T1 Carrier System

• Designed to combine PCM and TDM techniques for short-haul transmission of

24 64-kbps channels with each channel capable of carrying digitally encoded
voice-band telephone signals or data.

• T1 carriers transmission bit rate is 1.544, including an 8-kbps framing bit.

• Typically range from about 1 mile to over 50 miles.

• T1 carriers use BPRZ-AMI encoding with regenerative repeaters placed every

3000, 6000, or 9000 feet.

• Transmission medium for T1 carriers is generally 19 to 22 gauge twisted pair

metallic cable.
 Because T1 carriers use BPRZ-AMI encoding, they
are susceptible to losing clock synchronization on long
strings of consecutive logic 0s. With a folded binary
PCM code, the possibility of generating a long string of
contiguous logic 0s is high. When a channel is idle. It
generates a 0-V code, which is either seven or eight
consecutive logic zeroes. Therefore, whenever two or
more adjacent channels are idle, there is a high
likelihood that along string of consecutive logic 0s will
be transmitted. To reduce the possibility of transmitting
a long string of consecutive logic 0s, the PCM data were
Complemented again in the receiver before decoding.
Ensuring that sufficient transitions occur in the
data stream is sometimes called ones density. Early T1
and T1C carrier systems provided measures to ensure
that no single eight bit byte was transmitted without at
least one bit being logic 1 or that 15 or more
consecutive logic 0s were not transmitted. The
transmissions from each frame are monitored for the
presence of either 15 consecutive logic 0s or any PCM
sample without at least one nonzero bit. If either of
these conditions occurred, a logic 1 is substituted into
the appropriate bit position.
 A 1 is substituted into the second least significant
bit, which introduces an encoding error equal to twice
the amplitude resolution. This bit is selected rather
than the least significant bit because, with the
superframe format, during every sixth frame the LSB is
the signaling bit, and to alter it would alter the
signaling word.
if at any time 32 consecutive logic 0s are received,
it is assumed that the system is not generating pulses
and is, therefore, out f service.
 With modern T1 carriers, a technique called binary
eight zero substitution (B8ZS) is used to ensure that
sufficient transitions occur in the data o maintain clock
synchronization. With B8ZS, whenever eight
consecutive 0s are encountered, one of two special
patterns is substituted for the eight 0s, either + - 0 - +
000 or - + 0 + - 000. The eight bit pattern substituted
for the eight consecutive 0s is the one that purposely
induces bipolar violations in the fourth and seventh bit
positions. Ideally, the receiver will detect the bipolar
violations and the substituted pattern and then
substitute the eight 0s back into the data signal. During
periods of low usage, eight logic 1s are substituted into
idle channels.