EXPERIMENT NO:
DATE:
AIM: To study and observe the performance of Return to Zero (RZ) and Non Return to
Zero (NRZ) types of Line Coding.
APPARATUS: Testing probes, DSO, connecting probes, Data formation and transmitter
carrier modulation kit (ST2156)
THEORY:
Line coding consists of representing the digital signal to be transported by an amplitude- and
time-discrete signal that is optimally tuned for the specific properties of the physical channel
(and of the receiving equipment). The waveform pattern of voltage or current used to
represent the 1s and 0s of a digital data on a transmission link is called line encoding. The
common types of line encoding are unipolar, polar, bipolar, and Manchester encoding.
Line codes are used commonly in computer communication networks over short distances.
Each of the various line formats has a particular advantage and disadvantage. It is not
possible to select one, which will meet all needs. The format may be selected to meet one or
more of the following criteria:
Minimize transmission hardware
Facilitate synchronization
Ease error detection and correction
Minimize spectral content
Eliminate a dc component
The Manchester code is quite popular. It is known as a self-clocking code because there is
always a transition during the bit interval. Consequently, long strings of zeros or ones do not
cause clocking problems.
Figure 1.1 Classification of Line Codes
Figure 1.2 Various Data formatting techniques
1. Non-Return-to-Zero Code
The non-return-to-zero (NRZ) format is the prototypical representation of binary data: A
logical zero state is transmitted as one signal level, and a logical one state as another level.
Levels change at bit boundaries only if the bit value changes and remain stable for the entire
duration of the bit period. If the level representing the zero logical bit state is lower than the
level for the one state, we call this positive logic, and the respective levels are then called low
level and high level. NRZ signals always have a clock signal associated with them, even if it
is not transmitted along with the data. Figure 1.3 shows the NRZ representation of a short
data sequence, together with a clock signal.
Figure 1.3 NRZ Waveforms
2. Return-to-Zero Code
The return-to-zero (RZ) code represents the zero logical state as a static low level and the one
state as a short high-level pulse. The signal always returns to the level representing a zero
state immediately after the high level, hence the name. RZ signals can be easily created from
NRZ signals, by a binary AND of the NRZ and a clock. The width of the pulses depends on
the duty cycle of the clock. Figure 1.4 shows the RZ representation of a short data sequence.
Figure 1.4 RZ Waveforms
3. (Biphase)Manchester
Manchester code is generated from NRZ data by a binary XOR with a clock signal. Since
there are two possible clock phases, there are also two variants of Manchester code. The
coded data has a transition in the middle of every bit, and the direction of this transition
indicates a binary zero or one. The original Manchester variant uses a falling edge for a one
and a rising edge for a zero; the other variant is the exact inverse. Figure 1.5 Shown the
Manchester code.
Figure 1.5 Manchester Waveforms
4. Biphase (Mark):
For any bit either 1 or 0, first half bit duration +5V or 0V and invert of first half during next half bit
duration. Bit 0 Bit Pattern remains the same.
Figure 1.6 Mark Waveforms
5. Return to Bias (RB):
During the first half a period, positive level for bit 1 and a negative level for bit 0 and during
the second half bit time, both returns to the bias level.
Figure 1.7 RB Waveforms
6. Alternate Mark Inversion
Like RB encoding, the AMI always returns to the bias level during second half of the bit
time interval and during the first half the transmitted level can be a positive, a negative or
bias level, as for a bit 0 bias level and for a bit 1 either a positive level or negative level, the
level being chose opposite to what it was used to represent the previous bit 1.
Figure 1.8 AMI Waveforms
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the power supplies of ST2156 and ST2157 but do not turn on the power supplies
until connections are made for this experiment.
2. Make the connections as shown in the figure.
3. Switch 'ON' the power.
4. On ST2156, connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Clock In’ and CH2 to ‘Data In’ and observe
the waveforms.
5. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘NRZ (L)’ and observe the waveforms.
6. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘NRZ (M)’ and observe the
waveforms.
7. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘RZ’ and observe the waveforms.
8. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘Biphase (manchester)’ and observe the
waveforms.
9. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘Biphase (Mark)’ and observe the
waveforms.
10. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘RB’ and observe the waveforms.
11. Connect oscilloscope CH1 to ‘Data In’ and CH2 to ‘AMI’ and observe the waveforms.
CONCLUSION:
