ECE 4371, Fall, 2017

Introduction to Telecommunication
Engineering/Telecommunication Laboratory

 
                                                          

Zhu Han
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Class 9

Oct. 2nd, 2017

 Outline
 Digital Communication System
 Line Coding
– NRZ and its variance
– AMI and its variance
– Multilevel
  – Spectrum
                                                          

 Scrambler
 Digital Communication System
 Source: sequence of digits
 Multiplexer: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA…
 Line Coder
– Code chosen for use within a communications system for
transmission purposes.
  – Baseband transmission
                                                          

– Twisted wire, cable, fiber communications

 Regenerative repeator
– Detect incoming signals and regenerate new clean pulses
 Line coding and decoding

                                                            
 Signal element versus data element

                                                            
 Data Rate Vs. Signal Rate
 Data rate: the number of data elements (bits) sent in 1s (bps).
It’s also called the bit rate
 Signal rate: the number of signal elements sent in 1s (baud).
It’s also called the pulse rate, the modulation rate, or the baud
rate.

   We wish to:
                                                          
– increase the data rate (increase the speed of transmission)
– decrease the signal rate (decrease the bandwidth requirement)
– worst case, best case, and average case of r
– N bit rate
– c is a constant that depends on different line codes.
– S = c * N / r baud
 Example
• A signal is carrying data in which one data element is encoded
as one signal element ( r = 1). If the bit rate is 100 kbps, what is
the average value of the baud rate if c is between 0 and 1?
 Solution
– We assume that the average value of c is 1/2 . The baud rate is then

                                                            

• Although the actual bandwidth of a digital signal is infinite, the

effective bandwidth is finite.
• What is the relationship between baud rate, bit rate, and the
required bandwidth?
 Self-synchronization
 Receiver Setting the clock matching the sender’s
 Effect of lack of synchronization

                                                            
 Example
• In a digital transmission, the receiver clock is 0.1 percent faster
than the sender clock. How many extra bits per second does the
receiver receive if the data rate is 1 kbps? How many if the data
rate is 1 Mbps?
 Solution

  – At 1 kbps, the receiver receives 1001 bps instead of 1000 bps.

                                                          

– At 1 Mbps, the receiver receives 1,001,000 bps instead of

1,000,000 bps.
 Other properties
 DC components
 Transmission bandwidth
 Power efficiency
 Error detection and correction capability

   Favorable power spectral density

                                                          
 Adequate timing content
 Transparency
 Line coding schemes

                                                            
 Unipolar NRZ scheme

                                                            
 Polar NRZ-L and NRZ-I schemes
• In NRZ-L, the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.
RS232.
• In NRZ-I, the inversion or the lack of inversion determines the value
of the bit. USB, Compact CD, and Fast-Ethernet.
• NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have an average signal rate of N/2 Bd.
 NRZ-L and NRZ-I both have a DC component problem.
                                                            
 Example
 A system is using NRZ-I to transfer 1-Mbps data. What are the
average signal rate and minimum bandwidth?
 Solution
– The average signal rate is S = N/2 = 500 kbaud. The minimum
bandwidth for this average baud rate is Bmin = S = 500 kHz.

                                                            
 RZ scheme
 Return to zero
 Self clocking

                                                            
 Polar biphase: Manchester and differential Manchester schemes
 In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the
middle of the bit is used for synchronization.
 The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential Manchester is 2
times that of NRZ. 802.3 token bus and 802.4 Ethernet

                                                            
 Bipolar schemes: AMI and pseudoternary
 In bipolar encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative.
 Pseudoternary:
– 1 represented by absence of line signal
– 0 represented by alternating positive and negative
 DS1, E1
                                                            
 HDB3 (High Density Bipolar of order 3 code)
 Replacing series of four bits that are to equal to "0" with a code word
"000V" or "B00V", where "V" is a pulse that violates the AMI law of
alternate polarity and is rectangular or some other shape. The rules for using
"000V" or "B00V" are as follows:

– "B00V" is used when up to the previous pulse, the coded signal presents
a DC component that is not null (the number of positive pulses is not
  compensated for by the number of negative pulses).
                                                          

– "000V" is used under the same conditions as above when up to the

previous pulse the DC component is null.
– The pulse "B" ("B" for balancing), which respects the AMI alternancy
rule, has positive or negative polarity, ensuring that two successive V
pulses will have different polarity.

 Used in E1
 HDB3
 The timing information is preserved by embedding it in the line
signal even when long sequences of zeros are transmitted,
which allows the clock to be recovered properly on reception.
 The DC component of a signal that is coded in HDB3 is null.

                                                            
 Bipolar 8-Zero Substitution (B8ZS)
 Adds synchronization for long strings of 0s
 North American system
 Same working principle as AMI except for eight consecutive 0s
10000000001  +000+-0-+01 in general 00000000000V(-V)0(-V)V
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

 
Amplitude

                                                          
Time

Violation Violation

 Evaluation
– Adds synchronization without changing the DC balance
– Error detection possible
 Used in T1/DS1
 Coded Mark Inversion (CMI)
 Another modification from AMI: Binary 0 is represented by a half period of
negative voltage followed by a half period of positive voltage
 Advantages:
– good clock recovery and no d.c. offset
– simple circuitry for encoder and decoder  compared with HDB3
 Disadvantages: high bandwidth

                                                            
 Multilevel: 2B1Q scheme
 Integrated
Services
Digital
Network

  ISDN
                                                          
 mBnL schemes
• In mBnL schemes, a pattern of m data elements is encoded as a
pattern of n signal elements in which 2^m ≤ L^n.
• Multilevel: 8B6T scheme, T4

                                                            
 8B6T code table (partial)

                                                            
 Multilevel: 4D-PAM5 scheme

                                                            
 Multitransition: MLT-3 scheme

                                                            
 PSD of various line codes
 Details in next class

                                                            
 Clock Recovery
 A timing reference signal can be extracted from the received signal by
differentiation and full-wave rectification  provided that the signal carries
sufficient transitions.
 This timing reference signal is then used to fine tune the frequency and phase
of a local oscillator. The receiver clock is then derived (e.g. add a phase
shift) from this local oscillator.

                                                            
 Clock Recovery
 Simple Circuit

                                                            
 PLL
 Summary of line coding schemes

                                                            

Plus HDB3 and B8ZS

 Scrambling
 Make the data more random by removing long strings of 1’s or 0’s.
Improve timing
 The simplest form of scrambling is to add a long pseudo-noise (PN)
sequence to the data sequence and subtract it at the receiver (via modulo
2 addition); a PN sequence is produced by a Linear Shift Feedback
Register (LSFR).

   In receiver, descrambling using the same PN.

                                                          
 Secure: what is the PN and what is the initial
scrambled
data


 data
PN sequence length
2m – 1 = 26 – 1 = 63
 Scrambling
 Exercise: 100000000000

                                                            
 Scrambling Example
 Scrambler

                                                            
 Descrambler
 Homework 3
 Draw line codes for 1010 0000 0000 1011 0000 1011 0000
– NRZ
– NRZ-L, NRZ-I
– AMI, Pseudoternary, HDB3, B8ZS, CMI
– Manchester and differential Manchester schemes
  – 2B1Q, MLT-3
                                                          

– If the bit rate is 1Kbps, what are the baud rates for the above
line codes.
– Matlab plot of spectrum
 Due 10/16/17