐﯾر ﻣوﺟوده ﻓﯾﮫ ﻓﻌﻠﯾﺎ ً
3- Define Communication mode
ﻟو ﺗﻣﺗﻠك ﺟﮭﺎزﯾن ﻣﺗﻲ ﯾﻛون ﻛل واﺣد ﻓﯾﮭم ﯾﻌﻣل ﻛـsimplex , half-duplex , full- duplex
� ال
️ ��م �� يي و��م ��ى سيند ن�ا ��د�
Transport Layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from
one process to another.
ﺗﻘوم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﻣل : process to process deliveryأي ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ ﻣﺎ اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻖ اﻟذي ﺗم
ﺑﻌت اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﯾﮫ ﻟو ﻛﺎن ﻣﺎﺳﻧﺟر واﺗس وھﻛذا
Functions
1- Error Correction
) 2- Flow Control ( Windowing, Buffering, Congestion avoidance
3- Port addressing
4- Segmentation and reassembly
)5- Connection control ( Connection-oriented or connection-less
There is Tow important protocol we use them here
) - TCP ( Transmutation Control Protocol
• Reliable
• Connection Oriented
• EX: YouTube Videos
ﻓﻛرة ﻋﻣﻠﺔ اﻧﮫ ﻋﻧد ارﺳل ال ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل وھﻧﺎ ﺗوﺟد ﺣﺎﻟﺗﯾن
-ﻟو اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل أﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت :ﯾﺗم ارﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ إﻟﻲ ان ﺗﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻼم ﺗﺎﻣﺔ
-ﻟو اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت :ﺗرﺟﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻖ ارﺳﺎﻟﮫ وﯾﻧﺗظر ﺑﺿﻊ اﻟوﻗت وﯾﺗم ارﺳﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣرة
أﺧري اﻟﻲ ان ﺗﺗم ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻼم وھذه ھﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ال data correction
) - UDP (User datagram Protocol
• Unreliable
• Connectionless
• EX: live Videos
ﻓﻛرة ﻋﻣﻠﺔ اﻧﮫ ﻋﻧد ارﺳل ال ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل وھﻧﺎ ﺗوﺟد ﺣﺎﻟﺗﯾن
-ﻟو اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل أﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت :ﯾﺗم ارﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ إﻟﻲ ان ﺗﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻼم ﺗﺎﻣﺔ
-ﻟو اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗﻘﺑل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت :ﯾﺗم ارﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ أﯾﺿﺎ ً وﻻ ﯾﮭﺗم ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻼم اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت
وھﻧﺎ ﯾﺗم ﻓﻘد ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت وﻟﮭذا ھو unreliable
Note: the message here is divided into segmentation
ھﻲ ﻋﻣﻠﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ اﻛﺗر ﻣن ﺳﯾﺟﻣﻧت وا ارﺳﺎﻟﮭم ﻣرة واﺣده Buffering :
� ال
️ ��م �� يي و��م ��ى سيند ن�ا ��د�
Network Layer
layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets from the
source host to the destination host.
ﺗﻘوم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﺑـ ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ ﻋﻧوان ال (IP Addressing) IPﺛم ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗوﺻﯾل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋن
طرﯾﻖ ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣن اﻟراﺳل ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻠم
ﺗﻘوم ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ أﯾﺿﺎ ً ﺑـ ال :Host to Host or HUP TO HUP DELIVERYأي ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ
ﻣﺎ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟذي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟذي ﺳوف ﻧرﺳل إﻟﯾﮫ اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ
Function
) 1- Logical Addressing (IP address
-ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺗﯾن ﻣﮭﻣﺗﯾن ﻟﻠرﺳﺎﻟﺔ وھم IPﻟل راﺳل و ال Ipﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻠم
)2- Chose the best path from source to destination (Routing
-ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ ﯾﺗم اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﺳرع واﻓﺿل طرﯾﻖ ﻹرﺳﺎل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﺧﻼل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﮭﺎز
اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم او اﻟراﺳل
-واﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟذي ﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ال logical Addressوﯾﺧﺗﺎر أﻓﺿل طرﯾﻖ ھﻧﺎ ھو ال router
Note
When Segmentation arrive from transport layer to this layer we called
segments as a Packets
� ال
️ ��م �� يي و��م ��ى سيند ن�ا ��د�
Data Link Layer
is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next
ﺗﻘوم ﺑﺗﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻻﺗﯾﺔ ﻣن ال physical layerوﺗﻧظﯾﻣﮭﺎ ووﺿﻌﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ إطﺎرات ﺗﺣﺗوﯾﮭﺎ
) (Framingوﺗﻛون ھذه اﻹطﺎرات ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﻔﻖ ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟراﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم ﻟﯾﺗم ﺗﺳﻠﯾﻣﮭﺎ
ﻟل طﺑﻘﮫ ال ﺗﺎﻟﯾﮫ وھﻲ ال network
Function
) 1- Logical Link control ( LLC
ﻓﻲ ھذا اﻟﺟزء ﻧري ھل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻘﺎدﻣﺔ ﻣن ال اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ھل ﻋﻧوان ال IPﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮫ ﻓﻲ ھذا
اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﻠﻌﻧوان اﻟذي ﻧذھب إﻟﯾﮫ وھﻧﺎ اﻟﺗﺷﺎﺑﮫ ﺳﯾﻛون ﻓﻲ اﺻدار ال IP V4 ,IPv6ﻟو ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮫ
ﺗﻛﻣل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻟو ﻟﯾﺳوا ﻣﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻹﺻدار ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل dropﻟﻠرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻗﺑل ان ﯾﻛﻣل ﻋﻠﻣﯾﮫ
اﻟﻧﻘل اﻟﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ
)2- Media Access control ( MAC ) (Physical Address
ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣن اﻟطﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ )ﻛﺎﻧت ﻣﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﺑﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺗﯾن ﻣﮭﻣﺗﯾن وھم IPﻟﻠراﺳل
واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم ( ھﻧﺎ ﯾﺗم أﺿﺎﻓﮫ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺗﯾن أﺧرﯾﯾن ووھم ال Mac Addressﻟﻠراﺳل واﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟذي
ﺳوف ﯾﺳﺗﻠم ﺑﻌده ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ :
D1 S1 S2 D2
-1ھﻧﺎ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟراﺳل ھو D1واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم S1ﻓﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳوف ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ Mac Addressﻟﻛﻼ اﻟﺟﮭﺎزﯾن
-2ﻋﻧد وﺻول اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ل اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ل S1ﻓﺎﺻﺑﺢ اﻟراﺳل S1واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم S2ﻓﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ Mac Addressﻟﻛﻼ
اﻟﺟﮭﺎزﯾن ﺣﺗﻲ ﺗﺻل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ل D2وھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم .وﯾﻛون Mac Addressﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻟلS2 src , D2 dist
� ال
�️ ��م �� يي و��م ��ى سيند ن�ا ��د
Physical Layer
is responsible for movements of individual bits from one hop
(node) to the next.
ﻣن ﺟﮭﺎز ﻟﻸﺧرbits ﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ھﯾﺋﺔ،ھﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﯾر ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻣﺎدي
Functions
1- Cables
2- Transfer bits, Data Rate ,…
ﺗﺳﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣواﺻﻼت ﻋﻠﻲ ﺷﻛل ﻧﺑﺿﺎتbits ھﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ان ال
Logical address
It is address at Network Layer
Logical address are necessary for universal communication that are
independent of underlying physical network.
Physical address are not adequate in an internetwork environment
where different network can have different address formats
Logical address in the internet can uniquely define a host connected
to internet
اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﺎل ﺑﺎﻟﺟﮭﺎز واﻟذي ﻋن طرﯾﻘﮫ ﯾﺗم ﻣﻌرﻓﮫ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز ﺑداﺧل اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ وھو ﯾﻛونIP ھو ال
ﻣﻧﻔرد وﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﻛرر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﺔ اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﮫ ﻓﻘط
Port address
IP address and physical address are necessary for quantity of data to
travel from source to designation hots.
It use Process to Process delivery
ﻟﻛﻲport اﺳﻣﮫ الIP ﯾﺗم وﺿﻊ رﻗم ﺑﺟﺎﻧب ھذا الIP وﺑﺟﺎﻧب الIP ھو أﻋطﺎء اﻟﺟﮭﺎز
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز اﻟذي ﺳوف ﯾدﺧل ﻟﮫprocess ﯾﻌﻣل ﻣﺎ ھﻲ ال
Specific address
ﻏﯾرهIP ھو ﻋﻧوان ﯾﺗم ﺣﺟزه ﻟﻠﺟﮭﺎز اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑك ﺑﺣﯾث ﻻ ﯾﺄﺧذ اﻟﺟﮭﺎز أي