CHAPTER 4

DIGITAL SINGLES ‫ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ال‬DIGITAL DATA ‫ﻓﻛرة اﻟﺷﺎﺑﺗر ﻛﯾف ﻧﻣﺛل ال‬
Methods:
1- Line coding
2- Block coding
3- Scrambling
Line coding:
Is the process of converting binary data to digital signal

line coding ‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗؤﺛر ﻋﻠﻲ ال‬

1- Signal & Data Level
2- Pulse and bit rate
3- Dc component
4- Self – sychnorazation
Signal & Data Level
Data element level
The smallest entity that can represent a piece of information: this is bit
(0,1).
Signal element level
The shortest unit (timewise) of a digital signal (0,v – amplitude values ) .
In other words
 Data element are what we need to send.
 Signal elements are what we can send.
Pulse and bit rate
• Data rate
• The number of data elements (bits) sent in 1s
• The unit is bits per second (bps)
• Called bit rate
• Signal rate
• The number of signal elements sent in 1s
• The unit is the baud
• Signal rate is sometimes called the pulse rate, the modulation
rate, or the baud rate
Relationship between data rate and signal rate
1
S = c× N ×
r baud
S: number of signal elements, N: data rate (bps),
c: the case factor = ‫ھو ﺛﺎﺑت ﻟﻛن ﻣﻣﻛن ﯾﻛون رﻗم او ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﮫ ارﻗﺎم ﺑﺟﯾب اﻟﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺑﻲ ﻟﯾﮭم‬
r: data elements per signal elements

‫ و وﺳﯾﻠﺔ اﻟﻣوﺻﻼت ھﻲ ال‬data element ‫ ﻣﺛل ان اﻟﺑﺷر ھو ال‬r ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﮭم‬

r = 1 ‫ اﻟوﺣده ﺗﻘود ﻋرﺑﯾﺔ واﺣده‬data ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻷول ال‬signal
‫ ( ﺗﻘود ﻋرﺑﯾﺔ واﺣده‬data element) ‫ ﯾﺑﻘﻲ اﻛﺗر ﻣن ﺷﺧص‬r > 1 ‫ف ﻟو ال‬
� ‫ ﯾﺑﻘﻲ ﺷﺧص وﺣﯾد ﯾﻘود اﻛﺗر ﻣن ﻋرﺑﯾﺔ ازاي ﻣﻌرﻓش ﺑس ھم ﻧظﺎﻣﮭم ﻛدا‬r < 1 ‫وﻟو ال‬
BASELINE Wandering
‫ﻓﻛرة زي اﻟﻣﯾزان ﺑﻘﺎرن اﻟداﺗﺎ اﻟﻣﺑﻌوﺛﺔ ك ﺣﺟم ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠﻣﺔ‬
- In decoding a digital signal, the receiver calculates a running
average of the received signal power.
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻓﻚ اﻹﺷﺎرات ﻋﻠﻲ ھﯿﺌﺔ ﺷﻔﺮات ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻠﻢ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻗﻮة اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻣﺴﺘﻠﻢ‬
- This average is called the baseline.
‫ او اﻟﺨﻂ اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ او اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ‬baseline ‫اﻟﻤﺘﻮﺳﻂ ھﺬا ﯾﺴﻤﻲ ﺑﺎل‬
- The incoming signal power is evaluated against this baseline to
determine the value of the data element.
base line ‫ﻧﻘﺎرن ﺑﯾن ﻗﯾﻣﺔ طﺎﻗﺔ اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﻣرﺳﻠﺔ ﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ا‬
- A long string of 0s or 1s can cause a drift in the baseline
(baseline wandering) and make it difficult for the receiver to
decode correctly.
baseline wandering ‫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﻛﻔﺗﯾن ﻣش ﻣﺗزﯾﻧﺗﯾن ھﻧﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﻲ ب‬baseline‫أي اﻧﺣراف ﻓﻲ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ال‬
‫وﺑﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ھذه اﻟﻠﺣظ ﯾﻛون ھﻧﺎك ﺧطﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
- A good line coding scheme needs to prevent baseline
wandering.
‫ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﺗﻔﺎدي ھذه اﻟﻣﺷﻛﻠﺔ ﯾﺟب ان ﻧﻌﻣل ﺗﺷﻔﯾر وﻓك ﺗﺷﻔﯾر ﻣﺑﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻲ أﺳس ﺛﺎﺑﺗﮫ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن‬
‫ او ﻣﺧططﺎت اﻟطرﻓﯾن ﯾﻣﺷوا‬line coding scheme ‫اﻟطرﻓﯾن اﻷﺳس دي ﺑﻧﺳﻣﯾﮭﺎ ھﻧﺎ ال‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﻔك اﻟﺗﺷﻔﯾر ﺑطرﯾﻘﮫ ﺳﻠﻣﯾﺔ‬
Ex: effect of lack of synchronization = shift Time Delia
DC Components
• When the voltage level in a digital signal is constant for a while,
the spectrum creates very low frequencies (results of Fourier
analysis).
‫دا اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﻲ ﻟﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺣﺎﺟﮫ ﻣﻔﮭﺎش أي اھﺗزاز وﺛﺎﺑﺗﮫ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ اﻟﺗردد ﺑﺗﺎﻋﮭﺎ ﺑﯾﻛون ﻗﻠﯾل‬
• These frequencies around zero, call DC (direct-current)
components, present problems for a system that cannot pass
low frequencies or a system that uses electrical coupling (via a
transformer).
‫وﺑﻣﺎ ان اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻋﺑﺎرة ﻋن أﺻﻼ ﺗرددات ﻓﺑﻛدا ﺗﺣس ان ﻣﻔﯾش اﺷﺎره أﺻﻼ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗرددھﺎ‬
‫ ﻷﻧظﻣﮫ‬dc componets ‫ وھﻧﺎ ﺗﺣﺻل ﻣﺷﻛﻠﮫ اﺳﻣﮭﺎ‬ 0 = ‫اﻟواطﻲ دا او ﻛﺄﻧﮭﺎ ﻣﺎﺗت‬
‫ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌض اﻷﺟﮭزة ﻣﺗﻘدرش ﺗوﺻل ال ﺗرددات اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔﺿﺔ‬-
electrical coupling (via a transformer). ‫ او اﻷﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ال‬-
• For example, a telephone line cannot pass frequencies below
200 Hz.
Self-synchronization
• To correctly interpret the signals received from the
sender, the receiver’s bit intervals must correspond
exactly to the sender’s bit intervals. If the receiver clock
is faster or slower, the bit intervals are not matched and
the receiver might misinterpret the signals.
‫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬decoding ‫ﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻔﺳر ال إﺷﺎرات اﻟواﺻﻠﺔ وﺗﺣوﻟﮭﺎ ل ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ال‬
‫ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ دي ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﺗﻛون ﺻﺣﯾﺣﮫ ﯾﺟب‬interpret ‫ﺗﺳﻣﻲ ب ال‬
‫ ﯾﺳﺎوي اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﻣرﺳﻠﺔ‬received bit interval ‫ ﻟو ال إﺷﺎرات اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠﻣﺔ‬-
‫ أي ﻋﻠﻣﯾﺔ اﻻﺳﺗﻼم ﺗﻣت ﺑﺷﻛل ﺻﺣﯾﺢ‬sender bit interval
‫ ﻣﺗﺳﺎوي ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن‬clock freqance ‫ وﻟﻛﻲ ﺗﻧﺟﺢ ھذه اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ﯾﺟب ان ﯾﻛون ال‬-
‫اﻟراﺳل واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم وھﻧﺎ اﻗﺻد ﺑﯾﮫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻟو اﻟراﺳل‬
‫ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ ان‬
sender clock‫ﺗزاﻣن ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن اﻟراﺳل و اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم أي وﻗت أراﺳل اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬
receiver clock ‫ ﯾﺳﺎوي وﻗت اﺳﺗﻼم اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ‬bit intervals ‫او ﺗﺣوﯾل اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫طﺑﻌﺎ ﻟو وﻗت اﻻﺳﺗﻼم دا ﻛﺎن اﺳرع او اﺑطﺊ ﻣن وﻗت اﻻرﺳﺎل ﻣش ھﻧﻌرف ﻧﻔك‬
misinterpret ‫اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ او ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻣﻲ ب‬
• How Self-synchronization done
• Digital signal includes timing information in the data being
transmitted.
• This can be achieved if there are transitions in the signal that alert the
receiver to the beginning, middle, or end of the pulse.
‫ھﻧﺎ ﻧﺗﺣدث ﻋن اﻧﮫ أي ﺗﻐﯾر ھﯾﺑوظ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺑرﺳﻠﮭﺎ ﯾﺗم ﺗﻧﺑﯾﮫ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻠم ﺑذﻟك‬
Extra bit = receiver clock parcent * bitrate
‫ﻧﻣوذج ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗﺄﺧﯾر ﻓﻲ ارﺳﺎل واﺳﺗﻼم اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫‪line coding schema‬‬

‫ھﻧدرس اول ﺗﻼﺗﮫ اﺳﻛﯾﻣﺎ ﻣن دول وﺑﻛدا اﻟﻔﺻل ﺧﻠص‬

‫طﺑﻌﺎ دي اﻟطرق اﻟﻣﺗﺑﻌﮫ ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﻧﺷﻔر اﻟﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت ل إﺷﺎرات ﻋﻠﺷﺎن اﻟطرﻓﯾن ﯾﻔﮭﻣوھﺎ ﺑدل ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﯾﺣﺻل ﻟﻠﺧﺑطﮫ‬
‫‪1- Unipolar NRZ scheme  Unipolar NRZ scheme‬‬

‫‪It is called NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at the‬‬
‫‪middle of the bit.‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ واﻧت ﺑﺗﺑﻌت ال ‪ bit‬ﻣﺳﺗﺣﯾل اﻻﺷﺎره‪ 1‬ﺗﻛون ﺑﺻﻔر‪ ,‬ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﺗﻔﮭم ﺑص ﻟﻠﺟزء‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎص ﺑﺎل ‪ polar‬ھﻧﺎ ﻻء ال واﺣد ﻟﯾﮫ ﻗﯾﻣﮫ ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪ v‬زي ال ﻣﺣدده دي وطﺑﻌﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺎﺧد ﻓرق ﺟﮭد ﻋﺎﻟﻲ وﻣﻛﻠﻔﮫ‬
‫اﻟرﺳﻣﮫ ازاي ﺑﺑﺳطﺎه ال واﺣد ﻓوق ﻗﯾﻣﮫ ﺗﺳﺎوي ‪ V‬واﻟﺻﻔر ﺗﺣت ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﺗﺳﺎوي ال ‪0‬‬
‫‪2- Polar‬‬
1. polar NRZ-L NRZ-R scheme  NRZ-L (NRZ-Level), NRZ-I (NRZ-
Invert)

NZR-L & NZR-I ‫ﺑﺗﺗﻛون ﻣن ﺟزﺋﯾن‬

‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺗﯾن‬BIT ‫أي ال ﯾﺣدد ﻗﯾﻣﮫ ال‬
‫ ھﻧﺎ اﻟواﺣد ب ﺻﻔر او اﻗل اﻧﻣﺎ ال ﺻﻔر ھو ال ﻟﯾﮫ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ‬: NZR-L
‫ ال ﺑﻌد ال‬Bit ‫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺻﻔر ال ﻟﯾﮫ ﻗﯾﻣﮫ وال‬NZR-L ‫ ﺗﻣﺷﻲ ﺑﻧظﺎم ال‬Bit ‫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ‬: NZR-I
‫ ﺗﺳﺎوي‬BIT ‫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟواﺣد ال ﻟﯾﮫ ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻟﺣد ﻣﺎ ﻧﻼﻗﻲ‬NZR ‫ ﺗﺳﺎوي واﺣد ﺗﻣﺷﻲ ﺑﻧظﺎم ال‬Bit
‫ وھﻛذا‬NZR-L ‫واﺣد ﺗﺎﻧﻲ وﻧﺧﻠﻲ ال ﺑﻌدھﺎ ﺗﻣﺷﻲ ﺑﻧظﺎم ال‬

Notes:
1- voltage determines the value of the bit  NRZ-Lthe
inversion or the lack of inversion determines the value of the
bit  NRZ-I
2- NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have an average signal rate of N/2 Bd.
500k boud ‫ ﯾﺑﻘﻲ ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﯾﺗم اﺳﺗﻘﺑﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬10 M /s‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ﻟو ﺣوﻟت ﺑﯾﺎﻧﺎت‬
3- NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC component problem.
2. polar RZ scheme  RZ: Return-to-Zero
 ‫اﻟﺻﻔر ﺑﯾﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﺎﻟب درﺟﮫ طﺎﻟﻌﮫ واﻟواﺣد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣوﺟب درﺟﮫ ﻧﺎزﻟﺔ‬
3. polar biphase scheme  Manchester and differential Manchester

‫دول ﻣش ﻣﺣﺗﺎﺟﯾن ھﺑد ﺑﺎﯾن ﺷﻛﻠﮭم ﻋﺎﻣل ازاي ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﺻﻔر واﻟواﺣد‬
‫ اﻟواﺣد ﺑﯾﺗﻣﺛل ﺑﺎﺷﺎرﺗﯾن ﻋﻠﺷﺎن ﻛدا اﺳم اﻻﺳﯾﻛﻣﺎ ھﻧﺎ‬bit ‫ﻛل ال ﺗﻼﺣظﮫ ان اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﮫ اﻟواﺣده او‬
‫ او ﺳﻛﯾﻣﺎ ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣراﺣل‬bi phase shcema
‫ ﺑﯾﺗﻌﺎﻣل زي ﺷﻛل‬1 ‫ اول ﻣﺎ ﯾﻼﻗﻲ واﺣد‬differential Manchester ‫طﯾب ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ ال‬
‫اﻟﺻﻔر ﻟﺣد ﻣﺎ ﯾﻼﻗﻲ واﺣد ﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻌدل اﻟﻣوﺿوع‬
Notes
- In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the
transitionat the middle of the bit is used for synchronization.
- The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential
Manchester is 2 times that of NRZ.
3- Bipolar Schemes (called multilevel binary)
• Bipolar encoding (sometimes called multilevel binary) why?
o Three voltage levels: positive, negative, and zero
• Two variations of bipolar encoding
o AMI (alternate mark inversion)
 0: neutral zero voltage
 1: alternating positive and negative voltages
‫ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺻﻔر ﻋﻠﻲ طول ﺻﻔر اﻧﻣﺎ اﻟواﺣد اول ﻣره ﻣوﺟب ﺑﻌدﯾن ﺳﺎﻟب وﺑﻌدﯾن ﻣوﺟب وھﻛذا‬
o Pseudoternary
 1: neutral zero voltage
 0: alternating positive and negative voltages
‫ھﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﻛس ﺑﻘﻲ اﻟواﺣد ﻋﻠﻲ طول ھو ال ﻣوﺟب اﻧﻣﺎ اﻟﺻﻔر ھو ال ﺑﺗﺑدل‬
• Bipolar schemes have no DC component problem
Notes
• AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
• The work mark comes from telegraphy and means 1. mark = 1
• AMI means Alternate (Mark = 1 ) Inversion
• The neutral zero voltage represents binary 0.
• Binary 1s are represented by alternating positive and negative
voltages.
• Pesudotenary
• Same as AMI, but 1 bit is encoded as a zero voltage and the 0 bit
is encoded as alternating positive and negative voltages.